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Guo S, Qi M, Li H, Cui Y, Qi C, Cheng G, Lv M, Zheng P, Liu J. The Protective Effect of Lycium Ruthenicum Murr Anthocyanins in Cr (VI)-Induced Mitophagy in DF-1 Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081115. [PMID: 35892917 PMCID: PMC9332502 DOI: 10.3390/life12081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cr (VI) is an extremely toxic environment and professional pollutant that seriously damages mitochondrial dysfunction when it enters a cell. Anthocyanins possess anti-oxidant, antiaging, and antifatigue properties. The regulatory effect of Lycium ruthenicum Murr anthocyanin (LRMA) on Cr (VI)-induced mitophagy in DF-1 cells was determined. The experimental design was divided into blank group, groups subjected to Cr (VI) and Cr (VI), and LRMA co-treatment groups. Cell viability was determined by the CCK-8 assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Mitophagy was monitored by ELISA and Western blot. Data showed that Cr (VI) caused the overexpression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3, Beclin-1) and reduced the expressions of autophagy protein p62 and TOMM20. Compared with the Cr (VI) group, the LRMA group showed considerably decreased mitochondrial damage and mitophagy. LRMA decreased the mitochondrial protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin’s transfer from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. LRMA may confer protective effects by reducing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in Cr (VI)-induced DF-1 cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (S.G.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengzhu Qi
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (M.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.Q.)
| | - Hongyan Li
- Central Hospital of Tai’an City, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Yukun Cui
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (M.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.Q.)
| | - Changxi Qi
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (M.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.Q.)
| | - Guodong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (S.G.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Meiyun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (S.G.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (M.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-538-8242478 (P.Z.); +86-538-8246287 (J.L.); Fax: +86-538-8241419 (P.Z.); +86-538-8241419 (J.L.)
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (S.G.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (M.Q.); (Y.C.); (C.Q.)
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-538-8242478 (P.Z.); +86-538-8246287 (J.L.); Fax: +86-538-8241419 (P.Z.); +86-538-8241419 (J.L.)
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Elstner M, Olszewski K, Prokisch H, Klopstock T, Murgia M. Multi-Omics Approach to Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Human Muscle Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011080. [PMID: 34681740 PMCID: PMC8537949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA deletions affect energy metabolism at tissue-specific and cell-specific threshold levels, but the pathophysiological mechanisms determining cell fate remain poorly understood. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is caused by mtDNA deletions and characterized by a mosaic distribution of muscle fibers with defective cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity, interspersed among fibers with retained functional respiratory chain. We used diagnostic histochemistry to distinguish COX-negative from COX-positive fibers in nine muscle biopsies from CPEO patients and performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled to genome-wide gene expression analysis. To gain molecular insight into the pathogenesis, we applied network and pathway analysis to highlight molecular differences of the COX-positive and COX-negative fiber transcriptome. We then integrated our results with proteomics data that we previously obtained comparing COX-positive and COX-negative fiber sections from three other patients. By virtue of the combination of LCM and a multi-omics approach, we here provide a comprehensive resource to tackle the pathogenic changes leading to progressive respiratory chain deficiency and disease in mitochondrial deletion syndromes. Our data show that COX-negative fibers upregulate transcripts involved in translational elongation and protein synthesis. Furthermore, based on functional annotation analysis, we find that mitochondrial transcripts are the most enriched among those with significantly different expression between COX-positive and COX-negative fibers, indicating that our unbiased large-scale approach resolves the core of the pathogenic changes. Further enrichments include transcripts encoding LIM domain proteins, ubiquitin ligases, proteins involved in RNA turnover, and, interestingly, cell cycle arrest and cell death. These pathways may thus have a functional association to the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Overall, the transcriptome and proteome show a low degree of correlation in CPEO patients, suggesting a relevant contribution of post-transcriptional mechanisms in shaping this disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Elstner
- Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Konrad Olszewski
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81675 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Murgia
