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Roberts G, Boyle R, Crane J, Hogan SP, Saglani S, Wickman M, Woodfolk JA. Developments in the field of allergy in 2016 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1512-1525. [PMID: 29068551 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we described the development in the field of allergy as described by Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2016. Experimental models of allergic disease, basic mechanisms, clinical mechanisms, allergens, asthma and rhinitis, and clinical allergy are all covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - R Boyle
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - S P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Saglani
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Woodfolk
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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2
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Starchenka S, Bell AJ, Mwange J, Skinner MA, Heath MD. Molecular fingerprinting of complex grass allergoids: size assessments reveal new insights in epitope repertoires and functional capacities. World Allergy Organ J 2017; 10:17. [PMID: 28451054 PMCID: PMC5402054 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-017-0146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is a well-documented treatment for allergic disease which involves injections of native allergen or modified (allergoid) extracts. The use of allergoid vaccines is a growing sector of the allergy immunotherapy market, associated with shorter-course therapy. The aim of this study was the structural and immunological characterisation of group 1 (Lol p 1) IgG-binding epitopes within a complex mix grass allergoid formulation containing rye grass. Methods HP-SEC was used to resolve a mix grass allergoid preparation of high molecular weight into several distinct fractions with defined molecular weight and elution profiles. Allergen verification of the HP-SEC allergoid fractions was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. IgE and IgG immunoreactivity of the allergoid preparations was explored and Lol p 1 specific IgG-binding epitopes mapped by SPOT synthesis technology (PepSpot™) with structural analysis based on a Lol p 1 homology model. Results Grass specific IgE reactivity of the mix grass modified extract (allergoid) was diminished in comparison with the mix grass native extract. A difference in IgG profiles was observed between an intact mix grass allergoid preparation and HP-SEC allergoid fractions, which indicated enhancement of accessible reactive IgG epitopes across size distribution profiles of the mix grass allergoid formulation. Detailed analysis of the epitope specificity showed retention of six Lol p 1 IgG-binding epitopes in the mix grass modified extract. Conclusion The structural and immunological changes which take place following the grass allergen modification process was further unravelled revealing distinct IgG immunological profiles. All epitopes were mapped on the solvent exposed area of Lol p 1 homology model accessible for IgG binding. One of the epitopes was identified as an ‘immunodominant’ Lol p 1 IgG-binding epitope (62-IFKDGRGCGSCFEIK-76) and classified as a novel epitope. The results from this study support the concept that modification allows shorter-course therapy options as a result of providing an IgG epitope repertoire important for efficacy. Additionally, the work paves the way to help further develop methods for standardising allergoid platforms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40413-017-0146-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Starchenka
- Allergy Therapeutics, Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA UK
| | - A J Bell
- Allergy Therapeutics, Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA UK
| | - J Mwange
- Allergy Therapeutics, Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA UK
| | - M A Skinner
- Allergy Therapeutics, Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA UK
| | - M D Heath
- Allergy Therapeutics, Ltd, Dominion Way, Worthing, BN14 8SA UK
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3
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Hinz D, Seumois G, Gholami AM, Greenbaum JA, Lane J, White B, Broide DH, Schulten V, Sidney J, Bakhru P, Oseroff C, Wambre E, James EA, Kwok WW, Peters B, Vijayanand P, Sette A. Lack of allergy to timothy grass pollen is not a passive phenomenon but associated with the allergen-specific modulation of immune reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:705-19. [PMID: 26662458 PMCID: PMC4846575 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timothy grass (TG) pollen is a common seasonal airborne allergen associated with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize changes in TG-specific T cell responses as a function of seasonality. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from allergic individuals and non-allergic controls, either during the pollen season or out of season, were stimulated with either TG extract or a pool of previously identified immunodominant antigenic regions. RESULTS PBMCs from allergic subjects exhibit higher IL-5 and IL-10 responses in season than when collected out of season. In the case of non-allergic subjects, as expected we observed lower IL-5 responses and robust production of IFN-γ compared to allergic individuals. Strikingly, non-allergic donors exhibited an opposing pattern, with decreased immune reactivity in season. The broad down-regulation in non-allergic donors indicates that healthy individuals are not oblivious to allergen exposure, but rather react with an active modulation of responses following the antigenic stimulus provided during the pollen season. Transcriptomic analysis of allergen-specific T cells defined genes modulated in concomitance with the allergen exposure and inhibition of responses in non-allergic donors. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Magnitude and functionality of T helper cell responses differ substantially in season vs. out of season in allergic and non-allergic subjects. The results indicate the specific and opposing modulation of immune responses following the antigenic stimulation during the pollen season. This seasonal modulation reflects the enactment of specific molecular programmes associated with health and allergic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunomodulation
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Phenotype
- Phleum/immunology
- Pollen/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Seasons
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Hinz
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Grégory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amin M. Gholami
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jerome Lane
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandie White
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carla Oseroff
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Byrne SL, Nagy I, Pfeifer M, Armstead I, Swain S, Studer B, Mayer K, Campbell JD, Czaban A, Hentrup S, Panitz F, Bendixen C, Hedegaard J, Caccamo M, Asp T. A synteny-based draft genome sequence of the forage grass Lolium perenne. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:816-26. [PMID: 26408275 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the draft genome sequence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), an economically important forage and turf grass species that is widely cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. It is classified along with wheat, barley, oats and Brachypodium distachyon in the Pooideae sub-family of the grass family (Poaceae). Transcriptome data was used to identify 28,455 gene models, and we utilized macro-co-linearity between perennial ryegrass and barley, and synteny within the grass family, to establish a synteny-based linear gene order. The gametophytic self-incompatibility mechanism enables the pistil of a plant to reject self-pollen and therefore promote out-crossing. We have used the sequence assembly to characterize transcriptional changes in the stigma during pollination with both compatible and incompatible pollen. Characterization of the pollen transcriptome identified homologs to pollen allergens from a range of species, many of which were expressed to very high levels in mature pollen grains, and are potentially involved in the self-incompatibility mechanism. The genome sequence provides a valuable resource for future breeding efforts based on genomic prediction, and will accelerate the development of new varieties for more productive grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Matthias Pfeifer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Ian Armstead
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Suresh Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Bruno Studer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jacqueline D Campbell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Adrian Czaban
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Stephan Hentrup
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Frank Panitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Christian Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hedegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mario Caccamo
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Torben Asp
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
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Focke-Tejkl M, Campana R, Reininger R, Lupinek C, Blatt K, Valent P, Pavkov-Keller T, Keller W, Valenta R. Dissection of the IgE and T-cell recognition of the major group 5 grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:836-45.e11. [PMID: 24182774 PMCID: PMC6624141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 5 belongs to the most potent allergens involved in hay fever and asthma. OBJECTIVE This study characterized immune-dominant IgE- and T-cell-recognition sites of Phl p 5. METHODS Seven peptides, P1 to P7 with a length of 31 to 38 amino acids that spanned the Phl p 5 sequence, were synthesized, characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy, and tested for IgE reactivity, basophil activation, and T-cell reactivity. Carrier-bound peptides were studied for their ability to induce IgG antibodies in rabbits which recognize Phl p 5 or cross-reactive allergens from different grass species. Peptide-specific antibodies were tested for the capability to inhibit IgE reactivity to Phl p 5 and allergen-induced basophil activation of patients with allergy. RESULTS The peptides exhibited no secondary structure and showed no IgE reactivity or relevant allergenic activity, indicating that Phl p 5 IgE epitopes are conformational. Except for P3, peptide-specific IgG antibodies blocked IgE binding to Phl p 5 of patients with allergy and cross-reacted with temperate grasses. IgE inhibition experiments and molecular modeling identified several clustered conformational IgE epitopes on the N- as well as C-terminal domain of Phl p 5. P4, which stimulated the strongest T-cell and cytokine responses in patients, was not part of the major IgE-reactive regions. CONCLUSION Our study shows an interesting dissociation of the major IgE- and T-cell-reactive domains in Phl p 5 which provides a basis for the development of novel forms of immunotherapy that selectively target IgE or T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaela Campana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Reininger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lupinek
