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Nagy AL, Ardelean S, Chapuis RJJ, Bouillon J, Pivariu D, De Felice B, Bertazzo M, Fossati P, Spicer LJ, Dreanca AI, Caloni F. Zootoxins and Domestic Animals: A European View. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:48. [PMID: 38251264 PMCID: PMC10818608 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Zootoxins are produced by venomous and poisonous species and are an important cause of poisoning in companion animals and livestock in Europe. Little information about the incidence of zootoxin poisoning is available in Europe, with only a few case reports and review papers being published. This review presents the most important zootoxins produced by European venomous and poisonous animal species responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock. The main zootoxin-producing animal species, components of the toxins/venoms and their clinical effects are presented. The most common zootoxicoses involve terrestrial zootoxins excreted by the common toad, the fire salamander, the pine processionary caterpillar, and vipers. The lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system in Europe makes the evaluation of the epidemiology of zootoxin-induced poisonings extremely difficult. Even if there are many anecdotal reports in the veterinary community about the exposure of domestic animals to terrestrial and marine zootoxins, the number of published papers regarding these toxicoses is low. Climate change and its consequences regarding species distribution and human-mediated transportation are responsible for the emerging nature of some intoxications in which zootoxins are involved. Although new venomous or poisonous animal species have emerged in regions where they were previously unreported, zootoxins produced by native species remain the main concern in Europe. The diversity of poisonous and venomous animal species and the emerging nature of certain poisonings warrant the continuous update to such knowledge by veterinary professionals and animal owners. This review offers an overview about zootoxin-related poisonings in domestic animals in Europe and also provides important information from a health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Sabrina Ardelean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Ronan J. J. Chapuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Juliette Bouillon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Dalma Pivariu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Mirko Bertazzo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Fossati
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Leon J. Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Alexandra Iulia Dreanca
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (B.D.F.); (M.B.); (P.F.)
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Ganseman E, Gouwy M, Bullens DMA, Breynaert C, Schrijvers R, Proost P. Reported Cases and Diagnostics of Occupational Insect Allergy: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010086. [PMID: 36613529 PMCID: PMC9820383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant part of adult-onset asthma is caused by occupational exposure to both high- and low-molecular-mass agents. Insects are occasionally described to cause occupational allergy in professions including anglers and fishers, laboratory workers, employees of aquaculture companies, farmers, bakers, sericulture workers and pet shop workers. Occupational insect allergies are often respiratory, causing asthma or rhinoconjunctivitis, but can be cutaneous as well. The European Union recently approved three insect species for human consumption, enabling an industry to develop where more employees could be exposed to insect products. This review overviews knowledge on occupational insect allergy risks and the tools used to diagnose employees. Despite the limited availability of commercial occupational insect allergy diagnostics, 60.9% of 164 included reports used skin prick tests and 63.4% of reports used specific IgE tests. In 21.9% of reports, a more elaborate diagnosis of occupational asthma was made by specific inhalation challenges or peak expiratory flow measurements at the workplace. In some work environments, 57% of employees were sensitized, and no less than 60% of employees reported work-related symptoms. Further development and optimization of specific diagnostics, together with strong primary prevention, may be vital to the health conditions of workers in the developing insect industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ganseman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique M. A. Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department General Internal Medicine–Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department General Internal Medicine–Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-37-90-20
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Ricciardi L, Giorgianni C, Briguglio G, Gangemi S, Spatari G. Processionary caterpillar reactions in Southern Italy forestry workers: description of three cases. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:15. [PMID: 34488796 PMCID: PMC8422601 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Processionary caterpillar (PC), also named Thaumatopea pityocampa, has been reported to cause hypersensitivity reactions after contact with a toxin contained in hair-like bristles which cover this insect. Occupational exposure to PC is underestimated in outdoor workers and especially in forestry workers (FW) and is globally diffusing because of rising temperatures. Cases presentation We present the first three cases of FW from Sicily, a Southern Italy (SI) region, which reported hypersensitivity reactions due to exposure to PC infested trees. These cases were identified by the occupational health physician during the annual screening of FW working in the Mountains of north-eastern Sicily. Interviewing a population of 630 FW, 1 male and 2 females reported direct contact skin reactions together with airborne contact reactions to PC hairs causing mild respiratory symptoms in two cases and ocular symptoms in one case, which needed treatment with systemic corticosteroids and antihistamines. Conclusions This is the first report of hypersensitivity reactions in SI FW due to occupational exposure to PC. Further screenings not only in FW but also in other populations of outdoor workers are needed in order to assess the real incidence of contact and airborne reactions due to occupational exposure to PC. Though so far no correlation has been found with atopy, it seems apparent that the reactions occur in susceptible subjects; further research is needed for a correct diagnosis and to identify possible desensitization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ricciardi
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU Policlinico "G.Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124, Messina, Italy.