- Department of Proteomics a Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82352 Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Birtel J, von Landenberg C, Gliem M, Gliem C, Reimann J, Kunz WS, Herrmann P, Betz C, Caswell R, Nesbitt V, Kornblum C, Issa PC. Mitochondrial Retinopathy. Ophthalmol Retina 2021; 6:65-79. [PMID: 34257060 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the retinal phenotype and the associated genetic and systemic findings in patients with mitochondrial disease. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three patients with retinopathy and mitochondrial disease, including chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Kearns-Sayre syndrome, neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome, and other systemic manifestations. METHODS Review of case notes, retinal imaging, electrophysiologic assessment, molecular genetic testing including protein modeling, and histologic analysis of muscle biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Phenotypic characteristics of mitochondrial retinopathy. RESULTS Genetic testing identified sporadic large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions and variants in MT-TL1, MT-ATP6, MT-TK, MT-RNR1, or RRM2B. Based on retinal imaging, 3 phenotypes could be differentiated: type 1 with mild, focal pigmentary abnormalities; type 2 characterized by multifocal white-yellowish subretinal deposits and pigment changes limited to the posterior pole; and type 3 with widespread granular pigment alterations. Advanced type 2 and 3 retinopathy presented with chorioretinal atrophy that typically started in the peripapillary and paracentral areas with foveal sparing. Two patients exhibited a different phenotype: 1 revealed an occult retinopathy, and the patient with RRM2B-associated retinopathy showed no foveal sparing, no severe peripapillary involvement, and substantial photoreceptor atrophy before loss of the retinal pigment epithelium. Two patients with type 1 disease showed additional characteristics of mild macular telangiectasia type 2. Patients with type 1 and mild type 2 or 3 disease demonstrated good visual acuity and no symptoms associated with the retinopathy. In contrast, patients with advanced type 2 or 3 disease often reported vision problems in dim light conditions, reduced visual acuity, or both. Short-wavelength autofluorescence usually revealed a distinct pattern, and near-infrared autofluorescence may be severely reduced in type 3 disease. The retinal phenotype was key to suspecting mitochondrial disease in 11 patients, whereas 12 patients were diagnosed before retinal examination. CONCLUSIONS Different types of mitochondrial retinopathy show characteristic features. Even in absence of visual symptoms, their recognition may facilitate the often challenging and delayed diagnosis of mitochondrial disease, in particular in patients with mild or nebulous multisystem disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Birtel
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina von Landenberg
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Neurology, Section of Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Gliem
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Gliem
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Reimann
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, Life & Brain Center, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Herrmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Betz
- Bioscientia Center for Human Genetics, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Richard Caswell
- Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter School of Medicine, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Nesbitt
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelia Kornblum
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Neurology, Section of Neuromuscular Diseases, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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4
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Filograna R, Mennuni M, Alsina D, Larsson NG. Mitochondrial DNA copy number in human disease: the more the better? FEBS Lett 2020; 595:976-1002. [PMID: 33314045 PMCID: PMC8247411 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most of the genetic information has been lost or transferred to the nucleus during the evolution of mitochondria. Nevertheless, mitochondria have retained their own genome that is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). In mammals, a gene‐dense circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of about 16.5 kb encodes 13 proteins, which constitute only 1% of the mitochondrial proteome. Mammalian mtDNA is present in thousands of copies per cell and mutations often affect only a fraction of them. Most pathogenic human mtDNA mutations are recessive and only cause OXPHOS defects if present above a certain critical threshold. However, emerging evidence strongly suggests that the proportion of mutated mtDNA copies is not the only determinant of disease but that also the absolute copy number matters. In this review, we critically discuss current knowledge of the role of mtDNA copy number regulation in various types of human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, and during ageing. We also provide an overview of new exciting therapeutic strategies to directly manipulate mtDNA to restore OXPHOS in mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Filograna
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mara Mennuni
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Alsina
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing - Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Mitochondrial Dynamics Regulation in Skin Fibroblasts from Mitochondrial Disease Patients. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030450. [PMID: 32183225 PMCID: PMC7175126 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly fuse, divide, and move, and their function is regulated and maintained by their morphologic changes. Mitochondrial disease (MD) comprises a group of disorders involving mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is not clear whether changes in mitochondrial morphology are related to MD. In this study, we examined mitochondrial morphology in fibroblasts from patients with MD (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and Leigh syndrome). We observed that MD fibroblasts exhibited significant mitochondrial fragmentation by upregulation of Drp1, which is responsible for mitochondrial fission. Interestingly, the inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation by Drp1 knockdown enhanced cellular toxicity and led to cell death in MD fibroblasts. These results suggest that mitochondrial fission plays a critical role in the attenuation of mitochondrial damage in MD fibroblasts.
