Curcumin mediates anticancer effects by modulating multiple cell signaling pathways

Advances of traditional Chinese medicine preclinical mechanisms and clinical studies on diabetic peripheral neuropathy

CONTEXT

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) results in an enormous burden and reduces the quality of life for patients. Considering there is no specific drug for the management of DPN, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has increasingly drawn attention of clinicians and researchers around the world due to its characteristics of multiple targets, active components, and exemplary safety.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the current status of TCM in the treatment of DPN and provide directions for novel drug development, the clinical effects and potential mechanisms of TCM used in treating DPN were comprehensively reviewed.

METHODS

Existing evidence on TCM interventions for DPN was screened from databases such as PubMed, the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (CENTRAL), and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI). The focus was on summarizing and analyzing representative preclinical and clinical TCM studies published before 2023.

RESULTS

This review identified the ameliorative effects of about 22 single herbal extracts, more than 30 herbal compound prescriptions, and four Chinese patent medicines on DPN in preclinical and clinical research. The latest advances in the mechanism highlight that TCM exerts its beneficial effects on DPN by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and improving mitochondrial function.

CONCLUSIONS

TCM has shown the power latent capacity in treating DPN. It is proposed that more large-scale and multi-center randomized controlled clinical trials and fundamental experiments should be conducted to further verify these findings.

Dietary interventions and tumor response to chemotherapy in breast cancer: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Optimizing treatment efficacy is still a critical part in advancing the treatment of breast cancer. Dietary interventions have drawn significant attention for their potential to increase tumor sensitivity, with a plethora of strategies evaluated both preclinically and clinically. The aim of this paper is to explore these strategies, ranging from entire dietary programs to specific supplements, for their potential to directly enhance tumor sensitivity and chemotherapy adherence.

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched up to September 2023. In this comprehensive review, preclinical and clinical research on dietary interventions used in conjunction with chemotherapy for breast cancer was examined and synthesized, to identify potential causal mechanisms.

RESULTS

42 studies in total were identified and synthesized, 32 pre-clinical and 8 clinical studies.

CONCLUSION

Although a topic of intense interest, the heterogeneity in approaches has resulted in a large but minimally impactful evidence base, further complicated by a limited understanding of the mechanisms at play. This review highlights the areas for further research to increase opportunities for nutritional-based interventions as adjuvant to chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Anti-tumor Effects of Polyphenols via Targeting Cancer Driving Signaling Pathways: A Review

The use of drugs in chemotherapy poses numerous side effects. Hence the use of natural substances that can help in the prevention and cure of the disease is a dire necessity. Cancer is a deadly illness and combination of diseases, the menace of which is rising with every passing year. The research community and scientists from all over the world are working towards finding a cure of the disease. The use of polyphenols which are naturally derived from plants have a great potential to be used as anti-cancer drugs and also the use of fruits and vegetables which are rich in these polyphenols can also help in the prevention of diseases. The study aims to compile the available literature and research studies on the anti-cancer effects of polyphenols and the signaling pathways that are affected by them. To review the anti-cancer effects of polyphenols, Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect were used to study the literature available. The article that have been used for literature review were filtered using keywords including cancer, polyphenols and signaling pathways. Majorly articles from the last 10 years have been considered for the review but relevant articles from earlier than 10 years have also been considered. Almost 400 articles were studied for the review and 200 articles have been cited. The current review shows the potential of polyphenols as anti-cancer compounds and how the consumption of a diet rich in polyphenols can help in the prevention of cancer. Because of their capacity to affect a variety of oncogenic and oncosuppressive signaling pathways, phytochemicals derived from plants have been effectively introduced as an alternative anticarcinogenic medicines.

Graphical Abstract

A Review of Recent Curcumin Analogues and Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities

Curcumin, as the main active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been demonstrated with various bioactivities. However, its potential therapeutic applications are hindered by challenges such as poor solubility and bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and pan-assay interference properties. Recent advancements have aimed to overcome these limitations by developing novel curcumin analogues and modifications. This brief review critically assesses recent studies on synthesising different curcumin analogues, including metal complexes, nano particulates, and other curcumin derivatives, focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects of curcumin and its modified analogues. Exploring innovative curcumin derivatives offers promising strategies to address the challenges associated with its bioavailability and efficacy and valuable insights for future research directions.

Structural modification strategies of triazoles in anticancer drug development

The triazole functional group plays a pivotal role in the composition of biomolecules with potent anticancer activities, including numerous clinically approved drugs. The strategic utilization of the triazole fragment in the rational modification of lead compounds has demonstrated its ability to improve anticancer activities, enhance selectivity, optimize pharmacokinetic properties, and overcome resistance. There has been significant interest in triazole-containing hybrids in recent years due to their remarkable anticancer potential. However, previous reviews on triazoles in cancer treatment have failed to provide tailored design strategies specific to these compounds. Herein, we present an overview of design strategies encompassing a structure-modification approach for incorporating triazoles into hybrid molecules. This review offers valuable references and briefly introduces the synthesis of triazole derivatives, thereby paving the way for further research and advancements in the field of effective and targeted anticancer therapies.

Effects of Curcumin and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Luminal Breast Cancer Cells

This work examined the potential benefit of curcumin in breast cancer patients as a supplementary drug in ER-positive cancers. The results indicated that in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, E2 and curcumin decreased cell proliferation and the colony-forming capacity and down-regulated protein expression as well as important molecules associated with cell proliferation, such as PCNA and estrogen receptor alpha; genes associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, such as β-catenin, Vimentin, and E-cadherin; and molecules associated with apoptosis. Clinical studies in bioinformatics have indicated a positive correlation between ESR1 and either CCND1 or BCL2 gene expression in all breast cancer patients. Thus, curcumin could become a potential natural adjuvant treatment for patients with estrogen receptor alpha-positive breast cancer and those with resistance or a poor response to endocrine therapy since the reactivation of estrogen receptor alpha is inevitable.

Photovoice for leveraging traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine amongst black adults to improve sleep health and overall health

Introduction

Average adults are recommended to have 7-8 h of sleep. However insufficient sleep (IS defined as <7 h/nightly) is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM), a burgeoning area of research and practice, leverages both modern and traditional approaches to improve health. Despite TCIM's recognition as a tool to improve sleep and related outcomes, there is a gap in literature in addressing its impact among black individuals, who experience a disproportionate burden of IS and chronic disease. This qualitative study aimed to increase understanding of TCIM practices to overcome IS and overall health in black communities.

Methods

Using photovoice methodology, a qualitative tool which applies community-engaged principles to produce culturally informed results through interviews and digital media, consented participants were recruited from Miami, Florida and (1) instructed to capture images over one week that communicated their TCIM to improve sleep and overall health on their mobile device; (2) interviewed using individual, semi-structured procedures to add "voice" to the "photos" they captured for ~20 min; and (3) invited to participate in follow-up focus groups for refined discussion and data triangulation for ~1.5 h. Both individual and focus group interviews were conducted over Zoom with recordings transcribed for formal content analysis using Nvivo software.

