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Trpv1 and Trpa1 are not essential for Psickle-like activity in red cells of the SAD mouse model of sickle cell disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2021; 92:102619. [PMID: 34768199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2021.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular identity of Psickle, the deoxygenation-activated cation conductance of the human sickle erythrocyte, remains unknown. We observed in human sickle red cells that inhibitors of TRPA1 and TRPV1 inhibited Psickle, whereas a TRPV1 agonist activated a Psickle-like cation current. These observations prompted us to test the roles of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in Psickle in red cells of the SAD mouse model of sickle cell disease. We generated SAD mice genetically deficient in either TRPV1 or TRPA1. SAD;Trpv1-/- and SAD;Trpa1-/- mice were indistinguishable in appearance, hematological indices, and osmotic fragility from SAD mice. We found that deoxygenation-activated cation currents remained robust in SAD;Trpa1-/- and SAD;Trpv1-/- mice. In addition, 45Ca2+ influx into SAD mouse red cells during prolonged deoxygenation was not reduced in red cells from SAD;Trpa1-/- and SAD;Trpv1-/- mice. We conclude that the nonspecific cation channels TRPA1 and TRPV1 are not required for deoxygenation to stimulate Psickle-like activity in red cells of the SAD mouse model of sickle cell disease. (159).
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Abdulmalik O, Darwish NHE, Muralidharan-Chari V, Taleb MA, Mousa SA. Sulfated non-anticoagulant heparin derivative modifies intracellular hemoglobin, inhibits cell sickling in vitro, and prolongs survival of sickle cell mice under hypoxia. Haematologica 2021; 107:532-540. [PMID: 33567814 PMCID: PMC8804574 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.272393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a single point mutation, resulting in abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HbS). During hypoxia or dehydration, HbS polymerizes to form insoluble aggregates and induces sickling of red blood cells, which increases the adhesiveness of the cells, thereby altering the rheological properties of the blood, and triggers inflammatory responses, leading to hemolysis and vaso-occlusive crises. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular weight heparins have been suggested as treatments to relieve coagulation complications in SCD. However, they are associated with bleeding complications after repeated dosing. An alternative sulfated non-anticoagulant heparin derivative (S-NACH) was previously reported to have no to low systemic anticoagulant activity and no bleeding side effects, and it interfered with P-selectin-dependent binding of sickle cells to endothelial cells, with concomitant decrease in the levels of adhesion biomarkers in SCD mice. S-NACH has been further engineered and structurally enhanced to bind with and modify HbS to inhibit sickling directly, thus employing a multimodal approach. Here, we show that S-NACH can: (i) directly engage in Schiff-base reactions with HbS to decrease red blood cell sickling under both normoxia and hypoxia in vitro, (ii) prolong the survival of SCD mice under hypoxia, and (iii) regulate the altered steady state levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, our proof-of-concept, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies demonstrate that the multimodal S-NACH is a highly promising candidate for development into an improved and optimized alternative to low-molecular weight heparins for the treatment of patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Noureldien H E Darwish
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Clinical Pathology (Hematology Section), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura
| | | | - Maii Abu Taleb
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Vascular Vison Pharmaceuticals Co., 7 University Place, Rensselaer, NY.
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In vitro assessment of the anti-sickling properties of Buchholzia coriacea and Mucuna pruriens seed extracts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:773-782. [PMID: 33025340 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a group of diseases inherited through the gene and it affects the haemoglobin in the red blood cell. This study investigated the methanol seed extract of Buchholzia coriacea for possible in vitro anti-sickling effects and also determined the effect of Mucuna pruriens seed extract on the solubility and oxygen-binding rate of sickle cell haemoglobin. Sickle cell blood was collected from sickle cell disease patients with subsequent addition of 2% sodium metabisulphite to cause more sickling. Varying concentrations of the seed extracts (50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25%) were added to the pre-treated blood for these in vitro assays. The results showed that the extract of Buchholzia coriacea significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited sickling at all concentrations with the highest percentage inhibition of 73.3 ± 5.8, reversed sickled erythrocytes at all concentrations with the highest percentage reversal of 83.3 ± 5.8 and significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited polymerisation at all concentrations used in comparison to the parallel control. The extract of Mucuna pruriens seed significantly (P < 0.05) increased the solubility of sickle haemoglobin at 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% concentrations, increased Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio from 1.7 (control) to 12.2 (50% concentration) and reduced osmotic fragility (at 12.5% and 6.25% concentrations) when compared with parallel control. The results indicate the feasibility of the seed extracts as promising agents in the management of sickle cell disease.