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6
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Yang Y, Yu S, Liu N, Xu H, Gong Y, Wu Y, Wang P, Su X, Liao Y, De Saeger S, Humpf HU, Wu A. Transcription Factor FOXO3a Is a Negative Regulator of Cytotoxicity of Fusarium mycotoxin in GES-1 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:370-381. [PMID: 30169763 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanism and key factors responsible for cytotoxicity against mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from Fusarium pathogens are rarely elucidated. In this study, rapid increases of ROS were first observed in human gastric epithelial (GES-1) cells under DON exposure. Mitochondrial DNA damage, impaired respiratory chain, and decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) values, as well as G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, were also detected. Via combinatorial approaches of a large-scale microarray of differentially expressed genes, high content and RNAi analysis, a transcription factor of Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) was found with crucial functionalities, regulated some apoptotic genes associated with mitochondrial toxicity and cell death after activation by nuclear translocation. Namely, knockdown of FOXO3a decreased the cytotoxicity of DON to GES-1 cells. Moreover, knockdown of the FOXO ortholog DAF16 in Caenorhabditis elegans increased the resistance to DON-induced cytotoxicity. Simultaneously, the signaling pathway of ROS/JNK/FOXO3a of DON-induced cytotoxicity was newly proposed. In total, FOXO3a via ROS/JNK/FOXO3a plays a critical role to function as negative regulator associating with DON-induced cytotoxicity, with the potential extending to other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Yang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Institute of nutrition, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200000, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Song Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Institute of nutrition, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200000, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Institute of nutrition, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200000, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Haibin Xu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessmen (CFSA), 100000, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Gong
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessmen (CFSA), 100000, Beijing, P. R. China.,School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessmen (CFSA), 100000, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100000, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100000, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yucai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430000, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 00329, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Institute of nutrition, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200000, Shanghai, P.R China
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7
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Heaton R, Millichap L, Saleem F, Gannon J, Begum G, Hargreaves IP. Current biochemical treatments of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1638250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heaton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lauren Millichap
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fatima Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer Gannon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gemma Begum
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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8
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Civiletto G, Dogan SA, Cerutti R, Fagiolari G, Moggio M, Lamperti C, Benincá C, Viscomi C, Zeviani M. Rapamycin rescues mitochondrial myopathy via coordinated activation of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:emmm.201708799. [PMID: 30309855 PMCID: PMC6220341 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin ameliorates the clinical and biochemical phenotype of mouse, worm, and cellular models of mitochondrial disease, via an unclear mechanism. Here, we show that prolonged rapamycin treatment improved motor endurance, corrected morphological abnormalities of muscle, and increased cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of a muscle-specific Cox15 knockout mouse (Cox15sm/sm ). Rapamycin treatment restored autophagic flux, which was impaired in naïve Cox15sm/sm muscle, and reduced the number of damaged mitochondria, which accumulated in untreated Cox15sm/sm mice. Conversely, rilmenidine, an mTORC1-independent autophagy inducer, was ineffective on the myopathic features of Cox15sm/sm animals. This stark difference supports the idea that inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin has a key role in the improvement of the mitochondrial function in Cox15sm/sm muscle. In contrast to rilmenidine, rapamycin treatment also activated lysosomal biogenesis in muscle. This effect was associated with increased nuclear localization of TFEB, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, which is inhibited by mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation. We propose that the coordinated activation of autophagic flux and lysosomal biogenesis contribute to the effective clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukru Anil Dogan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Raffaele Cerutti
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Gigliola Fagiolari
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | | | | | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Koene S, van Bon L, Bertini E, Jimenez-Moreno C, van der Giessen L, de Groot I, McFarland R, Parikh S, Rahman S, Wood M, Zeman J, Janssen A, Smeitink J. Outcome measures for children with mitochondrial disease: consensus recommendations for future studies from a Delphi-based international workshop. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1267-1273. [PMID: 30027425 PMCID: PMC6326961 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there are no effective disease-modifying therapies for mitochondrial diseases, an increasing number of trials are being conducted in this rare disease group. The use of sensitive and valid endpoints is essential to test the effectiveness of potential treatments. There is no consensus on which outcome measures to use in children with mitochondrial disease. The aims of this two-day Delphi-based workshop were to (i) define the protocol for an international, multi-centre natural history study in children with mitochondrial myopathy and (ii) to select appropriate outcome measures for a validation study in children with mitochondrial encephalopathy. We suggest two sets of outcome measures for a natural history study in children with mitochondrial myopathy and for a proposed validation study in children with mitochondrial encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Koene
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lara van Bon
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Moreno
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lianne van der Giessen
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases and Department of Pediatric Physiotherapy, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imelda de Groot
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Center for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Mitochondrial Medicine Center, Neuroscience Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michelle Wood
- Mitochondrial Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jiri Zeman
- Department of Paediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anjo Janssen
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Pediatric Physical Therapy, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Smeitink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Towards a therapy for mitochondrial disease: an update. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1247-1261. [PMID: 30301846 PMCID: PMC6195631 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical work aimed at developing new therapies for mitochondrial diseases has recently given new hopes and opened unexpected perspectives for the patients affected by these pathologies. In contrast, only minor progresses have been achieved so far in the translation into the clinics. Many challenges are still ahead, including the need for a better characterization of the pharmacological effects of the different approaches and the design of appropriate clinical trials with robust outcome measures for this extremely heterogeneous, rare, and complex group of disorders. In this review, we will discuss the most important achievements and the major challenges in this very dynamic research field.
