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Esnault S, Jarjour NN. Development of Adaptive Immunity and Its Role in Lung Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:287-351. [PMID: 37464127 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airflow limitations resulting from bronchial closure, which can be either reversible or fixed due to changes in airway tissue composition and structure, also known as remodeling. Airway remodeling is defined as increased presence of mucins-producing epithelial cells, increased thickness of airway smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, increased number and activation state of fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Airway inflammation is believed to be the main cause of the development of airway remodeling in asthma. In this chapter, we will review the development of the adaptive immune response and the impact of its mediators and cells on the elements defining airway remodeling in asthma.
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Li B, Xiao Q, Liu J, Mu X, Zhang J, Qi Y, Zhang B, Xiao P, Liu H. Chemical Characterization and Potential Mechanism of the Anti-Asthmatic Activity of a Subfraction from Schisandra chinensis Fruit Extract. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5015-5025. [PMID: 35416657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis fruit is a widely edible and medicinal resource, whose extract had a good inhibitory effect on airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. However, the main active components remain unknown. In this work, we found that PET2, a subfraction of its ethanolic extract petroleum ether, displayed significant anti-inflammatory effects in interleukin (IL)-4/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Meanwhile, in the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma mice model, PET2 (200 and 400 mg/kg) had significant effects on attenuating airway inflammatory cell infiltration and reducing serum Th2-related cytokines. Further studies led to the isolation and identification of 14 compounds, guided by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based rapid characterization of chemical constituents. Combining network pharmacology analysis and in vitro experiments, we found that six compounds from PET2 had good anti-inflammatory properties. The potential mechanism may be involved in Fc epsilon RI, T cell receptor, and Jak-STAT signaling pathways. This study clarified the anti-inflammatory properties of the main active fraction and active compounds of S. chinensis fruit and provided a theoretical basis for its anti-asthma scientific utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiushi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinlu Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaodong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bengang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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Bottemanne P, Paquot A, Ameraoui H, Guillemot-Legris O, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. 25-Hydroxycholesterol metabolism is altered by lung inflammation, and its local administration modulates lung inflammation in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21514. [PMID: 33734509 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002555r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of many lung diseases including asthma and acute lung injury (ALI). Using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we quantified the levels of oxysterols in two different murine models of lung diseases. These are lipid mediators derived from cholesterol and known to modulate immunity and inflammation. Interestingly, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) was the only oxysterol with altered levels during lung inflammation, and its levels were differently affected according to the model. Therefore, we sought to assess how this oxysterol would affect lung inflammatory responses. In a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung inflammation, 25-OHC levels were increased, and most of the hallmarks of the model (eg, leukocyte recruitment, mRNA expression, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines) were decreased following its intratracheal administration. We also found that, when administered in the lung, 25-OHC is metabolized locally into 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate and 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol. Their administration in the lungs did not recapitulate all the effects of 25-OHC. Conversely, in a model of allergic asthma induced by intranasal administration of house dust mites (HDM), 25-OHC levels were decreased, and when intranasally administered, this oxysterol worsened the hallmarks of the model (eg, leukocyte recruitment, tissue remodeling [epithelium thickening and peribranchial fibrosis], and cytokine expression) and induced changes in leukotriene levels. Ex vivo, we found that 25-OHC decreases LPS-induced primary alveolar macrophage activation while having no effect on neutrophil activation. Its sulfated metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate, decreased neutrophil, but not macrophage activation. Taken together, our data support a differential role of 25-OHC in ALI and allergic inflammation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bottemanne
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrien Paquot
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Lee AJ, Lim JW, Kim H. Ascorbic Acid Suppresses House Dust Mite-Induced Expression of Interleukin-8 in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:64-70. [PMID: 33842407 PMCID: PMC8020177 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) is one of the significant causes for airway inflammation such as asthma. It induces oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in the lungs through the release of chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate inflammatory signaling mediators such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and redox-sensitive transcription factors including NF-κB and AP-1. Ascorbic acid shows an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in various cells. It ameliorated the symptoms of HDM-induced rhinitis. The present study was aimed to investigate whether HDM could induce IL-8 expression through activation of MAPKs, NF-κB, and AP-1 and whether ascorbic acid could inhibit HDM-stimulated IL-8 expression by reducing ROS and suppressing activation of MAPKs, NF-κB, and AP-1 in respiratory epithelial H292 cells. H292 cells were treated with HDM (5 μg/mL) in the absence or presence of ascorbic acid (100 or 200 μM). HDM treatment increased ROS levels, and activated MAPKs, NF-κB, and AP-1 and thus, induced IL-8 expression in H292 cells. Ascorbic acid reduced ROS levels and inhibited activation of MAPKs, NF-κB and AP-1 and L-8 expression in H292 cells. In conclusion, consumption of ascorbic acid-rich foods may be beneficial for prevention of HDM-mediated respiratory inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress-mediated MAPK signaling pathways and activation of NF-kB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Jun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK 21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK 21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK 21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Gurgone D, McShane L, McSharry C, Guzik TJ, Maffia P. Cytokines at the Interplay Between Asthma and Atherosclerosis? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:166. [PMID: 32194407 PMCID: PMC7064545 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important comorbidity in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, evidence in highly prevalent respiratory disease such as asthma are still limited. Epidemiological and clinical data are not univocal in supporting the hypothesis that asthma and CVD are linked and the mechanisms of this relationship remain poorly defined. In this review, we explore the relationship between asthma and cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on cytokine contribution to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This is important in the context of recent evidence linking broad inflammatory signaling to cardiovascular events. However inflammatory regulation in asthma is different to the one typically observed in atherosclerosis. We focus on the contribution of cytokine networks encompassing IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-33 but also IFN-γ and TNF-α to vascular dysfunction in atherosclerosis. In doing so we highlight areas of unmet need and possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Gurgone
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucy McShane
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charles McSharry
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Pu Y, Liu YQ, Zhou Y, Qi YF, Liao SP, Miao SK, Zhou LM, Wan LH. Dual role of RACK1 in airway epithelial mesenchymal transition and apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3656-3668. [PMID: 32064783 PMCID: PMC7131927 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) are two crucial components of asthma pathogenesis, concomitantly mediated by TGF‐β1. RACK1 is the downstream target gene of TGF‐β1 shown to enhancement in asthma mice in our previous study. Balb/c mice were sensitized twice and challenged with OVA every day for 7 days. Transformed human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS‐2B cells were cultured and exposed to recombinant soluble human TGF‐β1 to induced apoptosis (30 ng/mL, 72 hours) and EMT (10 ng/mL, 48 hours) in vitro, respectively. siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors were used to evaluate the regulation of RACK1 protein in apoptosis and EMT. Western blotting analysis and immunostaining were used to detect the protein expressions in vivo and in vitro. Our data showed that RACK1 protein levels were significantly increased in OVA‐challenged mice, as well as TGF‐β1‐induced apoptosis and EMT of BEAS‐2B cells. Knockdown of RACK1 (siRACK1) significantly inhibited apoptosis and decreased TGF‐β1 up‐regulated EMT related protein levels (N‐cadherin and Snail) in vitro via suppression of JNK and Smad3 activation. Moreover, siSmad3 or siJNK impaired TGF‐β1‐induced N‐cadherin and Snail up‐regulation in vitro. Importantly, JNK gene silencing (siERK) also impaired the regulatory effect of TGF‐β1 on Smad3 activation. Our present data demonstrate that RACK1 is a concomitant regulator of TGF‐β1 induces airway apoptosis and EMT via JNK/Smad/Snail signalling axis. Our findings may provide a new insight into understanding the regulation mechanism of RACK1 in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuan-Qi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Qi
- Grade 2015, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shi-Ping Liao