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Ferguson SK, Redinius KM, Harral JW, Pak DI, Swindle DC, Hirai DM, Blackwell JR, Jones AM, Stenmark KR, Buehler PW, Irwin DC. The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on the speed-duration relationship in mice with sickle cell disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:474-482. [PMID: 32702277 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00122.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) causes exercise intolerance likely due to impaired skeletal muscle function and low nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Dietary nitrate improves hemodynamic and metabolic control during exercise in humans and animals. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the impact of nitrate supplementation on exercise capacity as measured by the running speed to exercise duration relationship [critical speed (CS)]in mice with SCD. We tested the hypothesis that nitrate supplementation via beetroot juice (BR) would attenuate the exercise intolerance observed in mice with SCD. Ten wild-type (WT) and 18 Berkley sickle-cell mice (BERK) received water (WT: n = 10, BERK: n = 10) or nitrate-rich BR (BERK+BR: n = 8, nitrate dose 1 mmol/kg/day) for 5 days. Following the supplementation period, all mice performed 3-5 constant-speed treadmill tests that resulted in exhaustion within 1.5 to 20 min. Time to exhaustion vs. treadmill speed was fit to a hyperbolic model to determine CS. CS was significantly lower in BERK vs. WT and BERK+BR with no significant difference between WT and BERK+BR (WT: 36.6 ± 1.6, BERK: 23.8 ± 1.5, BERK+BR: 31.1 ± 2.1 m/min, P < 0.05). Exercise tolerance, measured via CS, was significantly lower in BERK mice relative to WT. However, BERK mice receiving 5 days of nitrate supplementation exhibited no difference in exercise tolerance when compared with WT. These results support the potential utility of a dietary nitrate intervention to improve functionality in SCD patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sickle cell disease compromises muscle O2 delivery resulting in exercise intolerance. Dietary nitrate supplementation increases skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise and may improve exercise capacity in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. We investigated the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise tolerance in a mouse model of sickle cell disease using the treadmill speed-duration relationship (critical speed). Mice with sickle cell disease provided with a dietary nitrate supplement had a critical speed not significantly different from healthy wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii.,Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine M Redinius
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julie W Harral
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David I Pak
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Delaney C Swindle
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Department of Pathology and The Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David C Irwin
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Telen MJ, Malik P, Vercellotti GM. Therapeutic strategies for sickle cell disease: towards a multi-agent approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:139-158. [PMID: 30514970 PMCID: PMC6645400 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For over 100 years, clinicians and scientists have been unravelling the consequences of the A to T substitution in the β-globin gene that produces haemoglobin S, which leads to the systemic manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD), including vaso-occlusion, anaemia, haemolysis, organ injury and pain. However, despite growing understanding of the mechanisms of haemoglobin S polymerization and its effects on red blood cells, only two therapies for SCD - hydroxyurea and L-glutamine - are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Moreover, these treatment options do not fully address the manifestations of SCD, which arise from a complex network of interdependent pathophysiological processes. In this article, we review efforts to develop new drugs targeting these processes, including agents that reactivate fetal haemoglobin, anti-sickling agents, anti-adhesion agents, modulators of ischaemia-reperfusion and oxidative stress, agents that counteract free haemoglobin and haem, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-thrombotic agents and anti-platelet agents. We also discuss gene therapy, which holds promise of a cure, although its widespread application is currently limited by technical challenges and the expense of treatment. We thus propose that developing systems-oriented multi-agent strategies on the basis of SCD pathophysiology is needed to improve the quality of life and survival of people with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Telen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Punam Malik
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology and the Division of Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gregory M Vercellotti
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Okoh MP, Alli LA, Tolvanen MEE, Nwegbu MM. Herbal Drug use in Sickle Cell Disease Management; Trends and Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Africa - A Systematic Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2018; 16:372-385. [PMID: 30277160 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666181002101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nigeria has the largest burden of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) with estimated 100,000 new born affected annually. SCD is a Hemoglobin (Hb) disorder with the major form resulting from the substitution of a polar glutamate (Glu) by non-polar Valine (Val) in an invariant region of Hbβ chain-subunit. Species of Hb found in the sickle cell trait are HbA and HbS in a 60:40 proportion, in SCD only HbS, in the HbC disease only HbC, and in the SC disease it's HbS and HbC in a 50:50 equal proportion. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews herbal medicines usage in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) to ameliorate the crisis associated with SCD. The model Hb tetramer suggests a higher membrane affinity of HbS and HbC, promoting dehydration of RBCs, with concomitant in vivo crystallization. Some drawbacks using these herbal drugs include; poor bioavailability and the lack of proper pharmacovigilance monitoring procedures arising from weak governance structure combined with under reporting of herbal usage to physicians were discussed. Probable epigenetic loci that could be targeted using phytomedicines for effective SCD management were also discussed. METHODS Using search engines, several databases including Google scholar, PubMed, Academic Resource Index were utilized as a source for relevant publications/ literature. The protein coordinates for the Hb tetramer were obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). CONCLUSION Manipulation of epigenetics to achieve better SCD management involves careful thinking. Herein, we discuss some epigenetic interactions that could be putatively tweaked with a view of enhancing soluble bioactive small molecular components with the potential to reactivate γ -globin genes, thereby boosting immune response in patient with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Okoh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, P.M.B 117 FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Lukman A Alli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, P.M.B 117 FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Martti E E Tolvanen
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maxwell M Nwegbu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, P.M.B 117 FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
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7
