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Tian L, Hossbach BM, Feussner I. Small size, big impact: Small molecules in plant systemic immune signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102618. [PMID: 39153327 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse small molecules rapidly in response to localized pathogenic attack. Some of the molecules are able to migrate systemically as mobile signals, leading to the immune priming that protects the distal tissues against future infections by a broad-spectrum of invaders. Such form of defense is unique in plants and is known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). There are many small molecules identified so far with important roles in the systemic immune signaling, some may have the potential to act as the mobile systemic signal in SAR establishment. Here, we summarize the recent advances in SAR research, with a focus on the role and mechanisms of different small molecules in systemic immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Ben Moritz Hossbach
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, D-37077, Germany; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, D-37077, Germany.
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Chen L, Zhang X, Li Q, Yang X, Huang Y, Zhang B, Ye L, Li X. Phosphatases: Decoding the Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Disease Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9491. [PMID: 39273439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi, a category of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, can participate in the induction of plant disease resistance by secreting phosphatase enzymes. While extensive research exists on the mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi induce resistance, the specific contributions of phosphatases to these processes require further elucidation. This article reviews the spectrum of mycorrhizal fungi-induced resistance mechanisms and synthesizes a current understanding of how phosphatases mediate these effects, such as the induction of defense structures in plants, the negative regulation of plant immune responses, and the limitation of pathogen invasion and spread. It explores the role of phosphatases in the resistance induced by mycorrhizal fungi and provides prospective future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xuezhen Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
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Pishchik VN, Chizhevskaya EP, Kichko AA, Aksenova TS, Andronov EE, Chebotar VK, Filippova PS, Shelenga TV, Belousova MH, Chikida NN. Metabolome and Mycobiome of Aegilops tauschii Subspecies Differing in Susceptibility to Brown Rust and Powdery Mildew Are Diverse. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2343. [PMID: 39273827 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the differences in the seed metabolome and mycobiome of two Aegilops tauschii Coss accessions with different resistance to brown rust and powdery mildew. We hypothesized that the seeds of resistant accession k-1958 Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata can contain a larger number of metabolites with antifungal activity compared with the seeds of susceptible Ae. tauschii ssp meyeri k-340, which will determine differences in the seed fungal community. Our study emphasizes the differences in the seed metabolome of the studied Ae. tauschii accessions. The resistant accession k-1958 had a higher content of glucose and organic acids, including pyruvic, salicylic and azelaic acid, as well as pipecolic acids, galactinol, glycerol and sitosterol. The seeds of Ae. tauschii-resistant accession k-1958 were found to contain more active substances with antifungal activity. The genera Cladosporium and Alternaria were dominant in the seed mycobiome of the resistant accession. The genera Alternaria, Blumeria and Cladosporium dominated in seed mycobiome of susceptible accession k-340. In the seed mycobiome of the resistant k-1958, a higher occurrence of saprotrophic micromycetes was found, and many of the micromycetes were biocontrol agents. It was concluded that differences in the seed metabolome of Ae. tauschii contributed to the determination of the differences in mycobiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika N Pishchik
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena P Chizhevskaya
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina A Kichko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Aksenova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny E Andronov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir K Chebotar
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo hwy 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina S Filippova
- St. Petersburg North-West Centre of Interdisciplinary Researches of Problems of Food Maintenance, Podbelskogo hwy, 7, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Shelenga
- Federal Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 44, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria H Belousova
- Federal Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 44, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Chikida