- Functional Laboratory, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shi-Kun Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li-Hong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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Gilpin DF, McGown KA, Gallagher K, Bengoechea J, Dumigan A, Einarsson G, Elborn JS, Tunney MM. Electronic cigarette vapour increases virulence and inflammatory potential of respiratory pathogens. Respir Res 2019; 20:267. [PMID: 31847850 PMCID: PMC6918581 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacteria have been extensively implicated in the development of smoking related diseases, such as COPD, by either direct infection or bacteria-mediated inflammation. In response to the health risks associated with tobacco exposure, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has increased. This study compared the effect of e-cig vapour (ECV) and cigarette smoke (CSE) on the virulence and inflammatory potential of key lung pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). METHODS Biofilm formation, virulence in the Galleria mellonella infection model, antibiotic susceptibility and IL-8/TNF-α production in A549 cells, were compared between bacteria exposed to ECV, CSE and non-exposed bacteria. RESULTS Statistically significant increases in biofilm and cytokine secretion were observed following bacterial exposure to either ECV or CSE, compared to non-exposed bacteria; the effect of exposure to ECV on bacterial phenotype and virulence was comparable, and in some cases greater, than that observed following CSE exposure. Treatment of A549 cells with cell signaling pathway inhibitors prior to infection, did not suggest that alternative signaling pathways were being activated following exposure of bacteria to either ECV or CSE. CONCLUSIONS These findings therefore suggest that ECV and CSE can induce changes in phenotype and virulence of key lung pathogens, which may increase bacterial persistence and inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre F Gilpin
- Halo Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Katie-Ann McGown
- Halo Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kevin Gallagher
- Halo Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jose Bengoechea
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Amy Dumigan
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Gisli Einarsson
- Halo Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael M Tunney
- Halo Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, UK
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Abs V, Bonicelli J, Kacza J, Zizzadoro C, Abraham G. Equine bronchial fibroblasts enhance proliferation and differentiation of primary equine bronchial epithelial cells co-cultured under air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225025. [PMID: 31721813 PMCID: PMC6853605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts play a key role in wound repair and remodelling in the asthmatic airway epithelium. We present the establishment of a co-culture model using primary equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBECs) and equine bronchial fibroblasts (EBFs). EBFs at passage between 4 and 8 were seeded on the bottom of 24-well plates and treated with mitomycin C at 80% confluency. Then, freshly isolated (P0) or passaged (P1) EBECs were seeded on the upper surface of membrane inserts that had been placed inside the EBF-containing well plates and grown first under liquid-liquid interface (LLI) then under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions to induce epithelial differentiation. Morphological, structural and functional markers were monitored in co-cultured P0 and P1 EBEC monolayers by phase-contrast microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin, immunocytochemistry as well as by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transepithelial transport of selected drugs. After about 15–20 days of co-culture at ALI, P0 and P1 EBEC monolayers showed pseudo-stratified architecture, presence of ciliated cells, typically honeycomb-like pattern of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) expression, and intact selective barrier functions. Interestingly, some notable differences were observed in the behaviour of co-cultured EBECs (adhesion to culture support, growth rate, differentiation rate) as compared to our previously described EBEC mono-culture system, suggesting that cross-talk between epithelial cells and fibroblasts actually takes place in our current co-culture setup through paracrine signalling. The EBEC-EBF co-culture model described herein will offer the opportunity to investigate epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions and underlying disease mechanisms in the equine airways, thereby leading to a better understanding of their relevance to pathophysiology and treatment of equine and human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abs
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Bonicelli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, SP 62 per Casamassima, km, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Getu Abraham
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tu G, Ju M, Zheng Y, Hao G, Ma G, Hou J, Zhang X, Luo Z, Lu L. CXCL16/CXCR6 is involved in LPS-induced acute lung injury via P38 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5380-5389. [PMID: 31199046 PMCID: PMC6653424 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several chemokines play key roles in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), the roles of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6) in ALI pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. The mRNA and protein expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 was detected after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation with or without treatment with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). Lung injury induced by LPS was evaluated in CXCR6 knockout mice. CXCL16 level was elevated in the serum of ALI patients (n = 20) compared with healthy controls (n = 30). CXCL16 treatment (50, 100, and 200 ng/mL) in 16HBE cells significantly decreased the epithelial barrier integrity and E-cadherin expression, and increased CXCR6 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and p38 phosphorylation. Knockdown of CXCR6 or treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 abolished the effects of CXCL16. Moreover, treatment of 16HBE cells with LPS (5, 10, 20 and 50 μg/mL) significantly increased CXCL16 release as well as the mRNA and protein levels of CXCL16 and CXCR6. The effects of LPS treatment (20 μg/mL) were abolished by treatment with PDTC. The results of the luciferase assay further demonstrated that PDTC treatment markedly inhibited the activity of the CXCL16 promoter. In conclusion, CXCL16, whose transcription was enhanced by LPS, may be involved in ROS production, epithelial barrier dysfunction and E-cadherin down-regulation via p38 signalling, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of ALI. Importantly, CXCR6 knockout or inhibition of p38 signalling may protect mice from LPS-induced lung injury by decreasing E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐wei Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Min‐jie Ju
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi‐jun Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guang‐wei Hao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guo‐guang Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun‐yi Hou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐peng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Li‐ming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Brasier AR. Therapeutic targets for inflammation-mediated airway remodeling in chronic lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2018; 12:931-939. [PMID: 30241450 PMCID: PMC6485244 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1526677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute exacerbations of chronic lung disease account for substantial morbidity and health costs. Repeated inflammatory episodes and attendant bronchoconstriction cause structural remodeling of the airway. Remodeling is a multicellular response to mucosal injury that results in epithelial cell-state changes, enhanced extracellular deposition, and expansion of pro-fibrotic myofibroblast populations. Areas covered: This manuscript overviews mechanistic studies identifying key sentinel cell populations in the airway and how pattern recognition signaling induces maladaptive mucosal changes and airway remodeling. Studies elucidating how NFκB couples with an atypical histone acetyltransferase, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) that reprograms mucosal fibrogenic responses, are described. The approaches to development and characterization of selective inhibitors of epigenetic reprogramming on innate inflammation and structural remodeling in preclinical models are detailed. Expert commentary: Bronchiolar cells derived from Scgb1a1-expressing progenitors function as major sentinel cells of the airway, responsible for initiating antiviral and aeroallergen responses. In these sentinel cells, activation of innate inflammation is coupled to neutrophilic recruitment, mesenchymal transition and myofibroblast expansion. Therapeutics targeting the NFkB-BRD4 may be efficacious in reducing pathological effects of acute exacerbations in chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
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11
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Lin R, Choi YH, Zidar DA, Walker JKL. β-Arrestin-2-Dependent Signaling Promotes CCR4-mediated Chemotaxis of Murine T-Helper Type 2 Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:745-755. [PMID: 29361236 PMCID: PMC6002661 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0240oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complex inflammatory disease that leads to significant healthcare costs and reduction in quality of life. Although many cell types are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, CD4+ T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cells are centrally involved. We previously reported that the asthma phenotype is virtually absent in ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice that lack global expression of β-arrestin (β-arr)-2 and that CD4+ T cells from these mice displayed significantly reduced CCL22-mediated chemotaxis. Because CCL22-mediated activation of CCR4 plays a role in Th2 cell regulation in asthmatic inflammation, we hypothesized that CCR4-mediated migration of CD4+ Th2 cells to the lung in asthma may use β-arr-dependent signaling. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of various signaling inhibitors on CCL22-induced chemotaxis using in vitro-polarized primary CD4+ Th2 cells from β-arr2-knockout and wild-type mice. Our results show, for the first time, that CCL22-induced, CCR4-mediated Th2 cell chemotaxis is dependent, in part, on a β-arr2-dependent signaling pathway. In addition, we show that this chemotactic signaling mechanism involves activation of P-p38 and Rho-associated protein kinase. These findings point to a proinflammatory role for β-arr2-dependent signaling and support β-arr2 as a novel therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
| | - Yeon ho Choi
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
| | - David A. Zidar
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Julia K. L. Walker
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
- Duke University School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
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van der Velden JL, Wagner DE, Lahue KG, Abdalla ST, Lam YW, Weiss DJ, Janssen-Heininger YMW. TGF-β1-induced deposition of provisional extracellular matrix by tracheal basal cells promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase-1-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L984-L997. [PMID: 29469614 PMCID: PMC6032072 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00053.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells have been suggested as potential drivers of lung fibrosis, although the epithelial-dependent pathways that promote fibrogenesis remain unknown. Extracellular matrix is increasingly recognized as an environment that can drive cellular responses in various pulmonary diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated mouse tracheal basal (MTB) cells produce provisional matrix proteins in vitro, which initiate mesenchymal changes in subsequently freshly plated MTB cells via Rho kinase- and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1)-dependent processes. Repopulation of decellularized lung scaffolds, derived from mice with bleomycin-induced fibrosis or from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, with wild-type MTB cells resulted in a loss of epithelial gene expression and augmentation of mesenchymal gene expression compared with cells seeded into decellularized normal lungs. In contrast, Jnk1-/- basal cells seeded into fibrotic lung scaffolds retained a robust epithelial expression profile, failed to induce mesenchymal genes, and differentiated into club cell secretory protein-expressing cells. This new paradigm wherein TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix derived from MTB cells activates a JNK1-dependent mesenchymal program, which impedes subsequent normal epithelial cell homeostasis, provides a plausible scenario of chronic aberrant epithelial repair, thought to be critical in lung fibrogenesis. This study identifies JNK1 as a possible target for inhibition in settings wherein reepithelialization is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering, and Regeneration, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolyn G Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sarah T Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