Results

The sample included N = 25 diverse US black individuals (M = 37, SD = 13, range 21-57). Approximately a quarter of the sample were unemployed (N = 7) and majority were women (N = 21). Results highlighted five themes including: (1) natural wellness (sleep supplements, comfort beverages, aromatherapy, herbalism, outdoors); (2) self-care (self-maintenance, physical activity, spatial comfort); (3) leisure (pet support, play); (4) mental stimulation (mindfulness, reading); and (5) spiritual wellness (faith-based practices). Study results elucidate the heterogeneity of diverse US black individuals regarding sociocultural knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors.

Conclusion

Addressing IS in black communities requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates cultural sensitivity, family and community dynamics, education, mental health support, and informed policymaking. Future studies should consider how sleep health literacy, stress appraisal, and coping strategies may vary by race/ethnicity for tailored intervention.

Cobalt-based hybrid nanoparticles loaded with curcumin for ligand-enhanced synergistic nanocatalytic therapy/chemotherapy combined with calcium overload

The therapeutic efficacy of Fenton or Fenton-like nanocatalysts is usually restricted by the inappropriate pH value and limited concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the tumor site. Herein, calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-mineralized cobalt silicate hydroxide hollow nanocatalysts (CSO@CaCO3, CC) were synthesized and loaded with curcumin (CCC). This hybrid system can simultaneously realize nanocatalytic therapy, chemotherapy and calcium overload. With the stabilization of liposomes, CCC is able to reach the tumor site smoothly. The CaCO3 shell first degrades in an acidic tumor environment, releasing Cur and Ca2+, and the pH value of the tumor is increased simultaneously. Then the exposed CSO catalyzes the Fenton-like reaction to convert H2O2 into ˙OH and enhances the cytotoxicity of curcumin (Cur) by catalytically oxidizing it to a ˙Cur radical. Curcumin not only induces the chemotherapy effect but also serves as a nucleophilic ligand and an electron donor in the catalytic system, enhancing the Fenton-like activity of CCC by electron transfer. In addition, calcium overload also amplifies the efficacy of ROS-based therapy. In vitro and in vivo results show that CCC exhibited an excellent synergistic tumor inhibition effect without any clear side effect. This work proposes a novel concept of nanocatalytic therapy/chemotherapy synergistic mechanism by the ligand-induced enhancement of Fenton-like catalytic activity, and inspires the construction of combined therapeutic nanoplatforms and multifunctional nanocarriers for drug and ion delivery in the future.

Anti-cancer potential of zerumbone in cancer and glioma: current trends and future perspectives

Plant-derived immunomodulators and antitumor factors have appealed lots of attention from natural product scientists for their efficiency and safety and their important contribution to well-designed targeted drug action and delivery mechanisms. Zerumbone (ZER), the chief component of Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes, has been examined for its wide-spectrum in the treatment of multi-targeted diseases. The rhizomes have been used as food flavoring agents in numerous cuisines and in flora medication. Numerous in vivo and in vitro experiments have prepared confirmation of ZER as a potent immunomodulator as well as a potential anti-tumor agent. This review is an interesting compilation of all the important results of the research carried out to date to investigate the immunomodulatory and anticancer properties of ZER. The ultimate goal of this comprehensive review is to supply updated information and a crucial evaluation on ZER, including its chemistry and immunomodulating and antitumour properties, which may be of principal importance to supply a novel pathway for subsequent investigation to discover new agents to treat cancers and immune-related sickness. In addition, updated information on the toxicology of ZER has been summarized to support its safety profile.

Oxidative Stress and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Balance between ROS-Mediated Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

The balanced reciprocal translocation t (9; 22) (q34; q11) and the BCR-ABL fusion gene, which produce p210 bcr-abl protein production with high tyrosine kinase activity, are characteristics of chronic myeloid leukemia, a myeloproliferative neoplasm. This aberrant protein affects several signaling pathways connected to both apoptosis and cell proliferation. It has been demonstrated that tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia acts by inducing oxidative stress and, depending on its level, can activate signaling pathways responsible for either apoptosis or survival in leukemic cells. Additionally, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species generation also mediate apoptosis through genomic activation. Furthermore, it was shown that oxidative stress has a role in both BCR-ABL-independent and BCR-ABL-dependent resistance pathways to tyrosine kinases, while patients with chronic myeloid leukemia were found to have a significantly reduced antioxidant level. The ideal environment for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is produced by a favorable oxidative status. We discuss the latest studies that aim to manipulate the redox system to alter the apoptosis of cancerous cells.

Advances in Nanocarrier Systems for Overcoming Formulation Challenges of Curcumin: Current Insights

Curcumin, an organic phenolic molecule that is extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn, has undergone extensive evaluation for its diverse biological activities in both animals and humans. Despite its favorable characteristics, curcumin encounters various formulation challenges and stability issues that can be effectively addressed through the application of nanotechnology. Nano-based techniques specifically focused on enhancing solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy while mitigating toxicity, have been explored for curcumin. This review systematically presents information on the improvement of curcumin's beneficial properties when incorporated, either individually or in conjunction with other drugs, into diverse nanosystems such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. Additionally, the review examines ongoing clinical trials and recently granted patents, offering a thorough overview of the dynamic landscape in curcumin delivery. Researchers are currently exploring nanocarriers with crucial features such as surface modification, substantial loading capacity, biodegradability, compatibility, and autonomous targeting specificity and selectivity. Nevertheless, the utilization of nanocarriers for curcumin delivery is still in its initial phases, with regulatory approval pending and persistent safety concerns surrounding their use.

Phytocompounds targeting epigenetic modulations: an assessment in cancer

For centuries, plants have been serving as sources of potential therapeutic agents. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the effects of plant-derived compounds on epigenetic processes, a novel and captivating Frontier in the field of epigenetics research. Epigenetic changes encompass modifications to DNA, histones, and microRNAs that can influence gene expression. Aberrant epigenetic changes can perturb key cellular processes, including cell cycle control, intercellular communication, DNA repair, inflammation, stress response, and apoptosis. Such disruptions can contribute to cancer development by altering the expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis. However, these modifications are reversible, offering a unique avenue for therapeutic intervention. Plant secondary compounds, including terpenes, phenolics, terpenoids, and sulfur-containing compounds are widely found in grains, vegetables, spices, fruits, and medicinal plants. Numerous plant-derived compounds have demonstrated the potential to target these abnormal epigenetic modifications, including apigenin (histone acetylation), berberine (DNA methylation), curcumin (histone acetylation and epi-miRs), genistein (histone acetylation and DNA methylation), lycopene (epi-miRs), quercetin (DNA methylation and epi-miRs), etc. This comprehensive review highlights these abnormal epigenetic alterations and discusses the promising efficacy of plant-derived compounds in mitigating these deleterious epigenetic signatures in human cancer. Furthermore, it addresses ongoing clinical investigations to evaluate the therapeutic potential of these phytocompounds in cancer treatment, along with their limitations and challenges.