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Ferguson SK, Redinius K, Yalamanoglu A, Harral JW, Hyen Baek J, Pak D, Loomis Z, Hassell D, Eigenberger P, Nozik-Grayck E, Nuss R, Hassell K, Stenmark KR, Buehler PW, Irwin DC. Effects of living at moderate altitude on pulmonary vascular function and exercise capacity in mice with sickle cell anaemia. J Physiol 2018; 597:1073-1085. [PMID: 29931797 DOI: 10.1113/jp275810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Sickle cell disease (SCD) results in cardiopulmonary dysfunction, which may be exacerbated by prolonged exposure to environmental hypoxia. It is currently unknown whether exposure to mild and moderate altitude exacerbates SCD associated cardiopulmonary and systemic complications. Three months of exposure to mild (1609 m) and moderate (2438 m) altitude increased rates of haemolysis and right ventricular systolic pressures in mice with SCD compared to healthy wild-type cohorts and SCD mice at sea level. The haemodynamic changes in SCD mice that had lived at mild and moderate altitude were accompanied by changes in the balance between pulmonary vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin receptor expression and impaired exercise tolerance. These data demonstrate that chronic altitude exposure exacerbates the complications associated with SCD and provides pertinent information for the clinical counselling of SCD patients. ABSTRACT Exposure to high altitude worsens symptoms and crises in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, it remains unclear whether prolonged exposure to low barometric pressures exacerbates SCD aetiologies or impairs quality of life. We tested the hypothesis that, relative to wild-type (WT) mice, Berkley sickle cell mice (BERK-SS) residing at sea level, mild (1609 m) and moderate (2438 m) altitude would have a higher rate of haemolysis, impaired cardiac function and reduced exercise tolerance, and that the level of altitude would worsen these decrements. Following 3 months of altitude exposure, right ventricular systolic pressure was measured (solid-state transducer). In addition, the adaptive balance between pulmonary vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin was assessed in lung tissue to determine differences in pulmonary vascular adaptation and the speed/duration relationship (critical speed) was used to evaluate treadmill exercise tolerance. At all altitudes, BERK-SS mice had a significantly lower percentage haemocrit and higher total bilirubin and free haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.05 for all). right ventricular systolic pressures in BERK-SS were higher than WT at moderate altitude and also compared to BERK-SS at sea level (P < 0.05, for both). Critical speed was significantly lower in BERK-SS at mild and moderate altitude (P < 0.05). BERK-SS demonstrated exacerbated SCD complications and reduced exercise capacity associated with an increase in altitude. These results suggest that exposure to mild and moderate altitude enhances the progression of SCD in BERK-SS mice compared to healthy WT cohorts and BERK-SS mice at sea level and provides crucial information for the clinical counselling of SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Ferguson
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine Redinius
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ayla Yalamanoglu
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Office of Blood Research and Review, The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie W Harral
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jin Hyen Baek
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Office of Blood Research and Review, The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Pak
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zoe Loomis
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Hassell
- Division of Hematology and Colorado Sickle Cell Treatment and Research Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul Eigenberger
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachelle Nuss
- Division of Hematology and Colorado Sickle Cell Treatment and Research Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn Hassell
- Division of Hematology and Colorado Sickle Cell Treatment and Research Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Office of Blood Research and Review, The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C Irwin
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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8
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Treating sickle cell disease by targeting HbS polymerization. Blood 2017; 129:2719-2726. [PMID: 28385699 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-765891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the root cause of sickle cell disease is the polymerization of hemoglobin S (HbS) to form fibers that make red cells less flexible, most drugs currently being assessed in clinical trials are targeting the downstream sequelae of this primary event. Less attention has been devoted to investigation of the multiple ways in which fiber formation can be inhibited. In this article, we describe the molecular rationale for 5 distinct approaches to inhibiting polymerization and also discuss progress with the few antipolymerization drugs currently in clinical trials.
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Shah S, Acholonu RG, Ohene-Frempong K, Asakura T. Filterability of freshly-collected sickle erythrocytes under venous oxygen pressure without exposure to air. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 55:328-35. [PMID: 26460256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that blood samples collected from steady-state patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) without exposure to air contain a new type of reversibly sickled cells (RSCs) with blunt edges at a level of as high as 78%. Since partial oxygenation of once-deoxygenated sickled cells with pointy edges to near venous oxygen pressure generates similar sickled cells with blunt edges in vitro, we named them as partially oxygenated sickled cells (POSCs). On the other hand, partial deoxygenation of once-oxygenated SS cells to venous oxygen pressure generates partially deoxygenated sickled cells (PDSCs) with pointy edges. In this study, we obtained blood samples from 6 steady-state patients with SCD under venous oxygen pressure without exposure to air, subjected them to various oxygenation/deoxygenation/reoxygenation cycles, and studied their filterability through a membrane filter with pore diameter of 3μm, the theoretical minimum diameter of a capillary. Our results indicated that discocytes, POSCs with blunt edges, and irreversibly sickled cells could deform and pass through the filter, while PDSCs with pointy edges were rigid and could not. The filterability of SS cells seems to be related to the length and amount of deoxy-hemoglobin S fibers in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shah
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kwaku Ohene-Frempong
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Toshio Asakura
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Natural Remedies for the Treatment of Beta-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia-Current Status and Perspectives in Fetal Hemoglobin Reactivation. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:123257. [PMID: 27350962 PMCID: PMC4897541 DOI: 10.1155/2014/123257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For the treatment of β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), pharmacological induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production may be a promising approach. To date, numerous studies have been done on identifying the novel HbF-inducing agents and understanding the underlying mechanism for stimulating the HbF production. In this review, we have summarized the identified HbF-inducing agents by far. By examining the action mechanisms of the HbF-inducing agents, various studies have suggested that despite the ability of stimulating HbF production, the chemotherapeutic agents could not be practically applied for treating β-hemoglobinopathies, especially β-thalassemia, due to the their cytotoxicity and growth-inhibitory effect. Owing to this therapeutic obstacle, much effort has been put on identifying new HbF-inducing agents from the natural world with the combination of efficacy, safety, and ease of use. Therefore, this review aims to (i) reveal the novel screening platforms for identifying potential inducers with high efficiency and accuracy and to (ii) summarize the new identified natural remedies for stimulating HbF production. Hopefully, this review can provide a new insight into the current status and future perspectives in fetal hemoglobin reactivation for treating β-thalassaemia and SCD.