- Vermont Genetics Networks Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont , Burlington, Vermont
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Samanta K, Parekh AB. Store-operated Ca2+ channels in airway epithelial cell function and implications for asthma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0424. [PMID: 27377718 PMCID: PMC4938024 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the lung are at the interface of a host and its environment and are therefore directly exposed to the inhaled air-borne particles. Rather than serving as a simple physical barrier, airway epithelia detect allergens and other irritants and then help organize the subsequent immune response through release of a plethora of secreted signals. Many of these signals are generated in response to opening of store-operated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the properties of airway store-operated channels and their role in regulating airway epithelial cell function. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Anant B Parekh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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14
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Zhao YL, Cao J, Shang JH, Liu YP, Khan A, Wang HS, Qian Y, Liu L, Ye M, Luo XD. Airways antiallergic effect and pharmacokinetics of alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 27:63-72. [PMID: 28314480 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae), an important herbal medicine, has been widely used to treat respiratory tract diseases, such as cough, asthma, phlegm, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PURPOSE To evaluate pharmacological effect of alkaloids from A. scholaris on ovalbumin induced airways allergic inflammatory model, and explore whether the dosing frequency is related to pharmacokinetics. STUDY DESIGN After oral administration of total alkaloids, the pharmacokinetic study of it was investigated. In addition, anti-allergic studies were carried out on ovalbumin-sensitized airways allergic inflammatory model of mice. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of total alkaloids (TA) was investigated in SD rat plasma by a fully-validated LC-MS/MS method. Then, an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized airways allergic inflammatory model was established, in which mice were intra-gastrically administrated by 3 times a day (8.3 and 16.7mg/kg) based on the pharmacokinetic behavior of TA) and single (25, 50mg/kg) treatment regimen. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control for corticosteroid drugs. Cellular infiltration was assessed in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Expressions of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the BALF were determined, levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eotaxin in serum were measured, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the serum and BALF were examined. Finally, histopathological examination in the lung was assessed by H. E. staining. RESULTS The time course of plasma concentration of 4 bioactive indole alkaloids fitted an open two-compartment model after oral administration of total alkaloids at doses of 10, 25, and 50mg/kg. The area under the curve and the maximum concentration values of four major alkaloids increased dose-dependently, and half-life suggested a short-lasting pharmacological effect. Then, an ovalbumin-provoked airways allergic inflammatory model indicated that the pharmacological effect of administration of total alkaloids 3 times a day was a little better than that of single dose daily. The percentage of eosinophils in BALF was reduced obviously and the pathological damage of lung was also attenuated. There was also a significant reduction in IL-4 and promotion in IL-10 in the BALF. Serum IgE and eotaxin expression also significantly decreased in treated animals. Furthermore, the activity of SOD elevated remarkably and lipid peroxidation product (MDA) decreased in the administrated mice. CONCLUSION The pharmacological effects administrated for 3 times a day had precedence over single dose daily, which was related to the prolonged retention time and the maintained plasma concentration. Moreover, scholaricine and vallesamine might be responsible for the treatment of allergic asthma, mainly in total alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Afsar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Province, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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15
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Singh J, Shah R, Singh D. Inundation of asthma target research: Untangling asthma riddles. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 41:60-85. [PMID: 27667568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inveterate inflammatory disorder, delineated by the airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and airway wall remodeling. Although, asthma is a vague term, and is recognized as heterogenous entity encompassing different phenotypes. Targeting single mediator or receptor did not prove much clinical significant, as asthma is complex disease involving myriad inflammatory mediators. Asthma may probably involve a large number of different types of molecular and cellular components interacting through complex pathophysiological pathways. This review covers the past, present, and future therapeutic approaches and pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma. Furthermore, review describe importance of targeting several mediators/modulators and receptor antagonists involved in the physiopathology of asthma. Novel targets for asthma research include Galectins, Immunological targets, K + Channels, Kinases and Transcription Factors, Toll-like receptors, Selectins and Transient receptor potential channels. But recent developments in asthma research are very promising, these include Bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) abated airway obstruction in mouse model of asthma and Calcium-sensing receptor obliterate inflammation and in bronchial hyperresponsiveness allergic asthma. All these progresses in asthma targets, and asthma phenotypes exploration are auspicious in untangling of asthma riddles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Ramanpreet Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
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16
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Evidences of Herbal Medicine-Derived Natural Products Effects in Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2348968. [PMID: 27445433 PMCID: PMC4942669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2348968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation is a hallmark of many respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute respiratory syndrome distress (ARDS). Most of these diseases are treated with anti-inflammatory therapy in order to prevent or to reduce the pulmonary inflammation. Herbal medicine-derived natural products have been used in folk medicine and scientific studies to evaluate the value of these compounds have grown in recent years. Many substances derived from plants have the biological effects in vitro and in vivo, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Among the biological activities of natural products derived from plants can be pointed out the anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiplatelet, antitumor anti-allergic activities, and antioxidant. Although many reports have evaluated the effects of these compounds in experimental models, studies evaluating clinical trials are scarce in the literature. This review aims to emphasize the effects of these different natural products in pulmonary diseases in experimental models and in humans and pointing out some possible mechanisms of action.
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Zhao YL, Shang JH, Pu SB, Wang HS, Wang B, Liu L, Liu YP, Shen HM, Luo XD. Effect of total alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris on airway inflammation in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 178:258-265. [PMID: 26707569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae) have been traditionally used for treatment of respiratory diseases in "dai" ethnopharmacy for hundreds years, especially for cough, asthma, phlegm, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and so on. The formulas including the leaf extract have also been prescribed in hospitals and sold over the retail pharmacies. AIM OF THE STUDY A. scholaris is used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of respiratory tract inflammation. However, there is no scientific evidence to validate the use of total alkaloids of A. scholaris in the literature. Here, we investigated the protective activity of total alkaloids (TA), extracted from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced airway inflammation (AI) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS 200 μg/μL LPS was instilled intratracheally in each rat, and then the modeling animals were divided into six groups (n=10, each) randomly: sham group, LPS group, Dexamethasone [1.5mg/kg, intra-gastricly (i.g.)] group, and three different doses (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg, i.g.) of total alkaloids-treated groups. Corresponding drugs or vehicles were orally administered once per day for 7 days consecutively. The concentration of albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by fully automatic biochemical analyzer and blood counting instrument. Nitric oxide (NO) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were examined by multiskan spectrum, and histological change in the lungs was analyzed by H.E. staining. The levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Total alkaloids decreased the percentage of neutrophil, number of WBC, levels of ALB, AKP and LDH in the BALF, while increased the content of ALB in serum. It also improved SOD activity and increased NO level in the lungs, serum and BALF, and reduced the concentration of MDA in the lungs. Total alkaloids also inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-8 in the BALF and lung. Finally, histopathological examination indicated that total alkaloids attenuated tissue injury of the lungs in LPS-induced AI. CONCLUSIONS Total alkaloids have an inhibitory effect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shi-Biao Pu
- Yunnan University of TCM, Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Province, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hong-Mei Shen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming 650106, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, China.
