1
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Yu CP, Wang YR, Hou YC, Hsieh MT, Li PY, Kuo SC, Lin SP. Two curcumin analogs inhibited the function and protein expression of breast cancer resistance protein: in vitro and in vivo studies. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:454-464. [PMID: 37728540 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2260886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Two curcumin analogs, (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(3,5-diethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5- dione (N17) and its prodrug ((1E,6E)-3,5-dioxohepta-1,6-diene-1,7-diyl)bis(2,6-diethyl-4,1- phenylene)bis(3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoate) (N17'), were evaluated as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitors.2. MDCKII-BCRP and MDCKII-WT were used to evaluate the modulation effects of N17 and N17' on BCRP and to explore the relevant mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered rosuvastatin (ROS), a probe substrate of BCRP, without and with N17' (100 mg/kg) to investigate the effect of N17' on ROS pharmacokinetics.3. In cell studies, N17 and N17' were substrates of BCRP, and they decreased the activity and protein expression of BCRP. In rat study, N17' increased the systemic exposure of ROS by 218% (p = 0.058).4. N17 and N17' are potential BCRP inhibitors and will be promising candidates for overcoming the BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ping Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ru Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Tsang Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- ResearchCenter for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Chinese Medicinal Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Chinese Medicinal Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiuan-Pey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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2
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Damiani D, Tiribelli M. ABCG2 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Old and New Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087147. [PMID: 37108308 PMCID: PMC10138346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances, prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unsatisfactory due to poor response to therapy or relapse. Among causes of resistance, over-expression of multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins represents a pivotal mechanism. ABCG2 is an efflux transporter responsible for inducing MDR in leukemic cells; through its ability to extrude many antineoplastic drugs, it leads to AML resistance and/or relapse, even if conflicting data have been reported to date. Moreover, ABCG2 may be co-expressed with other MDR-related proteins and is finely regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we review the main issues regarding ABCG2 activity and regulation in the AML clinical scenario, focusing on its expression and the role of polymorphisms, as well as on the potential ways to inhibit its function to counteract drug resistance to, eventually, improve outcomes in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damiani
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Udine Hospital, P.le Santa Maria della Misericordia, 5, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Tiribelli
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Udine Hospital, P.le Santa Maria della Misericordia, 5, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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3
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Yap KM, Sekar M, Seow LJ, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Mat Rani NNI, Lum PT, Subramaniyan V, Wu YS, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S. Mangifera indica (Mango): A Promising Medicinal Plant for Breast Cancer Therapy and Understanding Its Potential Mechanisms of Action. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 13:471-503. [PMID: 34548817 PMCID: PMC8448164 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s316667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. However, 1) the lack of therapeutic options for metastatic breast cancer, 2) resistance to drug therapy and 3) the lack of more selective therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are some of the major challenges in tackling breast cancer. Given the safe nature of natural products, numerous studies have focused on their anti-cancer potentials. Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, represents one of the most extensively investigated natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of M. indica extracts (bark, kernel, leaves, peel and pulp) and phytochemicals (mangiferin, norathyriol, gallotannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and quercetin) reported for in vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer activities and their underlying mechanisms based on relevant literature from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar till date. Overall, the in vitro findings suggest that M. indica extracts and/or phytochemicals inhibit breast cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In vivo results demonstrated that there was a reduction in breast tumor xenograft growth. Several potential mechanisms underlying the anti-breast cancer activities have been reported, which include modulation of oxidative status, receptors, signalling pathways, miRNA expression, enzymes and cell cycle regulators. To further explore this medicinal plant against breast cancer, future research directions are addressed. The outcomes of the review revealed that M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals may have potential benefits in the management of breast cancer in women. However, to validate its utility in the creation of innovative and potent therapeutic agents to treat breast cancer, more dedicated research, especially clinical studies are needed to explore the anti-breast cancer potentials of M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Min Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Lay Jing Seow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, 42610, Malaysia
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Khunweeraphong N, Kuchler K. Multidrug Resistance in Mammals and Fungi-From MDR to PDR: A Rocky Road from Atomic Structures to Transport Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4806. [PMID: 33946618 PMCID: PMC8124828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) can be a serious complication for the treatment of cancer as well as for microbial and parasitic infections. Dysregulated overexpression of several members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter families have been intimately linked to MDR phenomena. Three paradigm ABC transporter members, ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCC1 (MRP1) and ABCG2 (BCRP) appear to act as brothers in arms in promoting or causing MDR in a variety of therapeutic cancer settings. However, their molecular mechanisms of action, the basis for their broad and overlapping substrate selectivity, remains ill-posed. The rapidly increasing numbers of high-resolution atomic structures from X-ray crystallography or cryo-EM of mammalian ABC multidrug transporters initiated a new era towards a better understanding of structure-function relationships, and for the dynamics and mechanisms driving their transport cycles. In addition, the atomic structures offered new evolutionary perspectives in cases where transport systems have been structurally conserved from bacteria to humans, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) family in fungal pathogens for which high resolution structures are as yet unavailable. In this review, we will focus the discussion on comparative mechanisms of mammalian ABCG and fungal PDR transporters, owing to their close evolutionary relationships. In fact, the atomic structures of ABCG2 offer excellent models for a better understanding of fungal PDR transporters. Based on comparative structural models of ABCG transporters and fungal PDRs, we propose closely related or even conserved catalytic cycles, thus offering new therapeutic perspectives for preventing MDR in infectious disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
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Khunweeraphong N, Mitchell-White J, Szöllősi D, Hussein T, Kuchler K, Kerr ID, Stockner T, Lee JY. Picky ABCG5/G8 and promiscuous ABCG2 - a tale of fatty diets and drug toxicity. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4035-4058. [PMID: 32978801 PMCID: PMC7756502 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural data on ABCG5/G8 and ABCG2 reveal a unique molecular architecture for subfamily G ATP‐binding cassette (ABCG) transporters and disclose putative substrate‐binding sites. ABCG5/G8 and ABCG2 appear to use several unique structural motifs to execute transport, including the triple helical bundles, the membrane‐embedded polar relay, the re‐entry helices, and a hydrophobic valve. Interestingly, ABCG2 shows extreme substrate promiscuity, whereas ABCG5/G8 transports only sterol molecules. ABCG2 structures suggest a large internal cavity, serving as a binding region for substrates and inhibitors, while mutational and pharmacological analyses support the notion of multiple binding sites. By contrast, ABCG5/G8 shows a collapsed cavity of insufficient size to hold substrates. Indeed, mutational analyses indicate a sterol‐binding site at the hydrophobic interface between the transporter and the lipid bilayer. In this review, we highlight key differences and similarities between ABCG2 and ABCG5/G8 structures. We further discuss the relevance of distinct and shared structural features in the context of their physiological functions. Finally, we elaborate on how ABCG2 and ABCG5/G8 could pave the way for studies on other ABCG transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narakorn Khunweeraphong
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Mitchell-White
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dániel Szöllősi
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toka Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian D Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Miceli N, Cavò E, Ragusa M, Cacciola F, Mondello L, Dugo L, Acquaviva R, Malfa GA, Marino A, D’Arrigo M, Taviano MF. Brassica incana Ten. (Brassicaceae): Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of the Leaf and Flowering Top Extracts. Molecules 2020; 25:E1461. [PMID: 32213889 PMCID: PMC7145283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica incana Ten. is an edible plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family. In this work, the phenolic composition and the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the leaves and the flowering tops of B. incana grown wild in Sicily (Italy) were studied for the first time. A total of 17 and 20 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the leaf and in the flowering top extracts, respectively, by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis. Brassica incana extracts showed in vitro antioxidant properties; the leaf extract displayed greater radical scavenging activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test than the flowering top extract (IC50 = 1.306 ± 0.049 mg/mL and 2.077 ± 0.011 mg/mL), which in turn had a stronger ferrous ion chelating ability than the other (IC50 = 0.232 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 1.147 ± 0.016 mg/mL). The cytotoxicity of the extracts against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines was evaluated through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release determination. The extracts showed cytotoxic efficacy against Caco-2 cells, with the flowering top extract being the most effective (about 90% activity at the highest concentration tested). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the extracts exhibited no toxicity, indicating their potential safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalizia Miceli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.F.T.)
| | - Emilia Cavò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Foundation “Prof. Antonio Imbesi”, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Ragusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Località Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.F.T.)