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11
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Emerging therapies for mitochondrial diseases. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:467-481. [PMID: 29980632 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For the vast majority of patients with mitochondrial diseases, only supportive and symptomatic therapies are available. However, in the last decade, due to extraordinary advances in defining the causes and pathomechanisms of these diverse disorders, new therapies are being developed in the laboratory and are entering human clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the current use of dietary supplement and exercise therapies as well as emerging therapies that may be broadly applicable across multiple mitochondrial diseases or tailored for specific disorders. Examples of non-tailored therapeutic targets include: activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics, bypass of biochemical defects, mitochondrial replacement therapy, and hypoxia. In contrast, tailored therapies are: scavenging of toxic compounds, deoxynucleoside and deoxynucleotide treatments, cell replacement therapies, gene therapy, shifting mitochondrial DNA mutation heteroplasmy, and stabilization of mutant mitochondrial transfer RNAs.
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12
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Pacheu-Grau D, Rucktäschel R, Deckers M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and its role in tissue-specific cellular stress. Cell Stress 2018; 2:184-199. [PMID: 31225486 PMCID: PMC6551628 DOI: 10.15698/cst2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetics require the coordination of two different and independent genomes. Mutations in either genome will affect mitochondrial functionality and produce different sources of cellular stress. Depending on the kind of defect and stress, different tissues and organs will be affected, leading to diverse pathological conditions. There is no curative therapy for mitochondrial diseases, nevertheless, there are strategies described that fight the various stress forms caused by the malfunctioning organelles. Here, we will revise the main kinds of stress generated by mutations in mitochondrial genes and outline several ways of fighting this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Rucktäschel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Deckers
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Beyrath J, Pellegrini M, Renkema H, Houben L, Pecheritsyna S, van Zandvoort P, van den Broek P, Bekel A, Eftekhari P, Smeitink JAM. KH176 Safeguards Mitochondrial Diseased Cells from Redox Stress-Induced Cell Death by Interacting with the Thioredoxin System/Peroxiredoxin Enzyme Machinery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6577. [PMID: 29700325 PMCID: PMC5920042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A deficient activity of one or more of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme complexes leads to devastating diseases, with high unmet medical needs. Mitochondria, and more specifically the OXPHOS system, are the main cellular production sites of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Increased ROS production, ultimately leading to irreversible oxidative damage of macromolecules or to more selective and reversible redox modulation of cell signalling, is a causative hallmark of mitochondrial diseases. Here we report on the development of a new clinical-stage drug KH176 acting as a ROS-Redox modulator. Patient-derived primary skin fibroblasts were used to assess the potency of a new library of chromanyl-based compounds to reduce ROS levels and protect cells against redox-stress. The lead compound KH176 was studied in cell-based and enzymatic assays and in silico. Additionally, the metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of KH176 were assessed in vivo in different animal species. We demonstrate that KH176 can effectively reduce increased cellular ROS levels and protect OXPHOS deficient primary cells against redox perturbation by targeting the Thioredoxin/Peroxiredoxin system. Due to its dual activity as antioxidant and redox modulator, KH176 offers a novel approach to the treatment of mitochondrial (-related) diseases. KH176 efficacy and safety are currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Beyrath
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mina Pellegrini
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herma Renkema
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Houben
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Petra van den Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Akkiz Bekel
- Inoviem Scientific SAS, Bioparc 3, 850 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Pierre Eftekhari
- Inoviem Scientific SAS, Bioparc 3, 850 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Yew WW, Yoshiyama T, Leung CC, Chan DP. Epidemiological, clinical and mechanistic perspectives of tuberculosis in older people. Respirology 2018; 23:567-575. [PMID: 29607596 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the ageing population globally, tuberculosis (TB) in older people becomes a major clinical and public health challenge. In many Asian countries, especially those located in the eastern and southeastern parts of the continent, geriatric TB is a significant problem. TB in the older patients is more difficult to diagnose in the early course of disease, and has poorer treatment outcomes, largely as increased failure and death. More drug-induced adverse reactions are also experienced by this population during TB therapy. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are now well recognized to be associated with the ageing process, and it is likely that the cellular and molecular perturbations interact inextricably with the immunological dysfunction biophysiologically inherent to ageing. These underlying mechanistic bases putatively contribute to the development of TB in the geriatric population and worsen the disease outcomes, especially when the TB is compounded by co-morbid conditions such as smoking and diabetes mellitus. Unravelling these mechanisms further would yield knowledge that might potentially help to prevent reactivated TB in older people, and also to better manage the established disease with drug regimens and other new therapeutic strategies. In addition, addressing the social elements associated with geriatric TB is also imperative in the relief of individual patient suffering and improvement of overall disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing W Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Takashi Yoshiyama