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Grzela K, Litwiniuk M, Zagorska W, Grzela T. Airway Remodeling in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma: the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:47-55. [PMID: 26123447 PMCID: PMC4713715 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are both associated with airflow restriction and progressive remodeling, which affect the respiratory tract. Among various biological factors involved in the pathomechanisms of both diseases, proteolytic enzymes--matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)--play an important role, especially MMP-9. In this review, the authors discuss the current topics of research concerning the possible role of MMP-9 in both mentioned diseases. They include the analysis of protein levels, nucleotide polymorphisms of MMP-9 gene and their possible correlation with asthma and COPD. Finally, the authors refer to the studies on MMP-9 inhibition as a new perspective for increasing the effectiveness of treatment in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grzela
- Department of Paediatrics, Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Litwiniuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
- Potgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Zagorska
- Department of Paediatrics, Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grzela
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
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Arthur GK, Duffy SM, Roach KM, Hirst RA, Shikotra A, Gaillard EA, Bradding P. KCa3.1 K+ Channel Expression and Function in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145259. [PMID: 26689552 PMCID: PMC4687003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The KCa3.1 K+ channel has been proposed as a novel target for pulmonary diseases such as asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. It is expressed in epithelia but its expression and function in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) has not been described. Due to its proposed roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial fluid secretion, inhibiting this channel might have either beneficial or adverse effects on HBEC function. The aim of this study was to assess whether primary HBECs express the KCa3.1 channel and its role in HBEC function. Primary HBECs from the airways of healthy and asthmatic subjects, SV-transformed BEAS-2B cells and the neoplastic H292 epithelial cell line were studied. Primary HBECs, BEAS-2B and H292 cells expressed KCa3.1 mRNA and protein, and robust KCa3.1 ion currents. KCa3.1 protein expression was increased in asthmatic compared to healthy airway epithelium in situ, and KCa3.1 currents were larger in asthmatic compared to healthy HBECs cultured in vitro. Selective KCa3.1 blockers (TRAM-34, ICA-17043) had no effect on epithelial cell proliferation, wound closure, ciliary beat frequency, or mucus secretion. However, several features of TGFβ1-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were inhibited by KCa3.1 blockade. Treatment with KCa3.1 blockers is likely to be safe with respect to airway epithelial biology, and may potentially inhibit airway remodelling through the inhibition of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer K. Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - S. Mark Duffy
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katy M. Roach
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rob A. Hirst
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Shikotra
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Erol A. Gaillard
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and progressive airway remodeling. The airway epithelium is known to play a critical role in the initiation and perpetuation of these processes. Here, we review how excessive epithelial stress generated by bronchoconstriction is sufficient to induce airway remodeling, even in the absence of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Park
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts
| | | | - Jeffrey M Drazen
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachussetts
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Parker JC, Douglas I, Bell J, Comer D, Bailie K, Skibinski G, Heaney LG, Shields MD. Epidermal Growth Factor Removal or Tyrphostin AG1478 Treatment Reduces Goblet Cells & Mucus Secretion of Epithelial Cells from Asthmatic Children Using the Air-Liquid Interface Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129546. [PMID: 26057128 PMCID: PMC4461195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Epithelial remodelling in asthma is characterised by goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion for which no therapies exist. Differentiated bronchial air-liquid interface cultures from asthmatic children display high goblet cell numbers. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor have been implicated in goblet cell hyperplasia. Objectives We hypothesised that EGF removal or tyrphostin AG1478 treatment of differentiating air-liquid interface cultures from asthmatic children would result in a reduction of epithelial goblet cells and mucus secretion. Methods In Aim 1 primary bronchial epithelial cells from non-asthmatic (n = 5) and asthmatic (n = 5) children were differentiated under EGF-positive (10ng/ml EGF) and EGF-negative culture conditions for 28 days. In Aim 2, cultures from a further group of asthmatic children (n = 5) were grown under tyrphostin AG1478, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, conditions. All cultures were analysed for epithelial resistance, markers of differentiation using immunocytochemistry, ELISA for MUC5AC mucin secretion and qPCR for MUC5AC mRNA. Results In cultures from asthmatic children the goblet cell number was reduced in the EGF negative group (p = 0.01). Tyrphostin AG1478 treatment of cultures from asthmatic children had significant reductions in goblet cells at 0.2μg/ml (p = 0.03) and 2μg/ml (p = 0.003) as well as mucus secretion at 2μg/ml (p = 0.04). Conclusions We have shown in this preliminary study that through EGF removal and tyrphostin AG1478 treatment the goblet cell number and mucus hypersecretion in differentiating air-liquid interface cultures from asthmatic children is significantly reduced. This further highlights the epidermal growth factor receptor as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Parker
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Isobel Douglas
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - David Comer
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Keith Bailie
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Grzegorz Skibinski
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Liam G. Heaney
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael D. Shields
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Rimmer J, Santos C, Yli-Panula E, Noronha V, Viander M. Clinical and laboratory studies of the fate of intranasal allergen. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127477. [PMID: 25969994 PMCID: PMC4430540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise way in which allergen is handled by the nose is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine recovery of Der p 1 allergen following nasal administration and to determine whether Der p 1 can be detected in nasal biopsies after natural exposure and nasal challenge to allergen. METHODS (1) 20 nonatopic non-rhinitics were challenged with Der p 1 and recovery was measured by ELISA in the nasal wash, nasal mucus and induced sputum up to 30 minutes. Particulate charcoal (<40 μm) served as control. (2) In 8 subjects (5 atopics), 30 to 60 minutes after challenge histological localisation of Der p 1 in the nasal mucosal epithelium, subepithelial mucous glands and lamina propria was performed. Co-localisation of Der p 1 with macrophages and IgE-positive cells was undertaken. RESULTS (1) Less than 25% of total allergen was retrievable after aqueous or particulate challenge, most from the nasal mucus during 1-5 min after the challenge. The median of carbon particles recovered was 9%. (2) Prechallenge Der p 1 staining was associated with the epithelium and subepithelial mucous glands. After challenge there was a trend for greater Der p 1 deposition in atopics, but both atopics and nonatopics showed increases in the number of Der p 1 stained cells and stained tissue compartments. In atopics, increased eosinophils, macrophages and IgE positive cells co-localized with Der p 1 staining. CONCLUSIONS Der p 1 allergen is detected in nasal tissue independent of atopic status after natural exposure. After challenge the nose effectively retains allergen, which remains mucosally associated; in atopics there is greater Der p 1 deposition and inflammatory response than in nonatopics. These results support the hypothesis that nasal mucus and tissue act as a reservoir for the inhaled Der p 1 allergen leading to a persistent allergic inflammatory response in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Rimmer
- Allergen Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Conceição Santos
- Allergen Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eija Yli-Panula
- Allergen Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Virginia Noronha
- Allergen Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markku Viander
- Allergen Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Reber LL, Sibilano R, Mukai K, Galli SJ. Potential effector and immunoregulatory functions of mast cells in mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:444-63. [PMID: 25669149 PMCID: PMC4739802 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are cells of hematopoietic origin that normally reside in mucosal tissues, often near epithelial cells, glands, smooth muscle cells, and nerves. Best known for their contributions to pathology during IgE-associated disorders such as food allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis, MCs are also thought to mediate IgE-associated effector functions during certain parasite infections. However, various MC populations also can be activated to express functional programs--such as secreting preformed and/or newly synthesized biologically active products--in response to encounters with products derived from diverse pathogens, other host cells (including leukocytes and structural cells), damaged tissue, or the activation of the complement or coagulation systems, as well as by signals derived from the external environment (including animal toxins, plant products, and physical agents). In this review, we will discuss evidence suggesting that MCs can perform diverse effector and immunoregulatory roles that contribute to homeostasis or pathology in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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Characterization of a novel model incorporating airway epithelial damage and related fibrosis to the pathogenesis of asthma. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1326-39. [PMID: 25264707 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma develops from injury to the airways/lungs, stemming from airway inflammation (AI) and airway remodeling (AWR), both contributing to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Airway epithelial damage has been identified as a new etiology of asthma but is not targeted by current treatments. Furthermore, it is poorly studied in currently used animal models of AI and AWR. Therefore, this study aimed to incorporate epithelial damage/repair with the well-established ovalbumin (OVA)-induced model of chronic allergic airway disease (AAD), which presents with AI, AWR, and AHR, mimicking several features of human asthma. A 3-day naphthalene (NA)-induced model of epithelial damage/repair was superimposed onto the 9-week OVA-induced model of chronic AAD, before 6 weeks of OVA nebulization (NA+OVA group), during the second last OVA nebulization period (OVA/NA group) or 1 day after the 6-week OVA nebulization period (OVA+NA group), using 6-8-week-old female Balb/c mice (n=6-12/group). Mice subjected to the 9-week OVA model, 3-day NA model or respective vehicle treatments (saline and corn oil) were used as appropriate controls. OVA alone significantly increased epithelial thickness and apoptosis, goblet cell metaplasia, TGF-β1, subepithelial collagen (assessed by morphometric analyses of various histological stains), total lung collagen (hydroxyproline analysis), and AHR (invasive plethysmography) compared with that in saline-treated mice (all P<0.05 vs saline treatment). NA alone caused a significant increase in epithelial denudation and apoptosis, TGF-β1, subepithelial, and total lung collagen compared with respective measurements from corn oil-treated controls (all P<0.01 vs corn oil treatment). All three combined models underwent varying degrees of epithelial damage and AWR, with the OVA+NA model demonstrating the greatest increase in subepithelial/total lung collagen and AHR (all P<0.05 vs OVA alone or NA alone). These combined models of airway epithelial damage/AAD demonstrated that epithelial damage is a key contributor to AWR, fibrosis and related AHR, and augments the effects of AI on these parameters.
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Morris GE, Bridge JC, Brace LA, Knox AJ, Aylott JW, Brightling CE, Ghaemmaghami AM, Rose FRAJ. A novel electrospun biphasic scaffold provides optimal three-dimensional topography for in vitro co-culture of airway epithelial and fibroblast cells. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035014. [PMID: 24925127 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional airway in vitro models focus upon the function of individual structural cells cultured in a two-dimensional monolayer, with limited three-dimensional (3D) models of the bronchial mucosa. Electrospinning offers an attractive method to produce defined, porous 3D matrices for cell culture. To investigate the effects of fibre diameter on airway epithelial and fibroblast cell growth and functionality, we manipulated the concentration and deposition rate of the non-degradable polymer polyethylene terephthalate to create fibres with diameters ranging from nanometre to micrometre. The nanofibre scaffold closely resembles the basement membrane of the bronchiole mucosal layer, and epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface on this scaffold showed polarized differentiation. The microfibre scaffold mimics the porous sub-mucosal layer of the airway into which lung fibroblast cells showed good penetration. Using these defined electrospinning parameters we created a biphasic scaffold with 3D topography tailored for optimal growth of both cell types. Epithelial and fibroblast cells were co-cultured onto the apical nanofibre phase and the basal microfibre phase respectively, with enhanced epithelial barrier formation observed upon co-culture. This biphasic scaffold provides a novel 3D in vitro platform optimized to mimic the different microenvironments the cells encounter in vivo on which to investigate key airway structural cell interactions in airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Morris
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
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26
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Key role for store-operated Ca2+ channels in activating gene expression in human airway bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105586. [PMID: 25157492 PMCID: PMC4144895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ entry into airway epithelia is important for activation of the NFAT family of transcription factors and expression of genes including epidermal growth factor that help orchestrate local inflammatory responses. However, the identity of epithelial Ca2+ channel that activates these transcriptional responses is unclear. In many other non-excitable cells, store-operated Ca2+ entry is a major route for Ca2+ influx and is mediated by STIM1 and Orai1 proteins. This study was performed to determine if store-operated Ca2+ channels were expressed in human bronchial epithelial cells and, if so, whether they coupled Ca2+ entry to gene expression. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ measurements, patch clamp recordings, RNAi knockdown and functional assays were used to identify and then investigate the role of these Ca2+ channels in activating the NFAT and c-fos pathways and EGF expression. STIM1 and Orai1 mRNA transcripts as well as proteins were robustly in epithelial cells and formed functional Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ entry through the channels activated expression of c-fos and EGF as well as an NFAT-dependent reporter gene. Store-operated Ca2+ entry was also important for epithelial cell migration in a scrape wound assay. These findings indicate that store-operated Ca2+ channels play an important role in stimulating airway epithelial cell gene expression and therefore comprise a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic asthma and related airway disorders.