| | - Concetto Giorgianni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental, Morphological and Functional Investigations, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giusi Briguglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental, Morphological and Functional Investigations, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, AOU Policlinico "G.Martino", Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Spatari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental, Morphological and Functional Investigations, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124, Messina, Italy
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Panzer R, Krebs S. Mites, caterpillars and moths. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:867-880. [PMID: 32776473 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides conditions such as scabies and hypersensitivity to house dust mites, other diseases caused by mites and caterpillars tend to be more uncommon in everyday practice. Nevertheless, there is a broad spectrum of medically relevant disorders associated with these arthropods. Mites may act as parasites that infect or colonize the skin (e.g., scabies, pseudoscabies, demodicosis) or they may pierce the host's skin and feed on tissue fluid and blood (trombiculosis). In the latter case, they also play a role as vectors transmitting Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen that causes Tsutsugamushi fever. In addition to house dust mites, storage mites, too, are characterized by their allergenic potential. The terms erucism and lepidopterism are used for the various diseases caused by caterpillars and moths. Both terms are not used consistently. With respect to pathogenesis, various mechanisms have been described, including type I and type IV hypersensitivity as well as irritant and toxin-induced reactions. In Germany, skin reactions following exposure to the hairs of oak processionary caterpillars are particularly common. Extracutaneous manifestations including nausea, vomiting, hemorrhage, arthropathy or even life-threatening reactions have been reported in association with certain exotic species. Some species act as parasites by feeding on blood or tears. As natural silk can cause immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, workers in the silk industry may develop allergic asthma, rhinitis, or conjunctivitis. Consumption of silkworm pupae is associated with the risk of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Panzer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Krebs
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Panzer R, Krebs S. Milben, Raupen und Falter. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:867-882. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14207_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Panzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie Universitätsmedizin Rostock
| | - Susanne Krebs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie Universitätsmedizin Rostock
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Colacci M, Kavallieratos NG, Athanassiou CG, Boukouvala MC, Rumbos CI, Kontodimas DC, Pardo D, Sancho J, Benavent-Fernández E, Gálvez-Settier S, Sciarretta A, Trematerra P. Management of the Pine Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), in Urban and Suburban Areas: Trials With Trunk Barrier and Adhesive Barrier Trap Devices. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:227-238. [PMID: 29240941 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In urban and suburban areas larvae of the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller), cause serious defoliation to Cedrus, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga trees and health problems to humans and domestic or farm animals by their urticating setae. In this study, we present the results of biennial trials (2015-2016) on the management of T. pityocampa infestations using commercial or LIFE-PISA prototype trunk barrier and adhesive trap devices in Greece (Attica and Volos), Spain (Valencia), and Italy (Molise). In Attica, for both 2015 and 2016, the commercial trunk barrier trap devices captured significantly more T. pityocampa wintering migrant larvae compared to the adhesive barrier trap devices, indicating their high capture capacity. The total performance of the trunk barriers trap devices was 99.8% in 2015 and 99.6% in 2016. In Volos and Valencia, no significant differences were recorded between captures in commercial and LIFE-PISA prototype trunk barrier trap devices. In the tests that were conducted in Molise, the commercial trunk barrier trap devices exhibited high effectiveness in capturing the wintering migrant larvae during their procession, before they reach the ground for pupation. Moreover, significantly fewer male adults were captured by pheromone trap devices during summer 2016 in comparison with 2015 in the experimental area. Similarly, significantly fewer nests were formed on the experimental area trees in winter 2016 and 2017 compared with 2015. Our results show the potential of the trunk barrier trap devices in the management of T. pityocampa numbers after long-term application in urban and suburban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colacci