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12
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Effect of NIPRISAN® on CYP3A4 activity in vitro. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:115-8. [PMID: 24464299 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
NIPRISAN(®) is a phytomedicine developed from herbal products used in folkloric practice for the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). The effect of NIPRISAN(®) was tested on human cytochrome P4503A4 drug metabolising enzyme to generate clinically significant data for its safe and efficacious use. Inhibitory activity on CYP3A4 was measured with and without the addition of NIPRISAN(®), by testing different concentrations of the product at 37 °C in reactive mixtures with ketoconazole (2.5 μM) as the positive control. Results showed a low IC(50) value of 0.06 mg/ml, indicating that metabolic processes of NIPRISAN(®) are likely to inhibit CYP3A4. The result suggests possible herb-drug interaction may occur, with potential implication on common medications that are CYP3A4 substrates. It is, therefore, advocated that concomitant administration of NIPRISAN(®) along with medications that are CYP3A4 substrates should be done with caution so as not to compromise NIPRISAN(®')s established beneficial effect in the management of SCD.
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13
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Obodozie OO, Ameh SJ, Afolabi EK, Oyedele EO, Ache TA, Onanuga CE, Ibe MC, Inyang US. A normative study of the components of niprisan--an herbal medicine for sickle cell anemia. J Diet Suppl 2013; 7:21-30. [PMID: 22435571 DOI: 10.3109/19390210903534988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Niprisan® is an herbal medicine for sickle cell anemia developed in the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD). It is prepared from pepper seeds [Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn., Piperaceae], clove flower buds [Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb., Myrtaceae], caprium stem [Pterocarpus osun (L.) Craib., Fabaceae], sorghum leaves [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Poaceae], and "trona" The components were sourced from food dealers and herbalists prequalified as suppliers by the Institute's department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine (MPRTM), based on the criteria proposed by World Health Organization (WHO, 1998. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials, pp. 1-115. Geneva: WHO) for the collection and handling of medicinal plant materials. The aim of the work is to establish limits for features that will influence decisions on the components. The paper describes and quantifies as per WHO guidelines of 1998 and British Pharmacopoeia (British Pharmacopoeia, 2004 . Volume IV. The Stationery Office Limited, London. Appendix II D, Atomic spectrophotometry: emission and absorption, pp. A143-145. Determination of pH, pp. A143-145; Appendix VL, Determination of pH Values, pp. A199-A200, 2004.), the most striking features of these components and demonstrates that all, except Eugenia caryophyllata, exist in more than one variety. The results, including the occasional presence of lead in trona, are discussed in the context of good manufacturing practice (GMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Obiageli O Obodozie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control (MCQC), National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
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14
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Dash BP, Archana Y, Satapathy N, Naik SK. Search for antisickling agents from plants. Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7:53-60. [PMID: 23922457 PMCID: PMC3731880 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The sickle cell disease is fatal in nature. Thousands of children are dying off due to this health problem throughout the globe. Due to the rapid development of diagnosis and clinical managements such patients are living up to a respectable age. But as there is no permanent cure the patients are suffering from bone and joint pain, jaundice, hepato-splenomegaly, chronic infections etc. The main physiological complicacy is due to the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS), (sickling process) inside the red blood cell (RBC) of these patients during deoxygenating state. The change of RBC from spherical to sickle shape is due to the polymerization of mutant hemoglobin (HbS) inside the RBC and membrane distortion during anoxic condition. The mechanism and the process of sickling are very complex and multifactor in nature. To get rid from such complicacies it is necessary to suitably and accurately stop the sickling of RBC of the patients. The potential anti-sickling agents either from natural sources and/or synthetic molecules may be helpful for reducing the clinical morbidity of the patients. A lot of natural compounds from plant extracts have been tried by several workers in recent past. Most of the studies are based on in vitro red cell sickling studies and their mode of action has not been properly understood. Although, few studies have been in vivo in nature pertaining to transgenic sickle animal model, there is paucity of data on the human studies. The result of such studies although has shown some degree of success, a promising anti-sickling agent is yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisnu Prasad Dash
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Mitrapur, Balasore, Odisha, India
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Imaga NA. Phytomedicines and nutraceuticals: alternative therapeutics for sickle cell anemia. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:269659. [PMID: 23476125 PMCID: PMC3586489 DOI: 10.1155/2013/269659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia is a genetically inherited disease in which the "SS" individual possesses an abnormal beta globin gene. A single base substitution in the gene encoding the human β -globin subunit results in replacement of β 6 glutamic acid by valine, leading to the devastating clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease. This substitution causes drastic reduction in the solubility of sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) when deoxygenated. Under these conditions, the HbS molecules polymerize to form long crystalline intracellular mass of fibers which are responsible for the deformation of the biconcave disc shaped erythrocyte into a sickle shape. First-line clinical management of sickle cell anemia include, use of hydroxyurea, folic acid, amino acids supplementation, penicillinprophylaxis, and antimalarial prophylaxis to manage the condition and blood transfusions to stabilize the patient's hemoglobin level. These are quite expensive and have attendant risk factors. However, a bright ray of hope involving research into antisickling properties of medicinal plants has been rewarding. This alternative therapy using phytomedicines has proven to not only reduce crisis but also reverse sickling (in vitro). The immense benefits of phytomedicines and nutraceuticals used in the management of sickle cell anemia are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi Awa Imaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Afolabi IS, Osikoya IO, Fajimi OD, Usoro PI, Ogunleye DO, Bisi-Adeniyi T, Adeyemi AO, Adekeye BT. Solenostemon monostachyus, Ipomoea involucrata and Carica papaya seed oil versus Glutathione, or Vernonia amygdalina: methanolic extracts of novel plants for the management of sickle cell anemia disease. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:262. [PMID: 23259718 PMCID: PMC3553046 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disease caused by an individual inheriting an allele for sickle cell hemoglobin from both parents and is associated with unusually large numbers of immature blood cells, containing many long, thin, crescent-shaped erythrocytes. It is a disease prevalent throughout many populations. The use of medicinal plants and nutrition in managing SCD is gaining increasing attention. METHODS The antisickling effects of Solenostemon monostachyus (SolMon), Carica papaya seed oil (Cari-oil) and Ipomoea involucrata (Ipocrata) in male (HbSSM) and female (HbSSF) human sickle cell blood was examined in vitro and compared with controls, or cells treated with glutathione or an antisickling plant (Vernonia amygdalina; VerMyg). RESULTS Levels of sickle blood cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in all the plant-extract treated SCD patients' blood compared with that of untreated SCD patients. RBCs in SolMon, Ipocrata, and Cari-oil treated samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with VerMyg-treated samples. The Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) ratio was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in all plant extract-treated HbSSM samples compared with controls. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by SolMon treatment in HbSSF compared with VerMyg. Sickle cell polymerization inhibition exhibited by SolMon was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with that of VerMyg in HbSSF blood. Sickle cell polymerization inhibition in SolMon and Ipocrata were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with VerMyg in HbSSM blood. All plant extracts significantly reduced (P < 0.05) lactate dehydrogenase activity in both HbSSM and HbSSF-treated blood. Catalase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in HbSSF blood treated with Ipocrata compared with glutathione. Cari-oil treated HbSSM and HbSSF blood had significantly increased (P < 0.05) peroxidase activity compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Methanolic extracts from S. monostachyus, C. papaya seed oil and I. involucrata exhibited particular antisickling properties coupled with the potential to reduce stress in sickle cell patients. Each plant individually or in combination may be useful for the management of sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Sunmola Afolabi
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Iyanuoluwa Olubukola Osikoya
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwabukunmi Dorcas Fajimi
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Priscilla Ibanga Usoro
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Olufunlayo Ogunleye
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Bisi-Adeniyi
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Alaba O Adeyemi
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Bosede Temitope Adekeye
- Biological Sciences Department, Covenant University, College of Science and Technology, Biochemistry Unit, Canaan Land, Km. 10, Idiroko Road, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Li H, Ko CH, Tsang SY, Leung PC, Fung MC, Fung KP. The Ethanol Extract of Fructus trichosanthis Promotes Fetal Hemoglobin Production via p38 MAPK Activation and ERK Inactivation in K562 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:657056. [PMID: 21876711 PMCID: PMC3163070 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological stimulation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression may be a promising approach for the treatment of beta-thalassemia. In this study, the effects of Fructus trichosanthis (FT) were investigated in human erythroleukemic K562 cells for their gamma-globin mRNA and HbF-induction activities. The role of signaling pathways, including extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), was also investigated. It was found that the ethanol extract of FT significantly increased gamma-globin mRNA and HbF levels, determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, in dose- and time-dependent manner. Total Hb (THb) levels were also elevated in the concentrations without cytotoxicity (<80 μg mL(-1)). Pre-treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 blocked the stimulatory effects of FT extract in total and HbF induction. In contrast, no change in HbF was observed when treated with ERK inhibitor PD98059. Furthermore, FT ethanol extract activated p38 MAPK and inhibited ERK signaling pathways in K562 cells, as revealed in western blotting analysis. In addition, SB203580 significantly abolished p38 MAPK activation when the cells were treated with FT. In summary, the ethanol extract of FT was found to be a potent inducer of HbF synthesis in K562 cells. The present data delineated the role of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling as molecular targets for pharmacologic stimulation of HbF production upon FT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Perampaladas K, Masum H, Kapoor A, Shah R, Daar AS, Singer PA. The road to commercialization in Africa: lessons from developing the sickle-cell drug Niprisan. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S11. [PMID: 21144071 PMCID: PMC3001608 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-10-s1-s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Developing novel drugs from traditional medicinal knowledge can serve as a means to improve public health. Yet countries in sub-Saharan Africa face barriers in translating traditional medicinal knowledge into commercially viable health products. Barriers in moving along the road towards making a new drug available include insufficient manufacturing capacity; knowledge sharing between scientists and medical healers; regulatory hurdles; quality control issues; pricing and distribution; and lack of financing. The case study method was used to illustrate efforts to overcome these barriers during the development in Nigeria of Niprisan – a novel drug for the treatment of sickle cell anemia, a chronic blood disorder with few effective therapies. Discussion Building on the knowledge of a traditional medicine practitioner, Nigeria’s National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) developed the traditional herbal medicine Niprisan. The commercialization of Niprisan reached a number of commercial milestones, including regulatory approval in Nigeria; securing US-based commercial partner XeChem; demonstrating clinical efficacy and safety; being awarded orphan drug status by the US Food and Drug Administration; and striking important relationships with domestic and international groups. Despite these successes, however, XeChem did not achieve mainstream success for Niprisan in Nigeria or in the United States. A number of reasons, including inconsistent funding and manufacturing and management challenges, have been put forth to explain Niprisan’s commercial demise. As of this writing, NIPRD is considering options for another commercial partner to take the drug forward. Summary Evidence from the Niprisan experience suggests that establishing benefit-sharing agreements, fostering partnerships with established research institutions, improving standardization and quality control, ensuring financial and managerial due diligence, and recruiting entrepreneurial leaders capable of holding dual scientific and business responsibilities should be incorporated into future drug development initiatives based on traditional medicines. Country-level supporting policies and conditions are also important. With more experience and support, and an improved environment for innovation, developing new drugs from traditional medicines may be an attractive approach to addressing diseases in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Perampaladas
- McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network and University of Toronto, 101 College Street Suite 406, Toronto ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
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Liu K, Xing H, Zhang S, Liu SM, Fung MC. Cucurbitacin D induces fetal hemoglobin synthesis in K562 cells and human hematopoietic progenitors through activation of p38 pathway and stabilization of the γ-globin mRNA. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 45:269-75. [PMID: 20926322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for novel therapeutic candidates targeting fetal hemoglobin (HbF) activation to reduce the imbalance of globin genes is regarded as a promising approach for the clinical management of sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. For the first time, we identified cucurbitacin D (CuD), an oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid, as a molecular entity inducing γ-globin gene expression and HbF synthesis in K562 cells and human hematopoietic progenitors from a β-thalassemia patient. CuD demonstrated a higher potency in HbF induction when compared with hydroxyurea, which was revealed by the evidence that CuD results in a higher fetal cell percentage and greater HbF content in K562 cells, in addition, to being less cytotoxic. Moreover, CuD also promotes higher HbF expression in primary erythroid cells. In the study to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of CuD's action, our data indicated that CuD-stimulated HbF synthesis was mediated by p38 pathway activation. At the post-transcriptional level, CuD treatment led to a significant elongation of the γ-globin mRNA half-life in K562 cells. Taken together, the results suggest that CuD may be a potential therapeutic agent for β-hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liu
- Department of Biology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Sickle cell anemia is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases in the world. Patients with sickle cell anemia have variable penetrance and it is hard to predict the risk and timing of complications. It is characterized by a point mutation in the beta-globin gene (GAG --> GTG) and the production of hemoglobin S. The latter leads to decreased deformability of the red blood cells (RBCs) that adhere to endothelia cells culminating in vascular occlusion and its sequelae of tissue ischemia and organ damage. Moreover, sickled RBCs undergo intravascular hemolysis and accelerated erythropoesis. The hallmarks of this disease are shortened RBC survival and vaso-occlusive crises. For the past ten years, the pathophysiology of this disease has been better elucidated and has led to significant improvements in the standard of care. Vaso-occlusion is now understood to be a complex event that involves abnormal interactions between RBCs, leukocytes, endothelial cells and the coagulation pathways. The field of translational research in sickle cell anemia has expanded greatly and has led to new clinical trials with new therapeutic agents and strategies. In this paper, we review the drugs that are now being investigated in the treatment of sickle cell anemia.
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Hankins J, Aygun B. Pharmacotherapy in sickle cell disease--state of the art and future prospects. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:296-308. [PMID: 19222472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the care of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) has undergone important advances with better understanding of disease pathophysiology and improvement in standards of care, especially among paediatric patients. Although many new drugs are currently being investigated and are at different stages of development, the pace of drug discovery and utilization has been slow and suboptimal. Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) has been investigated and utilized for at least two decades. Hydroxycarbamide's efficacy has been demonstrated, albeit with different levels of evidence, in paediatric and adult populations, and yet clinician and patient acceptance and use have been far from ideal. In this review we discuss the current usage of hydroxycarbamide and its possible future indications in SCD, as well as the use of new compounds that have very different mechanisms of action, which may prove safe and efficacious when used alone or in combination in patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hankins
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Abstract
Despite an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), there remains a paucity of available agents for the prevention and treatment of specific SCD-related complications. Recently, there has been significant progress in the development of novel drugs for this disease. These agents, which increase the production of fetal hemoglobin, improve red blood cell hydration, increase the availability of nitric oxide and possess anti-inflammatory effects, are in varying stages of clinical development. With the complex pathophysiology of SCD, it is unlikely that a single agent will prevent or treat all the sequelae of this disease. As a result, patients may benefit from treatment with a combination of agents that possess different mechanisms of action. This overview discusses selected novel agents that appear promising in SCD.
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Abstract
AbstractDespite an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), there remains a paucity of available agents for the prevention and treatment of specific SCD-related complications. Recently, there has been significant progress in the development of novel drugs for this disease. These agents, which increase the production of fetal hemoglobin, improve red blood cell hydration, increase the availability of nitric oxide and possess anti-inflammatory effects, are in varying stages of clinical development. With the complex pathophysiology of SCD, it is unlikely that a single agent will prevent or treat all the sequelae of this disease. As a result, patients may benefit from treatment with a combination of agents that possess different mechanisms of action. This overview discusses selected novel agents that appear promising in SCD.