Dynamic interplay of nuclear receptors in tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance: Shifting gears in malignant transformations and applications in cancer therapeutics

Recent advances have brought forth the complex interplay between tumor cell plasticity and its consequential impact on drug resistance and tumor recurrence, both of which are critical determinants of neoplastic progression and therapeutic efficacy. Various forms of tumor cell plasticity, instrumental in facilitating neoplastic cells to develop drug resistance, include epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) alternatively termed epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) attributes, and transdifferentiation into diverse cell lineages. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that play an essential role in regulating a multitude of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. NRs have been implicated to play a critical role in modulating gene expression associated with tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how NRs regulate these key aspects of cancer biology. We discuss the diverse mechanisms through which NRs influence tumor cell plasticity, including EMT, stemness, and metastasis. Further, we explore the intricate relationship between NRs and drug resistance, highlighting the impact of NR signaling on chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. We also discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting NRs to overcome tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review also provides valuable insights into the current clinical trials that involve agonists or antagonists of NRs modulating various aspects of tumor cell plasticity, thereby delineating the potential of NRs as therapeutic targets for improved cancer treatment outcomes.

Targeted regulated cell death with small molecule compounds in colorectal cancer: Current perspectives of targeted therapy and molecular mechanisms

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a tumor of the digestive system, is characterized by high malignancy and poor prognosis. Currently, targeted therapy of CRC is far away from satisfying. The molecular mechanisms of regulated cell death (RCD) have been clearly elucidated, which can be intervened by drug or genetic modification. Numerous studies have provided substantial evidence linking these mechanisms to the progression and treatment of CRC. The RCD includes apoptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD), ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, and immunogenic cell death, etc, which provide potential targets for anti-cancer treatment. For the last several years, small-molecule compounds targeting RCD have been a well concerned therapeutic strategy for CRC. This present review aims to describe the function of small-molecule compounds in the targeted therapy of CRC via targeting apoptosis, ADCD, ferroptosis, necroptosis, immunogenic dell death and pyroptosis, and their mechanisms. In addition, we prospect the application of newly discovered cuproptosis and disulfidptosis in CRC. Our review may provide references for the targeted therapy of CRC using small-molecule compounds targeting RCD, including the potential targets and candidate compounds.

Current stage of preclinical and clinical development of guggulsterone in cancers: Challenges and promises

Throughout human history, the utilization of medicinal herbs has been recognized as a crucial defense against various ailments, including cancer. Natural products with potential anticancer properties, capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, have garnered substantial attention. One such agent under investigation is guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol derived from the gum resin of the Commiphora mukul tree. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies elucidating the anticancer molecular mechanisms and molecular targets of GS, guiding future research and potential applications as an adjuvant drug in cancer therapy. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have explored the biological activities of the active ingredients in Commiphora mukul. Specifically, GS emerges as a potential cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agent. The investigations delve into the impact of GS on constitutively activated survival pathways, including Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathways. These pathways regulate antiapoptotic and proinflammatory genes, exerting control over growth and inflammatory responses. The findings highlight the potential of GS in disrupting survival pathways crucial for cancer cell viability. The inhibition of JAK/STAT, NF-kB, and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathways positions GS as a promising candidate for cancer therapy. The review synthesizes evidence from diverse studies, underscoring the multifaceted biological activities of GS in cancer prevention and treatment. To advance our understanding, future clinical and translational studies are imperative to determine effective doses in humans. Additionally, there is a need for the development of new pharmaceutical forms of GS to optimize therapeutic effects. This comprehensive review provides a foundation for ongoing research, offering insights into the potential of GS as a valuable addition to the armamentarium against cancer.

Progress in discovery and development of natural inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as anti-cancer agents

The study of epigenetic translational modifications had drawn great interest for the last few decades. These processes play a vital role in many diseases and cancer is one of them. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key enzymes involved in the acetylation and deacetylation of histones and ultimately in post-translational modifications. Cancer frequently exhibits epigenetic changes, particularly disruption in the expression and activity of HDACs. It includes the capacity to regulate proliferative signalling, circumvent growth inhibitors, escape cell death, enable replicative immortality, promote angiogenesis, stimulate invasion and metastasis, prevent immunological destruction, and genomic instability. The majority of tumours develop and spread as a result of HDAC dysregulation. As a result, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) were developed, and they today stand as a very promising therapeutic approach. One of the most well-known and efficient therapies for practically all cancer types is chemotherapy. However, the efficiency and safety of treatment are constrained by higher toxicity. The same has been observed with the synthetic HDACi. Natural products, owing to many advantages over synthetic compounds for cancer treatment have always been a choice for therapy. Hence, naturally available molecules are of particular interest for HDAC inhibition and HDAC has drawn the attention of the research fraternity due to their potential to offer a diverse array of chemical structures and bioactive compounds. This diversity opens up new avenues for exploring less toxic HDAC inhibitors to reduce side effects associated with conventional synthetic inhibitors. The review presents comprehensive details on natural product HDACi, their mechanism of action and their biological effects. Moreover, this review provides a brief discussion on the structure activity relationship of selected natural HDAC inhibitors and their analogues which can guide future research to discover selective, more potent HDACi with minimal toxicity.

Curcumin in Cancer Prevention: Insights from Clinical Trials and Strategies to Enhance Bioavailability

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, and current cancer drugs often have high costs and undesirable side effects. Additionally, the development of drug resistance can reduce their effectiveness over time. Natural products have gained attention as potential sources for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Curcumin, an extract from turmeric (Curcuma longa), is a natural phenolic compound with diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antidiabetic, antivenom, antiulcer, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, anticoagulant, and antifertility activities. Given the increasing interest in curcumin for cancer prevention, this review aims to comprehensively examine clinical trials investigating the use of curcumin in different types of cancer. Additionally, effective techniques and approaches to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin are discussed and summarized. This review article provides insights into the properties of curcumin and its potential as a future anticancer drug.

Phytochemicals as Potential Lead Molecules against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of liver cancer, accounting for 85-90% of liver cancer cases and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The major risk factors for HCC include hepatitis C and B viral infections, along with chronic liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, fibrosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis associated with metabolic syndrome. Despite the advancements in modern medicine, there is a continuous rise in the annual global incidence rate of HCC, and it is estimated to reach >1 million cases by 2025. Emerging research in phytomedicine and chemotherapy has established the anti-cancer potential of phytochemicals, owing to their diverse biological activities. In this review, we report the major phytochemicals that have been explored in combating hepatocellular carcinoma and possess great potential to be used as an alternative or in conjunction with the existing HCC treatment modalities. An overview of the pre-clinical observations, mechanism of action and molecular targets of some of these phytochemicals is also incorporated.

Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor-mediated liver damage and inflammation to cancer: Therapeutic intervention by curcumin in experimental metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis-hepatocellular carcinoma

In tandem with the expanding obesity pandemic, the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly known as NASH)- driven hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is predicted to rise globally, creating a significant need for therapeutic interventions. We previously identified the upregulation of apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor (AATF), which is implicated in facilitating the progression from MASH to HCC. The objective of this study was to examine whether the intervention of curcumin could alleviate AATF-mediated MASH, inhibit tumor growth, and elucidate the underlying mechanism. A preclinical murine model mimicking human MASH-HCC was employed, subjecting mice to either a chow diet normal water (CDNW) or western diet sugar water (WDSW) along with very low dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 - 0.2 μL/g, weekly). Mice receiving curcumin (CUR) alongside WDSW/CCl4 exhibited significant improvements, including reduced liver enzymes, dyslipidemia, steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning. Curcumin treatment also suppressed hepatic expression of inflammatory, fibrogenic, and oncogenic markers. Of note, there was a significant reduction in the expression of AATF upon curcumin treatment in WDSW/CCl4 mice and human HCC cells. In contrast, curcumin upregulated Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in MASH liver and HCC cells, which is known to downregulate sp1 (specificity protein-1) expression. Thus, curcumin treatment effectively inhibited the progression of MASH to HCC by downregulating the expression of AATF via the KLF4-Sp1 signaling pathway. These preclinical findings establish a novel molecular connection between curcumin and AATF in reducing hepatocarcinogenesis, and provide a strong rationale for the development of curcumin as a viable treatment for MASH-HCC in humans.

Neutralizing tumor-related inflammation and reprogramming of cancer-associated fibroblasts by Curcumin in breast cancer therapy

Tumor-associated inflammation plays a vital role in cancer progression. Among the various stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts are promising targets for cancer therapy. Several reports have indicated potent anti-inflammatory effects attributed to Curcumin. This study aimed to investigate whether inhibiting the inflammatory function of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with Curcumin can restore anticancer immune responses. CAFs were isolated from breast cancer tissues, treated with Curcumin, and co-cultured with patients' PBMCs to evaluate gene expression and cytokine production alterations. Blood and breast tumor tissue samples were obtained from 12 breast cancer patients with stage II/III invasive ductal carcinoma. Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) + CAFs were extracted from tumor tissue, treated with 10 μM Curcumin, and co-cultured with corresponding PBMCs. The expression of smooth muscle actin-alpha (α-SMA), Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), production of PGE2, and immune cell cytokines were evaluated using Real-Time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Analyzes showed that treatment with Curcumin decreased the expression of genes α-SMA and COX-2 and the production of PGE2 in CAFs. In PBMCs co-cultured with Curcumin-treated CAFs, the expression of FoxP3 decreased along with the production of TGF-β, IL-10, and IL-4. An increase in IFN-γ production was observed that followed by increased T-bet expression. According to our results, Curcumin could reprogram the pro-tumor phenotype of CAFs and increase the anti-tumor phenotype in PBMCs. Thus, CAFs, as a component of the tumor microenvironment, are a suitable target for combination immunotherapies of breast cancer.

Targeting Breast Cancer Signaling via Phytomedicine and Nanomedicine

BACKGROUND

The development of breast cancer (BC) and how it responds to treatment have both been linked to the involvement of inflammation. Chronic inflammation is critical in carcinogenesis, leading to elevated DNA damage, impaired DNA repair machinery, cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion. Studies have found several targets that selectively modulate inflammation in cancer, limit BC's growth, and boost treatment effectiveness. Drug resistance and the absence of efficient therapeutics for metastatic and triple-negative BC contribute to the poor outlook of BC patients.

SUMMARY

To treat BC, small-molecule inhibitors, phytomedicines, and nanoparticles are conjugated to attenuate BC signaling pathways. Due to their numerous target mechanisms and strong safety records, phytomedicines and nanomedicines have received much attention in studies examining their prospects as anti-BC agents by such unfulfilled demands.

KEY MESSAGES

The processes involved in the affiliation across the progression of tumors and the spread of inflammation are highlighted in this review. Furthermore, we included many drugs now undergoing clinical trials that target cancer-mediated inflammatory pathways, cutting-edge nanotechnology-derived delivery systems, and a variety of phytomedicines that presently address BC.

Development of Stable Amino-Pyrimidine-Curcumin Analogs: Synthesis, Equilibria in Solution, and Potential Anti-Proliferative Activity

With the clear need for better cancer treatment, naturally occurring molecules represent a powerful inspiration. Recently, curcumin has attracted attention for its pleiotropic anticancer activity in vitro, especially against colorectal and prostate cancer cells. Unfortunately, these encouraging results were disappointing in vivo due to curcumin's low stability and poor bioavailability. To overcome these issues, herein, the synthesis of eight new pyrimidine-curcumin derivatives is reported. The compounds were fully characterized (1H/13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometri), UV-Vis spectroscopy), particularly their acid/base behavior; overall protonation constants were estimated, and species distribution, as a function of pH, was predicted, suggesting that all the compounds are in their neutral form at pH 7.4. All the compounds were extremely stable in simulated physiological media (phosphate-buffered saline and simulated plasma). The compounds were tested in vitro (48 h incubation treatment) to assess their effect on cell viability in prostate cancer (LNCaP and PC3) and colorectal cancer (HT29 and HCT116) cell lines. Two compounds showed the same anti-proliferative activity as curcumin against HCT116 cells and improved cytotoxicity against PC3 cells.

In vitro screening of natural product-based compounds for leishmanicidal activity

Leishmaniasis is one of the major parasitic diseases, caused by obligate intracellular protozoa Leishmania, having high mortality as well as morbidity rate. As there is no human licensed vaccine available against leishmaniasis, chemotherapy remains the major way of combating this disease. Many disadvantages are known to be associated with the current drug regime including severe side effects and toxicity, long duration and expensive treatment, and the emergence of resistance. An alternative approach is being utilized to search for active molecules using natural sources, rather than relying on synthetic drugs. Many plant-derived secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds, steroids, quinones, etc. are being extensively investigated for their anti-leishmanial potential. One such group of complex phenolic compounds are diarylheptanoids. These compounds have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, and other pharmacological activities. In the present study, a set of sixteen tetrahydropyran derivatives including three natural products were obtained in lyophilized form. These compounds with trans-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans, Diospongin A, Diospongin B (isolated from Dioscorea spongiosa) and Centrolobine (Centrolobium sclerophyllum) as parent compounds were synthesized by the reaction of 1-phenyl-1-triemthylsiloxyethylene with six-membered cyclic hemiacetals in the presence of iodine as a catalyst. All the sixteen synthesized tetrahydropyran derivatives were used for toxicity analysis against L. donovani promastigotes, amastigotes and THP-1-derived human macrophages. IC50 values and selectivity index were calculated for all the compounds. Out of these sixteen, five compounds showed the best effect in vitro in terms of both leishmanicidal activity and non-toxicity to human macrophages.