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Dugo
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.A.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Malfa
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.A.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Andreana Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.F.T.)
| | - Manuela D’Arrigo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.F.T.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Taviano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; (E.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.F.T.)
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7
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Fan X, Bai J, Zhao S, Hu M, Sun Y, Wang B, Ji M, Jin J, Wang X, Hu J, Li Y. Evaluation of inhibitory effects of flavonoids on breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP): From library screening to biological evaluation to structure-activity relationship. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104642. [PMID: 31493543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of polyphenols ubiquitously present in vegetables, fruits and herbal products, despite various known pharmacological activities, few researches have been done about the interaction of flavonoids with breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of 99 flavonoids on BCRP in vitro and in vivo and to clarify structure-activity relationships of flavonoids with BCRP. Eleven flavonoids, including amentoflavone, apigenin, biochanin A, chrysin, diosimin, genkwanin, hypericin, kaempferol, kaempferide, licochalcone A and naringenin, exhibited significant inhibition (>50%) on BCRP in BCRP-MDCKII cells, which reduced the BCRP-mediated efflux of doxorubicin and temozolomide, accordingly increased their cytotoxicity. In addition, co-administration of mitoxantrone with the 11 flavonoids increased the AUC0-t of mitoxantrone in different extents in rats. Among them, chrysin increased the AUC0-t most significantly, by 81.97%. Molecular docking analysis elucidated the inhibition of flavonoids on BCRP might be associated with Pi-Pi stacked interactions and/or potential Pi-Alkyl interactions, but not conventional hydrogen bonds. The pharmacophore model indicated the aromatic ring B, hydrophobic groups and hydrogen bond acceptors may play critical role in the potency of flavonoids inhibition on BCRP. Thus, our findings would provide helpful information for predicting the potential risks of flavonoid-containing food/herb-drug interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shengyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Minwan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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8
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Wang JQ, Wang B, Lei ZN, Teng QX, Li JY, Zhang W, Ji N, Cai CY, Ma LY, Liu HM, Chen ZS. Derivative of 5-cyano-6-phenylpyrimidin antagonizes ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172611. [PMID: 31476282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Development of precision medicine approaches based on inter-individual variability of BCRP/ ABCG2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:659-674. [PMID: 31384528 PMCID: PMC6664102 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is a rapidly-developing modality of medicine in human healthcare. Based on each patient׳s unique characteristics, more accurate dosages and drug selection can be made to achieve better therapeutic efficacy and less adverse reactions in precision medicine. A patient׳s individual parameters that affect drug transporter action can be used to develop a precision medicine guidance, due to the fact that therapeutic efficacy and adverse reactions of drugs can both be affected by expression and function of drug transporters on the cell membrane surface. The purpose of this review is to summarize unique characteristics of human breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) and the genetic variability in the BCRP encoded gene ABCG2 in the development of precision medicine. Inter-individual variability of BCRP/ABCG2 can impact choices and outcomes of drug treatment for several diseases, including cancer chemotherapy. Several factors have been implicated in expression and function of BCRP, including genetic, epigenetic, physiologic, pathologic, and environmental factors. Understanding the roles of these factors in controlling expression and function of BCRP is critical for the development of precision medicine based on BCRP-mediated drug transport.
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Key Words
- 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region
- 5-aza-C, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine
- ABCG2, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2
- ALL, acute lymphocytic leukemia
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- AUC, area under curve
- BCRP
- BCRP, breast cancer resistant protein
- Epigenetics
- FTC, fumitremorgin C
- Gene polymorphisms
- H3K4me3, histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation
- H3K9me3, histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation
- H3S10P, histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type-1
- HMG-CoA, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A
- MDR, multidrug resistance
- MDR1, multidrug resistance 1
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- Physiologic factors
- Precision medicine
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- Tat, transactivator protein
- miRNA, microRNA
- siRNA, small RNA interference
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Zhao RQ, Wen Y, Gupta P, Lei ZN, Cai CY, Liang G, Yang DH, Chen ZS, Xie YA. Y 6, an Epigallocatechin Gallate Derivative, Reverses ABCG2-Mediated Mitoxantrone Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1545. [PMID: 30687102 PMCID: PMC6335976 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is reported to be related to the transmembrane transportation of chemotherapeutic drugs by adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a member of the ABC transporter superfamily proteins, which have been implicated as a key contributor to the development of multidrug resistance in cancers. A new epigallocatechin gallate derivative, Y6 was synthesized in our group. Our previous study revealed that Y6 increased the sensitivity of drug-resistant cells to doxorubicin, which was associated with down-regulation of P-glycoprotein expression. In this study, we further determine whether Y6 could reverse ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance. Results showed that, at non-toxic concentrations, Y6 significantly sensitized drug-selected non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H460/MX20 to substrate anticancer drugs mitoxantrone, SN-38, and topotecan, and also sensitized ABCG2-transfected cell line HEK293/ABCG2-482-R2 to mitoxantrone and SN-38. Further study demonstrated that Y6 significantly increased the accumulation of [3H]-mitoxantrone in NCI-H460/MX20 cells by inhibiting the transport activity of ABCG2, without altering the expression levels and the subcellular localization of ABCG2. Furthermore, Y6 stimulated the adenosine triphosphatase activity with a concentration-dependent pattern under 20 μM in membranes overexpressing ABCG2. In addition, Y6 exhibited a strong interaction with the human ABCG2 transporter protein. Our findings indicate that Y6 may potentially be a novel reversal agent in ABCG2-positive drug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qiang Zhao
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zi-Ning Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Chao-Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Gang Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yu-An Xie
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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11
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Liu K, Zhu J, Huang Y, Li C, Lu J, Sachar M, Li S, Ma X. Metabolism of KO143, an ABCG2 inhibitor. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:193-200. [PMID: 28619281 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) plays an important role in modulating drug disposition and endobiotic homeostasis. KO143 is a potent and relatively selective ABCG2 inhibitor. We found that the metabolic stability of KO143 was very poor in human liver microsomes (HLM). Our further studies illustrated that the tert-butyl ester group in KO143 can be rapidly hydrolyzed and removed by carboxylesterase 1. This metabolic pathway was confirmed as a major pathway of KO143 metabolism in both HLM and mice. K1 is an analog of KO143 without the ester group. We found that the metabolic stability of K1 was significantly improved in HLM when compared to KO143. These data suggest that the ester group in KO143 is the major cause of the poor metabolic stability of KO143. The data from this study can be used to guide the development of KO143 analogs with better metabolic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chaoyue Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madhav Sachar
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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Hasanabady MH, Kalalinia F. ABCG2 inhibition as a therapeutic approach for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer. J Biosci 2016; 41:313-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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14