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27
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Pillai DK, Sankoorikal BJV, Johnson E, Seneviratne AN, Zurko J, Brown KJ, Hathout Y, Rose MC. Directional secretomes reflect polarity-specific functions in an in vitro model of human bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:292-300. [PMID: 24010916 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0188oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarity of the conducting airway epithelium is responsible for its directional secretion. This is an essential characteristic of lung integrity and function that dictates interactions between the external environment (apical) and subepithelial structures (basolateral). Defining the directional secretomes in the in vitro human bronchial epithelial (HBE) differentiated model could bring valuable insights into lung biology and pulmonary diseases. Normal primary HBE cells (n = 3) were differentiated into respiratory tract epithelium. Apical and basolateral secretions (24 h) were processed for proteome profiling and pathway analysis. A total of 243 proteins were identified in secretions from all HBE cultures combined. Of these, 51% were classified as secreted proteins, including true secreted proteins (36%) and exosomal proteins (15%). Close examination revealed consistent secretion of 69 apical proteins and 13 basolateral proteins and differential secretion of 25 proteins across all donors. Expression of Annexin A4 in apical secretions and Desmoglein-2 in basolateral secretions was validated using Western blot or ELISA in triplicate independent experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study defining apical and basolateral secretomes in the in vitro differentiated HBE model. The data demonstrate that epithelial polarity directs protein secretion with different patterns of biological processes to the apical and basolateral surfaces that are consistent with normal bronchial epithelium homeostatic functions. Applying this in vitro directional secretome model to lung diseases may elucidate their molecular pathophysiology and help define potential therapeutic targets.
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28
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Sanders PN, Koval OM, Jaffer OA, Prasad AM, Businga TR, Scott JA, Hayden PJ, Luczak ED, Dickey DD, Allamargot C, Olivier AK, Meyerholz DK, Robison AJ, Winder DG, Blackwell TS, Dworski R, Sammut D, Wagner BA, Buettner GR, Pope RM, Miller FJ, Dibbern ME, Haitchi HM, Mohler PJ, Howarth PH, Zabner J, Kline JN, Grumbach IM, Anderson ME. CaMKII is essential for the proasthmatic effects of oxidation. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:195ra97. [PMID: 23884469 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to asthma, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms connecting increased ROS with characteristic features of asthma. We show that enhanced oxidative activation of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (ox-CaMKII) in bronchial epithelium positively correlates with asthma severity and that epithelial ox-CaMKII increases in response to inhaled allergens in patients. We used mouse models of allergic airway disease induced by ovalbumin (OVA) or Aspergillus fumigatus (Asp) and found that bronchial epithelial ox-CaMKII was required to increase a ROS- and picrotoxin-sensitive Cl(-) current (ICl) and MUC5AC expression, upstream events in asthma progression. Allergen challenge increased epithelial ROS by activating NADPH oxidases. Mice lacking functional NADPH oxidases due to knockout of p47 and mice with epithelial-targeted transgenic expression of a CaMKII inhibitory peptide or wild-type mice treated with inhaled KN-93, an experimental small-molecule CaMKII antagonist, were protected against increases in ICl, MUC5AC expression, and airway hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine. Our findings support the view that CaMKII is a ROS-responsive, pluripotent proasthmatic signal and provide proof-of-concept evidence that CaMKII is a therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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29
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Kudo M, Ishigatsubo Y, Aoki I. Pathology of asthma. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:263. [PMID: 24032029 PMCID: PMC3768124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a serious health and socioeconomic issue all over the world, affecting more than 300 million individuals. The disease is considered as an inflammatory disease in the airway, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness, obstruction, mucus hyper-production and airway wall remodeling. The presence of airway inflammation in asthmatic patients has been found in the nineteenth century. As the information in patients with asthma increase, paradigm change in immunology and molecular biology have resulted in an extensive evaluation of inflammatory cells and mediators involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. Moreover, it is recognized that airway remodeling into detail, characterized by thickening of the airway wall, can be profound consequences on the mechanics of airway narrowing and contribute to the chronic progression of the disease. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition plays an important role in airway remodeling. These epithelial and mesenchymal cells cause persistence of the inflammatory infiltration and induce histological changes in the airway wall, increasing thickness of the basement membrane, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Resulting of airway inflammation, airway remodeling leads to the airway wall thickening and induces increased airway smooth muscle mass, which generate asthmatic symptoms. Asthma is classically recognized as the typical Th2 disease, with increased IgE levels and eosinophilic inflammation in the airway. Emerging Th2 cytokines modulates the airway inflammation, which induces airway remodeling. Biological agents, which have specific molecular targets for these Th2 cytokines, are available and clinical trials for asthma are ongoing. However, the relatively simple paradigm has been doubted because of the realization that strategies designed to suppress Th2 function are not effective enough for all patients in the clinical trials. In the future, it is required to understand more details for phenotypes of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kudo
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University Yokohama, Japan
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30
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Kim H, Park HT, Tae YM, Kong WH, Sung DK, Hwang BW, Kim KS, Kim YK, Hahn SK. Bioimaging and pulmonary applications of self-assembled Flt1 peptide-hyaluronic acid conjugate nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8478-90. [PMID: 23932502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite wide exploitation of corticosteroid drugs for the treatment of asthma, the poor therapeutic effect on a neutrophilic subtype of asthma prohibits the full recovery of asthma patients. In this work, dexamethasone (Dexa) was loaded in Flt1 peptide-hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugate nanoparticles to overcome the limitation of corticosteroid resistance for the treatment of neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation. Flt1 peptide-HA conjugates are self-assembled to nanoparticles because of hydrophobic Flt1 peptide conjugated to HA by benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) chemistry. In vitro bioimaging showed efficient internalization of Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate nanoparticles into lung epithelial cells by HA-receptor mediated endocytosis. Also, ex vivo imaging for the biodistribution in ICR mice revealed long-term retention of Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate nanoparticles in deep lung tissues possibly due to mucoadhesive property of HA. On the basis of bioimaging results for pulmonary drug delivery applications, we prepared Dexa-loaded Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirmed the formation of nanoparticles, which reduced cytokine levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells more efficiently than free Dexa. Furthermore, according to the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity and histological analysis, Dexa loaded Flt1 peptide-HA conjugate nanoparticles showed remarkable therapeutic effects in both eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
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31
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Damsker JM, Dillingham BC, Rose MC, Balsley MA, Heier CR, Watson AM, Stemmy EJ, Jurjus RA, Huynh T, Tatem K, Uaesoontrachoon K, Berry DM, Benton AS, Freishtat RJ, Hoffman EP, McCall JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Constant SL, Reeves EKM, Nagaraju K. VBP15, a glucocorticoid analogue, is effective at reducing allergic lung inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63871. [PMID: 23667681 PMCID: PMC3646769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower respiratory tract associated with airway hyperreactivity and mucus obstruction in which a majority of cases are due to an allergic response to environmental allergens. Glucocorticoids such as prednisone have been standard treatment for many inflammatory diseases for the past 60 years. However, despite their effectiveness, long-term treatment is often limited by adverse side effects believed to be caused by glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription. This has led to the pursuit of compounds that retain the anti-inflammatory properties yet lack the adverse side effects associated with traditional glucocorticoids. We have developed a novel series of steroidal analogues (VBP compounds) that have been previously shown to maintain anti-inflammatory properties such as NFκB-inhibition without inducing glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the lead compound, VBP15, in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. We show that VBP15 is as effective as the traditional glucocorticoid, prednisolone, at reducing three major hallmarks of lung inflammation—NFκB activity, leukocyte degranulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human bronchial epithelial cells obtained from patients with asthma. Moreover, we found that VBP15 is capable of reducing inflammation of the lung in vivo to an extent similar to that of prednisone. We found that prednisolone–but not VBP15 shortens the tibia in mice upon a 5 week treatment regimen suggesting effective dissociation of side effects from efficacy. These findings suggest that VBP15 may represent a potent and safer alternative to traditional glucocorticoids in the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Damsker
- ReveraGen BioPharma, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
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32
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Roscioli E, Hamon R, Lester S, Murgia C, Grant J, Zalewski P. Zinc-rich inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors in the epithelium of normal and inflamed airways. Biometals 2013; 26:205-27. [PMID: 23460081 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrity of the airway epithelium (AE) is important in the context of inhaled allergens and noxious substances, particularly during asthma-related airway inflammation where there is increased vulnerability of the AE to cell death. Apoptosis involves a number of signaling pathways which activate procaspases leading to cleavage of critical substrates. Understanding the factors which regulate AE caspases is important for development of strategies to minimize AE damage and airway inflammation, and therefore to better control asthma. One such factor is the essential dietary metal zinc. Zinc deficiency results in enhanced AE apoptosis, and worsened airway inflammation. This has implications for asthma, where abnormalities in zinc homeostasis have been observed. Zinc is thought to suppress the steps involved in caspase-3 activation. One target of zinc is the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) which are endogenous regulators of caspases. More studies are needed to identify the roles of IAPs in regulating apoptosis in normal and inflamed airways and to study their interaction with labile zinc ions. This new information will provide a framework for future clinical studies aimed at monitoring and management of airway zinc levels as well as minimising airway damage and inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Roscioli
- Discipline of Medicine, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia.