- Federal Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 44, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Di R, Zhu L, Huang Z, Lu M, Yin L, Wang C, Bao Y, Duan Z, Powell CA, Hu Q, Zhang J, Zhang M, Yao W. Fusarium sacchari FsNis1 induces plant immunity. Gene 2024; 907:148260. [PMID: 38342252 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Pokkah Boeng disease (PBD), caused by Fusarium sacchari, severely affects sugarcane yield and quality. Necrosis-inducing secreted protein 1 (Nis1) is a fungal secreted effector that induces necrotic lesions in plants. It interacts with host receptor-like kinases and inhibits their kinase activity. FsNis1 contains the Nis1 structure and triggered a pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune response in Nicotiana benthamiana, as reflected by causing reactive oxygen species production, callose accumulation, and the upregulated expression of defense response genes. Knockout of this gene in F. sacchari revealed a significant reduction in its pathogenicity, whereas the pathogenicity of the complementary mutant recovered to the wild-type levels, making this gene an important virulence factor for F. sacchari. In addition, the signal peptide of FsNis1 was required for the induction of cell death and PTI response in N. benthamiana. Thus, FsNis1 may not only be a key virulence factor for F. sacchari but may also induce defense responses in plants. These findings provide new insights into the function of Nis1 in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Di
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Lixiang Zhu
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Minyan Lu
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Liuyu Yin
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yixue Bao
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zhenzhen Duan
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | | | - Qin Hu
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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Perfileva AI, Krutovsky KV. Manganese Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Influence on Plant Resistance to Stress, and Prospects for Application in Agricultural Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7564-7585. [PMID: 38536968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an important microelement for the mineral nutrition of plants, but it is not effectively absorbed from the soil and mineral salts added thereto and can also be toxic in high concentrations. Mn nanoparticles (NPs) are less toxic, more effective, and economical than Mn salts due to their nanosize. This article critically reviews the current publications on Mn NPs, focusing on their effects on plant health, growth, and stress tolerance, and explaining possible mechanisms of their effects. This review also provides basic information and examples of chemical, physical, and ecological ("green") methods for the synthesis of Mn NPs. It has been shown that the protective effect of Mn NPs is associated with their antioxidant activity, activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and pronounced antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. In conclusion, Mn NPs are promising agents for agriculture, but their effects on gene expression and plant microbiome require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla I Perfileva
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin Street 3, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Genome Research and Education Center, Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Scientific and Methodological Center, G.F. Morozov Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies, Timiryazeva Street 8, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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Peláez-Vico MÁ, Zandalinas SI, Devireddy AR, Sinha R, Mittler R. Systemic stomatal responses in plants: Coordinating development, stress, and pathogen defense under a changing climate. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1171-1184. [PMID: 38164061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
To successfully survive, develop, grow and reproduce, multicellular organisms must coordinate their molecular, physiological, developmental and metabolic responses among their different cells and tissues. This process is mediated by cell-to-cell, vascular and/or volatile communication, and involves electric, chemical and/or hydraulic signals. Within this context, stomata serve a dual role by coordinating their responses to the environment with their neighbouring cells at the epidermis, but also with other stomata present on other parts of the plant. As stomata represent one of the most important conduits between the plant and its above-ground environment, as well as directly affect photosynthesis, respiration and the hydraulic status of the plant by controlling its gas and vapour exchange with the atmosphere, coordinating the overall response of stomata within and between different leaves and tissues plays a cardinal role in plant growth, development and reproduction. Here, we discuss different examples of local and systemic stomatal coordination, the different signalling pathways that mediate them, and the importance of systemic stomatal coordination to our food supply, ecosystems and weather patterns, under our changing climate. We further discuss the potential biotechnological implications of regulating systemic stomatal responses for enhancing agricultural productivity in a warmer and CO2 -rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Peláez-Vico
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sara I Zandalinas
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences, University Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Amith R Devireddy
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjita Sinha
