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Jeon D, Hill E, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2297453. [PMID: 38155525 PMCID: PMC10760790 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2297453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ethan Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Xu X, Hong Y, Fan H, Guo Z. Nucleic Acid Materials-Mediated Innate Immune Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400111. [PMID: 38622787 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Abnormally localized nucleic acids (NAs) are considered as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in innate immunity. They are recognized by NAs-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of associated signaling pathways and subsequent production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further trigger the adaptive immunity. Notably, NAs-mediated innate immune activation is highly dependent on the conformation changes, especially the aggregation of PRRs. Evidence indicates that the characteristics of NAs including their length, concentration and even spatial structure play essential roles in inducing the aggregation of PRRs. Therefore, nucleic acid materials (NAMs) with high valency of NAs and high-order structures hold great potential for activating innate and adaptive immunity, making them promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, a variety of NAMs have been developed and have demonstrated significant efficacy in achieving satisfactory anti-tumor immunity in multiple mouse models, exhibiting huge potential for clinical application in cancer treatment. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms of NAMs-mediated innate immune response, and summarize their applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuxuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Saleki K, Alijanizadeh P, Javanmehr N, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders: Immunopathology, treatment, and management. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1267-1325. [PMID: 38226452 DOI: 10.1002/med.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders denote a broad range of illnesses involving neurology and psychiatry. These disorders include depressive disorders, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, headaches, and epilepsy. In addition to their main neuropathology that lies in the central nervous system (CNS), lately, studies have highlighted the role of immunity and neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate receptors that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems via adaptor proteins (e.g., MYD88) and downstream elements; TLRs are classified into 13 families that are involved in normal function and illnesses of the CNS. TLRs expression affects the course of neuropsychiatric disorders, and is influenced during their pharmacotherapy; For example, the expression of multiple TLRs is normalized during the major depressive disorder pharmacotherapy. Here, the role of TLRs in neuroimmunology, treatment, and management of neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed. We recommend longitudinal studies to comparatively assess the cell-type-specific expression of TLRs during treatment, illness progression, and remission. Also, further research should explore molecular insights into TLRs regulation and related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of e-Learning, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parsa Alijanizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Javanmehr
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Gao S, Huang W, Peng S, Zhou J, Zhan H, Lu T, Liang W, Li J, Zhang Y, Li W, Han C, Li Q. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of nine toll like receptor (TLR) genes in Scortum barcoo under Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127667. [PMID: 37918608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors participating in innate immune system. Up to now, no TLR has been identified in Jade perch (Scortum barcoo). In this study, we successfully identified 9 members of TLRs from the Jade perch. Amino acid sequence alignment analysis showed that the whole sequences of these TLRs were highly conserved among different fish species, especially in LRR, TM and TIR domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each SbTLR was successfully grouped into corresponding gene family of teleosts. Expression analysis showed that most SbTLRs mainly expressed in liver, spleen, muscle and skin, while expressed less in brain and stomach. After Streptococcus agalactiae infection, expression of SbTLR2, SbTLR5S and SbTLR22 were significantly upregulated, while SbTLR3, SbTLR5M, SbTLR9, SbTLR13, and SbTLR14 were significantly downregulated. In all, this research first reported molecular characterization and expression profiles of 9 TLRs in Jade perch. These data will make a contribution for better understanding the antibacterial mechanism of TLRs in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songze Gao
- Guangzhou Mygene Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510320, PR China
| | - Wenwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Suhan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiangwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huawei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tongfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weiqian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chong Han
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Muslimov A, Tereshchenko V, Shevyrev D, Rogova A, Lepik K, Reshetnikov V, Ivanov R. The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14820. [PMID: 37834268 PMCID: PMC10573212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic. The concept of nucleic acid therapy with mRNA originated in 1990 when Wolff et al. reported successful expression of proteins in target organs by direct injection of either plasmid DNA or mRNA. It took decades to bring the transfection efficiency of mRNA closer to that of DNA. The next few decades were dedicated to turning in vitro-transcribed (IVT) mRNA from a promising delivery tool for gene therapy into a full-blown therapeutic modality, which changed the biotech market rapidly. Hundreds of clinical trials are currently underway using mRNA for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases and cancers, in regenerative medicine, and genome editing. The potential of IVT mRNA to induce an innate immune response favors its use for vaccination and immunotherapy. Nonetheless, in non-immunotherapy applications, the intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of mRNA directly hinders the desired therapeutic effect since it can seriously impair the target protein expression. Targeting the same innate immune factors can increase the effectiveness of mRNA therapeutics for some indications and decrease it for others, and vice versa. The review aims to present the innate immunity-related 'barriers' or 'springboards' that may affect the development of immunotherapies and non-immunotherapy applications of mRNA medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Muslimov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
- Laboratory of Nano- and Microencapsulation of Biologically Active Substances, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, L’va Tolstogo 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
| | - Daniil Shevyrev
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
| | - Anna Rogova
- Laboratory of Nano- and Microencapsulation of Biologically Active Substances, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Saint-Petersburg Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, Professora Popova 14, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Lepik
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute, Pavlov University, L’va Tolstogo 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Vasiliy Reshetnikov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman Ivanov
- Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave 1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (V.T.); (D.S.); (V.R.); (R.I.)
