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Zhang XW, Yang CH, Xia XH, Pan XT, Jin ZY, Yu H, Zhang HW. A triple WAP domain containing protein acts in antibacterial immunity of weather loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:277-284. [PMID: 32439510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whey acidic protein domain (WAPD) occurs in a variety of proteins in animals and many of WAPD-containing proteins are involved in immunity. In the present study, a novel protein containing three WAPDs was identified from the weather loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, designated as MaTWD. MaTWD share high identity with TWDs from fish but low identity with TWDs from other animal phyla. MaTWD transcripts mainly distributed in gills and head kidney responded to bacterial challenge with significant upregulation. In vitro assay with recombinant MaTWD protein revealed that MaTWD had antiprotease activity against bacterial proteases. Moreover, MaTWD exhibited bacterial binding capacity and antimicrobial activity. Most importantly, exogenous MaTWD protected loach against bacterial infection by reducing loach mortality. We infer that MaTWD participates in the antibacterial immunity of loach via its antiprotease and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Cong-Hui Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Xia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Xin-Tong Pan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Ze-Yu Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Nature Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Nature Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China.
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2
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Guo F, Li J, Qi Y, Hou J, Chen H, Jiang SW. HE4 overexpression decreases pancreatic cancer Capan-1 cell sensitivity to paclitaxel via cell cycle regulation. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:163. [PMID: 32435154 PMCID: PMC7218645 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paclitaxel is a first-line chemotherapy drug for pancreatic, ovarian, endometrial cancers and other malignancies. However, its efficacy is often compromised by decreased cell sensitivity or the development of resistance. Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is highly expressed in gynecologic and pancreatic cancer tissues, and its serum levels are used for patient triage and assistant diagnosis of gynecologic cancers. Previous studies have shown that HE4 overexpression could promote cancer cell proliferation and the growth of tumor xenografts, which suggests its potential involvement in cancer chemosensitivity. METHODS Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, Capan-1 and Suit-2, were transiently transfected with an HE4 overexpression plasmid, and transfected cells were treated with paclitaxel. S-phase cells were labeled using BrdU, and cell positivity rates were determined by counting BrdU-positive cells. Following HE4 overexpression and/or drug treatment, a western blotting analysis was performed to determine the protein alterations of PCNA and p21, two important cell cycle regulators. RESULTS HE4 overexpression not only promoted the proliferation of the Capan-1 pancreatic cells, but also significantly decreased cell sensitivity to paclitaxel. Results from western blotting showed that paclitaxel inhibited cell proliferation by decreasing the expression of PCNA and increasing the expression of p21. Data analysis indicated interactive actions between HE4 function and paclitaxel effects, both converging to cell cycle regulation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that HE4 could be a potential therapeutic target for the sensitization of pancreatic cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment. HE4 expression levels may be used to predict the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer patients to paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbiao Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214123 Jiangsu China
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404 USA
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404 USA
- Department of Surgery, Anderson Cancer Center, Memorial Hospital University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404 USA
| | - Yaozhi Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, 222005 Jiangsu China
| | - Jianqing Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University Medical College Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000 Shandong China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214123 Jiangsu China
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404 USA
- Department of Surgery, Anderson Cancer Center, Memorial Hospital University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404 USA
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Zhang HW, Man X, Wang Y, Song QS, Stanley D, Hui KM, Zhang XW. Characterization of a double WAP domain-containing protein from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:329-337. [PMID: 29054827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans express multiple whey acidic protein (WAP) domain containing proteins which are components of host immunity. In the present study, a new double WAP domain containing protein was identified from red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, designated Pc-DWD. The ORF is 387 bp, encoding 128 amino acids consisting of signal peptide of 18 residues, and two tandem WAP domains of 38 and 44 residues. Multiple alignment indicates the presence of conserved motifs in both WAP domains, and phylogenetic analysis shows that Pc-DWD is a new member of the type-IV crustin family. Pc-DWD transcripts were found most abundantly in hemocytes, gills, intestine and heart, and induced by Vibrio anguillarum, Staphylococcus aureus and white spot syndrome virus challenge. RNAi knockdown of Pc-DWD expression led to increased expression of white spot syndrome virus genes and increased crayfish mortality after virus infection. Recombinant Pc-DWD exhibited strong protease inhibitory activity towards commercial subtilicin A and protease K. Pc-DWD inhibited the crude proteases from V. anguillarum and S. aureus cultures and from the crayfish tissue extracts. We infer that Pc-DWD acts in crayfish bacterial and viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Xin Man