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Xie N, Mou L, Yuan J, Liu W, Deng T, Li Z, Jin Y, Hu Z. Modulating drug resistance by targeting BCRP/ABCG2 using retrovirus-mediated RNA interference. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103463. [PMID: 25076217 PMCID: PMC4116202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The BCRP/ABCG2 transporter, which mediates drug resistance in many types of cells, depends on energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. Here, a retrovirus encoding a shRNA targeting the ATP-binding domain of this protein was used to screen for highly efficient agents that could reverse drug resistance and improve cell sensitivity to drugs, thus laying the foundation for further studies and applications. Methodology/Principal Findings To target the ATP-binding domain of BCRP/ABCG2, pLenti6/BCRPsi shRNA recombinant retroviruses, with 20 bp target sequences starting from the 270th, 745th and 939th bps of the 6th exon, were constructed and packaged. The pLenti6/BCRPsi retroviruses (V-BCRPi) that conferred significant knockdown effects were screened using a drug-sensitivity experiment and flow cytometry. The human choriocarcinoma cell line JAR, which highly expresses endogenous BCRP/ABCG2, was injected under the dorsal skin of a hairless mouse to initiate a JAR cytoma. After injecting V-BCRPi-infected JAR tumor cells into the dorsal skin of hairless mice, BCRP/ABCG2 expression in the tumor tissue was determined using immunohistochemistry, fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. After intraperitoneal injection of BCRP/ABCG2-tolerant 5-FU, the tumor volume, weight change, and apoptosis rate of the tumor tissue were determined using in situ hybridization. V-BCRPi increased the sensitivity of the tumor histiocytes to 5-FU and improved the cell apoptosis-promoting effects of 5-FU in the tumor. Conclusions/Significance The goal of the in vivo and in vitro studies was to screen for an RNA interference recombinant retrovirus capable of stably targeting the ATP-binding domain of BCRP/ABCG2 (V-BCRPi) to inhibit its function. A new method to improve the chemo-sensitivity of breast cancer and other tumor cells was discovered, and this method could be used for gene therapy and functional studies of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Xie
- Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zigang Li
- The Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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15
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Yang K, Pfeifer ND, Hardwick RN, Yue W, Stewart PW, Brouwer KLR. An experimental approach to evaluate the impact of impaired transport function on hepatobiliary drug disposition using Mrp2-deficient TR- rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes in combination with Bcrp knockdown. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:766-75. [PMID: 24410402 PMCID: PMC3993909 DOI: 10.1021/mp400471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) are members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes that mediate biliary excretion of many drugs and endogenous compounds. BCRP and MRP2 have overlapping substrate profiles. Predicting drug disposition in the setting of altered transport function has important clinical significance. This investigation was designed to establish an in vitro model system to evaluate the impact of impaired Mrp2 and Bcrp function on hepatobiliary drug disposition. To achieve Bcrp knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi), sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) from Mrp2-deficient (TR(-)) and wild-type (WT) rats were infected with adenoviral vectors to express shRNA targeting Bcrp (Ad-siBcrp) at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1-10. MOI of 5 was identified as optimal. At MOI of 5, viral infection as well as WT or TR(-) status was statistically significant predictors of the rosuvastatin (RSV) biliary excretion index (BEI), consistent with the known role of Bcrp and Mrp2 in the biliary excretion of RSV in vivo in rats. Relative to WT rat SCH, marginal mean BEI (%) of RSV in TR(-) rat SCH decreased by 28.6 (95% CI: 5.8-51.3). Ad-siBcrp decreased marginal mean BEI (%) of RSV by 13.3 (7.5-9.1) relative to SCH infected with adenoviral vectors expressing a nontargeting shRNA (Ad-siNT). The BEI of RSV was almost ablated in TR(-) rat SCH with Bcrp knockdown (5.9 ± 3.0%) compared to Ad-siNT-infected WT rat SCH (45.4 ± 6.6%). These results demonstrated the feasibility of Bcrp knockdown in TR(-) rat SCH as an in vitro system to assess the impact of impaired Bcrp and Mrp2 function. At MOI of 5, viral infection had minimal effects on RSV total accumulation, but significantly decreased marginal mean taurocholate total accumulation (pmol/mg of protein) and BEI (%) by 9.9 (7.0-12.8) and 7.5 (3.7-11.3), respectively, relative to noninfected SCH. These findings may be due to off-target effects on hepatic bile acid transporters, even though no changes in protein expression levels of the hepatic bile acid transporters were observed. This study established a strategy for optimization of the knockdown system, and demonstrated the potential use of RNAi in SCH as an in vitro tool to predict altered hepatobiliary drug disposition when canalicular transporters are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, §Curriculum in Toxicology, and ⊥Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7569, United States
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16
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Funato T, Harigae H, Abe S, Sasaki T. Assessment of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 4:705-13. [PMID: 15347263 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.4.5.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A major problem in the treatment of leukemia is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Assessing the drug resistance of leukemic cells is therefore an important aspect of treatment. One of the main mechanisms of resistance is rapid drug efflux mediated by various members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, such as multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), which encodes P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 1 and lung resistance protein. To quantify the degree of acquisition of resistance, several techniques, including drug-sensitivity studies, flow cytometry assay and quantitative gene analysis, have been developed to detect MDR1 and MRP1 gene expression in leukemic cells. However, a significant number of patients may relapse in spite of low expression of MDR1 or MRP1, suggesting the involvement of other intracellular mechanisms, possibly related to cytarabine resistance. This review focuses on the methods aimed at the assessment of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytarabine/metabolism
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Funato
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryomachi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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17
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Li MH, Yu H, Wang TF, Chang ND, Zhang JQ, Du D, Liu MF, Sun SL, Wang R, Tao HQ, Geng SL, Shen ZY, Wang Q, Peng HS. Tamoxifen embedded in lipid bilayer improves the oncotarget of liposomal daunorubicin in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1619-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21423k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Stacy AE, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. Molecular Pharmacology of ABCG2 and Its Role in Chemoresistance. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:655-69. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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19
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Shao M, Sun SL, Li MH, Li BX, Yu H, Shen ZY, Ren YC, Hao ZF, Chang ND, Peng HS, Yang BF. The liposomal daunorubicin plus tamoxifen: improving the stability, uptake, and biodistribution of carriers. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:168-76. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2012.668552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Robey RW, Ierano C, Zhan Z, Bates SE. The challenge of exploiting ABCG2 in the clinic. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:595-608. [PMID: 21118093 DOI: 10.2174/138920111795163913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ABCG2, or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), is an ATP-binding cassette half transporter that has been shown to transport a wide range of substrates including chemotherapeutics, antivirals, antibiotics and flavonoids. Given its wide range of substrates, much work has been dedicated to developing ABCG2 as a clinical target. But where can we intervene clinically and how can we avoid the mistakes made in past clinical trials targeting P-glycoprotein? This review will summarize the normal tissue distribution, cancer tissue expression, substrates and inhibitors of ABCG2, and highlight the challenges presented in exploiting ABCG2 in the clinic. We discuss the possibility of inhibiting ABCG2, so as to increase oral bioavailability or increase drug penetration into sanctuary sites, especially the central nervous system; and at the other end of the spectrum, the possibility of improving ABCG2 function, in the case of gout caused by a single nucleotide polymphism. Together, these aspects of ABCG2/BCRP make the protein a target of continuing interest for oncologists, biologists, and pharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Robey
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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An Y, Ongkeko WM. ABCG2: the key to chemoresistance in cancer stem cells? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:1529-42. [PMID: 19708828 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903228834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug chemoresistance remains one of the most common reasons for chemotherapy failure. The membrane transporter protein ABCG2/BCRP1 has been shown in vitro to effectively reduce the intracellular concentrations of several prominent anticancer chemotherapeutic agents such as mitoxantrone and doxorubicin. Intriguingly, cancer stem cells are known to be characterized by multi-drug chemoresistance. Taking into account that the ABCG2(+) subset of tumor cells are often enriched with cells with cancer stem-like phenotypes, it has been proposed that ABCG2 activity underlies the ability of cancer cells to regenerate post-chemotherapy. Furthermore, we also review evidence suggesting that tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including imatinib and gefitinib, are both direct and downstream inactivators of ABCG2 and, therefore, serve as candidates to reverse cancer stem cell chemoresistance and potentially target cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi An
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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22