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Knight A, Karapetyan L, Kirkwood JM. Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1106. [PMID: 36831449 PMCID: PMC9954703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced and high-risk melanoma has led to a striking improvement in outcomes. Although the incidence of melanoma has continued to rise, median survival has improved from approximately 6 months to nearly 6 years for patients with advanced inoperable stage IV disease. Recent understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its interplay with the immune system has led to the explosive development of novel immunotherapy treatments. Since the approval of the therapeutic cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2 in the 1990s, the development of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), oncolytic virus therapy, and modulators of the tumor microenvironment have given way to a new era in melanoma treatment. Monoclonal antibodies directed at programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PDL-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) have provided robust activation of the adaptive immune system, restoring immune surveillance leading to host tumor recognition and destruction. Multiple other immunomodulatory therapeutics are under investigation to overcome resistance to ICI therapy, including the toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) and 7/8 (TLR-7/8) agonists, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma and provide an update on novel therapies currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Knight
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lilit Karapetyan
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Sun H, Li Y, Zhang P, Xing H, Zhao S, Song Y, Wan D, Yu J. Targeting toll-like receptor 7/8 for immunotherapy: recent advances and prospectives. Biomark Res 2022; 10:89. [PMID: 36476317 PMCID: PMC9727882 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of proteins that are expressed in immune cells and various tumor cells. TLR7/8 are located in the intracellular endosomes, participate in tumor immune surveillance and play different roles in tumor growth. Activation of TLRs 7 and 8 triggers induction of a Th1 type innate immune response in the highly sophisticated process of innate immunity signaling with the recent research advances involving the small molecule activation of TLR 7 and 8. The wide range of expression and clinical significance of TLR7/TLR8 in different kinds of cancers have been extensively explored. TLR7/TLR8 can be used as novel diagnostic biomarkers, progression and prognostic indicators, and immunotherapeutic targets for various tumors. Although the mechanism of action of TLR7/8 in cancer immunotherapy is still incomplete, TLRs on T cells are involved in the regulation of T cell function and serve as co-stimulatory molecules and activate T cell immunity. TLR agonists can activate T cell-mediated antitumor responses with both innate and adaptive immune responses to improve tumor therapy. Recently, novel drugs of TLR7 or TLR8 agonists with different scaffolds have been developed. These agonists lead to the induction of certain cytokines and chemokines that can be applied to the treatment of some diseases and can be used as good adjutants for vaccines. Furthermore, TLR7/8 agonists as potential therapeutics for tumor-targeted immunotherapy have been developed. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the development of immunotherapy strategies targeting TLR7/8 in patients with various cancers and chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yingmei Li
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Haizhou Xing
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Dingming Wan
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Gene Regulation, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
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Liu ZM, Yang MH, Yu K, Lian ZX, Deng SL. Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989664. [PMID: 36188605 PMCID: PMC9518217 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous epidemic worldwide which broke out in 2020. According to data analysis of the other coronavirus family, for instance severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), can provide experience for the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), have an indispensable function in identifying the invader even activate the innate immune system. It is possible for organism to activate different TLR pathways which leads to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and type Ⅰ interferon. As a component of non-specific immunity, TLRs pathway may participate in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, due to previous works have proved that TLRs are involved in the invasion and infection of SARS-CoV and MERS to varying degrees. Different TLR, such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 probably have a double-sided in COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is of great significance for a correctly acknowledging how TLR take part in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, which will be the development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Mei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng-Xing Lian, ; Shou-Long Deng,
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Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the selectivity mechanism of structurally similar agonists to TLR7 and TLR8. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260565. [PMID: 35452465 PMCID: PMC9032342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR7 and TLR8 are key members of the Toll-like receptor family, playing crucial roles in the signaling pathways of innate immunity, and thus become attractive therapeutic targets of many diseases including infections and cancer. Although TLR7 and TLR8 show a high degree of sequence homology, their biological response to small molecule binding is very different. Aiming to understand the mechanism of selective profiles of small molecule modulators against TLR7 and TLR8, we carried out molecular dynamic simulations on three imidazoquinoline derivatives bound to the receptors separately. They are Resiquimod (R), Hybrid-2 (H), and Gardiquimod (G), selective agonists of TLR7 and TLR8. Our MD trajectories indicated that in the complex of TLR7-R and TLR7-G, the two chains forming the TLR7 dimer tended to remain “open” conformation, while the rest systems maintained in the closed format. The agonists R, H, and G developed conformational deviation mainly on the aliphatic tail. Furthermore, we attempted to quantify the selectivity between TLR7 and TLR8 by binding free energies via MM-GBSA method. It showed that the three selected modulators were more favorable for TLR7 than TLR8, and the ranking from the strongest to the weakest was H, R and G, aligning well with experimental data. In the TLR7, the flexible and hydrophobic aliphatic side chain of H has stronger van der Waals interactions with V381 and F351 but only pick up interaction with one amino acid residue i.e. Y353 of TLR8. Unsurprisingly, the positively charged side chain of G has less favorable interaction with I585 of TLR7 and V573 of TLR8 explaining G is weak agonist of both TLR7 and TLR8. All three imidazoquinoline derivatives can form stable hydrogen bonds with D555 of TLR7 and the corresponding D543 of TLR8. In brief, the set of total 400ns MD studies sheds light on the potential selectivity mechanisms of agonists towards TLR7 and TLR8, indicating the van der Waals interaction as the driving force for the agonists binding, thus provides us insights for designing more potent and selective modulators to cooperate with the hydrophobic nature of the binding pocket.