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25
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The impact of supramolecular chemistry in medicine: removing the border between infectious and non-infectious diseases. Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:881-5. [PMID: 18762388 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept, molecular self-assembly, has a profoundly novel effect on thoughts and efforts related to medicine and pharmacology. This new style of thinking calls for a range of new researches based on new predictions about disease mechanisms (especially autoimmune diseases, endocrinopathies, and neoplasms) and relevant treatment strategies (superstructural pharmaceuticals). Thanks to this new point of view the most fundamental issue in physiology is the quest of how biological systems exert control on the self-assembly of their components and the most fundamental issue in pathology is the quest of how self-assembly of an undesired superstructure triggers a network of events that result in a particular disease state. Therefore, every disease (infectious or non-infectious) must have a superstructural disease agent (SDA). Sophisticated superstructures like bacteria and viruses are stable and long living and thus infectious but simpler SDAs are unstable and short living thus less infectious. Then we can see how diseases like sarcoidosis, currently classified as non-infectious, are indeed infectious. From this point of view, the fact that one viral infection is protective against a second viral infection can be seen as a superstructural drug that protects against a superstructural disease agent. So it becomes understandable how one opportunistic infection in a late-stage HIV-infected individual may cause de-establishment of HIV-infection in a long-term survivor.
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Abstract
Developments in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) have not kept pace with advances in understanding the pathophysiology of this haemoglobinopathy. Drugs undergoing preclinical and clinical assessment for the therapy of these globin gene disorders are discussed in this article. Beginning with investigational agents for treatment of SCD as a whole, the discussion proceeds to drugs being developed for specific manifestations or iatrogenic complications. Despite being licensed in the USA, the prototype antisickling agent, hydroxycarbamide, has not attained worldwide clinical use because of concerns about long-term toxicity. The less toxic decitabine, which (as with hydroxycarbamide) increases fetal haemoglobin level, cannot be administered orally; therefore, the search continues for effective and safe antisickling drugs that can be taken orally. The naturally occurring benzaldehyde 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural has shown promising antisickling properties in vitro, and when administered to transgenic sickle mice. These effects are surpassed by the new synthetic pyridyl derivatives of benzaldehyde. Studies in humans with SCD are required to assess the clinical efficacy of these benzaldehydes. Niprisan, another antisickling agent with significant clinical efficacy and an attractive safety profile, is undergoing further development. The prospects of antiadhesion therapy in SCD are demonstrated by a recombinant protein containing the Fc fragment of IgG fused to the natural ligand for selectins: the conjugate significantly inhibited blood vessel occlusion in transgenic sickle mice. Whereas the orally administrable iron-chelating agent deferasirox is likely to increasingly take the place of desferioxamine (which can only be given parenterally), effective treatment of priapism in SCD remains a distressing challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides/pharmacology
- Acetamides/therapeutic use
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/drug therapy
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/metabolism
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/therapy
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Antisickling Agents/pharmacology
- Antisickling Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzaldehydes/pharmacology
- Benzaldehydes/therapeutic use
- Benzoates/administration & dosage
- Benzoates/therapeutic use
- Carnitine/therapeutic use
- Cell Adhesion
- Deferasirox
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Etilefrine/therapeutic use
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/pharmacology
- Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Iron Chelating Agents/administration & dosage
- Iron Chelating Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/therapeutic use
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/antagonists & inhibitors
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/metabolism
- Priapism/drug therapy
- Priapism/etiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Triazoles/administration & dosage
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
- Trityl Compounds/pharmacology
- Trityl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheanyi Okpala
- St Thomas' Hospital, University of London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Viola G, Vedaldi D, Dall'Acqua F, Fortunato E, Basso G, Bianchi N, Zuccato C, Borgatti M, Lampronti I, Gambari R. Induction of gamma-globin mRNA, erythroid differentiation and apoptosis in UVA-irradiated human erythroid cells in the presence of furocumarin derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:810-25. [PMID: 18022602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoralens, also known as furocoumarins, are a class of photosensitizers largely used in the therapy of various skin diseases. In this study we have evaluated the combined effects of UVA irradiation and furocoumarins derivatives on (a) erythroid differentiation and apoptosis of human leukemia K562 cells and (b) globin gene expression in cultures of human erythroid progenitors derived from the peripheral blood. To prove the activity of a series of linear and angular furocoumarins derivatives, we employed the human leukemia K562 cell line and the two-phase liquid culture procedure for growing erythroid progenitors. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase-chain assay (Q-RT-PCR) was employed for quantification of the accumulation of globin mRNAs. The results obtained demonstrate that both linear and angular furocoumarins are strong inducers of erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. From a preliminary screening, we have selected two derivatives, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) and trimethylangelicin (TMA), for which we have investigated their mechanism of action. The cell cycle analysis showed that these derivatives induce, after irradiation, a cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by apoptosis. Mitochondrial depolarisation and caspases activation seem to be involved in the mechanism of cell death. In erythroid precursor cells, psoralens in combination with UVA irradiation, stimulate at very low concentrations a preferential increase of gamma-globin mRNA. Altogether, these data suggest that psoralen derivatives warrant further evaluation as potential therapeutic drugs in beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Viola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:461-77. [PMID: 17309302 DOI: 10.1021/np068054v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2609] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This review is an updated and expanded version of two prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997 and 2003. In the case of all approved agents the time frame has been extended to include the 251/2 years from 01/1981 to 06/2006 for all diseases worldwide and from 1950 (earliest so far identified) to 06/2006 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. We have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic" or "NM" to join the original primary divisions. From the data presented, the utility of natural products as sources of novel structures, but not necessarily the final drug entity, is still alive and well. Thus, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from around the 1940s to date, of the 155 small molecules, 73% are other than "S" (synthetic), with 47% actually being either natural products or directly derived therefrom. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked, with, as expected from prior information, the antiinfective area being dependent on natural products and their structures. Although combinatorial chemistry techniques have succeeded as methods of optimizing structures and have, in fact, been used in the optimization of many recently approved agents, we are able to identify only one de novo combinatorial compound approved as a drug in this 25 plus year time frame. We wish to draw the attention of readers to the rapidly evolving recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated", and therefore we consider that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abdulmalik O, Safo MK, Chen Q, Yang J, Brugnara C, Ohene-Frempong K, Abraham DJ, Asakura T. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural modifies intracellular sickle haemoglobin and inhibits sickling of red blood cells. Br J Haematol 2005; 128:552-61. [PMID: 15686467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to find new types of anti-sickling agents that specifically bind to intracellular sickle haemoglobin (HbS) without inhibition by plasma and tissue proteins or other undesirable consequences, we identified 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF), a naturally occurring aromatic aldehyde, as an agent that fulfils this criterion. Preliminary studies in vitro showed that 5HMF forms a high-affinity Schiff-base adduct with HbS and inhibits red cell sickling by allosterically shifting oxygen equilibrium curves towards the left. Further studies with transgenic (Tg) sickle mice showed that orally administered 5HMF was rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract without being destroyed, traversed the red blood cell membrane and specifically bound with, and modified, HbS molecules at levels as high as 90%. Pretreatment of Tg sickle mice with 5HMF inhibited the formation of sickle cells and significantly prolonged survival time under severe hypoxia, compared with untreated mice, which died within 15 min because of sickling-dependent pulmonary sequestration. These results indicate the feasibility of 5HMF as an attractive potential candidate for therapy of sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Trampont P, Roudier M, Andrea AM, Nomal N, Mignot TM, Leborgne-Samuel Y, Ravion S, Clayton J, Mary D, Elion J, Decastel M. The placental-umbilical unit in sickle cell disease pregnancy: A model for studying in vivo functional adjustments to hypoxia in humans. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:1353-9. [PMID: 15668892 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The placental-umbilical unit in sickle cell disease (SCD) pregnancy was used to explore hypoxia in vivo, an important factor in the pathophysiology of this disease. Gross examination and microscopic analysis of the placentas, taken immediately after delivery, indicate good concordance between maturity and term as controls, but higher frequency of vascular injuries such as excess syncytial knots, excess fibrin deposits, congestion and villous necroses. Unexpectedly, neither leukocyte recruitment nor alteration in extraplacental membrane was observed, suggesting the absence of inflammation. Additionally, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 concentrations, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were similar in the placental maternal blood from controls and SCD. There were also no significant differences found in IL-6 vein blood concentrations between controls and SCD, IL-8 being not detected. Immunostaining of umbilical vein endothelium in SCD pregnancies showed redistribution of PECAM-1 (CD31), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and P-selectin to the cell surface, controls exhibiting the classical pattern. Staining quantification indicated increases in vWF (+36.2%; P=.006) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression (+96.0%; P=.006) over control, but a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (-45.5%; P=.029). These results document, for the first time, direct functional adjustments in response to hypoxia in human in vivo. The mechanism for these changes has not been clearly established, but it may reflect increased tolerance to SCD hypoxic conditions and hypoxia in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Trampont
- UMR-S458 INSERM Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Paris, France
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Zhang C, Li X, Lian L, Chen Q, Abdulmalik O, Vassilev V, Lai CS, Asakura T. Anti-sickling effect of MX-1520, a prodrug of vanillin: anin vivostudy using rodents. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:788-95. [PMID: 15180869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin, a food additive, covalently binds with sickle haemoglobin (Hb S), inhibits cell sickling and shifts the oxygen equilibrium curve towards the left. These effects would potentially benefit patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, vanillin has no therapeutic effect if given orally because orally administered vanillin is rapidly decomposed in the upper digestive tract. To overcome this problem, a vanillin prodrug, MX-1520, which is biotransformed to vanillin in vivo, was synthesized. Studies using transgenic sickle mice, which nearly exclusively develop pulmonary sequestration upon exposure to hypoxia, showed that oral administration of MX-1520 prior to hypoxia exposure significantly reduced the percentage of sickled cells in the blood. The survival time under severe hypoxic conditions was prolonged from 6.6 +/- 0.8 min in untreated animals to 28.8 +/- 12 min (P < 0.05) and 31 +/- 7.5 min (P < 0.05) for doses of 137.5 and 275 mg/kg respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of MX-1520 to bypass possible degradation in the digestive tract showed that doses as low as 7 mg/kg prolonged the survival time and reduced the percentage of sickled cells during hypoxia exposure. These results demonstrate the potential for MX-1520 to be a new and safe anti-sickling agent for patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Zhang
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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