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Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) was discovered in multidrug resistant breast cancer cells having an ATP-dependent transport-based resistance phenotype. This ABC transporter functions (at least in part) as a xenobiotic protective mechanism for the organism: in the gut and biliary tract, it prevents absorption and enhances elimination of potentially toxic substances. As a placental barrier, it protects the fetus; similarly, it serves as a component of blood-brain and blood-testis barrier; BCRP is expressed in stem cells and may protect them from potentially harmful agents. Therefore, BCRP could influence cancer outcomes by (a) endogenous BCRP affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of anticancer drugs; (b) BCRP expression in cancer cells may directly cause resistance by active efflux of anticancer drugs; (c) BCRP expression in cancer cells could be a manifestation of the activity of metabolic and signaling pathways that impart multiple mechanisms of drug resistance, self-renewal (stemness), and invasiveness (aggressiveness)--i.e. impart a poor prognosis--to cancers. This chapter presents a synopsis of translational clinical studies relating BCRP expression in leukemias, lymphomas, and a variety of solid tumors with clinical outcome. Data are emerging that expression of BCRP, like P-glycoprotein/ABCB1, is associated with adverse outcomes in a variety of human cancers. Whether this adverse prognostic effect results from resistance imparted to the cancer cells as the direct result of BCRP efflux of anticancer drugs, or whether BCRP expression (and also Pgp expression - coexpression of these transporters is common among poor risk cancers) serves as indicators of the activity of signaling pathways that enhance cancer cellular proliferation, metastases, genomic instability, enhance drug resistance, and oppose programmed cell death mechanisms is yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Ross
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Svirnovski AI, Shman TV, Serhiyenka TF, Savitski VP, Smolnikova VV, Fedasenka UU. ABCB1 and ABCG2 proteins, their functional activity and gene expression in concert with drug sensitivity of leukemia cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:204-12. [PMID: 19635183 DOI: 10.1179/102453309x426218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is an obstacle to the successful treatment of oncohematological malignances. Failure of therapeutic treatment may be due to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), the mechanisms of which include upregulation of membrane-resident transporters that efflux chemotherapeutic drugs from tumor cells. Deregulation may occur at different levels: gene or protein expression or function depletion. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells of adults were studied. ABCB1 (P-gp) and ABCG2 (BCRP) expression were determined by flow cytometry, rhodamine 123 (Rho123) and mitoxantrone were used for functional activity study of MDR proteins, sensitization of leukemic cells to drugs was quantified by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays. Appropriate gene expression was determined using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. No differences between expression of P-gp and BCRP and genes in primary and relapsed acute leukemia (AL) cells as well as in de novo and treated CLL samples were established. Higher expression of P-gp and BCRP proteins was detected in CLL lymphocytes compared to blast cells. Increased P-gp protein expression and function was detected in cells of CLL patients who had more aggressive therapy regimen. Doxorubicine, rubomycinum and L-asparaginase resistance correlates with P-gp overexpression and increased function in pediatric AL whereas vincristine resistance might be associated with P-gp protein expression in AL samples and impared P-gp function in CLL lymphocytes only. A tendency for the decreased doxorubicin cytotoxic activity was shown in BCRP-overexpressing cells both in children and adults leukemia. Multifactorial ANOVA showed that P-gp/MDR1 and BCRP as well as their function could not be used as unconditional and universal predictors of leukemia cell drug resistance in vitro. These results suggest that studied MDR transporter-proteins have a limited role per se in vitro and admittedly in vivo drug resistance estimated in leukemia patients or it is not yet fully understood unless would not be studied in aggregate. In any event, the expression and function studies of the proteins under investigation when singularly considered do not have a crucial significance for impact on drug resistance evaluation in all leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadi I Svirnovski
- Scientific and Practical Center for Hematology and Transfusiology of Republic of Belarus, 160, Dolginovski Tract, Minsk 220053, Belarus.
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24
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Steinbach D, Friedrich J, Dawczynski K, Furchtbar S, Gruhn B, Wittig S, Zintl F, Sauerbrey A. Are MTT assays the right tool to analyze drug resistance caused by ABC-transporters in patient samples? Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 46:1357-63. [PMID: 16109615 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500126323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance can be caused by ATP-binding-cassette (ABC)-transporters which function as outward pumps for chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between eight ABC-transporters (BCRP, MDR1, SMRP, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5) and in vitro drug resistance. Leukemic cells from 52 children with previously untreated acute leukemia (ALL: n=37; AML: n=15) were analysed. The expression of the ABC-transporters was measured by TaqMan real-time PCR. In vitro drug resistance to cytarabine, vincristine, tioguanine, daunorubicin, etoposide, dexamethasone, and prednisone was analysed with methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assays.MDR1 was weakly associated with resistance to vincristine (p<0.05) in AML samples. No other correlation between an ABC-transporter and a higher in vitro drug resistance was found. In vitro drug resistance was not associated with the simultaneous expression of a larger number of ABC-transporters.MTT assays are a widely used and validated method to analyse in vitro drug resistance but they may not be a useful tool to detect resistance which is caused by drug efflux in patient samples. If that is the case, MTT assays and the expression of ABC-transporters could provide complementary information on the drug resistance profile of patients with acute leukemia.
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25
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Kuppens IELM, Breedveld P, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Modulation of Oral Drug Bioavailability: From Preclinical Mechanism to Therapeutic Application. Cancer Invest 2009; 23:443-64. [PMID: 16193644 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-58823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, more than one fourth of all anticancer drugs are developed as oral formulations, and it is expected that this number will increase substantially in the near future. To enable oral drug therapy, adequate oral bioavailability must be achieved. Factors that have proved to be important in limiting the oral bioavailability are the presence of ATP-binding cassette drug transporters (ABC transporters) and the cytochrome P450 enzymes. We discuss the tissues distribution and physiological function of the ABC transporters in the human body, their expression in tumors, currently known polymorphisms and drugs that are able to inhibit their function as transporter. Furthermore, the role of the ABC transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes as mechanisms to modulate the pharmacokinetics of anticancer agents, will be reviewed. Finally, some clinical examples of oral drug modulation are discussed. Among these examples are the coadministration of paclitaxel with CsA, a CYP3A4 substrate with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) modulating activity, and topotecan combined with the BCRP/P-gp transport inhibitor elacridar. Both are good examples of improvement of oral drug bioavailability by temporary inhibition of drug transporters in the gut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa E L M Kuppens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Putz MV, Putz AM, Lazea M, Ienciu L, Chiriac A. Quantum-SAR extension of the spectral-SAR algorithm: application to polyphenolic anticancer bioactivity. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1193-1214. [PMID: 19399244 PMCID: PMC2672025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to assess the role of individual molecular structures in the molecular mechanism of ligand-receptor interaction correlation analysis, the recent Spectral-SAR approach is employed to introduce the Quantum-SAR (QuaSAR) “wave” and “conversion factor” in terms of difference between inter-endpoint inter-molecular activities for a given set of compounds; this may account for inter-conversion (metabolization) of molecular (concentration) effects while indicating the structural (quantum) based influential/detrimental role on bio-/eco- effect in a causal manner rather than by simple inspection of measured values; the introduced QuaSAR method is then illustrated for a study of the activity of a series of flavonoids on breast cancer resistance protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai V. Putz
- Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, West University of Timişoara, Pestalozzi Street No.16, Timişoara, RO-300115, Romania; E-Mails:
(M.P.);
(M.L.);
(A.C.)
- “Nicolas Georgescu-Roegen” Forming and Researching Center, 4th, Oituz Str., Timişoara, RO- 300086, Romania
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +40-0256-592-633; Fax: +40-0256-592-620
| | - Ana-Maria Putz
- Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, West University of Timişoara, Pestalozzi Street No.16, Timişoara, RO-300115, Romania; E-Mails:
(M.P.);
(M.L.);
(A.C.)
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Timişoara Institute of Chemistry of Romanian Academy, Av. Mihai Viteazul, No.24, Timişoara RO-300223, Romania
| | - Marius Lazea
- Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, West University of Timişoara, Pestalozzi Street No.16, Timişoara, RO-300115, Romania; E-Mails:
(M.P.);
(M.L.);
(A.C.)
| | - Luciana Ienciu
- Whatman, Part of GE Healthcare, Inc, 200 Park Avenue Suite 210, Florham Park, NJ 07932-1026, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Adrian Chiriac
- Laboratory of Computational and Structural Physical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, West University of Timişoara, Pestalozzi Street No.16, Timişoara, RO-300115, Romania; E-Mails:
(M.P.);
(M.L.);
(A.C.)