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Hattori Y, Hattori K, Machida T, Matsuda N. Vascular endotheliitis associated with infections: Its pathogenetic role and therapeutic implication. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114909. [PMID: 35021044 PMCID: PMC8743392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are major participants in and regulators of immune responses and inflammation. Vascular endotheliitis is regarded as a host immune-inflammatory response of the endothelium forming the inner surface of blood vessels in association with a direct consequence of infectious pathogen invasion. Vascular endotheliitis and consequent endothelial dysfunction can be a principle determinant of microvascular failure, which would favor impaired perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and subsequent organ failure. Emerging evidence suggests the role of vascular endotheliitis in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its related complications. Thus, once initiated, vascular endotheliitis and resultant cytokine storm cause systemic hyperinflammation and a thrombotic phenomenon in COVID-19, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and widespread organ damage. Vascular endotheliitis also appears to be a contributory factor to vasculopathy and coagulopathy in sepsis that is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated response of the host to infection. Therefore, protecting endothelial cells and reversing vascular endotheliitis may be a leading therapeutic goal for these diseases associated with vascular endotheliitis. In this review, we outline the etiological and pathogenic importance of vascular endotheliitis in infection-related inflammatory diseases, including COVID-19, and possible mechanisms leading to vascular endotheliitis. We also discuss pharmacological agents which may be now considered as potential endotheliitis-based treatment modalities for those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hattori
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kohshi Hattori
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
A favorable outcome of the COVID-19 crisis might be achieved with massive vaccination. The proposed vaccines contain several different vaccine active principles (VAP), such as inactivated virus, antigen, mRNA, and DNA, which are associated with either standard adjuvants or nanomaterials (NM) such as liposomes in Moderna's and BioNTech/Pfizer's vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants may be chosen among liposomes or other types of NM composed for example of graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, micelles, exosomes, membrane vesicles, polymers, or metallic NM, taking inspiration from cancer nano-vaccines, whose adjuvants may share some of their properties with those of viral vaccines. The mechanisms of action of nano-adjuvants are based on the facilitation by NM of targeting certain regions of immune interest such as the mucus, lymph nodes, and zones of infection or blood irrigation, the possible modulation of the type of attachment of the VAP to NM, in particular VAP positioning on the NM external surface to favor VAP presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) or VAP encapsulation within NM to prevent VAP degradation, and the possibility to adjust the nature of the immune response by tuning the physico-chemical properties of NM such as their size, surface charge, or composition. The use of NM as adjuvants or the presence of nano-dimensions in COVID-19 vaccines does not only have the potential to improve the vaccine benefit/risk ratio, but also to reduce the dose of vaccine necessary to reach full efficacy. It could therefore ease the overall spread of COVID-19 vaccines within a sufficiently large portion of the world population to exit the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France. .,Nanobacterie SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France.,Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Instiute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Li X, Sun X, Guo X, Li X, Peng S, Mu X. Chemical reagents modulate nucleic acid-activated toll-like receptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112622. [PMID: 35008000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-mediated interferon signaling plays a pivotal role in defense against microorganisms, especially during viral infection. Receptors sensing exogenous nucleic acid molecules are localized in the cytosol and endosomes. Cytosolic sensors, including cGAS, RIG-I, and MDA5, and endosome-anchored receptors are toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9). These TLRs share the same domain architecture and have similar structures, facing the interior of endosomes so their binding to nucleic acids of invading pathogens via endocytosis is possible. The correct function of these receptors is crucial for cell homeostasis and effective response against pathogen invasion. A variety of endogenous mechanisms modulates their activities. Nevertheless, naturally occurring mutations lead to aberrant TLR-mediated interferon (IFN) signaling. Furthermore, certain pathogens require a more robust defense against control. Thus, manipulating these TLR activities has a profound impact. High-throughput virtual screening followed by experimental validation led to the discovery of numerous chemicals that can change these TLR-mediated IFN signaling activities. Many of them are unique in selectivity, while others regulate more than one TLR due to commonalities in these receptors. We summarized these nucleic acid-sensing TLR-mediated IFN signaling pathways and the corresponding chemicals activating or deactivating their signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Xueren Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shouchun Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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13
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Zhang Z, Kuo JCT, Yao S, Zhang C, Khan H, Lee RJ. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides for Anticancer Monotherapy from Preclinical Stages to Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010073. [PMID: 35056969 PMCID: PMC8780291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), the artificial versions of unmethylated CpG motifs that were originally discovered in bacterial DNA, are demonstrated not only as potent immunoadjuvants but also as anticancer agents by triggering toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation in immune cells. TLR9 activation triggered by CpG ODN has been shown to activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), enhancing T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. However, the extent of antitumor immunity carried by TLR agonists has not been optimized individually or in combinations with cancer vaccines, resulting in a decreased preference for TLR agonists as adjuvants in clinical trials. Although various combination therapies involving CpG ODNs have been applied in clinical trials, none of the CpG ODN-based drugs have been approved by the FDA, owing to the short half-life of CpG ODNs in serum that leads to low activation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and CTLs, along with increases of pro-inflammatory cytokine productions. This review summarized the current innovation on CpG ODNs that are under clinical investigation and explored the future direction for CpG ODN-based nanomedicine as an anticancer monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Jimmy Chun-Tien Kuo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Chi Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
| | - Hira Khan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Robert J. Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (Z.Z.); (J.C.-T.K.); (C.Z.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-4172
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14
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Orlacchio A, Mazzone P. The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12743. [PMID: 34884547 PMCID: PMC8657588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orlacchio
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pellegrino Mazzone
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche Gaetano Salvatore, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
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15
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Maghraby AS. Immunomodulatory Responses Of Toll Like Receptors Against 2019nCoV. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the immune signals via toll like receptors (TLRs) against 2019nCoV. We researched using different database, up to June 18th, 2020. All the included articles were published in English language. The outcome of this review, that some TLRs agonists or antagonists are progressed as drugs to combat and down regulating TLRs immune signals respectively. TLRs 3 and 4 recognized 2019nCoV spike protein through immune and molecular signals that leading to immune stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and even the immune fever. While the TLRs7 and 8 recognized single-stranded ribonucleic acids (ssRNAs) leading to elevation of the tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and -12 levels. TLRs agonists or antagonists utilized as immunotherapeutic targets against 2019nCoV via TLRs signals. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; the approval compounds for 2019nCoV therapy can be inhibiting the class II major histocompatibility complex molecules expression and antigen presentation and even immune suppressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines profile.