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Song J, Wang D, Han D, Zhang DD, Li R, Kong ZQ, Dai XF, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. Characterization of the Endophytic Bacillus subtilis KRS015 Strain for Its Biocontrol Efficacy Against Verticillium dahliae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:61-72. [PMID: 37530500 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0142-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes play important roles in promoting plant growth and controlling plant diseases. Verticillium wilt is a vascular wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae, a widely distributed soilborne pathogen that causes significant economic losses on cotton each year. In this study, an endophyte KRS015, isolated from the seed of the Verticillium wilt-resistant Gossypium hirsutum 'Zhongzhimian No. 2', was identified as Bacillus subtilis by morphological, phylogenetic, physiological, and biochemical analyses. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by KRS015 or its cell-free fermentation extract had significant antagonistic effects on various pathogenic fungi, including V. dahliae. KRS015 reduced Verticillium wilt index and colonization of V. dahliae in treated cotton seedlings significantly; the disease reduction rate was ∼62%. KRS015 also promoted plant growth, potentially mediated by the growth-related cotton genes GhACL5 and GhCPD-3. The cell-free fermentation extract of KRS015 triggered a hypersensitivity response, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of resistance-related plant genes. VOCs from KRS015 also inhibited germination of conidia and the mycelial growth of V. dahliae, and were mediated by growth and development-related genes such as VdHapX, VdMcm1, Vdpf, and Vel1. These results suggest that KRS015 is a potential agent for controlling Verticillium wilt and promoting growth of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongfei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Ran Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
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Kaya C, Ugurlar F, Ashraf M, Ahmad P. Salicylic acid interacts with other plant growth regulators and signal molecules in response to stressful environments in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:431-443. [PMID: 36758290 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is one of the potential plant growth regulators (PGRs) that regulate plant growth and development by triggering many physiological and metabolic processes. It is also known to be a crucial component of plant defense mechanisms against environmental stimuli. In stressed plants, it is documented that it can effectively modulate a myriad of metabolic processes including strengthening of oxidative defense system by directly or indirectly limiting the buildup of reactive nitrogen and oxygen radicals. Although it is well recognized that it performs a crucial role in plant tolerance to various stresses, it is not fully elucidated that whether low or high concentrations of this PGR is effective to achieve optimal growth of plants under stressful environments. It is also not fully understood that to what extent and in what manner it cross-talks with other potential growth regulators and signalling molecules within the plant body. Thus, this critical review discusses how far SA mediates crosstalk with other key PGRs and molecular components of signalling pathways mechanisms, particularly in plants exposed to environmental cues. Moreover, the function of SA exogenously applied in regulation of growth and development as well as reinforcement of oxidative defense system of plants under abiotic stresses is explicitly elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Ferhat Ugurlar
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan; International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, The University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC, Pulwama, 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Kim TJ, Lim GH. Salicylic Acid and Mobile Regulators of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Transport and Metabolism. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1013. [PMID: 36903874 PMCID: PMC10005269 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) occurs when primary infected leaves produce several SAR-inducing chemical or mobile signals that are transported to uninfected distal parts via apoplastic or symplastic compartments and activate systemic immunity. The transport route of many chemicals associated with SAR is unknown. Recently, it was demonstrated that pathogen-infected cells preferentially transport salicylic acid (SA) through the apoplasts to uninfected areas. The pH gradient and deprotonation of SA may lead to apoplastic accumulation of SA before it accumulates in the cytosol following pathogen infection. Additionally, SA mobility over a long distance is essential for SAR, and transpiration controls the partitioning of SA into apoplasts and cuticles. On the other hand, glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and azelaic acid (AzA) travel via the plasmodesmata (PD) channel in the symplastic route. In this review, we discuss the role of SA as a mobile signal and the regulation of SA transport in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Lim GH. Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxy-Pipecolic Acid in Systemic Acquired Resistance. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:21-27. [PMID: 36760046 PMCID: PMC9929166 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.10.2022.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a central immune signal that is involved in both local and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In addition to SA, several other chemical signals are also involved in SAR and these include N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP), a newly discovered plant metabolite that plays a crucial role in SAR. Recent discoveries have led to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of SA and NHP and their signaling during plant defense responses. Here, I review the recent progress in role of SA and NHP in SAR. In addition, I discuss how these signals cooperate with other SAR-inducing chemicals to regulate SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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