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kai-Min Hui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Shen Y, Wang Y, Jiang X, Lu L, Wang C, Luo W, Zhang Y, Li P, Du Z, Dai T, Wu C, Fang A, Yao Y, Peng Q, Yang J. Preparation and characterization of a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against human epididymis protein-4. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 141:44-51. [PMID: 28928083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human epididymis protein-4 (HE4) may serve as a putative biomarker for the early diagnosis, therapy and especially prognosis of ovarian, lung and breast cancer. Detection and targeting of HE4 using the anti-HE4 antibody could be one of the effective strategies for the cancer diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice. In this study, a high-efficiency expression system was established to purify recombinant HE4. We obtained high purity HE4 in 400 mg quantity from 1 L culture supernatant of HEK293F cells. CCK-8 and cell cycle assays indicated that the purified recombinant HE4 protein could promote SKOV3 cell cycle and proliferation at the concentration of 0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, an anti-HE4 high-affinity monoclonal antibody 9C3 (ka = 8.1 × 106 1/MS, kd = 4.4 × 10-5 1/S, KD = 5.5 × 10-12 M) was prepared using hybridoma technique and analyzed by surface plasmon resonance technology using this HE4 protein. Differential Scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis showed that 9C3 had a commendable thermal stability with the Tm value of 73 °C. Analyses of western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence showed that the 9C3 was highly specific to HE4 in human cancer cells and tissues. In conclusion, our study designed a method to prepare human recombinant HE4 with high yield and generated a high-affinity anti-HE4 monoclonal antibody that might have potential for basic research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shen
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Lab of Genetically Engineered Antibody, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lab of Genetically Engineered Antibody, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Lab of Genetically Engineered Antibody, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Liang Lu
- R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Pei Li
- R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Zhengwei Du
- R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Tengfei Dai
- R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Congcong Wu
- R & D Department of AtaGenix Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Wuhan), Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Aiping Fang
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Lab of Genetically Engineered Antibody, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Research Center for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health/No.4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; Lab of Genetically Engineered Antibody, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Qian Peng
- Cancer Center, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Jinliang Yang
- Lab of Genetically Engineered Antibody, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Characterisation of urinary WFDC12 in small nocturnal basal primates, mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.). Sci Rep 2017; 7:42940. [PMID: 28225021 PMCID: PMC5320513 DOI: 10.1038/srep42940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse lemurs are basal primates that rely on chemo- and acoustic signalling for social interactions in their dispersed social systems. We examined the urinary protein content of two mouse lemurs species, within and outside the breeding season, to assess candidates used in species discrimination, reproductive or competitive communication. Urine from Microcebus murinus and Microcebus lehilahytsara contain a predominant 10 kDa protein, expressed in both species by some, but not all, males during the breeding season, but at very low levels by females. Mass spectrometry of the intact proteins confirmed the protein mass and revealed a 30 Da mass difference between proteins from the two species. Tandem mass spectrometry after digestion with three proteases and sequencing de novo defined the complete protein sequence and located an Ala/Thr difference between the two species that explained the 30 Da mass difference. The protein (mature form: 87 amino acids) is an atypical member of the whey acidic protein family (WFDC12). Seasonal excretion of this protein, species difference and male-specific expression during the breeding season suggest that it may have a function in intra- and/or intersexual chemical signalling in the context of reproduction, and could be a cue for sexual selection and species recognition.