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Köberlein J, Mösges R. Oralair(®): a causal treatment for grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:13-21. [PMID: 23256794 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is a common disease, comprising more than just the classic symptoms of nasal obstruction, sneezing, rhinorrhea and itchy, watery eyes. Sufferers deal with severe impairments in daily life. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is also considered an important risk factor in the development of asthma. Allergen avoidance, medication for symptomatic treatment and allergen-specific immunotherapy are cornerstones in therapeutic management, but immunotherapy is the only available treatment that is able to affect the natural course of allergy. In recent decades, clinical trials have investigated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy. To date, efforts have been made to develop more convenient routes of administration. Substantial improvement may be achieved through the application of sublingual tablets. This article discusses the development process of immunotherapy and the clinical background of the Oralair(®) (Stallergènes, Hauts-de-Seine, France) five-grass pollen tablet. Furthermore, it outlines this tablet's efficacy and safety properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Köberlein
- Schumpeter School of Business & Economics, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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7
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Scaparrotta A, Verini M, Consilvio NP, Cingolani A, Rapino D, Attanasi M, Cerasa M, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F. Sensitization to timothy grass pollen allergenic molecules in children. Multidiscip Respir Med 2013; 8:17. [PMID: 23448255 PMCID: PMC3598758 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pollens are significant elicitors of IgE-mediated allergic disease in the world and timothy (Phleum pratense) is one of the most important pollens of the family. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Phleum pratense has revealed several allergen components: rPhl p 1 and rPhl p 5 have been shown to be "Species Specific Allergens", while the profilin rPhl p 12 and the calcium-binding protein rPhl p 7 are the principal Cross-Reactive components. METHODS In this study the pattern of sensitization to rPhl p 1, rPhl p 5, rPhl p 7 and rPhl p 12 was analyzed in children with asthma and/or rhinoconjunctivitis and grass pollen allergy, in order to evaluate the frequency of sensitization to allergenic molecules of Phleum pratense among pediatric subjects allergic to grass pollen in a Mediterranean population. The correlation of sensitization to these Phleum allergenic molecules with IgE against grass pollen extract and its variation according to age and level of IgE against grass pollen extract were evaluated. RESULTS IgE against to rPhl p 1 were found in 99% (205/207) of patients, to rPhl p 5 in 67% (139/207), to rPhl p 12 in 32% (66/207) and to rPhl p 7 only in 5% (10/207).Sensitization only to "Species Specific" (rPhl p1, rPhl p5) allergenic molecules of Phleum pratense was detected in 65% (135/207) of children. Our data show the predominant role of rPhl p 1 in pediatric populations as the most relevant sensitizing allergen detectable at all ages and at all levels of timothy grass pollen-specific IgE antibodies, while the importance of rPhl p 5 rises with the increase of patients' age and with grass pollen IgE levels. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of sensitization to grass pollen allergenic molecules could help develop a better characterization of allergic sensitization in grass pollen allergy in children, which may be different in every patient. It could also enable clinicians to give more specific and effective immunotherapy, based on allergenic molecule sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scaparrotta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via Dei Vestini 5, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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Tordesillas L, Gamboa P, Sanz ML, Palacín A, Gómez-Casado C, Cuesta-Herranz J, Pacios LF, Salcedo G, Díaz-Perales A. A mutant of the major melon allergen, Cuc m 2, with reduced IgE binding capacity is a good candidate for specific immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:504-11. [PMID: 22014685 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoallergenic mutants with reduced IgE-binding capacity but which show a similar T-cell response to the corresponding natural allergen are ideal tools for immunotherapy, for preventing a possible anaphylactic shock. An IgE conformational epitope has been identified in Cuc m 2, the major allergen and profilin from melon. Since this epitope is highly conserved in most pollen profilins, it may contribute to an explanation of cross-reactivity between pollen and food profilins. Mutants (Mut 1 and Mut 2) were generated by changing specific residues of the Cuc m 2 epitope to alanine, produced in Escherichia coli, and purified by chromatographic methods. Mut 1 showed a slight reduction in IgE binding but an allergenic activity that was similar to recombinant Cuc m 2, as measured by basophil activation test (BAT) and skin prick test (SPT). By contrast, Mut 2 displayed a substantial reduction in IgE-binding capacity (57%) and positive responses, as determined by BAT (33%) and SPT (50%), when compared to those of rCuc m 2. However, the T-cell proliferation and cytokine production induced by Mut 2 and rCuc m 2 were similar. Thus, this mutant represent potential candidate for immunotherapy of profilin allergies.