Oral nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of intestinal bowel disease and colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION

The most popular method for delivering drugs locally and systemically is oral. However, the gastrointestinal tract's severe physiological (mucosal and enzymatic barrier) and physicochemical (pH) environment places restrictions on the oral drug delivery system's bioavailability and targeted design.

AREAS COVERED

Various nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NPDDSs) based on lipids or polymers, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nanospheres, and nanocapsules and their application in successful treatment of serious diseases such as intestinal bowel disease and colorectal cancer (CRC). These systems can ensure advantages over conventional systems liked improved bioavailability, prolonged residence time, and enhanced solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Moreover, the nature of these NPDDSs led to numerous breakthroughs in bioavailability, active and passive targeting, controlled release, and cost-efficient production on an industrial scale in recent years.

EXPERT OPINION

An expert opinion on orally administrable lipid and polymer based NPDDS, the physiological barriers and their use in the treatment of intestinal bowel disease and CRC is provided within this review.

Cationic Ester Prodrugs of Curcumin with N,N-dimethyl Amino Acid Promoieties Improved Poor Water Solubility and Intestinal Absorption

PURPOSE

Although curcumin (Cur) has powerful pharmacological effects, its use in medicine has not been established yet. The oral bioavailability (BA) of Cur is limited because of its poor water solubility. The purpose of this study was to confirm whether cationic N,N-dimethyl amino acid esters of Cur could act as prodrugs and improve its water solubility and oral bioavailability.

METHODS

Two N,N-dimethyl amino acid esters of Cur were synthesized. The hydrolysis profile of the esters was evaluated using rat and human microsomes. A pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of the Cur ester derivatives was performed in rats and compared to the administration of suspended or dissolved Cur formulation. The anti-inflammatory effects of the Cur derivatives were evaluated using macrophage RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.

RESULTS

Cur ester derivatives showed  > 200 mM water solubility. The derivatives were reconverted to the parent compound (Cur) after cleavage of the ester bonds by microsomal esterase, indicating that the compounds could act as Cur prodrugs. The Cur prodrugs enhanced the absolute oral bioavailability of Cur by a 9- and threefold increase of suspended and dissolved Cur administration, respectively, thereby improving intestinal absorption. Cur prodrugs strongly attenuated COX2, iNOS, and ERK phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

The cationic N,N-dimethyl amino acid ester prodrugs of Cur improved the water solubility of Cur and enhanced oral bioavailability in rats. These Cur prodrugs may be good candidates for developing medicinal options previously unavailable due to the poor water solubility and oral BA of Cur.

Curcumin Formulations for Better Bioavailability: What We Learned from Clinical Trials Thus Far?

Curcumin has been credited with a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hemoglobinopathies, hypertension, infectious diseases, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, neurological diseases, obesity, and skin diseases. However, due to its weak solubility and bioavailability, it has limited potential as an oral medication. Numerous factors including low water solubility, poor intestinal permeability, instability at alkaline pH, and fast metabolism contribute to curcumin's limited oral bioavailability. In order to improve its oral bioavailability, different formulation techniques such as coadministration with piperine, incorporation into micelles, micro/nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, solid dispersions, spray drying, and noncovalent complex formation with galactomannosides have been investigated with in vitro cell culture models, in vivo animal models, and humans. In the current study, we extensively reviewed clinical trials on various generations of curcumin formulations and their safety and efficacy in the treatment of many diseases. We also summarized the dose, duration, and mechanism of action of these formulations. We have also critically reviewed the advantages and limitations of each of these formulations compared to various placebo and/or available standard care therapies for these ailments. The highlighted integrative concept embodied in the development of next-generation formulations helps to minimize bioavailability and safety issues with least or no adverse side effects and the provisional new dimensions presented in this direction may add value in the prevention and cure of complex chronic diseases.

Mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer and its regulation by natural compounds

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal phenotype. This transformation plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and self-renewal, and exacerbates resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. EMT can be initiated and promoted by deregulated oncogenic signaling pathways, hypoxia, and cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a loss-of-epithelial cell polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and enhanced invasive/migratory properties. Numerous transcriptional regulators, such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and ZEB1/ZEB2 induce EMT through the downregulation of epithelial markers and gain-of-expression of the mesenchymal markers. Additionally, signaling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Hippo, and transforming growth factor-β pathways regulate EMT whereas they are often deregulated in cancers leading to aberrant EMT. Furthermore, noncoding RNAs, tumor-derived exosomes, and epigenetic alterations are also involved in the modulation of EMT. Therefore, the regulation of EMT is a vital strategy to control the aggressive metastatic characteristics of tumor cells. Despite the vast amount of preclinical data on EMT in cancer progression, there is a lack of clinical translation at the therapeutic level. In this review, we have discussed thoroughly the role of the aforementioned transcription factors, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA), signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and tumor-derived exosomes in the regulation of EMT in cancers. We have also emphasized the contribution of EMT to drug resistance and possible therapeutic interventions using plant-derived natural products, their semi-synthetic derivatives, and nano-formulations that are described as promising EMT blockers.

Nanodelivery systems for cutaneous melanoma treatment

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a multifactorial disease whose treatment still presents challenges: the rapid progression to advanced CM, which leads to frequent recurrences even after surgical excision and, notably, the low response rates and resistance to the available therapies, particularly in the case of unresectable metastatic CM. Thereby, alternative innovative therapeutic approaches for CM continue to be searched. In this review we discuss relevant preclinical research studies, and provide a broad-brush analysis of patents and clinical trials which involve the application of nanotechnology-based delivery systems in CM therapy. Nanodelivery systems have been developed for the delivery of anticancer biomolecules to CM, which can be administered by different routes. Overall, nanosystems could promote technological advances in several therapeutic modalities and can be used in combinatorial therapies. Nevertheless, the results of these preclinical studies have not been translated to clinical applications. Thus, concerted and collaborative research studies involving basic, applied, translational, and clinical scientists need to be performed to allow the development of effective and safe nanomedicines to treat CM.

The Journey of Resveratrol from Vineyards to Clinics

With rising technological advancements, several factors influence the lifestyle of people and stimulate chronic inflammation that severely affects the human body. Chronic inflammation leads to a broad range of physical and pathophysiological distress. For many years, non-steroidal drugs and corticosteroids were most frequently used in treating inflammation and related ailments. However, long-term usage of these drugs aggravates the conditions of chronic diseases and is presented with morbid side effects, especially in old age. Hence, the quest for safe and less toxic anti-inflammatory compounds of high therapeutic potential with least adverse side effects has shifted researchers' attention to ancient medicinal system. Resveratrol (RSV) - 3,4,5^' trihydroxystilbene is one such naturally available polyphenolic stilbene derivative obtained from various plant sources. For over 2000 years, these plants have been used in Asian medicinal system for curing inflammation-associated disorders. There is a wealth of in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence that shows RSV could induce anti-aging health benefits including, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, phytoesterogenic, and cardio protective properties. However, the issue of rapid elimination of RSV through the metabolic system and its low bio-availability is of paramount importance which is being studied extensively. Therefore, in this article, we scientifically reviewed the molecular targets, biological activities, beneficial and contradicting effects of RSV as evinced by clinical studies for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-mediated chronic disorders.