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16
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Pahlavanneshan S, Sayadmanesh A, Ebrahimiyan H, Basiri M. Toll-Like Receptor-Based Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9912188. [PMID: 34124272 PMCID: PMC8166496 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed and play multiple functional roles in a variety of immune cell types involved in tumor immunity. There are plenty of data on the pharmacological targeting of TLR signaling using agonist molecules that boost the antitumor immune response. A recent body of research has also demonstrated promising strategies for improving the cell-based immunotherapy methods by inducing TLR signaling. These strategies include systemic administration of TLR antagonist along with immune cell transfer and also genetic engineering of the immune cells using TLR signaling components to improve the function of genetically engineered immune cells such as chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Here, we explore the current status of the cancer immunotherapy approaches based on manipulation of TLR signaling to provide a perspective of the underlying rationales and potential clinical applications. Altogether, reviewed publications suggest that TLRs make a potential target for the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sayadmanesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Ebrahimiyan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Jin Y, Zhuang Y, Dong X, Liu M. Development of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonists in anti-cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:841-851. [PMID: 33831324 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1915136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptor-9(TLR9) can recognize the foreign unmethylated CpG DNA, and thus intrigue a strong Th1 response which plays a crucial role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-based TLR9 agonists have undergone four generations. Each generations' breakthroughs in immune activation, safety profiles and pharmacokinetic properties were confirmed by both preclinical and clinical studies. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the development and major clinical trials of TLR9 agonists and summarized the optimization strategies of each generation. The applications, limitations and prospects of TLR9 agonists in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials of CpG ODN TLR9 agonists as a single agent demonstrated insufficient efficacy to reverse the immunosuppressive status of majority of patients with high tumor burden. Therefore, more efforts are now been carried out in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy maintenance therapy as well as vaccine adjuvant. Importantly, the synergistic and complementary effect of TLR9 agonists and tumor immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is expected to exert greater potential. On the other hand, the double-edged sword effect of TLR9 activation in tumor and toxic effect reported in combination therapies should be noted and further studies required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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18
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Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial Watch: Experimental Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:699-716. [PMID: 22934262 PMCID: PMC3429574 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA. Accumulating evidence indicates that the function of TLRs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. TLRs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in adaptive immune responses against cancer. In particular, TLR4 signaling appears to be required for the efficient processing and cross-presentation of cell-associated tumor antigens by dendritic cells, which de facto underlie optimal therapeutic responses to some anticancer drugs. Thus, TLRs constitute prominent therapeutic targets for the activation/intensification of anticancer immune responses. In line with this notion, long-used preparations such as the Coley toxin (a mixture of killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria) and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis originally developed as a vaccine against tuberculosis), both of which have been associated with consistent anticancer responses, potently activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Today, besides BCG, only one TLR agonist is FDA-approved for therapeutic use in cancer patients: imiquimod. In this Trial Watch, we will briefly present the role of TLRs in innate and cognate immunity and discuss the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of experimental TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents for oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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19
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Mokhtari Y, Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs): An old family of immune receptors with a new face in cancer pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:639-651. [PMID: 33336901 PMCID: PMC7812258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dark path of tumorigenesis, the more carefully the cancer biology is studied, the more brilliant answers could be given to the countless questions about its orchestrating derivers. The identification of the correlation between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and different processes involved in carcinogenesis was one of the single points of blinding light highlighting the interconnection between the immune system and cancer. TLRs are a wide family of single-pass membrane-spanning receptors that have developed through the evolution to recognize the structurally conserved molecules derived from microorganisms or damaged cells. But this is not everything about these receptors as they could orchestrate several downstream signalling pathways leading to the formation or suppression of cancer cells. The present review is tempted to provide a concise schematic about the biology and the characters of TLRs and also summarize the major findings of the regulatory role of TLRs and their associated signalling in the pathogenesis of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Mokhtari
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
- Student Research CommitteeFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterBasic Health Sciences InstituteShahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research CenterShariati HospitalSchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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20
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Keshavarz A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer; with an extensive focus on TLR agonists and antagonists. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:10-25. [PMID: 33217774 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of the battle against pathogens or any endogenously released molecules, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role as the most noble pattern recognition receptors. The ability of these receptors in distinguishing "self" and "non-self" antigens is a cornerstone in the innate immunity system; however, misregulation links inflammatory responses to the development of human cancers. It has been known for some time that aberrant expression and regulation of TLRs not only endows cancer cells an opportunity to escape from the immune system but also supports them through enhancing proliferation and angiogenesis. Over the past decades, cancer research studies have witnessed a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR modulators and some of the agents have exceptionally performed well in advanced clinical trials. In the present review, we have provided a comprehensive review of different TLR agonists and antagonists and discuss their limitations, toxicities, and challenges to outline their future incorporation in cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Karapetyan L, Luke JJ, Davar D. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10039-10060. [PMID: 33116588 PMCID: PMC7553670 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Huang LR, Huang CM, Huang CYF, Chuang TH. Adjuvant Effect of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation on Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 32547560 PMCID: PMC7274158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment, improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, the clinical outcomes of such immunotherapy are highly heterogeneous between patients. Depending on the cancer type, the patient response rates to this immunotherapy are limited to 20–30%. Based on the mechanism underlying the antitumor immune response, new therapeutic strategies have been designed with the aim of increasing the effectiveness and specificity of the antitumor immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade agents. The activation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by its synthetic agonists induces the antitumor response within the innate immunity arm, generating adjuvant effects and priming the adaptive immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade during the effector phase of tumor-cell killing. This review first describes the underlying mechanisms of action and current status of monotherapy using TLR9 agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy. The rationale for combining these two agents is discussed, and evidence indicating the current status of such combination therapy as a novel cancer treatment strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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23