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Ramakrishna L, de Vries VC, Curotto de Lafaille MA. Cross-roads in the lung: immune cells and tissue interactions as determinants of allergic asthma. Immunol Res 2012; 53:213-28. [PMID: 22447350 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease of the lung characterized by underlying Th2- and IgE-mediated inflammation, structural alterations of the bronchial wall, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Initial allergic sensitization and later development of chronic disease are determined by close interactions between lung structural cells and the resident and migratory immune cells in the lung. Epithelial cells play a crucial role in allergic sensitization by directly influencing dendritic cells induction of tolerant or effector T cells and production of type 2 cytokines by innate immune cells. During chronic disease, the bronchial epithelium, stroma, and smooth muscle become structurally and functionally altered, contributing to the perpetuation of tissue remodeling. Thus, targeting tissue-driven pathology in addition to inflammation may increase the effectiveness of asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Ramakrishna
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #4-06 Immunos, Singapore
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34
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Miyazaki T, Takenaka T, Inoue T, Sato M, Miyajima Y, Nodera M, Hanyu M, Ohno Y, Shibazaki S, Suzuki H. Lipopolysaccharide-induced overproduction of nitric oxide and overexpression of iNOS and interleukin-1β proteins in zinc-deficient rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 145:375-81. [PMID: 21915762 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc deficiency leads to decreased cellular immune responses. The overproduction of nitrogen species derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), its enzyme, and interleukine-1 beta (IL-1β), and inflammatory cytokine have been implicated in immune responses. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in NO metabolites, iNOS, and IL-1β protein expression in the lungs of zinc-deficient rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight, 100 g) were divided into two groups and were fed either a zinc-deficient diet (ZnD) or a zinc-containing diet (Cont). After 4 weeks on these diets, rats received a 10-mg/kg dose of LPS injected via the tail vein and were then maintained for an additional 72 h. To determine total NO concentrations in the blood, serum zinc concentration, iNOS protein expression, IL-1β, and iNOS immunohistochemistry, blood and lung samples were obtained at pre-LPS injection, 5, 24, and 72 h after injection. Total NO levels were significantly increased at 5, at 24, and at 72 h after LPS injection compared with pre-LPS injection level in ZnD group; significant changes in total NO levels was elevated at 5 h from at pre-LPS level but not significant changes from basal level at 24 and 72 h in the control group. Based on western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry, clear bands indicating iNOS and IL-1β protein expression and iNOS antibody-stained inflammatory cells were detected at 5 and 24 h in the ZnD group and 5 h in the Cont group, not observed at 24 and 72 h in the control group. These results suggest that zinc deficiency induces overexpression of iNOS and IL-1β proteins from inflammatory cells around the alveolar blood vessels, resulting in overproduction of total NO and persisted inflammatory response in the zinc-deficient rat lung. Taken together, overexpression of LPS-induced iNOS, overproduction of iNOS-derived NO, and overexpression of IL-1β may induce nitrosative and oxidative stresses in the lung, and these stresses may be involved low immunity of zinc deficiency states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyazaki
- Community Health Science Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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35
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Lummus ZL, Wisnewski AV, Bernstein DI. Pathogenesis and disease mechanisms of occupational asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2012; 31:699-716, vi. [PMID: 21978852 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Occupational asthma (OA) is one of the most common forms of work-related lung disease in all industrialized nations. The clinical management of patients with OA depends on an understanding of the multifactorial pathogenetic mechanisms that can contribute to this disease. This article discusses the various immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms and genetic susceptibility factors that drive the inflammatory processes of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana L Lummus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3255 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563, USA
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36
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Fung JCK, Yue GGL, Fung KP, Ma X, Yao XQ, Ko WH. Cordyceps militaris extract stimulates Cl(-) secretion across human bronchial epithelia by both Ca(2+)(-) and cAMP-dependent pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:201-211. [PMID: 21939749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The caterpillar fungus Cordyceps militaris (CM; Clavicipitaceae) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that can be artificially cultivated on a large scale. We have previously demonstrated that its stimulatory action on ion transport in human airway epithelia is similar to Cordyceps sinensis (Clavicipitaceae), which has been traditionally used to treat respiratory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the signal transduction mechanism(s) underlying CM-induced ion transport activity in cultured human bronchial epithelia. MATERIALS AND METHODS 16HBE14o-, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, was used to study the regulation of ion transport by the water extract of CM. CM extract was added to the apical or basolateral aspect of the epithelia. In subsequent experiments, different Cl(-) channel and K(+) channel blockers, adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, and an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator were used to examine the involvement of apical Cl(-) and basolateral K(+) channels in mediating CM-induced Cl(-) secretion and the underlying signal transduction mechanism(s). PKA activity was also measured in 16HBE14o- cells. RESULTS CM stimulated Cl(-) secretion across 16HBE14o- monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. Cl(-) secretion could be inhibited by apical application of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-)channel blocker and the calcium-activated Cl(-) channel (CaCC) blocker. Cl(-) secretion was sensitive to basolateral application of different K(+) channel blockers. Similar inhibitory patterns were obtained in nystatin-permeabilized epithelia. The CM-induced Cl(-) secretion could be inhibited by adenylate cyclase and PKA inhibitors as well as an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator. Data from the PKA assay suggested that CM extract caused a significant increase in PKA activity compared with untreated control epithelia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CM extract stimulated Cl(-) secretion across human bronchial epithelia, possibly via apical CFTR and CaCC, and the basolateral K(+) channels are involved in driving apical Cl(-) exit. The underlying signal transduction mechanisms involve both cAMP- and Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Chun-Kit Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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37
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Zhao J, He D, Su Y, Berdyshev E, Chun J, Natarajan V, Zhao Y. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells and murine lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L547-56. [PMID: 21821728 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00058.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive phospholipid, plays an important role in lung inflammation by inducing the release of chemokines and lipid mediators. Our previous studies have shown that LPA induces the secretion of interleukin-8 and prostaglandin E(2) in lung epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that LPA receptors contribute to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Pretreatment with LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 or downregulation of LPA receptor 1 (LPA(1)) by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, I-κB kinase, and I-κB in MLE12 epithelial cells. In addition, the blocking of LPA(1) also suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 production. Furthermore, LPS treatment promoted interaction between LPA(1) and CD14, a LPS coreceptor, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Disruption of lipid rafts attenuated the interaction between LPA(1) and CD14. Mice challenged with LPS increased plasma LPA levels and enhanced expression of LPA receptors in lung tissues. To further investigate the role of LPA receptors in LPS-induced inflammation, wild-type, or LPA(1)-deficient mice, or wild-type mice pretreated with Ki16425 were intratracheally challenged with LPS for 24 h. Knock down or inhibition of LPA(1) decreased LPS-induced IL-6 release in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and infiltration of cells into alveolar space compared with wild-type mice. However, no significant differences in total protein concentration in BAL fluids were observed. These results showed that knock down or inhibition of LPA(1) offered significant protection against LPS-induced lung inflammation but not against pulmonary leak as observed in the murine model for lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA
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Perng DW, Chang KT, Su KC, Wu YC, Chen CS, Hsu WH, Tsai CM, Lee YC. Matrix metalloprotease-9 induces transforming growth factor-β1 production in airway epithelium via activation of epidermal growth factor receptors. Life Sci 2011; 89:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jayaram L, Chunilal S, Pickering S, Ruffin RE, Zalewski PD. Sputum zinc concentration and clinical outcome in older asthmatics. Respirology 2011; 16:459-66. [PMID: 21261783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mouse models of asthma show that zinc deficiency is associated with airway inflammation (AI), which is attenuated by zinc supplements. Whether zinc has a similar role in the human airway remains controversial, with studies demonstrating both high and low plasma zinc concentrations [Zn] in asthmatic patients compared with control subjects. This variability may reflect the inability of plasma measurements to accurately assess airway zinc levels. Examination of induced sputum is an established technique for measuring AI and mediators of inflammation. Recent advances allow measurement of the rapidly exchangeable (labile) and total zinc pools in sputum. The aims of this study were to measure labile and total [Zn] in sputum and plasma of subjects with or without asthma, and second to correlate [Zn] with symptoms, asthma severity, lung function (FEV(1)) and airway hyper-responsiveness. METHODS A total of 163 subjects (114 with asthma) completed a single visit for sputum induction and a blood test. Labile and total [Zn] were measured by Zinquin fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of subjects with and without asthma was 55 (14) and 57 (14) years, respectively. Baseline FEV(1) was significantly lower in subjects with asthma (94.2 (16)%) than in those without asthma (103 (16.6)%). Sputum total and labile [Zn] were lower in subjects with asthma compared with control subjects, with median (interquartile range) values of 31.8 (117) versus 50 (188.5), P = 0.02 and 0 (48) versus 26 (84.5) µg/L, P = 0.05, respectively. Increased frequency of wheeze, as well as asthma severity and reduced FEV(1), was associated with significantly lower labile sputum [Zn]. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sputum [Zn] reflect clinical outcomes and underlying AI, suggesting a potential role for zinc as a biomarker in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Jayaram
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
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Freishtat RJ, Watson AM, Benton AS, Iqbal SF, Pillai DK, Rose MC, Hoffman EP. Asthmatic airway epithelium is intrinsically inflammatory and mitotically dyssynchronous. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:863-9. [PMID: 20705942 PMCID: PMC3135846 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0029oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory condition for which anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids are the standard of care. However, similar efficacy has not been shown for agents targeting inflammatory cells and pathways. This suggests a noninflammatory cell contributor (e.g., epithelium) to asthmatic inflammation. Herein, we sought to define the intrinsic and glucocorticoid-affected properties of asthmatic airway epithelium compared with normal epithelium. Human primary differentiated normal and asthmatic airway epithelia were cultured in glucocorticoid-free medium beginning at -48 hours. They were pulsed with dexamethasone (20 nM) or vehicle for 2 hours at -26, -2, +22, and +46 hours. Cultures were mechanically scrape-wounded at 0 hours and exposed continuously to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Cytokine secretions were analyzed using cytometric bead assays. Wound regeneration/mitosis was analyzed by microscopy and flow cytometry. Quiescent normal (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 6) epithelia showed similar minimal inflammatory cytokine secretion and mitotic indices. After wounding, asthmatic epithelia secreted more basolateral TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-1β (P < 0.05) and regenerated less efficiently than normal epithelia (+48 h wound area reduction = [mean ± SEM] 50.2 ± 7.5% versus 78.6 ± 7.7%; P = 0.02). Asthmatic epithelia showed 40% fewer BrdU(+) cells at +48 hours (0.32 ± 0.05% versus 0.56 ± 0.07% of total cells; P = 0.03), and those cells were more dyssynchronously distributed along the cell cycle (52 ± 10, 25 ± 4, 23 ± 7% for G1/G0, S, and G2/M, respectively) than normal epithelia (71 ± 1, 12 ± 2, and 17 ± 2% for G1/G0, S, and G2/M, respectively). Dexamethasone pulses improved asthmatic epithelial inflammation and regeneration/mitosis. In summary, we show that inflammatory/fibrogenic cytokine secretions are correlated with dyssynchronous mitosis upon injury. Intermittent glucocorticoids simultaneously decreased epithelial cytokine secretions and resynchronized mitosis. These data, generated in an airway model lacking inflammatory cells, support the concept that epithelium contributes to asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Freishtat
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Ckless K, Hodgkins SR, Ather JL, Martin R, Poynter ME. Epithelial, dendritic, and CD4(+) T cell regulation of and by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in allergic sensitization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1025-34. [PMID: 21397661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many of the contributing cell types and mediators of allergic asthma are known, less well understood are the factors that induce allergy in the first place. Amongst the mediators speculated to affect initial allergen sensitization and the development of pathogenic allergic responses to innocuous inhaled antigens and allergens are exogenously or endogenously generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). SCOPE OF REVIEW The interactions between ROS/RNS, dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4(+) T cells, as well as their modulation by lung epithelium, are of critical importance for the genesis of allergies that later manifest in allergic asthma. Therefore, this review will primarily focus on the initiation of pulmonary allergies and the role that ROS/RNS may play in the steps therein, using examples from our own work on the roles of NO(2) exposure and airway epithelial NF-κB activation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Endogenously generated ROS/RNS and those encountered from environmental sources interact with epithelium, DCs, and CD4(+) T cells to orchestrate allergic sensitization through modulation of the activities of each of these cell types, which quantitiatively and qualitatively dictate the degree and type of the allergic asthma phenotype. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Knowledge of the effects of ROS/RNS at the molecular and cellular levels has the potential to provide powerful insight into the balance between inhalational tolerance (the typical immunologic response to an innocuous inhaled antigen) and allergy, as well as to potentially provide mechanistic targets for the prevention and treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ckless
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, United States
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Le Cras TD, Acciani TH, Mushaben EM, Kramer EL, Pastura PA, Hardie WD, Korfhagen TR, Sivaprasad U, Ericksen M, Gibson AM, Holtzman MJ, Whitsett JA, Hershey GKK. Epithelial EGF receptor signaling mediates airway hyperreactivity and remodeling in a mouse model of chronic asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L414-21. [PMID: 21224214 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00346.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been associated with the severity of airway thickening in chronic asthmatic subjects, and EGFR signaling is induced by asthma-related cytokines and inflammation. The goal of this study was to determine the role of EGFR signaling in a chronic allergic model of asthma and specifically in epithelial cells, which are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in asthma. EGFR activation was assessed in mice treated with intranasal house dust mite (HDM) for 3 wk. EGFR signaling was inhibited in mice treated with HDM for 6 wk, by using either the drug erlotinib or a genetic approach that utilizes transgenic mice expressing a mutant dominant negative epidermal growth factor receptor in the lung epithelium (EGFR-M mice). Airway hyperreactivity (AHR) was assessed by use of a flexiVent system after increasing doses of nebulized methacholine. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) thickening was measured by morphometric analysis. Sensitization to HDM (IgG and IgE), inflammatory cells, and goblet cell changes were also assessed. Increased EGFR activation was detected in HDM-treated mice, including in bronchiolar epithelial cells. In mice exposed to HDM for 6 wk, AHR and ASM thickening were reduced after erlotinib treatment and in EGFR-M mice. Sensitization to HDM and inflammatory cell counts were similar in all groups, except neutrophil counts, which were lower in the EGFR-M mice. Goblet cell metaplasia with HDM treatment was reduced by erlotinib, but not in EGFR-M transgenic mice. This study demonstrates that EGFR signaling, especially in the airway epithelium, plays an important role in mediating AHR and remodeling in a chronic allergic asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Le Cras
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH 45229, USA.