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Lu Q, Chen H, Senkowski C, Wang J, Wang X, Brower S, Glasgow W, Byck D, Jiang SW, Li J. Recombinant HE4 protein promotes proliferation of pancreatic and endometrial cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:163-70. [PMID: 26497244 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most deadly malignancies, and endometrial cancer represents the most common gynecologic cancer in the USA. Better understanding on the pathologic mechanisms and pathways is required for effective treatment of these malignancies. Recently, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4 or WFDC2), a secretory glycoprotein, was found to be overexpressed in pancreatic and endometrial cancers. In addition, studies have shown that HE4 overexpression in endometrial cancer cell lines led to faster cancer progression in a mouse subcutaneous model. These findings raise a question on the role(s) of secretory, extracellular HE4 in cancer development. In the present study, we found that treatment of pancreatic and endometrial cancer cell lines with purified, extracellular HE4 protein led to a significant increase in cell viability and proliferation. Moreover, extracellular HE4 protein was able to increase DNA synthesis, and modulate the mRNA and protein levels of cell cycle marker PCNA and cell cycle inhibitor p21. These effects appeared to be robust and sustainable and required a relatively low concentration of HE4 protein. The findings indicated the secreted, extracellular HE4 may carry some physiopathological functions. Via paracrine/endocrine actions, circulatory HE4 produced by malignant cells may contribute to pancreatic and endometrial cancer progression and/or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Christopher Senkowski
- Curtis and Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Steven Brower
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Wayne Glasgow
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - David Byck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
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Binding of the Extracellular Eight-Cysteine Motif of Opy2 to the Putative Osmosensor Msb2 Is Essential for Activation of the Yeast High-Osmolarity Glycerol Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:475-87. [PMID: 26598606 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00853-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To adapt to environmental high osmolarity, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates the Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which regulates diverse osmoadaptive responses. Hog1 is activated through the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which consists of independent upstream signaling routes termed the SLN1 branch and the SHO1 branch. Here, we report that the extracellular cysteine-rich (CR) domain of the transmembrane-anchor protein Opy2 binds to the Hkr1-Msb2 homology (HMH) domain of the putative osmosensor Msb2 and that formation of the Opy2-Msb2 complex is essential for osmotic activation of Hog1 through the MSB2 subbranch of the SHO1 branch. By analyzing the phenotypes of mutants with Opy2 cysteine-to-alanine mutations, we deduced that the CR domain forms four intramolecular disulfide bonds. To probe for the potential induction of conformational changes in the Opy2-Msb2 complex by osmostress, we constructed mutants with a site-specific Cys-to-Ala mutation of the Opy2 CR domain and mutants with a Cys substitution of the Msb2 HMH domain. Each of these mutants had a reduced cysteine. These mutants were then combinatorially cross-linked using chemical cross-linkers of different lengths. Cross-linking between Opy2 Cys48 and Msb2 Cys1023 was sensitive to osmotic changes, suggesting that osmostress induced a conformational change. We therefore propose that the Opy2-Msb2 complex might serve as an osmosensor.
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Reeks TA, Fry BG, Alewood PF. Privileged frameworks from snake venom. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1939-58. [PMID: 25693678 PMCID: PMC11113608 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Venom as a form of chemical prey capture is a key innovation that has underpinned the explosive radiation of the advanced snakes (Caenophidia). Small venom proteins are often rich in disulfide bonds thus facilitating stable molecular scaffolds that present key functional residues on the protein surface. New toxin types are initially developed through the venom gland over-expression of normal body proteins, their subsequent gene duplication and diversification that leads to neofunctionalisation as random mutations modify their structure and function. This process has led to preferentially selected (privileged) cysteine-rich scaffolds that enable the snake to build arrays of toxins many of which may lead to therapeutic products and research tools. This review focuses on cysteine-rich small proteins and peptides found in snake venoms spanning natriuretic peptides to phospholipase enzymes, while highlighting their three-dimensional structures and biological functions as well as their potential as therapeutic agents or research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Reeks
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - B. G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - P. F. Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
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Abstract
In a recent publication in
Science, Wang
et al. found a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expressed in human dendritic cells (DC), which they designated
lnc-DC. Based on lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) experiments in human and murine systems, they concluded that
lnc-DC is important in differentiation of monocytes into DC. However, Wang
et al. did not mention that their so-called “mouse
lnc-DC ortholog” gene was already designated “
Wdnm1-like” and is known to encode a small secreted protein. We found that incapacitation of the
Wdnm1-like open reading frame (ORF) is very rare among mammals, with all investigated primates except for hominids having an intact ORF. The null-hypothesis by Wang et al. therefore should have been that the human
lnc-DC transcript might only represent a non-functional relatively young evolutionary remnant of a protein coding locus. Whether this null-hypothesis can be rejected by the experimental data presented by Wang
et al. depends in part on the possible off-target (immunogenic or otherwise) effects of their RNAi procedures, which were not exhaustive in regard to the number of analyzed RNAi sequences and control sequences. If, however, the conclusions by Wang
et al. on their human model are correct, and they may be, current knowledge regarding the
Wdnm1-like locus suggests an intriguing combination of different functions mediated by transcript and protein in the maturation of several cell types at some point in evolution. We feel that the article by Wang
et al. tends to be misleading without the discussion presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Keith T Ballingall
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, EH26 0PZ, UK
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