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Macedo AB, Novis CL, Bosque A. Targeting Cellular and Tissue HIV Reservoirs With Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2450. [PMID: 31681325 PMCID: PMC6804373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The elimination of both cellular and tissue latent reservoirs is a challenge toward a successful HIV cure. "Shock and Kill" are among the therapeutic strategies that have been more extensively studied to target these reservoirs. These strategies are aimed toward the reactivation of the latent reservoir using a latency-reversal agent (LRA) with the subsequent killing of the reactivated cell either by the cytotoxic arm of the immune system, including NK and CD8 T cells, or by viral cytopathic mechanisms. Numerous LRAs are currently being investigated in vitro, ex vivo as well as in vivo for their ability to reactivate and reduce latent reservoirs. Among those, several toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to reactivate latent HIV. In humans, there are 10 TLRs that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLRs are present in several cell types, including CD4 T cells, the cell compartment that harbors the majority of the latent reservoir. Besides their ability to reactivate latent HIV, TLR agonists also increase immune activation and promote an antiviral response. These combined properties make TLR agonists unique among the different LRAs characterized to date. Additionally, some of these agonists have shown promise toward finding an HIV cure in animal models. When in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies, TLR-7 agonists have shown to impact the SIV latent reservoir and delay viral rebound. Moreover, there are FDA-approved TLR agonists that are currently being investigated for cancer therapy and other diseases. All these has prompted clinical trials using TLR agonists either alone or in combination toward HIV eradication approaches. In this review, we provide an extensive characterization of the state-of-the-art of the use of TLR agonists toward HIV eradication strategies and the mechanism behind how TLR agonists target both cellular and tissue HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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24
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Agrawal S, Kandimalla ER. Intratumoural immunotherapy: activation of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:15-23. [PMID: 35757301 PMCID: PMC9216656 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has become clear that the tumour microenvironment (TME) is important in cancer immunotherapy. While immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective for some patients, the heterogeneous nature and status of the TME (‘cold’ tumours) play a critical role in suppressing antitumour immunity in non-responding patients. Converting ‘cold’ to ‘hot’ tumours through modulation of the TME may enable expansion of the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy to a broader patient population. This paper describes advances in intratumoural immunotherapy, specifically activation of nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors to modulate the TME. Intratumoural immunotherapy to modulate the tumour microenvironment. Use of novel immunostimulatory agents which activate nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors. Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity induced by receptor-mediated immune cascade. Intratumoural therapy leads to local and anenestic tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Agrawal
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Worcester, USA
- ARNAY Sciences LLC, Shrewsbury, USA
- Corresponding author. Sudhir Agrawal, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, 55 N Lake Ave, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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25
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Arora S, Ahmad S, Irshad R, Goyal Y, Rafat S, Siddiqui N, Dev K, Husain M, Ali S, Mohan A, Syed MA. TLRs in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci 2019; 233:116671. [PMID: 31336122 PMCID: PMC7094289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple infectious agents, antigens and host-derived danger signals, the inhabiting stromal and myeloid cells of the lung express an aggregate of TLRs which perceive the endogenously derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) along with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the TLR-associated signalling events involved in host defence. Thus, they form an imperative component of host defence activation in case of microbial infections as well as non-infectious pulmonary disorders such as interstitial lung disease, acute lung injury and airways disease, such as COPD and asthma. They also play an equally important role in lung cancer. Targeting the TLR signalling network would pave ways to the design of more reliable and effective vaccines against infectious agents and control deadly infections, desensitize allergens and reduce inflammation. Moreover, TLR agonists may act as adjuvants by increasing the efficiency of cancer vaccines, thereby contributing their role in treatment of lung cancer too. Overall, TLRs present a compelling and expeditiously bolstered area of research and addressing their signalling events would be of significant use in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rasha Irshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yamini Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sahar Rafat
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:391-412. [PMID: 29730580 PMCID: PMC7106078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed. TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration
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Zhou Z, Lin Z, Pang X, Shan P, Wang J. MicroRNA regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:32-40. [PMID: 29408644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line defense mechanism that recognizes, responds to, controls or eliminates invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a critical family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) tightly regulated by complex mechanisms involving many molecules to ensure a beneficial outcome in response to foreign invaders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulator family in a wide range of biological processes, have been identified as new molecules related to the regulation of TLR-signaling pathways in immune responses. To date, at least 22 TLR types have been identified in more than a dozen different fish species. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of miRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory responses related to the TLR-signaling pathway in fish is lacking. In this review, we summarize the regulation of miRNA expression profiles in the presence of TLR ligands or pathogen infections in teleost fish. We focus on the effects of miRNAs in regulating TLR-signaling pathways by targeting multiple molecules, including TLRs themselves, TLR-associated signaling proteins, and TLR-induced cytokines. An understanding of the relationship between the TLR-signaling pathways and miRNAs may provide new insights for drug intervention to manipulate immune responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Zhijuan Lin
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xin Pang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peipei Shan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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Ao J, Mu Y, Wang K, Sun M, Wang X, Chen X. Identification and characterization of a novel Toll-like receptor 2 homologue in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:221-227. [PMID: 26551050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of innate immunity that play significant roles in immune defence against pathogen invasion. In the present study, we identified a novel TLR2 homologue (LycTLR2b) in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) that shared low sequence identity with the previously reported large yellow croaker TLR2 (tentatively named LycTLR2a). The full-length cDNA of LycTLR2b was 2926 nucleotides (nt) long and encoded a protein consisting of 797 amino acids (aa). The deduced LycTLR2b protein exhibited a typical TLR domain architecture including a signal peptide, seven leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in the extracellular region, a transmembrane domain, and a Toll-Interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain in the cytoplasmic region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both LycTLR2a and LycTLR2b fall into a major clade formed by all TLR2 sequences, and are divided into two distinct branches. Genomic organization revealed that the LycTLR2b gene lacks intron, which is similar to zebrafish and human TLR2 genes, whereas the LycTLR2a gene contains multiple introns, as found in damselfish TLR2a and Fugu TLR2 genes. Syntenic analysis suggested that the occurrence of LycTLR2a and LycTLR2b may result from a relatively recent genome duplication event. LycTLR2b mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined although at different levels. Following bacterial vaccine challenge, LycTLR2b expression levels were significantly up-regulated in both spleen and head kidney tissues. Taken together, these results indicated that two different TLR2 homologues, which may play roles in antibacterial immunity, exist in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Kunru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Daxue Road 178, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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Pohar J, Lainšček D, Fukui R, Yamamoto