Resveratrol, Epigallocatechin Gallate and Curcumin for Cancer Therapy: Challenges from Their Pro-Apoptotic Properties

Plant-derived bioactive compounds are gaining wide attention for their multiple health-promoting activities and in particular for their anti-cancer properties. Several studies have highlighted how they can prevent cancer initiation and progression, improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and, in some cases, limit some of the side effects of chemotherapy agents. In this paper, we provide an update of the literature on the anti-cancer effects of three extensively studied plant-derived compounds, namely resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, and curcumin, with a special focus on the anti-cancer molecular mechanisms inducing apoptosis in the major types of cancers globally.

CLEFMA induces intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways through ERK1/2 and p38 signalling in uterine cervical cancer cells

Although concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for locally advanced or recurrent uterine cervical cancer, treatment fails at a high rate. Therefore, the development of novel targeting agents is critical. This study investigated the action of CLEFMA, a potent, synthetic curcumin derivative, on cervical cancer cells and its mechanism of action. We found that CLEFMA negatively regulated the viability of cervical cancer cells, involving induction of cell apoptosis. Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-9 expression were increased by treatment with CLEFMA. After U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) were applied as cotreatment with CLEFMA, the expression of cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 was reduced significantly. In conclusion, CLEFMA activates both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways through ERK1/2 and p38 signal transduction in cervical cancer cells.

Computational analysis of natural product B-Raf inhibitors

B-Raf protein is a serine-threonine kinase and an important signal transduction molecule of the MAPK signaling pathway that mediates signals from RAS to MEK, ultimately promoting various essential cellular functions. The B-Raf kinase domain is divided into two subdomains: a small N-terminal lobe and a large C-terminal lobe, with a deep catalytic cleft between them. The N-terminal lobe contains a phosphate-binding loop (P-loop) and nucleotide-binding pocket, while the C-terminal lobe binds the protein substrates and contains the catalytic loop. The ligand pharmacophore was generated by using 17 different natural products and the receptor pharmacophore was generated by using protein structures. The reported natural product B-Raf inhibitors were analyzed according to the pharmacophore analysis (HipHop fit), virtual screening tools by Lipinski's rule of five. Thirteen out of seventeen molecules share the best ligand based pharmacophoric model (HipHop_5). The best receptor based pharmacophoric model came as AADHR. The compounds were docked against the B-Raf receptors (PDB ID: 3OG7, 4XV2, 5C9C). The compound DHSilB with cDOCKER interaction energy of -62.7 kcal/mol, -83.3 kcal/mol, -73.6 kcal/mol as well as the compound DHSilA with cDOCKER interaction energy of -63.9 kcal/mol, -63.2 kcal/mol, -74.7 kcal/mol showed satisfactory interaction with the respective receptors. Finally, the MD simulation was run for 100 ns for the top docked compounds DHSilA and DHSilB with the B-Raf proteins (PDB ID: 3OG7, 4XV2 and 5C9C). After the MD simulation run for 100 ns, the ligand 2,3-dehydrosilybin A (DHSilA) was found to be more stable in terms of the trajectories of RMSD, RMSF, Rg and H-bonds.

A Review of Cyclodextrin Encapsulation and Intelligent Response for the Release of Curcumin

To overcome the low water solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin (CUR), multiple delivery strategies have been proposed. Among these, cyclodextrin-based carriers have been widely used for the encapsulation and delivery of CUR. Cyclodextrins (CDs), as natural oligosaccharides, have been well known for their biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and internal hydrophobic and external hydrophilic structural features. This paper summarizes the recently reported CD-based carriers for encapsulating CUR. Particularly, the polymerization properties of CD self-assembly to enhance the encapsulation of CUR are discussed. In addition, the current progress on stimuli-responsive CD carriers for controlled release of CUR is described, which laid an important foundation for the development of CUR-based precision therapy in clinical practice. In conclusion, this review may provide ideas for the future development of a CD-based encapsulant for CUR.

Nature-Derived Compounds as Potential Bioactive Leads against CDK9-Induced Cancer: Computational and Network Pharmacology Approaches

Given the importance of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the maintenance of cell development, gene transcription, and other essential biological operations, CDK blockers have been generated to manage a variety of disorders resulting from CDK irregularities. Furthermore, CDK9 has a crucial role in transcription by regulating short-lived anti-apoptotic genes necessary for cancer cell persistence. Addressing CDK9 with blockers has consequently emerged as a promising treatment for cancer. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of nature-derived compounds (geniposidic acid, quercetin, geniposide, curcumin, and withanolide C) against CDK9 through computational approaches. A molecular docking study was performed after preparing the protein and the ligands. The selected blockers of the CDK9 exerted reliable binding affinities (−8.114 kcal/mol to −13.908 kcal/mol) against the selected protein, resulting in promising candidates compared to the co-crystallized ligand (LCI). The binding affinity of geniposidic acid (−13.908 kcal/mol) to CDK9 is higher than quercetin (−10.775 kcal/mol), geniposide (−9.969 kcal/mol), curcumin (−9.898 kcal/mol), withanolide C (−8.114 kcal/mol), and the co-crystallized ligand LCI (−11.425 kcal/mol). Therefore, geniposidic acid is a promising inhibitor of CDK9. Moreover, the molecular dynamics studies assessed the structure–function relationships and protein–ligand interactions. The network pharmacology study for the selected ligands demonstrated the auspicious compound–target–pathway signaling pathways vital in developing tumor, tumor cell growth, differentiation, and promoting tumor cell progression. Moreover, this study concluded by analyzing the computational approaches the natural-derived compounds that have potential interacting activities against CDK9 and, therefore, can be considered promising candidates for CKD9-induced cancer. To substantiate this study’s outcomes, in vivo research is recommended.

A comparative study on biopharmaceutical function of curcumin and miR-34a by multistimuli-responsive nanoniosome carrier: In-vitro and in-vivo

This research conducted a comparative study on nanoscaled niosomal structures consisting of Tween-80, Tween-60, cholesterol, and dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP). Thin-film hydration technique was used for the preparation and entrapment of curcumin and miRNA in niosomal formulations for enhancing the stability and delivery rate of the agents. Herein, the influence of Tween-80, Tween-60, cholesterol, and DOTAP on the entrapment efficiency (EE%) of curcumin and the physicochemical properties of the carrier are fully discussed. The optimum engineered formulation resulted in a positive charge of +11.23 mV, high EE (100%), smooth surface, spherical shape, small diameter (90 nm), and good stability in physiological buffers. Also, an accelerated cellular uptake, as well as drug release in PBS (pH 7.4, 37°C) after 72 h, were observed. The cytotoxic activity of curcumin (Cur)/miR-34a-loaded nanoparticles was determined by the MTT assay. The results displayed an improved cytotoxic activity of Cur-niosome towards cancer cells compared to free-dispersed Cur. The uptake of Cur-loaded niosome by A280s and A280cp-1 cancer cell lines faced 2.5 folds drop in the concentration compared to its free form. Generally, Cur-niosome exhibits a significant accumulation of superior anti-cancer properties. Likewise, the cytotoxicity of miR-34a-niosome against tumor cells was higher in comparison with its free form. The anti-cancer effects of the gene/drug delivery were investigated in the 4T1 xenografted Balb/C mouse tumor model. According to the in vitro and in vivo results, gene delivery from the modified niosome nanoparticles was distinctly greater than Cur delivery. Therefore, it was concluded that encapsulation of genes in the nano-niosomal delivery system is a promising procedure for the treatment of cancer cells.