- Japan Anti Tuberculosis Association, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chi C Leung
- Department of Health, Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong
| | - Denise P Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Mancuso M, McFarland R, Klopstock T, Hirano M. International Workshop:: Outcome measures and clinical trial readiness in primary mitochondrial myopathies in children and adults. Consensus recommendations. 16-18 November 2016, Rome, Italy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:1126-1137. [PMID: 29074296 PMCID: PMC6094160 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neurological Institute, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics NE1 3BZ, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Friedrich-Baur-Institut an der Neurologischen Klinik und Poliklinik, LMU München, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336 München, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Koene S, Spaans E, Van Bortel L, Van Lancker G, Delafontaine B, Badilini F, Beyrath J, Smeitink J. KH176 under development for rare mitochondrial disease: a first in man randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy male volunteers. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:163. [PMID: 29037240 PMCID: PMC5644106 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial disorders are a clinically, biochemically and genetically heterogeneous group of multi-system diseases, with an unmet medical need for treatment. KH176 is an orally bio-available small molecule under development for the treatment of mitochondrial(−related) diseases. The compound is a member of a new class of drugs, acting as a potent intracellular redox-modulating agent essential for the control of oxidative and redox pathologies. The aim of this randomized, placebo controlled, double-blinded phase 1 study was to test safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of KH176 in healthy male volunteers. Putative effects on redox related biomarkers were explored. Results KH176 was well tolerated up to and including a single dose of 800 mg and multiple doses of 400 mg b.i.d. for 7 Days. However, when the QT interval was corrected for heart rate, administration of single doses of 800 and 2000 mg and at a multiple dose of 400 mg KH176 had marked effects. Post-hoc analysis of the ECGs showed clear changes in cardiac electrophysiology at single doses of 800 and 2000 mg and multiple doses of 400 mg b.i.d.. At lower doses, detailed ECG analysis showed no changes in electrophysiology compared to placebo. Exposure-response modelling of the cardiac intervals revealed an exposure range of KH176 without effects on cardiac conduction and provided a threshold of 1000 ng/mL above which changes in intervals could occur. After single- and multiple-dose administration, the pharmacokinetics of KH176 was more than dose proportional. KH176 accumulated to a small extent and food only slightly affected the pharmacokinetics of KH176, which was considered clinically irrelevant. Renal excretion of unchanged KH176 and its metabolite represents a minor pathway in the elimination of KH176. As expected in healthy volunteers no effects on redox biomarkers were observed. Conclusion The study deemed that KH176 is well tolerated up to single doses of 800 mg and multiple doses of 400 mg b.i.d. and has a pharmacokinetic profile supportive for a twice daily dosing. Only at high doses, KH176 causes clinically relevant changes in cardiac electrophysiology, including prolonged QTc interval and changes in T wave morphology. A Phase 2 clinical trial (100 mg b.i.d., orally) has been conducted recently of which the final results are expected Q1 2018. Trial registration NCT02544217. Registered. ISRCTN43372293. Retrospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-017-0715-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Koene
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM) at the Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, PO BOX 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Spaans
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15 (427), 6525, EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Van Bortel
- Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Lancker
- Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brant Delafontaine
- Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabio Badilini
- Analyzing Medical Parameters for Solutions (AMPS), New York, USA
| | - Julien Beyrath
- Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15 (427), 6525, EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Smeitink