C, Miyake K, Jerala R, Benčina M. Species-Specific Minimal Sequence Motif for Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Activating Mouse TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4396-405. [PMID: 26416273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG recapitulate the activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA. ODNs are potent stimulators of the immune response in cells expressing TLR9. Despite extensive use of mice as experimental animals in basic and applied immunological research, the key sequence determinants that govern the activation of mouse TLR9 by ODNs have not been well defined. We performed a systematic investigation of the sequence motif of B class phosphodiester ODNs to identify the sequence properties that govern mouse TLR9 activation. In contrast to ODNs activating human TLR9, where the minimal sequence motif for the receptor activation comprises a pair of closely positioned CpGs we found that the mouse TLR9 requires a single CpG positioned 4-6 nt from the 5'-end. Activation is augmented by a 5'TCC sequence one to three nucleotides from the CG. The distance of the CG dinucleotide of four to six nucleotides from the 5'-end and the ODN's length fine-tunes activation of mouse macrophages. Length of the ODN <23 and >29 nt decreases activation of dendritic cells. The ODNs with minimal sequence induce Th1-type cytokine synthesis in dendritic cells and confirm the expression of cell surface markers in B cells. Identification of the minimal sequence provides an insight into the sequence selectivity of mouse TLR9 and points to the differences in the receptor selectivity between species probably as a result of differences in the receptor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pohar
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Chikako Yamamoto
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Roman Jerala
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Iribarren K, Bloy N, Buqué A, Cremer I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Špíšek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1088631. [PMID: 27141345 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1088631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical evidence indicates that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists efficiently boost tumor-targeting immune responses (re)initiated by most, if not all, paradigms of anticancer immunotherapy. Moreover, TLR agonists have been successfully employed to ameliorate the efficacy of various chemotherapeutics and targeted anticancer agents, at least in rodent tumor models. So far, only three TLR agonists have been approved by regulatory agencies for use in cancer patients. Moreover, over the past decade, the interest of scientists and clinicians in these immunostimulatory agents has been fluctuating. Here, we summarize recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of TLR agonists for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Iribarren
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Pohar J, Kužnik Krajnik A, Jerala R, Benčina M. Minimal sequence requirements for oligodeoxyribonucleotides activating human TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3901-8. [PMID: 25780037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG (unmethylated deoxycytidylyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide) motifs activate endosomal TLR9. The nucleotide sequence, length, and dimerization properties of ODNs modulate their activation of TLR9. We performed a systematic investigation of the sequence motifs of B-class and C-class phosphodiester ODNs to identify the sequence properties that govern TLR9 activation. ODNs shorter than 21 nt and with the adenosine adjacent to the cytidine-guanosine (CG) dinucleotide motif led to a significant loss of the propensity to activate TLR9. The distance between the stimulatory CpG motifs within the ODN fine-tunes the activation of B cells. The minimal ODNs that activate human TLR9 comprise 2 CG dinucleotides separated by 6-10 nt, where the first CpG motif is preceded by the 5'-thymidine and the elongated poly-thymidine tail at the 3' end of the ODN. The minimal sequence provides insight into the molecular mechanism of TLR9 ligand recognition. On the basis of sequence requirements, we conclude that two binding sites with different affinities for CG are formed in the human TLR9 dimer, with a very stringent binding site interacting with the 5' CpG motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pohar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Alenka Kužnik Krajnik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Open-label phase 1b study of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab plus IMO-2055 in patients with colorectal cancer who have progressed following chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic disease. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:701-9. [PMID: 25627002 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immune modulatory oligonucleotide IMO-2055 (EMD 1201081) is a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide agonist of Toll-like receptor 9. In preclinical studies, IMO-2055 was shown to activate natural killer cells and to support the antitumor activity of monoclonal antibodies. This phase 1b, open-label, 3 + 3 dose-escalation trial was performed to determine the recommended phase 2 dose of IMO-2055 combined with FOLFIRI/cetuximab in patients with previously treated, advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer (NCT00719199). METHODS Patients received 14-day cycles of cetuximab (days 1/8; 400 mg/m(2) day 1 cycle 1, 250 mg/m(2) for subsequent days/cycles), irinotecan (day 1; 180 mg/m(2)), folinic acid (day 1; 400 mg/m(2) racemic or 200 mg/m(2) L-form), 5-fluorouracil (day 1; 400 mg/m(2) intravenous bolus, followed by 2,400 mg/m(2) as 46-h infusion), and escalating IMO-2055 doses (days 1/8; 0.16, 0.32, 0.48 mg/kg). Fifteen patients received IMO-2055, including six, three, and six patients who were treated at the dose levels 0.16, 0.32, and 0.48 mg/kg, respectively. RESULTS One dose-limiting toxicity was observed (grade 3 fatigue; at dose level 0.16 mg/kg). The most common adverse events were injection site reactions, diarrhea, fatigue, hypomagnesemia, and stomatitis. One patient achieved a confirmed partial response; 12 had stable disease, including five with stable disease ≥4.0 months. CONCLUSIONS IMO-2055 combined with FOLFIRI/cetuximab was well tolerated at all dose levels tested. IMO-2055 0.48 mg/kg was considered as the recommended phase 2 dose.
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Chuang TH, Lai CY, Tseng PH, Yuan CJ, Hsu LC. Development of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides for effective activation of rabbit TLR9 mediated immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108808. [PMID: 25269083 PMCID: PMC4182578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) are potent immune stimuli being developed for use as adjuvants in different species. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is the cellular receptor for CpG-ODN in mammalian cells. The CpG-ODN with 18–24 deoxynucleotides that are in current use for human and mouse cells, however, have low activity with rabbit TLR9. Using a cell-based activation assay, we developed a type of CpG-ODN containing a GACGTT or AACGTT motif in 12 phosphorothioate-modified deoxynucleotides with potent stimulatory activity for rabbit TLR9. The developed CpG-ODN have higher activities than other developed CpG-ODN in eliciting antigen-nonspecific immune responses in rabbit splenocytes. When mixed with an NJ85 peptide derived from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, they had potent activities to boost an antigen-specific T cell activation and antibody production in rabbits. Compared to Freund’s adjuvant, the developed CpG-ODN are capable of boosting a potent and less toxic antibody response. The results of this study suggest that both the choice of CpG-motif and its length are important factors for CpG-ODN to effectively activate rabbit TLR9 mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yang Lai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hui Tseng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Jye Yuan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of agents which exhibit the ability to potently activate the innate immune response has gained significant interest as therapeutics to treat cancer. We will review the history and the current applications of these agents to treat skin cancer and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. RECENT FINDINGS Particular attention has been focused upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, including imidazoquinolines, which can trigger TLR 7 and TLR 8, and cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides, which activate TLR 9-expressing cells. Imiquimod, a TLR 7 agonist, has been found to be efficacious for basal cell and squamous cell cancers, as well as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and lentigo maligna melanoma. CpGs have demonstrated efficacy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Additional more potent compounds, including resiquimod, are presently in clinical trials for several types of skin cancers. SUMMARY TLR agonists that can activate the innate immune response have been used to treat a variety of skin cancers including basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, lentigo maligna melanoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Significant clinical efficacy has been observed for all of these conditions. It is anticipated that additional members of the TLR agonist family will be available in the clinic for the future treatment of skin cancers as well as other malignancies.