A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Natural Phytocompounds for Stroke

Stroke is a serious condition that results from an occlusion of blood vessels that leads to brain damage. Globally, it is the second highest cause of death, and deaths from strokes are higher in older people than in the young. There is a higher rate of cases in urban areas compared to rural due to lifestyle, food, and pollution. There is no effective single medicine for the treatment of stroke due to the multiple causes of strokes. Thrombolytic agents, such as alteplase, are the main treatment for thrombolysis, while multiple types of surgeries, such ascraniotomy, thrombectomy, carotid endarterectomy, and hydrocephalus, can be performed for various forms of stroke. In this review, we discuss some promising phytocompounds, such as flavone C-glycoside (apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside), eriodictyol, rosamirinic acid, 6″-O-succinylapigenin, and allicin, that show effectiveness against stroke. Future study paths are given, as well as suggestions for expanding the use of medicinal plants and their formulations for stroke prevention.

Betulinic acid: A natural promising anticancer drug, current situation, and future perspectives

Natural products serve as the single most productive source for the discovery of drugs and pharmaceutical leads. Among the various chemicals derived from microbes, plants, and animals, phytochemicals have emerged as potential candidates for the development of anticancer drugs due to their structural diversities, complexities, and pleiotropic effects. Herein, we discuss betulinic acid (BA), a ubiquitously distributed lupane structured pentacyclic triterpenoid, scrutinized as a promising natural agent for the prevention, suppression, and management of various human malignancies. Ease of availability, common occurrences, cell-specific cytotoxicity, and astonishing selectivity are the important factors that contribute to the development of BA as an anticancer agent. The current review delineates the mechanistic framework of BA-mediated cancer suppression through the modulation of multiple signaling pathways and also summarizes the key outcomes of BA in preclinical investigations.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Propolis and Its Polyphenolic Compounds against Cancer

In recent years, interest in natural products such as alternative sources of pharmaceuticals for numerous chronic diseases, including tumors, has been renewed. Propolis, a natural product collected by honeybees, and polyphenolic/flavonoid propolis-related components modulate all steps of the cancer progression process. Anticancer activity of propolis and its compounds relies on various mechanisms: cell-cycle arrest and attenuation of cancer cells proliferation, reduction in the number of cancer stem cells, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oncogene signaling pathways, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, prevention of metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory effects accompanied by the modulation of the tumor microenvironment (by modifying macrophage activation and polarization), epigenetic regulation, antiviral and bactericidal activities, modulation of gut microbiota, and attenuation of chemotherapy-induced deleterious side effects. Ingredients from propolis also "sensitize" cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, likely by blocking the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge related to the the effects of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds from propolis on tumor growth and metastasizing ability, and discuss possible molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the modulation of inflammatory pathways and cellular processes that affect survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of the tumor.

Recent advances of curcumin derivatives in breast cancer

Curcumin is a potential plant-derived drug for the treatment of breast cancer. Poor solubility and bioavailability are the main factors that limit its clinical application. Various structural modification strategies have been developed to improve the anti-breast cancer activity of curcumin. This review focuses on the difference of modification sites and heterocyclic/non-heterocyclic modifications to systematically summarize curcumin derivatives with better anti-breast cancer activity.

Drug repurposing in cancer neuroscience: From the viewpoint of the autophagy-mediated innervated niche

Based on the bidirectional interactions between neurology and cancer science, the burgeoning field “cancer neuroscience” has been proposed. An important node in the communications between nerves and cancer is the innervated niche, which has physical contact with the cancer parenchyma or nerve located in the proximity of the tumor. In the innervated niche, autophagy has recently been reported to be a double-edged sword that plays a significant role in maintaining homeostasis. Therefore, regulating the innervated niche by targeting the autophagy pathway may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Drug repurposing has received considerable attention for its advantages in cost-effectiveness and safety. The utilization of existing drugs that potentially regulate the innervated niche via the autophagy pathway is therefore a promising pharmacological approach for clinical practice and treatment selection in cancer neuroscience. Herein, we present the cancer neuroscience landscape with an emphasis on the crosstalk between the innervated niche and autophagy, while also summarizing the underlying mechanisms of candidate drugs in modulating the autophagy pathway. This review provides a strong rationale for drug repurposing in cancer treatment from the viewpoint of the autophagy-mediated innervated niche.

Acetylation-Specific Interference by Anti-Histone H3K9ac Intrabody Results in Precise Modulation of Gene Expression

Among Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), lysine acetylation plays a pivotal role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, mediated by chromatin modifying enzymes. Due to their activity in physiology and pathology, several chemical compounds have been developed to inhibit the function of these proteins. However, the pleiotropy of these classes of proteins represents a weakness of epigenetic drugs. Ideally, a new generation of epigenetic drugs should target with molecular precision individual acetylated lysines on the target protein. We exploit a PTM-directed interference, based on an intrabody (scFv-58F) that selectively binds acetylated lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9ac), to test the hypothesis that targeting H3K9ac yields more specific effects than inhibiting the corresponding HAT enzyme that installs that PTM. In yeast scFv-58F modulates, gene expression in a more specific way, compared to two well-established HAT inhibitors. This PTM-specific interference modulated expression of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and function. In mammalian cells, the scFv-58F induces exclusive changes in the H3K9ac-dependent expression of specific genes. These results suggest the H3K9ac-specific intrabody as the founder of a new class of molecules to directly target histone PTMs, inverting the paradigm from inhibiting the writer enzyme to acting on the PTM.