- “Nicolas Georgescu-Roegen” Forming and Researching Center, 4th, Oituz Str., Timişoara, RO- 300086, Romania
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27
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McDevitt CA, Crowley E, Hobbs G, Starr KJ, Kerr ID, Callaghan R. Is ATP binding responsible for initiating drug translocation by the multidrug transporter ABCG2? FEBS J 2008; 275:4354-62. [PMID: 18657189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABCG2 confers resistance to cancer cells by mediating the ATP-dependent outward efflux of chemotherapeutic compounds. Recent studies have indicated that the protein contains a number of interconnected drug binding sites. The present investigation examines the coupling of drug binding to ATP hydrolysis. Initial drug binding to the protein requires a high-affinity interaction with the drug binding site, followed by transition and reorientation to the low-affinity state to enable dissociation at the extracellular face. [3H]Daunomycin binding to the ABCG2 R482G isoform was examined in the nucleotide-bound and post-hydrolytic conformations. Binding of [3H]daunomycin was displaced by ATP analogues, indicating transition to a low-affinity conformation prior to hydrolysis. The low-affinity state was observed to be retained immediately post-hydrolysis. Therefore, the dissociation of phosphate and/or ADP is likely to be responsible for resetting of the transporter. The data indicate that, like ABCB1 and ABCC1, the 'power stroke' for translocation in ABCG2 R482G is the binding of nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A McDevitt
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
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28
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Larbcharoensub N, Leopairat J, Sirachainan E, Narkwong L, Bhongmakapat T, Rasmeepaisarn K, Janvilisri T. Association between multidrug resistance–associated protein 1 and poor prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:837-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Lu C, Shervington A. Chemoresistance in gliomas. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 312:71-80. [PMID: 18259841 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite improved knowledge and advanced treatments of gliomas, the overall survival rate for glioma patients remains low. Gliomas comprise of significant cell heterogeneity that contains a large number of multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes and cancer stem cells (CSCs), a combination that may contribute to the resistance to treatment. This article reviews the MDR related genes, major-vault protein (MVP), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to chemoresistance, in addition to the upregulated MDR phenotypes present in CSCs that has recently been identified in gliomas. Moreover, future potential therapies that modulate MDR phenotypes and CSCs are also reviewed. An improved understanding of MDR may lead to a combined treatment, targeting both CSCs and their protective MDR phenotypes leading eventually to attractive strategies for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Brain Tumour North West, Faculty of Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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30
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major obstacle to successful cancer treatment. One mechanism by which cells can become resistant to chemotherapy is the expression of ABC transporters that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to transport a wide variety of substrates across the cell membrane. There are three human ABC transporters primarily associated with the multidrug resistance phenomenon, namely Pgp, MRP1, and ABCG2. All three have broad and, to a certain extent, overlapping substrate specificities, transporting the major drugs currently used in cancer chemotherapy. ABCG2 is the most recently described of the three major multidrug-resistance pumps, and its substrates include mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan, flavopiridol, and methotrexate. Despite several studies reporting ABCG2 expression in normal and malignant tissues, no trials have thus far addressed the role of ABCG2 in clinical drug resistance. This gives us an opportunity to critically review the disappointing results of past clinical trials targeting Pgp and to propose strategies for ABCG2. We need to know in which tumor types ABCG2 contributes to the resistance phenotype. We also need to develop standardized assays to detect ABCG2 expression in vivo and to carefully select the chemotherapeutic agents and clinical trial designs. This review focuses on our current knowledge about normal tissue distribution, tumor expression profiles, and substrates and inhibitors of ABCG2, together with lessons learned from clinical trials with Pgp inhibitors. Implications of SNPs in the ABCG2 gene affecting the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs, including many non-chemotherapy agents and ABCG2 expression in the SP population of stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Robey
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Hardwick LJA, Velamakanni S, van Veen HW. The emerging pharmacotherapeutic significance of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:163-74. [PMID: 17375082 PMCID: PMC2013952 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer resistance protein (also termed ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter, which mediates the extrusion of toxic compounds from the cell, and which was originally identified in relation to the development of multidrug resistance of cancer cells. ABCG2 interacts with a range of substrates including clinical drugs but also substances such as sterols, porphyrins and a variety of dietary compounds. Physiological functions of ABCG2 at both cellular and systemic levels are reviewed. For example, ABCG2 expression in erythrocytes may function in porphyrin homeostasis. In addition, ABCG2 expression at apical membranes of cells such as hepatocytes, enterocytes, endothelial and syncytiotrophoblast cells may correlate to protective barrier or secretory functions against environmental or clinically administered substances. ABCG2 also appears influential in the inter-patient variation and generally poor oral bioavailability of certain chemotherapeutic drugs such as topotecan. As this often precludes an oral drug administration strategy, genotypic and environmental factors altering ABCG2 expression and activity are considered. Finally, clinical modulation of ABCG2 activity is discussed. Some of the more recent strategies include co-administered modulating agents, hammerhead ribozymes or antisense oligonucleotides, and with specificity in cell targeting, these may be used to reduce drug resistance and increase drug bioavailability to improve the profile of chemotherapeutic efficacy versus toxicity. While many such strategies remain in relative infancy at present, increased knowledge of modulators of ABCG2 could hold the key to novel approaches in medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J A Hardwick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - S Velamakanni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - H W van Veen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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32
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Roles of Multidrug Resistance Genes in Breast Cancer Chemoresistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 608:23-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74039-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Sarkadi B, Homolya L, Szakács G, Váradi A. Human multidrug resistance ABCB and ABCG transporters: participation in a chemoimmunity defense system. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:1179-236. [PMID: 17015488 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we give an overview of the physiological functions of a group of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins, which were discovered, and still referred to, as multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters. Although they indeed play an important role in cancer drug resistance, their major physiological function is to provide general protection against hydrophobic xenobiotics. With a highly conserved structure, membrane topology, and mechanism of action, these essential transporters are preserved throughout all living systems, from bacteria to human. We describe the general structural and mechanistic features of the human MDR-ABC transporters and introduce some of the basic methods that can be applied for the analysis of their expression, function, regulation, and modulation. We treat in detail the biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology of the ABCB1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein) and the ABCG2 (MXR/BCRP) proteins and describe emerging information related to additional ABCB- and ABCG-type transporters with a potential role in drug and xenobiotic resistance. Throughout this review we demonstrate and emphasize the general network characteristics of the MDR-ABC transporters, functioning at the cellular and physiological tissue barriers. In addition, we suggest that multidrug transporters are essential parts of an innate defense system, the "chemoimmunity" network, which has a number of features reminiscent of classical immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Sarkadi
- National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Membrane Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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34