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Sundberg TB, Xavier RJ, Schreiber SL, Shamji AF. Small-molecule control of cytokine function: new opportunities for treating immune disorders. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 23:23-30. [PMID: 25222143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating cytokine function with protein-based drugs has proven effective for treating a wide variety of autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. However, the limited ability of protein-based drugs to modulate intracellular targets, including many implicated by studies of the genetics and physiology of these diseases, and to coordinately neutralize redundant inflammatory cytokines, suggests an important and complementary role for small molecules in immunomodulatory drug development. The recent clinical approval of Janus kinase and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, along with emerging evidence from other compound classes, firmly establish small molecules as effective tools for modulating therapeutically relevant proteins that give rise to aberrant cytokine signaling or mediate its downstream consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Sundberg
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Lai CY, Liu YL, Yu GY, Maa MC, Leu TH, Xu C, Luo Y, Xiang R, Chuang TH. TLR7/8 agonists activate a mild immune response in rabbits through TLR8 but not TLR7. Vaccine 2014; 32:5593-9. [PMID: 25131730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 7 (TLR7) and 8 (TLR8) recognize viral single-stranded RNA and small molecular weight agonists to activate anti-viral immune responses. TLR8s from different species have distinct ligand recognitions. For example, human TLR8 is responsive to ligand stimulation, but mouse and rat TLR8 are activated by small molecular weight agonists only in the presence of polyT-oligodeoxynucleotides. TLR7 and TLR8 have been reported to be absent and pseudogenized, respectively, in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In this study, we detected the expression of rabbit (rab)TLR8 in immune-cell-associated tissues. Cell proliferation and cytokine expressions in rabbit splenocytes were induced by the TLR7/8 ligand but not by the TLR7 ligands, suggesting that rabTLR8 is functional but rabTLR7 is not. In rabbits, CL075, a TLR7/8 ligand, activated an antigen-specific antibody response, although one not as potent as aluminum salt or Freund's adjuvant. Nevertheless, CL075, alone or in combination with aluminum salt, generates fewer adverse effects than Freund's adjuvant at the injection sites. To further investigate the activation of rabTLR8, we cloned its cDNA. In cell-based assay, this rabTLR8 is activated by TLR7/8 ligand but not activated by TLR7 ligand. Upon stimulation the rabTLR8 had a lower activation compared to the activation of TLR8 from other species, except the mouse and rat TLR8s. Using different deletion and human-rabbit chimeric TLR8 expressing constructs, we showed that an extra peptide in the undefined region results in reduced activity of rabTLR8. These results provide a molecular basis for the mild activities of TLR7/8 ligands in rabbits, and suggest TLR7/8 agonists may provide safer immune stimuli in rabbits than in other non-rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Lai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Liu
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chei Maa
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Horng Leu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Congfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, University of Nankai, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Melisi D, Frizziero M, Tamburrino A, Zanotto M, Carbone C, Piro G, Tortora G. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:211-228. [PMID: 28548068 PMCID: PMC5344222 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has acquired increasing importance as a key player in cancer maintenance and growth. Thus, modulating anti-tumor immune mediators has become an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have gradually emerged as potential targets of newer immunotherapies. TLR-9 is preferentially expressed on endosome membranes of B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and is known for its ability to stimulate specific immune reactions through the activation of inflammation-like innate responses. Several synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) have been developed as TLR-9 agonists with the aim of enhancing cancer immune surveillance. In many preclinical models, CpG ODNs were found to suppress tumor growth and proliferation both in monotherapy and in addition to chemotherapies or target therapies. TLR-9 agonists have been also tested in several clinical trials in patients with solid tumors. These agents showed good tolerability and usually met activity endpoints in early phase trials. However, they have not yet been demonstrated to significantly impact survival, neither as single agent treatments, nor in combination with chemotherapies or cancer vaccines. Further investigations in larger prospective studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Melissa Frizziero
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Tamburrino
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Marco Zanotto
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Geny Piro
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Sharma VK, Sharma RK, Singh SK. Antisense oligonucleotides: modifications and clinical trials. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Reyes-Darias JA, Berzal-Herranz A. Detection of immune response activation by exogenous nucleic acids by a multiplex RT-PCR method. Mol Cell Probes 2014; 28:181-5. [PMID: 24602599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transfection of mammalian cells or in vivo administration of nucleic acids can induce inflammatory cytokines and/or interferon response, which could significantly influence the ex vivo or in vivo applications of gene-targeting strategies based on nucleic acids. Further induction of the interferon and inflammatory related stress responses may result in off-target effects and toxicity. This work describes an original one-step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedure, which allows testing the induction of interferon and proinflamatory related responses by nucleic acids in the cell system of choice. The developed procedure has been tested on mammalian cells transfected with ssRNA, dsRNA, enzymatically synthesized siRNA and synthetic oligodesoxyribonucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanosine motifs. This procedure is a rapid and convenient screening assay that could be used routinely in both the clinical and the research laboratory to validate the stimulation of the immune system on mammalian cells by nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Reyes-Darias
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfredo Berzal-Herranz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain.
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Toll-like receptors in lymphoid malignancies: Double-edged sword. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:262-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Sykes A, Edwards MR, Macintyre J, del Rosario A, Gielen V, Haas J, Kon OM, McHale M, Johnston SL. TLR3, TLR4 and TLRs7-9 Induced Interferons Are Not Impaired in Airway and Blood Cells in Well Controlled Asthma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65921. [PMID: 23824215 PMCID: PMC3688823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective Rhinovirus induced interferon-β and interferon-λ production has been reported in bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatics but the mechanisms of defective interferon induction in asthma are unknown. Virus infection can induce interferon through Toll like Receptors (TLR)3, TLR7 and TLR8. The role of these TLRs in interferon induction in asthma is unclear. This objective of this study was to measure the type I and III interferon response to TLR in bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood cells from atopic asthmatics and non-atopic non-asthmatics. Bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atopic asthmatic and non-atopic non-asthmatic subjects were stimulated with agonists to TLR3, TLR4 & TLRs7-9 and type I and III interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-8, responses assessed. mRNA expression was analysed by qPCR. Interferon proteins were analysed by ELISA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were induced by each TLR ligand in both cell types. Ligands to TLR3 and TLR7/8, but not other TLRs, induced interferon-β and interferon-λ in bronchial epithelial cells. The ligand to TLR7/8, but not those to other TLRs, induced only type I interferons in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No difference was observed in TLR induced interferon or pro-inflammatory cytokine production between asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects from either cell type. TLR3 and TLR7/8,, stimulation induced interferon in bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interferon induction to TLR agonists was not observed to be different in asthmatics and non-asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Sykes
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Macintyre
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajerico del Rosario
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Gielen
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Haas
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Onn Min Kon
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McHale