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Terakado M, Gon Y, Sekiyama A, Takeshita I, Kozu Y, Matsumoto K, Takahashi N, Hashimoto S. The Rac1/JNK pathway is critical for EGFR-dependent barrier formation in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L56-63. [PMID: 21036915 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00159.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelial barrier provides defenses against inhaled antigens and pathogens, and alterations of epithelial barrier function have been proposed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases. Although the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays roles in various physiological and pathological processes on the airway epithelium, the role of EGFR on barrier function in the airway remains largely unknown. In the present study, we assessed the effects of EGFR activation on paracellular permeability in airway epithelial cells (AECs). EGFR activation induced by the addition of EGF increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in AECs. An EGFR-blocking antibody eradicated the development of TER, paracellular influx of dextran, and spatial organization of tight junction. Moreover, the effects of EGFR activation on paracellular permeability were eradicated by knockdown of occludin. To identify the EGFR signaling pathway that regulates permeability barrier development, we investigated the effects of several MAP kinase inhibitors on permeability barrier function. Pretreatment with a JNK-specific inhibitor, but not an ERK- or p38-specific inhibitor, attenuated the development of TER induced by EGFR activation. Rac1 is one of the upstream activators for JNK in EGFR signaling. Rac1 knockdown attenuated the phosphorylation of JNK activation and EGFR-mediated TER development. These results suggest that EGFR positively regulates permeability barrier development through the Rac1/JNK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Terakado
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Nihon Univ. School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Erjefält JS. The airway epithelium as regulator of inflammation patterns in asthma. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2010; 4 Suppl 1:9-14. [PMID: 20500604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2010.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a complex, heterogeneous and mutifactorial disease and represents a major health problem in Westernized countries. The airway epithelium, with its direct physical contact with luminal triggers, has a major role in determining the nature of inflammation that develops in asthmatic airways. OBJECTIVE The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the numerous ways the airway epithelium can affect and influence the histopathological picture in asthma. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The ways the epithelium aggravates inflammation range from acute responses to luminal triggers such as allergens and infections to the multipathogenic events occurring as a consequence of repeated epithelial damage-repair responses. The airway epithelium also facilitates the selective migration of leukocytes into the airway lumen, a process that is important in regulating inflammatory cell homeostasis. The fact that only some of the important leukocyte subtypes participate in this process cause translational problems and difficulties in the interpretation of luminal samples. To further reveal the nature of the multifaceted involvement of the airway epithelium in inflamed asthmatic airways emerges as a promising goal for identifying new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sten Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Chow AWM, Liang JFT, Wong JSC, Fu Y, Tang NLS, Ko WH. Polarized secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by human airway epithelia 16HBE14o- cells in response to cationic polypeptide challenge. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12091. [PMID: 20711426 PMCID: PMC2920803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airway epithelium participates in asthmatic inflammation in many ways. Target cells of the epithelium can respond to a variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Damage to the surface epithelium occurs following the secretion of eosinophil-derived, highly toxic cationic proteins. Moreover, the surface epithelium itself is responsible for the synthesis and release of cytokines that cause the selective recruitment, retention, and accumulation of various inflammatory cells. To mimic the damage seen during asthmatic inflammation, the bronchial epithelium can be challenged with highly charged cationic polypeptides such as poly-L-arginine. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, human bronchial epithelial cells, 16HBE14o- cells, were "chemically injured" by exposing them to poly-l-arginine as a surrogate of the eosinophil cationic protein. Cytokine antibody array data showed that seven inflammatory mediators were elevated out of the 40 tested, including marked elevation in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 secretion. IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression levels were elevated as measured with real-time PCR. Cell culture supernatants from apical and basolateral compartments were collected, and the IL-6 and IL-8 production was quantified with ELISA. IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by 16HBE14o- epithelia into the apical compartment was significantly higher than that from the basolateral compartment. Using specific inhibitors, the production of IL-6 and IL-8 was found to be dependent on p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 MAPK, and NF-kappaB pathways. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results clearly demonstrate that damage to the bronchial epithelia by poly-L-arginine stimulates polarized IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. This apically directed secretion of cytokines may play an important role in orchestrating epithelial cell responses to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Wai-ming Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jocelyn Feng-ting Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Janice Siu-chong Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Nelson Leung-sang Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresource and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-hung Ko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresource and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Torres D, Dieudonné A, Ryffel B, Vilain E, Si-Tahar M, Pichavant M, Lassalle P, Trottein F, Gosset P. Double-stranded RNA exacerbates pulmonary allergic reaction through TLR3: implication of airway epithelium and dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:451-9. [PMID: 20505141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been implicated in exacerbations of allergic asthma, characterized by a Th2-biased immune response. Respiratory viruses target airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Their activation is, at least in part, mediated by the TLR3-dependent recognition of virus-derived dsRNA. To elucidate the role of epithelial cells and DCs and the implication of TLR3/Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF) pathway, we developed a mouse model of lung allergic exacerbation. The effect of intranasal administration of dsRNA in OVA-sensitized wild-type mice and TRIF(-/-) mice was evaluated on airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation. Our data demonstrated that treatment with dsRNA significantly increased the airway hyperresponsiveness, the lung inflammation, and the OVA-specific Th2 response. This was associated with an infiltrate of eosinophils, myeloid DCs, and T lymphocytes. TRIF activation was required for the development of dsRNA-induced exacerbation of the allergic reaction. Intratracheal transfer of IL-4/dsRNA/OVA-pretreated DCs also triggered exacerbation of the allergic reaction, whereas cells primed with dsRNA/OVA had a more limited effect. dsRNA-induced production of CCL20 by airway epithelium was associated with DC recruitment. In vivo and in vitro treatment with dsRNA amplified airway epithelial production of the pro-Th2 chemokines CCL11 and CCL17, their secretion being enhanced by Th2 cytokines. In conclusion, dsRNA derived from respiratory viruses trigger exacerbation of the pulmonary allergic reaction through TLR3/TRIF-dependent pathway. Moreover, Th2 cytokines participate in this process by modulating the response of airway epithelium and DCs to dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Torres
- Infection Pulmonaire et Immunité Innée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1019, France
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Freishtat RJ, Benton AS, Watson AM, Wang Z, Rose MC, Hoffman EP. Delineation of a gene network underlying the pulmonary response to oxidative stress in asthma. J Investig Med 2010. [PMID: 19730131 DOI: 10.231/jim.0b013e3181b91a83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure induces a respiratory epithelial response that is mediated in part by oxidative stress. The contribution of oxidative stress to cigarette smoke-induced responses in asthmatic respiratory epithelium is not well understood. We sought to increase this understanding by employing data integration and systems biology approaches to publicly available microarray data deposited over the last several years. In this study, we analyzed 14 publicly available asthma- or tobacco-relevant data series and found 4 (2 mice and 2 human) that fulfilled adequate signal/noise thresholds using unsupervised clustering and F test statistics. Using significance filters and a 4-way Venn diagram approach, we identified 26 overlapping genes in the epithelial transcriptional stress response to cigarette smoke and asthma. This test set corresponded to a 26-member gene/protein network containing 18 members that were highly regulated in a fifth data series of direct lung oxidative stress. Of those network members, 2 stood out (ie, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and thrombospondin 1) owing to central location within the network and marked up-regulation sustained at later times in response to oxidative stress. These analyses identified key relationships and primary hypothetical targets for future studies of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Freishtat
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Freishtat RJ, Benton AS, Watson AM, Wang Z, Rose MC, Hoffman EP. Delineation of a gene network underlying the pulmonary response to oxidative stress in asthma. J Investig Med 2010; 57:756-64. [PMID: 19730131 DOI: 10.2310/jim.0b013e3181b91a83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure induces a respiratory epithelial response that is mediated in part by oxidative stress. The contribution of oxidative stress to cigarette smoke-induced responses in asthmatic respiratory epithelium is not well understood. We sought to increase this understanding by employing data integration and systems biology approaches to publicly available microarray data deposited over the last several years. In this study, we analyzed 14 publicly available asthma- or tobacco-relevant data series and found 4 (2 mice and 2 human) that fulfilled adequate signal/noise thresholds using unsupervised clustering and F test statistics. Using significance filters and a 4-way Venn diagram approach, we identified 26 overlapping genes in the epithelial transcriptional stress response to cigarette smoke and asthma. This test set corresponded to a 26-member gene/protein network containing 18 members that were highly regulated in a fifth data series of direct lung oxidative stress. Of those network members, 2 stood out (ie, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and thrombospondin 1) owing to central location within the network and marked up-regulation sustained at later times in response to oxidative stress. These analyses identified key relationships and primary hypothetical targets for future studies of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Freishtat
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, The George Washington University, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Asthma: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis. ASTHMA, HEALTH AND SOCIETY 2010. [PMCID: PMC7176227 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78285-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although asthma is a common disorder affecting approximately 7.8% of the United States population (Schiller et al. 2006) or 23 million Americans, the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be fully elucidated. Extensive research over the last few decades has yielded a better understanding of asthma. We know that the basic features of asthma include episodic airways inflammation, airways hyperresponsiveness, and mucous hypersecretion. Although we understand the basic clinical features of asthma, the links between symptoms, physical signs, and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still being delineated. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease process with varying phenotypes and presentations. In this chapter, we will briefly explore some major theories of asthma pathogenesis, both new and old. We will also explore how understanding the pathophysiology of asthma can help us to understand the symptoms and presentation of asthma, as well as the best strategies for diagnosing this disease.
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Abstract
Prospective studies tracking birth cohorts over periods of years indicate that the seeds for atopic asthma in adulthood are sewn during early life. The key events involve programming of functional phenotypes within the immune and respiratory systems which determine long-term responsiveness to ubiquitous environmental stimuli, particularly respiratory viruses and aeroallergens. A crucial component of asthma pathogenesis is early sensitization to aeroallergens stemming from a failure of mucosal tolerance mechanisms during the preschool years, which is associated with delayed postnatal maturation of a range of adaptive and innate immune functions. These maturational defects also increase risk for severe respiratory infections, and the combination of sensitization and infections maximizes risk for early development of the persistent asthma phenotype. Interactions between immunoinflammatory pathways stimulated by these agents also sustain the disease in later life as major triggers of asthma exacerbations. Recent studies on the nature of these interactions suggest the operation of an infection-associated lung:bone marrow axis involving upregulation of FcERlalpha on myeloid precursor populations prior to their migration to the airways, thus amplifying local inflammation via IgE-mediated recruitment of bystander atopic effector mechanisms. The key participants in the disease process are airway mucosal dendritic cells and adjacent epithelial cells, and transiting CD4(+) effector and regulatory T-cell populations, and increasingly detailed characterization of their roles at different stages of pathogenesis is opening up novel possibilities for therapeutic control of asthma. Of particular interest is the application of genomics-based approaches to drug target identification in cell populations of interest, exemplified by recent findings discussed below relating to the gene network(s) triggered by activation of Th2-memory cells from atopics.
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