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Brooks TA, O'Loughlin KL, Minderman H, Bundy BN, Ford LA, Vredenburg MR, Bernacki RJ, Priebe W, Baer MR. The 4′-O-benzylated doxorubicin analog WP744 overcomes resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein and breast cancer resistance protein in cell lines and acute myeloid leukemia cells. Invest New Drugs 2006; 25:115-22. [PMID: 17072745 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-9018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic 4'-O-benzylated doxorubicin analog WP744 was designed to abrogate transport by the multidrug resistance (MDR)-associated ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP-1). We compared its uptake and cytotoxicity with those of doxorubicin and daunorubicin in cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1 or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. METHODS Cellular uptake was studied by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity in 96-h 96-well cultures in cell lines overexpressing Pgp, MRP-1 or wild type (BCRP(R482)) or mutant (BCRP(R482T), BCRP(R482G)) BCRP and in pre-treatment AML marrow cells. RESULTS Uptake and cytotoxicity of WP744 were consistently greater than those of doxorubicin and daunorubicin at equimolar concentrations in all cell lines studied and in AML cells. CONCLUSION WP744 overcomes transport by Pgp, MRP-1 and BCRP in cell lines and AML cells and is a promising agent for clinical development in AML and other malignancies with broad-spectrum multidrug resistance.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Adult
- Aged
- Anthracyclines/metabolism
- Anthracyclines/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Daunorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Female
- Fluorescence
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Brooks
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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35
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Abstract
The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must homodimerize to acquire transport activity. ABCG2 is found in a variety of stem cells and may protect them from exogenous and endogenous toxins. ABCG2 expression is upregulated under low-oxygen conditions, consistent with its high expression in tissues exposed to low-oxygen environments. ABCG2 interacts with heme and other porphyrins and protects cells and/or tissues from protoporphyrin accumulation under hypoxic conditions. Individuals who carry ABCG2 alleles that have impaired function may be more susceptible to porphyrin-induced toxicity. Abcg2 knock-out models have allowed in vivo studies of Abcg2 function in host and cellular defense. In combination with immunohistochemical analyses, these studies have revealed how ABCG2 influences the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs and cytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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36
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Wilson CS, Davidson GS, Martin SB, Andries E, Potter J, Harvey R, Ar K, Xu Y, Kopecky KJ, Ankerst DP, Gundacker H, Slovak ML, Mosquera-Caro M, Chen IM, Stirewalt DL, Murphy M, Schultz FA, Kang H, Wang X, Radich JP, Appelbaum FR, Atlas SR, Godwin J, Willman CL. Gene expression profiling of adult acute myeloid leukemia identifies novel biologic clusters for risk classification and outcome prediction. Blood 2006; 108:685-96. [PMID: 16597596 PMCID: PMC1895492 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether gene expression profiling could improve risk classification and outcome prediction in older acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, expression profiles were obtained in pretreatment leukemic samples from 170 patients whose median age was 65 years. Unsupervised clustering methods were used to classify patients into 6 cluster groups (designated A to F) that varied significantly in rates of resistant disease (RD; P < .001), complete response (CR; P = .023), and disease-free survival (DFS; P = .023). Cluster A (n = 24), dominated by NPM1 mutations (78%), normal karyotypes (75%), and genes associated with signaling and apoptosis, had the best DFS (27%) and overall survival (OS; 25% at 5 years). Patients in clusters B (n = 22) and C (n = 31) had the worst OS (5% and 6%, respectively); cluster B was distinguished by the highest rate of RD (77%) and multidrug resistant gene expression (ABCG2, MDR1). Cluster D was characterized by a "proliferative" gene signature with the highest proportion of detectable cytogenetic abnormalities (76%; including 83% of all favorable and 34% of unfavorable karyotypes). Cluster F (n = 33) was dominated by monocytic leukemias (97% of cases), also showing increased NPM1 mutations (61%). These gene expression signatures provide insights into novel groups of AML not predicted by traditional studies that impact prognosis and potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico (UNM), Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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37
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Benderra Z, Faussat AM, Sayada L, Perrot JY, Tang R, Chaoui D, Morjani H, Marzac C, Marie JP, Legrand O. MRP3, BCRP, and P-glycoprotein activities are prognostic factors in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7764-72. [PMID: 16278398 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) is associated with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have investigated other ATP-binding cassette proteins such as BCRP, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, and MRP5 for their potential implication in chemoresistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Eighty five AML patient samples were analyzed in this study. First, MRP3 function was higher in patients which had a high level of leukocytes (P = 0.01), a M5 FAB subtype (P = 0.04), and an intermediate or poor cytogenesis (P = 0.05). BCRP activity was not correlated with clinical or biological variables, but high Pgp activity was correlated with the following variables: CD34 expression (P = 0.002), FAB subtype (P = 0.002), intermediate or poor cytogenesis (P = 0.02), and elderly patients (P = 0.03). Second, Pgp, MRP3, and BCRP activities were correlated with complete remission (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, and P = 0.04, respectively), disease-free survival (P = 0.02, P = 0.03, and P = 0.25, respectively), and overall survival (P = 0.04, P = 0.04, and P = 0.05, respectively) in multivariate analysis. The patient samples expressing one or none of these Pgp, MRP3, or BCRP functional proteins have a better prognosis than the patients expressing two or three of these functional proteins (complete remission, P = 0.02; disease-free survival, P = 0.01; overall survival, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BCRP and MRP3 may also be involved in chemoresistance in AML, especially MRP3 in patients with M5 FAB. Additional modulation of BCRP or MRP3 to Pgp modulation may be necessary in some patients in order to improve the treatment outcome.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Models, Statistical
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/physiology
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Prognosis
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Benderra
- Laboratoire Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U736), Universitaire Paris 6 (UMR 736), France
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38
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Cervenak J, Andrikovics H, Ozvegy-Laczka C, Tordai A, Német K, Váradi A, Sarkadi B. The role of the human ABCG2 multidrug transporter and its variants in cancer therapy and toxicology. Cancer Lett 2006; 234:62-72. [PMID: 16337740 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human multidrug resistance ABC transporters provide a protective function in our body against a large number of toxic compounds. These proteins, residing in the plasma membrane, perform an active, ATP-dependent extrusion of such xenobiotics. However, the same proteins are also used by the tumor cells to fight various anticancer agents. ABCG2 is an important member of the multidrug resistance proteins, an 'ABC half transporter', which functions as a homodimer in the cell membrane. In this review, we provide a basic overview of ABCG2 function in physiology and drug metabolism, but concentrate on the discussion of mutations and polymorphisms discovered in this protein. Interestingly, a single nucleotide mutation, changing amino acid 482 from arginine to threonine or glycine in ABCG2, results in a major increase in the catalytic activity and a wider drug recognition by this protein. Still, this mutation proved to be an in vitro artifact, produced only in heavily drug-selected cell lines. In contrast, at least two, but possibly more polymorphic variants of ABCG2 were found to be present in large human populations with different ethnic background. However, currently available experimental data regarding the cellular expression, localization and function of these ABCG2 variants are strongly contradictory. Since, the proteins produced by these variant alleles may differently modulate cancer treatment, general drug absorption and toxicity, may represent risk factors in fetal toxicity, or alter the differentiation of stem cells, their exact characterization is a major challenge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cervenak
- National Medical Center, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Diószegi u. 64, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
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39
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Morris ME, Zhang S. Flavonoid-drug interactions: effects of flavonoids on ABC transporters. Life Sci 2006; 78:2116-30. [PMID: 16455109 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are present in fruits, vegetables and beverages derived from plants (tea, red wine), and in many dietary supplements or herbal remedies including Ginkgo Biloba, Soy Isoflavones, and Milk Thistle. Flavonoids have been described as health-promoting, disease-preventing dietary supplements, and a high intake of flavonoids has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and other age-related degenerative diseases. Due to an increased public interest in alternative medicine and disease prevention, the use of herbal preparations containing high doses of flavonoids for health maintenance has become very popular, raising the potential for interactions with conventional drug therapies. This review will summarize the current literature regarding the interactions of flavonoids with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters, mainly P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP and discuss the potential consequences for flavonoid-drug transport interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260-1200, USA.