Drosophila melanogaster: A platform for anticancer drug discovery and personalized therapies

Cancer is a complex disease whereby multiple genetic aberrations, epigenetic modifications, metabolic reprogramming, and the microenvironment contribute to the development of a tumor. In the traditional anticancer drug discovery pipeline, drug candidates are usually screened in vitro using two-dimensional or three-dimensional cell culture. However, these methods fail to accurately mimic the human disease state. This has led to the poor success rate of anticancer drugs in the preclinical stages since many drugs are abandoned due to inefficacy or toxicity when transitioned to whole-organism models. The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has emerged as a beneficial system for modeling human cancers. Decades of fundamental research have shown the evolutionary conservation of key genes and signaling pathways between flies and humans. Moreover, Drosophila has a lower genetic redundancy in comparison to mammals. These factors, in addition to the advancement of genetic toolkits for manipulating gene expression, allow for the generation of complex Drosophila genotypes and phenotypes. Numerous studies have successfully created Drosophila models for colorectal, lung, thyroid, and brain cancers. These models were utilized in the high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs which led to the identification of several compounds capable of reducing proliferation and rescuing phenotypes. More noteworthy, Drosophila has also unlocked the potential for personalized therapies. Drosophila ‘avatars’ presenting the same mutations as a patient are used to screen multiple therapeutic agents targeting multiple pathways to find the most appropriate combination of drugs. The outcomes of these studies have translated to significant responses in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancers. Despite not being widely utilized, the concept of in vivo screening of drugs in Drosophila is making significant contributions to the current drug discovery pipeline. In this review, we discuss the application of Drosophila as a platform in anticancer drug discovery; with special focus on the cancer models that have been generated, drug libraries that have been screened and the status of personalized therapies. In addition, we elaborate on the biological and technical limitations of this system.

Diketo-Ketoenol Tautomers in Curcuminoids: Synthesis, Separation of Tautomers, and Kinetic and Structural Studies

Curcumin and its congeners exist in an equilibrium between diketo and ketoenol tautomers, which have different potencies to bind biomolecules. This work describes procedures for the preparation of 4-alkylated curcumin derivatives and the separation of their two tautomeric forms. Comprehensive NMR studies of the tautomer equilibria in various solvents have been accomplished. Additionally, a pure ketoenol tautomeric form of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) ASC-JM17 has been unequivocally determined by X-ray crystallography. Two different polymorphs of this API have been microscopically identified in the X-ray sample and manually separated, and a solid-state NMR study of the two polymorphs has also been performed. This work reports on the slow kinetics of diketo-ketoenol tautomerization in particular solvents that allow the separation and full characterization of both curcuminoids' tautomers.

Multichannel Ca2+ Generator for Synergistic Tumor Therapy via Intracellular Ca2+ Overload and Chemotherapy

Ca²⁺ overload has attracted an increasing attention due to its benefit of precise cancer therapy, but its efficacy is limited by the strong Ca²⁺ excretion of cancer cells. Moreover, monotherapy of Ca²⁺ overload usually fails to treat tumors satisfactorily. Herein, we develop a multifunctional nanosystem that could induce Ca²⁺ overload by multipathway and simultaneously produce chemotherapy for synergistic tumor therapy. The nanosystem (CaMSN@CUR) is prepared by synthesizing a Ca-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticle (CaMSN) followed by loading the anticancer drug curcumin (CUR). CaMSN serves as the basis Ca²⁺ generator to induce Ca²⁺ overload directly in the intracellular environment by acid-triggered Ca²⁺ release, while CUR could not only exhibit chemotherapy but also facilitate Ca²⁺ release from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytoplasm and inhibit Ca²⁺ efflux out of cells to further enhance Ca²⁺ overload. The in vitro and in vivo results show that CaMSN@CUR could exhibit a remarkable cytotoxicity against 4T1 cells and significantly inhibit tumor growth in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice via the synergy of Ca²⁺ overload and CUR-mediated chemotherapy. It is expected that the designed CaMSN@CUR has a great potential for effective tumor therapy.

Curcumin and Related Compounds in Cancer Cells: New Avenues for Old Molecules

Curcumin and related compounds are known for the large spectrum of activities. The chemical features of these compounds are important for their biological effects with a key role for the thiol-reactive α−β unsaturated carbonyl groups. Curcumin derivatives may overcome the limitation of the bioavailability of the parent compound, while maintaining the key chemical features responsible for biological activities. Curcumin and related compounds show anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities. The therapeutic effects of curcumin, used as a supplement in cancer therapy, have been documented in various cancer types, in which inhibition of cell growth and survival pathways, induction of apoptosis and other cell death pathways have been reported. Curcumin-induced apoptosis has been linked both to the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Necroptosis has also been involved in curcumin-induced toxicity. Among curcumin-induced effects, ferroptosis has also been described. The mechanism of curcumin toxicity can be triggered by reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Curcumin targets have been identified in the context of the ubiquitin-proteasome system with evidence of inhibition of the proteasome proteolytic activities and cellular deubiquitinases. Curcumin has recently been shown to act on the tumor microenvironment with effects on cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells. The related product caffeic acid phenethyl ester has shown promising preclinical results with an effect on the inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying curcumin and derivatives toxicity towards cancer cells with particular emphasis on cell death pathways and the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Curcumin as a Natural Approach of Periodontal Adjunctive Treatment and Its Immunological Implications: A Narrative Review

Scaling and root planing represent the gold standard in the treatment of periodontal disease, but these therapeutic methods cannot eliminate the remaining periodontopathogenic bacteria in cement, tubules, and periodontal soft tissue. Thus, a number of additional therapeutic means have been adopted, including local and systemic antibiotic therapy, as well as the use of photodynamic therapy techniques. Recently, special attention has been paid to potential phytotherapeutic means in the treatment of periodontal disease. In this review, we aim to present the effects generated by the extract of Curcuma longa, the various forms of application of turmeric as an additional therapeutic means, as well as the aspects related to its biotolerance.

Curcumin as a Natural Approach of Periodontal Adjunctive Treatment and Its Immunological Implications: A Narrative Review

Scaling and root planing represent the gold standard in the treatment of periodontal disease, but these therapeutic methods cannot eliminate the remaining periodontopathogenic bacteria in cement, tubules, and periodontal soft tissue. Thus, a number of additional therapeutic means have been adopted, including local and systemic antibiotic therapy, as well as the use of photodynamic therapy techniques. Recently, special attention has been paid to potential phytotherapeutic means in the treatment of periodontal disease. In this review, we aim to present the effects generated by the extract of Curcuma longa, the various forms of application of turmeric as an additional therapeutic means, as well as the aspects related to its biotolerance.

Anticancer Properties of Curcumin Against Colorectal Cancer: A Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and reoccurring diseases, as well as the world’s second largest cause of mortality. Despite existing preventative, diagnostic, and treatment methods, such as chemotherapy, the number of instances rises year after year. As a result, new effective medications targeting specific checkpoints should be developed to combat CRC. Natural compounds, such as curcumin, have shown significant anti-colorectal cancer characteristics among medications that can be used to treat CRC. These chemicals are phenolic compounds that belong to the curcuminoids category. Curcumin exerts its anti-proliferative properties against CRC cell lines in vitro and in vivo via a variety of mechanisms, including the suppression of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways, the stoppage of the cell cycle, and the activation of autophagy. Curcumin also has anti-angiogenesis properties. Thus, this review is aimed at emphasizing the biological effect and mode of action of curcumin on CRC. Furthermore, the critical role of these substances in CRC chemoprevention was emphasized.