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9
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Assarehzadegan MA, Sankian M, Jabbari F, Tehrani M, Varasteh A. Expression of the recombinant major allergen of Salsola kali pollen (Sal k 1) and comparison with its low-immunoglobulin E-binding mutant. Allergol Int 2010; 59:213-22. [PMID: 20414052 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.09-oa-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhalation of Salsola kali pollen is an important cause of pollinosis during summer and early fall throughout desert and semi-desert areas. Sal k 1 has been previously reported as a major allergen of S. kali pollen. In this study, we produced the recombinant Sal k 1 and also its low IgE-binding mutant form. We further compared the IgE binding ability of these two recombinant molecules. METHODS The recombinant Sal k 1 and its low IgE-binding variant, obtained by three amino acid exchanges (R(142)-->S, P(143)-->A, D(144)-->V), were cloned and expressed in E. coli, as proteins fused with thioredoxin and His-tags, and then purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The IgE-binding capacity of the wild-type and mutated rSal k 1 was compared using immunoblotting, ELISA and inhibition assays by ten sera from S. kali allergic patients. Moreover, in vivo IgE-reactivity was investigated by the skin prick test. RESULTS Both the recombinant and the mutated form of Sal k 1 were expressed in E. coli at a relatively high amount and soluble form. All sera recognized rSal k 1 via immunoassay analysis. In addition, inhibition assays demonstrated that the purified rSal k 1 was similar to its counterpart in the crude extract. The mutated rSal k 1 exhibited a reduced IgE-binding capacity against wild-type rSal k 1. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that purified rSal k 1 is comprised of IgE-epitopes similar to that of its natural counterpart and that the mutated variant showed a reduced IgE-binding capacity based on in vitro assays and in vivo provocation testing.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Plant/genetics
- Antigens, Plant/immunology
- Antigens, Plant/metabolism
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cloning, Molecular
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Male
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation/genetics
- Pollen
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Salsola
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10
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Duarte IS, Zollner RL, Bueno SMA. In Vitro Evaluation of Biospecific and Pseudobiospecific Ligands Aimed at Extracorporeal Treatment for Immunoglobulin E Removal. Artif Organs 2006; 30:606-14. [PMID: 16911314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the potential use of an alternative adsorbent to anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-agarose for IgE selective adsorption therapy. A screening of several commercially available adsorbents (Concanavalin A, Lens culinaris[Lc], d-tryptophan, poly-l-lysine, and aminohexyl immobilized on agarose) was done through batch system assays, considering some criteria, such as adsorption capacity, selectivity, and biocompatibility. In the Lc-agarose adsorbent, total IgE, and specific IgE--for the airborne allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis--were significantly better removed (63, 58, and 59%, respectively) than immunoglobulin G (19%), immunoglobulin A (33%), immunoglobulin M (9%), and albumin (18%). This adsorbent was packed into a column and the effect of superficial velocity, ratio of plasma volume to bed volume, number of perfusions, and temperature on IgE adsorption were evaluated. In vitro simulation of therapeutic adsorption (single perfusion) indicated that about 50% of total IgE could be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa S Duarte
- School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Abstract
The human skin hosts a variety of immune response-associated components that together form the skin immune system. Any abnormality in the functioning of the skin immune system leads to a variety of dermatologic complications, including dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema. Exposure to antigens/allergens can lead to allergic skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and allergic contact dermatitis. Recent investigations have provided new insights into the immunologic processes leading to the development of skin diseases. T cells play a central role in the activation and regulation of immune responses by recognizing antigen and inducing cytokine production. Despite advances in the understanding of the immunologic events leading to the development of skin diseases, no effective prevention measure exists. Current therapeutic treatments are based on either alleviating the symptoms or suppressing the immune system with immunosuppressive drugs. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is expected to induce specific T cells that abolish allergen-induced proliferation of T helper cells, as well as their cytokine production. Recent approaches using recombinant protein, polycytosine guanine oligonucleotides, and plasmid DNA for vaccination suggest the possibility of protection against these skin disorders. The involvement of T cells in psoriasis indicates that the development of a T-cell receptor peptide vaccine may be beneficial. Dendritic cell-based vaccines using tolerogenic dendritic cells that can induce T-cell tolerance have been shown to be useful in dealing with autoimmune disorders and allergic conditions. In the light of these developments, this article presents the current status and prospects of developing vaccines for allergic and other immunologic skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu M Medi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is a disease causing significant morbidity and mortality. In the recent past, there has been an explosion of pharmacotherapeutic options attempting to control the disease. Unfortunately, none of the current options offers the promise of prevention or a permanent cure. However, there appear to be exciting, new data emerging to support the hypothesis that the prevention or early treatment of allergic rhinitis, such as with the use of allergen immunotherapy, may help mitigate the severity of bronchial symptoms and even prevent the development of asthma. In this paper, we review recent research published proposing immunotherapy as a means of preventing the development of, or at least ameliorating, allergic asthma. RECENT FINDINGS There is evidence that the upper and lower airways may be considered a single unit, with the nasal and bronchial mucosa having features in common. Epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical studies have shown that they can be affected by similar inflammatory triggers, with interconnected mechanisms amplifying the inflammatory cascade. Allergic rhinitis is interrelated to, and is a risk factor for, the development of asthma. An evidence-based review validates the successful use of allergen immunotherapy in treating allergic rhinitis and asthma. There is promising evidence advocating its use in the prevention of clinical asthma. SUMMARY This article explores current research pertaining to the use of immunomodulation, such as by using allergen immunotherapy, to ameliorate and prevent the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Dinakar
- Section of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA.
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