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40
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Matsunaga Y, Hamada A, Okamoto I, Sasaki JI, Moriyama E, Kishi H, Matsumoto M, Hira A, Watanabe H, Saito H. Pharmacokinetics of Amrubicin and Its Active Metabolite Amrubicinol in Lung Cancer Patients. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:76-82. [PMID: 16418698 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000185771.82620.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amrubicin, a synthetic 9-aminoanthracycline agent, was recently approved in Japan for treatment of small-cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. Amrubicin is converted enzymatically to the C-13 hydroxy metabolite amrubicinol, which is active and possesses a cytotoxicity 10 to 100 times that of the parent drug. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of amrubicin and its active metabolite amrubicinol. Amrubicin was administered on days 1-3 in 16 patients with advanced lung cancer. The pharmacokinetics analysis of amrubicin and amrubicinol was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. When 45 mg/m amrubicin was administered in a bolus injection once every 24 hours for 3 consecutive days, the areas under the curves (0 to 72 hours) for amrubicin and amrubicinol were 13,490 and 2585 ng . h/mL, respectively. The apparent total clearance (CLapp) of amrubicin was 15.4 L/h. The area-under-the-curve ratio of amrubicinol to amrubicin was 15.1 +/- 4.6% (mean +/- SD) at doses ranging from 30 to 45 mg/m. Interindividual variability in the enzymatic conversion of amrubicin to amrubicinol was small. In contrast, a large interindividual variability in the CLapp of amrubicin was observed (CV = 49.8%). The areas under the curves of amrubicin and amrubicinol seemed to be associated with the severity of hematologic toxicities. There is a possibility that monitoring of the plasma concentrations of amrubicin and amrubicinol may provide an efficient tool for establishing the optimal dosage of amrubicin in each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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41
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Zhang S, Yang X, Coburn RA, Morris ME. Structure activity relationships and quantitative structure activity relationships for the flavonoid-mediated inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:627-39. [PMID: 15979586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a newly identified ABC transporter, which plays an important role in drug disposition and represents an additional mechanism for the development of MDR. Flavonoids, a major class of natural compounds widely present in foods and herbal products, have been shown to be BCRP inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the SAR and derive a QSAR model for flavonoid-BCRP interaction. The EC(50) values for increasing mitoxantrone accumulation in MCF-7 MX100 cells for 25 flavonoids, from five flavonoid subclasses, were determined in this study or obtained from our previous publication [Zhang S, Yang X, Morris ME. Combined effects of multiple flavonoids on breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)-mediated transport. Pharm Res 2004;21(7):1263-73], and ranged from 0.07+/-0.02 microM to 183+/-21.7 microM. We found that the presence of a 2,3-double bond in ring C, ring B attached at position 2, hydroxylation at position 5, lack of hydroxylation at position 3 and hydrophobic substitution at positions 6, 7, 8 or 4', are important structural properties important for potent flavonoid-BCRP interaction. These structural requirements are similar but not identical to those for potent flavonoid-NBD2 (P-glycoprotein) interaction, indicating that inhibition of BCRP by flavonoids may involve, in part, the binding of flavonoids with the NBD of BCRP. In addition, a QSAR model consisting three structural descriptors was constructed, and both internally and externally validated, suggesting the model could be used to quantitatively predict BCRP inhibition activity of flavonoids. These findings should be useful for predicting BCRP inhibition activity of other untested flavonoids and for guiding the synthesis of potent BCRP inhibitors for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 517 Hochstetter Hall, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-1200, USA
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42
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Mao Q, Unadkat JD. Role of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) in drug transport. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E118-33. [PMID: 16146333 PMCID: PMC2751502 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 72-kDa breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is the second member of the subfamily G of the human ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily and thus also designated as ABCG2. Unlike P-glycoprotein and MRP1, which are arranged in 2 repeated halves, BCRP is a half-transporter consisting of only 1 nucleotide binding domain followed by 1 membrane-spanning domain. Current experimental evidence suggests that BCRP may function as a homodimer or homotetramer. Overexpression of BCRP is associated with high levels of resistance to a variety of anticancer agents, including anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, and the camptothecins, by enhancing drug efflux. BCRP expression has been detected in a large number of hematological malignancies and solid tumors, indicating that this transporter may play an important role in clinical drug resistance of cancers. In addition to its role to confer resistance against chemotherapeutic agents, BCRP actively transports structurally diverse organic molecules, conjugated or unconjugated, such as estrone-3-sulfate, 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-D-glucuronide), and methotrexate. BCRP is highly expressed in the placental syncytiotrophoblasts, in the apical membrane of the epithelium in the small intestine, in the liver canalicular membrane, and at the luminal surface of the endothelial cells of human brain microvessels. This strategic and substantial tissue localization indicates that BCRP also plays an important role in absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs that are BCRP substrates. This review summarizes current knowledge of BCRP and its relevance to multidrug resistance and drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Mao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Raaijmakers MHGP, de Grouw EPLM, Heuver LHH, van der Reijden BA, Jansen JH, Scheper RJ, Scheffer GL, de Witte TJM, Raymakers RAP. Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Drug Resistance of Primitive CD34+38− Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2436-44. [PMID: 15788695 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is considered a stem cell disease. Incomplete chemotherapeutic eradication of leukemic CD34+38- stem cells is likely to result in disease relapse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2) in drug resistance of leukemic stem cells and the effect of its modulation on stem cell eradication in AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BCRP expression (measured flow-cytometrically using the BXP21 monoclonal antibody) and the effect of its modulation (using the novel fumitremorgin C analogue KO143) on intracellular mitoxantrone accumulation and in vitro chemosensitivity were assessed in leukemic CD34+38- cells. RESULTS BCRP was preferentially expressed in leukemic CD34+38- cells and blockage of BCRP-mediated drug extrusion by the novel fumitremorgin C analogue KO143 resulted in increased intracellular mitoxantrone accumulation in these cells in the majority of patients. This increase, however, was much lower than in the mitoxantrone-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF7-MR and significant drug extrusion occurred in the presence of BCRP blockage due to the presence of additional drug transport mechanisms, among which ABCB1 and multiple drug resistance protein. In line with these findings, selective blockage of BCRP by KO143 did not enhance in vitro chemosensitivity of leukemic CD34+38- cells. CONCLUSIONS These results show that drug extrusion from leukemic stem cells is mediated by the promiscuous action of BCRP and additional transporters. Broad-spectrum inhibition, rather than modulation of single mechanisms, is therefore likely to be required to circumvent drug resistance and eradicate leukemic stem cells in AML.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase/immunology
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase/metabolism
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD34/immunology
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/classification
- Leukemia, Myeloid/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Middle Aged
- Mitoxantrone/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H G P Raaijmakers
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, St. Radboud, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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44
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Zhang S, Yang X, Morris ME. Combined effects of multiple flavonoids on breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)-mediated transport. Pharm Res 2005; 21:1263-73. [PMID: 15290869 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000033015.84146.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the dynamic parameter (EC50) of flavonoids apigenin, biochanin A, chrysin, genistein, kaempferol, hesperetin, naringenin, and silymarin for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibition when used alone, and to evaluate their potential interactions (additive, synergistic, or antagonistic) with regards to BCRP inhibition when used in multiple-flavonoid combinations. METHODS The effects of flavonoids on BCRP-mediated transport were examined by evaluating their effects on mitoxantrone accumulation and cytotoxicity in MCF-7 MX100 cells overexpressing BCRP. The EC50 values of these flavonoids for increasing mitoxantrone accumulation were estimated using a Hill equation. The potential interactions among multiple flavonoids with regard to BCRP inhibition were assessed by isobologram and Berenbaum's interaction index methods. RESULTS The EC50 values of these flavonoids for increasing mitoxantrone accumulation ranged from 0.39+/-0.13 microM to 33.7+/-2.78 microM. Quantitative analysis of the combined effects of multiple flavonoids on mitoxantrone accumulation indicated that these flavonoids act additively in inhibiting BCRP when given as 2-, 3-, 5-, or 8-flavonoid combinations with equimolar concentrations of all constituents. The results of the mitoxantrone cytotoxicity studies were consistent with these findings. CONCLUSIONS The additive effects of multiple flavonoids for BCRP inhibition suggests that prediction of BCRP-mediated food (herbal product)-drug interactions should also take into consideration the presence of multiple flavonoids and provides a rationale for using "flavonoid cocktails" as a potential approach for multidrug resistance reversal in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260, USA
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Uggla B, Ståhl E, Wågsäter D, Paul C, Karlsson MG, Sirsjö A, Tidefelt U. BCRP mRNA expression v. clinical outcome in 40 adult AML patients. Leuk Res 2005; 29:141-6. [PMID: 15607361 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Efflux pumps are considered being mechanisms behind drug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A recently described efflux pump, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), can be expressed in AML, but its clinical importance is uncertain. In this study BCRP mRNA expression was determined in samples from 40 AML patients by real-time RT-PCR. The expression varied from negative to 76 times that of control cells. There was no difference in BCRP mRNA expression between patients responding to induction treatment and non-responders. However, in the group of responders, the 14 patients with the highest expression had significantly shorter overall survival (mean 38 months, SEM 15 months) than the 14 patients with the lowest (74 months, SEM 16 months) (P = 0.047). This suggests a possible role of BCRP in drug resistance in AML.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil Uggla
- Department of Medicine, Orebro University Hospital, 701 85 Orebro, Sweden.