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM) at the Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, PO BOX 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Khondrion BV, Philips van Leydenlaan 15 (427), 6525, EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mitochondrial disorders are an increasingly recognized cause of heart dysfunction, with the primary manifestations being cardiomyopathy and conduction defects. This review focuses on the complex genetics of mitochondrial disease and recently discovered conditions that affect mitochondrial function. RECENT FINDINGS Next-generation sequencing techniques, especially whole-exome sequencing, have led to the discovery of a number of conditions that cause mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent cardiac abnormalities. Nuclear DNA defects are the main cause of mitochondrial disease in children, with disease pathogenesis being related to either abnormalities in specific mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits or in proteins related to subunit or mitochondrial DNA maintenance, mitochondrial protein translation, lipid bilayer structure, or other aspects of mitochondrial function. SUMMARY Currently, symptomatic therapy using standard medications targeting relief of complications is the primary approach to treatment. There are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for the specific treatment of mitochondrial disease. However, on the basis of recent advances in understanding of the pathophysiology of these complex disorders, various novel approaches are either in clinical trials or in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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19
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Piper JD, Piper PW. Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:868-880. [PMID: 33371618 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate are extremely useful agents for food and beverage preservation, yet concerns remain over their complete safety. Benzoate can react with the ascorbic acid in drinks to produce the carcinogen benzene. A few children develop allergy to this additive while, as a competitive inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, benzoate can also influence neurotransmission and cognitive functioning. Model organism and cell culture studies have raised some issues. Benzoate has been found to exert teratogenic and neurotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos. In addition, benzoate and sorbate are reported to cause chromosome aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes; also to be potently mutagenic toward the mitochondrial DNA in aerobic yeast cells. Whether the substantial human consumption of these compounds could significantly increase levels of such damages in man is still unclear. There is no firm evidence that it is a risk factor in type 2 diabetes. The clinical administration of sodium benzoate is of proven benefit for many patients with urea cycle disorders, while recent studies indicate it may also be advantageous in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, early-stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, exposure to high amounts of this agent should be approached with caution, especially since it has the potential to generate a shortage of glycine which, in turn, can negatively influence brain neurochemistry. We discuss here how a small fraction of the population might be rendered-either through their genes or a chronic medical condition-particularly susceptible to any adverse effects of sodium benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Piper
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Inst., Queen Mary Univ. of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Piper
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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20
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Delhey LM, Nur Kilinc E, Yin L, Slattery JC, Tippett ML, Rose S, Bennuri SC, Kahler SG, Damle S, Legido A, Goldenthal MJ, Frye RE. The Effect of Mitochondrial Supplements on Mitochondrial Activity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6020018. [PMID: 28208802 PMCID: PMC5332922 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for mitochondrial dysfunction is typically guided by expert opinion with a paucity of empirical evidence of the effect of treatment on mitochondrial activity. We examined citrate synthase and Complex I and IV activities using a validated buccal swab method in 127 children with autism spectrum disorder with and without mitochondrial disease, a portion of which were on common mitochondrial supplements. Mixed-model linear regression determined whether specific supplements altered the absolute mitochondrial activity as well as the relationship between the activities of mitochondrial components. Complex I activity was increased by fatty acid and folate supplementation, but folate only effected those with mitochondrial disease. Citrate synthase activity was increased by antioxidant supplementation but only for the mitochondrial disease subgroup. The relationship between Complex I and IV was modulated by folate while the relationship between Complex I and Citrate Synthase was modulated by both folate and B12. This study provides empirical support for common mitochondrial treatments and demonstrates that the relationship between activities of mitochondrial components might be a marker to follow in addition to absolute activities. Measurements of mitochondrial activity that can be practically repeated over time may be very useful to monitor the biochemical effects of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna M Delhey
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Ekim Nur Kilinc
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Li Yin
- Child and Adolescent Department, Mental Health Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - John C Slattery
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Marie L Tippett
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Sirish C Bennuri
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Stephen G Kahler
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Shirish Damle
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Neurology Section, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA.
| | - Agustin Legido
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Neurology Section, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA.
| | - Michael J Goldenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Neurology Section, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA.
| | - Richard E Frye
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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