- Respiratory and Inflammation Research Area, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25238. [PMID: 24083080 PMCID: PMC3782517 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA. More recently, this family of pattern recognition receptors has been attributed a critical role in the elicitation of anticancer immune responses, raising interest in the development of immunochemotherapeutic regimens based on natural or synthetic TLR agonists. In spite of such an intense wave of preclinical and clinical investigation, only three TLR agonists are currently licensed by FDA for use in cancer patients: bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that operates as a mixed TLR2/TLR4 agonist; monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of Salmonella minnesota that functions as a potent agonist of TLR4; and imiquimod, a synthetic imidazoquinoline that activates TLR7. One year ago, in the August and September issues of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of TLRs and discussed the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on preclinical studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the antineoplastic activity of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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Rosa R, Damiano V, Formisano L, Nappi L, Marciano R, Veneziani BM, De Placido S, Bianco R. Combination of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with everolimus interferes with the growth and angiogenic activity of renal cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25123. [PMID: 24083076 PMCID: PMC3782521 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR inhibitor everolimus is currently approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and several Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, including immunomodulatory oligonucleotides (IMOs), have been tested for their therapeutic potential against advanced RCC. However, no clinical trials investigating the combination of mTOR inhibitors with TLR9 agonists in RCC patients have been performed to date. Our results may pave the way to translate this combinatorial approach to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rosa
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica; Università di Napoli "Federico II"; Naples, Italy
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Brueseke TJ, Tewari KS. Toll-like receptor 8: augmentation of innate immunity in platinum resistant ovarian carcinoma. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:13-9. [PMID: 23723721 PMCID: PMC3666910 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s40401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecologic cancer, with 15,000 anticipated deaths within the United States alone in 2012, and new treatment strategies are needed. Ovarian cancer tumors are known to host an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This suppression may be reversible via activation of the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor 8 activates innate immunity while simultaneously inhibiting the effects of regulatory T cells within the ovarian cancer tumors. VTX-2337 is a novel small molecule ligand of Toll-like receptor 8 and is currently the subject of a Phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG)-3003 for patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. We look forward to the results of this trial as support for the paradigm of process therapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Brueseke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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45
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Toll-like receptor 9 agonist IMO cooperates with everolimus in renal cell carcinoma by interfering with tumour growth and angiogenesis. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1616-23. [PMID: 23571736 PMCID: PMC3668470 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin by everolimus is a successful approach for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) therapy. The Toll-like receptor 9 agonist immune modulatory oligonucleotide (IMO) exhibits direct antitumour and antiangiogenic activity and cooperates with both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. Methods: We tested the combination of IMO and everolimus on models of human RCC with different Von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene status, both in vitro and in nude mice. We studied their direct antiangiogenic effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Results: Both IMO and everolimus inhibited in vitro growth and survival of RCC cell lines, and their combination produced a synergistic inhibitory effect. Moreover, everolimus plus IMO interfered with EGFR-dependent signaling and reduced VEGF secretion in both VHL wild-type and mutant cells. In RCC tumour xenografts, IMO plus everolimus caused a potent and long-lasting cooperative antitumour activity, with reduction of tumour growth, prolongation of mice survival and inhibition of signal transduction. Furthermore, IMO and everolimus impaired the main endothelial cell functions. Conclusion: A combined treatment with everolimus and IMO is effective in VHL wild-type and mutant models of RCC by interfering with tumour growth and angiogenesis, thus representing a potentially effective, rationale-based combination to be translated in the clinical setting.
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46
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Silva JM, Videira M, Gaspar R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Immune system targeting by biodegradable nanoparticles for cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2013; 168:179-99. [PMID: 23524187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against tumor cells after the presentation of tumor antigens. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential as delivery systems for cancer vaccines as they potentiate the co-delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs), insuring effective activation of the immune system against tumor cells. In this review, the immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines, including the role of DCs in the stimulation of T lymphocytes and the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants will be discussed. An overview of each of the three essential components of a therapeutic cancer vaccine - antigen, adjuvant and delivery system - will be provided with special emphasis on the potential of particulate delivery systems for cancer vaccines, in particular those made of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Some of the factors that can influence NP uptake by DCs, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization and route of administration, will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Souza MA, Carvalho FC, Ruas LP, Ricci-Azevedo R, Roque-Barreira MC. The immunomodulatory effect of plant lectins: a review with emphasis on ArtinM properties. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:641-57. [PMID: 23299509 PMCID: PMC3769584 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the glycobiology and immunology fields have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. We aim to present a comprehensive review of the effects that some plant lectins exert as immunomodulatory agents, showing that they are able to positively modify the immune response to certain pathological conditions, such as cancer and infections. The present review comprises four main themes: (1) an overview of plant lectins that exert immunomodulatory effects and the mechanisms accounting for these activities; (2) general characteristics of the immunomodulatory lectin ArtinM from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus; (3) activation of innate immunity cells by ArtinM and consequent induction of Th1 immunity; (4) resistance conferred by ArtinM administration in infections with intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania (Leishmania) major, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We believe that this review will be a valuable resource for more studies in this relatively neglected area of research, which has the potential to reveal carbohydrate targets for novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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48
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Therapeutic applications of nucleic acids and their analogues in Toll-like receptor signaling. Molecules 2012; 17:13503-29. [PMID: 23151919 PMCID: PMC6269001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of innate immune receptors that detect and clear invading microbial pathogens. Specifically intracellular TLRs such as TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 recognize nucleic acids such as double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA and CpG DNA respectively derived from microbial components. Upon infection, nucleic acid sensing TLRs signal within endosomal compartment triggering the induction of essential proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons to initiate innate immune responses thereby leading to a critical role in the development of adaptive immune responses. Thus, stimulation of TLRs by nucleic acids is a promising area of research for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against pathogenic infection, allergies, malignant neoplasms and autoimmunity. This review summarizes the therapeutic applications of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues through the modulation of TLR signaling pathways.
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Harrington JR, Wilkerson CP, Brake CN, Cohen ND. Effects of age and R848 stimulation on expression of Toll-like receptor 8 mRNA by foal neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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50
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Connolly DJ, O'Neill LAJ. New developments in Toll-like receptor targeted therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:510-8. [PMID: 22748800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in host defence and inflammation. Given that a significant amount of evidence implicates TLRs in the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer, and their activation occurs early in the inflammatory cascade, they are attractive targets for novel therapeutic agents. Potential therapeutics include TLR-targeted antibodies, small molecules and nucleic acid based drugs. Agonists are being tested in vaccines against hepatitis C and influenza as well as in allergic rhinitis and certain cancers. Antagonists are being tested in ischemia/reperfusion injury, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis. The prospect of targeting TLRs in multiple pathologies continues to hold much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna J Connolly
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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