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Boyer J, McLean EG, Aroori S, Wilson P, McCulla A, Carey PD, Longley DB, Johnston PG. Characterization of p53 wild-type and null isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines resistant to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2158-67. [PMID: 15041737 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapies currently used in the first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, we have developed a panel of HCT116 p53 wild-type (p53(+/+)) and null (p53(-/-)) isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines resistant to the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan (CPT-11), and DNA-damaging agent oxaliplatin. These cell lines were generated by repeated exposure to stepwise increasing concentrations of each drug over a period of several months. We have demonstrated a significant decrease in sensitivity to 5-FU, CPT-11, and oxaliplatin in each respective resistant cell line relative to the parental line as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide analysis, with increases in IC(50 (72 h)) concentrations ranging from 3- to 65-fold. Using flow cytometry, we have also demonstrated compromised apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in 5-FU-, oxaliplatin-, and CPT-11-resistant cell lines compared with the parental lines after exposure to each drug. In addition, we found that resistance to 5-FU and oxaliplatin was higher in parental p53(-/-) cells compared with parental p53(+/+) cells, with an approximately 5-fold increase in IC(50 (72 h)) for each drug. In contrast, the IC(50 (72 h)) doses for CPT-11 were identical in the p53 wild-type and null cell lines. Furthermore, apoptosis after treatment with 5-FU and oxaliplatin, but not CPT-11, was significantly reduced in parental p53(-/-) cells compared with parental p53(+/+) cells. These data suggest that p53 may be an important determinant of sensitivity to 5-FU and oxaliplatin but not CPT-11. Using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we have demonstrated down-regulation of thymidine phosphorylase mRNA in both p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) 5-FU-resistant cells, suggesting that decreased production of 5-FU active metabolites may be an important resistance mechanism in these lines. In oxaliplatin-resistant cells, we noted increased mRNA levels of the nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein. In CPT-11-resistant cells, we found reduced mRNA levels of carboxylesterase, the enzyme responsible for converting CPT-11 to its active metabolite SN-38, and topoisomerase I, the SN-38 target enzyme. In addition, we noted overexpression of breast cancer resistance protein in the CPT-11-resistant lines. These cell lines are ideal tools with which to identify novel determinants of drug resistance in both the presence and absence of wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Boyer
- Department of Oncology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Suvannasankha A, Minderman H, O'Loughlin KL, Nakanishi T, Ford LA, Greco WR, Wetzler M, Ross DD, Baer MR. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/MXR/ABCG2) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: frequent expression and possible correlation with shorter disease-free survival. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:392-8. [PMID: 15521915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drugs used in treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) are substrates for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, MXR, ABCG2), which may thus play a role in resistance in this disease. Pretreatment blasts from 30 adult ALL patients were studied for BCRP mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, BCRP protein by immunophenotyping with three antibodies and BCRP function by fumitremorgin C modulation of intracellular mitoxantrone retention, measured by flow cytometry. BCRP mRNA in all cases encoded wild type protein (BCRP(R482)), which mediates mitoxantrone and methotrexate resistance, but only low-level anthracycline resistance. The BXP-21, BXP-34 and anti-ABCG2 antibodies stained blasts in 13, 11 and 14 cases (43%, 37% and 47%); BXP-21 correlated well with BXP-34 and anti-ABCG2, but BXP-34 and anti-ABCG2 did not correlate, and antibody staining did not correlate with mRNA levels. BCRP function was seen in 21 cases (70%), but correlated poorly with antibody staining. An exploratory statistical analysis indicated that BXP-21 staining was predictive of shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.0374) in this small patient population. Poor correlations between mRNA, protein and function indicate the complex biology of BCRP in adult ALL, and the possible correlation of BCRP expression with DFS should be studied in larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attaya Suvannasankha
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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García-Escarp M, Martínez-Muñoz V, Sales-Pardo I, Barquinero J, Domingo JC, Marin P, Petriz J. Flow cytometry-based approach to ABCG2 function suggests that the transporter differentially handles the influx and efflux of drugs. Cytometry A 2004; 62:129-38. [PMID: 15517563 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better characterize the function of the ABCG2 transporter in vitro, we generated three cell lines (MXRA, MXRG, and MXRT) stably expressing ABCG2 after transfection of wild-type ABCG2 and two mutants (R482G and R482T), respectively. METHODS ABCG2 expression and function were analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies, a variety of fluorescent substrates, and a series of potential inhibitors of the transporter. RESULTS ABCG2 expression was detected in all cell lines. The cell lines effluxed mitoxantrone (MXR), but only the mutants effluxed rhodamine 123 (Rho123), SYTO13, doxorubicin, and daunorubicin. After incubation with MXR, intracellular accumulations were 9- and 22-fold higher in MXRA than in MXRT and MXRG cells, respectively, suggesting that ABCG2 also modulates the influx rate of the drug. Flow cytometry kinetic studies of MXR efflux showed that MXRG cells effluxed 50% of the drug at a faster rate than MXRA and MXRT cells (t50: 15.3 min vs. 27.8 and 44.5 min, respectively). MXRG cells also extruded Rho123 and SYTO13 at a faster rate than MXRT cells. ABCG2-mediated transport was inhibited by fumitremorgin C, cyclosporine A, and PSC-833, but not by verapamil or probenecid. MXRG cells displayed the highest level of resistance to MXR, doxorubicin, and daunorubicin in the cytotoxicity assays. CONCLUSIONS Glycine mutations at position 482 have a significant impact on ABCG2 function by modifying its substrate specificity and its influx/efflux rates. This study also demonstrates that flow cytometry constitutes a powerful tool for the kinetic analysis of ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Escarp
- Unitat de Diagnòstic i Teràpia Molecular, Centre de Transfusió i Banc de Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
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Suvannasankha A, Minderman H, O'Loughlin KL, Nakanishi T, Greco WR, Ross DD, Baer MR. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/MXR/ABCG2) in acute myeloid leukemia: discordance between expression and function. Leukemia 2004; 18:1252-7. [PMID: 15208643 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Data on breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, MXR, ABCG2) expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been inconsistent, possibly due to use of different assays in different studies. BCRP mRNA was studied by the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and BCRP protein expression (BXP-21, BXP-34 or anti-ABCG2 antibody, with anti-CD34 and anti-CD33) and function (fumitremorgin C modulation of mitoxantrone retention) by flow cytometry in eight cell lines and in pretreatment blasts from 31 AML patients. BCRP mRNA levels, antibody staining and function correlated strongly in cell lines (Pearson r values, 0.73-0.97), but not in AML samples. AML sample BCRP mRNA levels were between those in parental 8226 and 35-fold mitoxantrone-resistant 8226/MR20 cells in all but one case, and BCRP mRNA had the wild-type sequence at codon 482 in all. In AML, unlike in cell lines, BCRP protein expression or function, when present, was only detected in small subpopulations. BCRP mRNA and protein expression did not correlate, nor did staining with different BCRP antibodies, and function did not correlate with mRNA nor protein expression. Presence of BCRP only in subpopulations and discordance among BCRP measurements suggest complex biology of BCRP in AML and incomplete modeling by cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suvannasankha
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Smith M, Barnett M, Bassan R, Gatta G, Tondini C, Kern W. Adult acute myeloid leukaemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 50:197-222. [PMID: 15182826 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The curability of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in a fraction of adult patients was demonstrated a long time ago. Currently, the probability of cure is consistently above fifty per cent in patients with de novo disease expressing favourable-risk associated cytogenetic features. Even better, the cure rate exceeds 75% in the acute promyelocytic subtype since the introduction of retinoic acid-containing regimens. In the meantime, continuing progress in supportive care systems and stem cell transplant procedures is making myeloablative therapies, when needed, somewhat less toxic-and thereby more effective-than in the recent past. Therefore, evidence is accumulating to indicate an improved therapeutic trend over the years, with the notable exception of older (>55 years) patients with adverse-risk chromosomal aberrations and/or leukemia secondary to myelodysplasia or prior cancer-related chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. This review conveys the many facets of this progress, focusing on diagnostic subsets, risk classes, newer biological issues and conventional as well as innovative therapeutic interventions with or without autologous/allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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