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnissia, Greece
| | - Maria C Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnissia, Greece
| | - Demetrius C Kontodimas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - David Pardo
- Technical Department, SANSAN PRODESING S.L., Pol. Industrial Los Vientos, C/Virazón 1 Náquera, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Sancho
- Technical Department, SANSAN PRODESING S.L., Pol. Industrial Los Vientos, C/Virazón 1 Náquera, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Gálvez-Settier
- AIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, València Parc Tecnològic, Gustave Eiffel, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- General University Hospital Research Foundation, University General Hospital of Valencia, Avda Tres Cruces Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Sciarretta
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Pasquale Trematerra
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy
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7
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Battisti A, Larsson S, Roques A. Processionary Moths and Associated Urtication Risk: Global Change-Driven Effects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 62:323-342. [PMID: 27860523 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Processionary moths carry urticating setae, which cause health problems in humans and other warm-blooded animals. The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has responded to global change (climate warming and increased global trade) by extending its distribution range. The subfamily Thaumetopoeinae consists of approximately 100 species. An important question is whether other processionary moth species will similarly respond to these specific dimensions of global change and thus introduce health hazards into new areas. We describe, for the first time, how setae are distributed on different life stages (adult, larva) of major groups within the subfamily. Using the available data, we conclude that there is little evidence that processionary moths as a group will behave like T. pityocampa and expand their distributional range. The health problems caused by setae strongly relate to population density, which may, or may not, be connected to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Battisti
- Department DAFNAE, University of Padova, Legnaro I-35020, Italy;
| | - Stig Larsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala S-75007, Sweden;
| | - Alain Roques
- Forest Zoology, UR INRA 0633, Orléans F-45075, France;
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8
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Costa D, Esteban J, Sanz F, Vergara J, Huguet E. Ocular lesions produced by pine processionary caterpillar setae (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in dogs: a descriptive study. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:493-497. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costa
- Oftalmología Veterinaria Ocaña; Calle Ocaña 201 28047 Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Esteban
- Oftalmología Veterinaria Ocaña; Calle Ocaña 201 28047 Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Sanz
- Clínica de Oftalmología Veterinaria Bellavista Visionvet; Calle Cronos s/n Bellavista 41014 Sevilla Spain
| | - Jorge Vergara
- Clínica Veterinaria San Bernardo; Calle José María Salaverría 3 20010 Donostia-San Sebastián Gipuzkoa Spain
| | - Eduardo Huguet
- Oftalmovet Oftalmología Veterinaria; Carrer de les Illes Canàries 32 46023 València Spain
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9
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Petrucco Toffolo E, Zovi D, Perin C, Paolucci P, Roques A, Battisti A, Horvath H. Size and dispersion of urticating setae in three species of processionary moths. Integr Zool 2015; 9:320-7. [PMID: 24952969 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the processionary moths of the Palaearctic region bear urticating setae that are released against vertebrate predators, especially insectivorous birds. A few species are pests of forest and urban trees and, consequently, may threaten human and animal health during outbreaks, causing dermatitis, conjunctivitis and respiratory distress. Although some studies provide detailed information about the setae, particularly those of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa, there is little knowledge on the morphological traits of the setae and their release by the larvae. In the present study we identify major traits of the setae of 3 species of processionary moth, T. pityocampa, T. pinivora and T. processionea, which are potentially helpful in the understanding of setae dynamics in the environment: (i) diameter and length of setae and (ii) analysis of dynamical properties of the setae in the airborne state. Setae are highly variable in size, with bimodal distribution in T. pityocampa and T. pinivora; in these 2 species, short and long setae are interspersed within the integument fields where they occur. The difference in the seta size has important consequences in dispersion, as smaller setae can spread 5 times further than their bigger counterparts. This information is relevant for a full understanding of the defensive importance of larval setae against natural enemies of the processionary moths, as well for elucidating the importance of the processionary setae as air pollutants, both close to the infested trees and at longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment-Entomology, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Vega JM, Moneo I, García-Ortiz JC, González-Muñoz M, Ruiz C, Rodríguez-Mahillo AI, Roques A, Vega J. IgE Sensitization to Thaumetopoea pityocampa: Diagnostic Utility of a Setae Extract, Clinical Picture and Associated Risk Factors. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 165:283-90. [PMID: 25661274 DOI: 10.1159/000369807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José María Vega
- Allergy Section, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
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11
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García Ortiz J, Vega Gutiérrez J, Vega Gutiérrez J. Alergia a la oruga procesionaria del pino. An Pediatr (Barc) 2015; 82:47-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Crivellaro M, Senna G, Marcer G, Passalacqua G. Immunological treatments for occupational allergy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 26:579-84. [PMID: 24067454 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although avoidance of occupational triggers remains the primary step in the management of work-related allergies, immunological treatments (including biological agents and specific immunotherapy) can be regarded as potential therapeutic options for IgE-mediated diseases; for example, many studies with allergen-specific immunotherapy have been carried out on latex allergy, showing overall favorable results, at least with sublingual immunotherapy. On the other hand, only few case reports have suggested the efficacy of immunotherapy in baker's asthma as well as in laboratory animal-induced asthma. The new technologies, including component-resolved diagnosis and recombinant allergens, are expected to improve the quality and efficacy of specific immunotherapy in the future. Also the use of omalizumab may represent a suitable therapeutic choice in very selected cases of occupational allergy, as well as an approach to reduce side effects of venom immunotherapy in subjects with previous severe reactions to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crivellaro
- Allergology Service, Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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13
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Bonamonte D, Foti C, Vestita M, Angelini G. Skin Reactions to pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:867431. [PMID: 23781164 PMCID: PMC3678440 DOI: 10.1155/2013/867431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine caterpillar, Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff, is a phyto- and xylophagous lepidopteran, responsible for the delay in the growth or the death of various types of pines. Besides nature damage, pine caterpillar causes dermatological reactions in humans by contact with its irritating larvae hairs. Although the dermatitis occurs among outdoor professionals, it is primarily extraprofessional. Contamination generally occurs in pinewoods, rarely in cities. Means of contamination comprise direct contact with the nest or the processional caterpillar and indirect contact with air dispersed hairs. The dermatitis is generally observed in late spring and particularly from April to June, among campers and tourers. The eruption has its onset 1-12 hours after contact with the hairs and presents with intense and continuous itching. Morphologically, it is strophulus-like and consists of papulous, excoriated, and pinkish lesions on an oedematous base. Diagnosis is usually straightforward. The pathogenetic mechanism of the affection is mechanical, pharmacological, and allergic in nature. Besides skin, T. pityocampa Schiff can involve the eyes and rarely the airways. Despite the considerable damages to humans and nature, pine caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature lists few studies, and often relevant information is referred to local media and popular wisdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Bonamonte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Dermatology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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15
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Vega J, Vega J, Moneo I. Skin Reactions on Exposure to the Pine Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I. [Skin reactions on exposure to the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa)]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:658-67. [PMID: 21545979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine processionary caterpillar is the larval form of the Thaumetopoea pityocampa moth. Mediterranean forests regularly suffer plagues of this insect, which has been moving north as a result of global warming. When the small urticating hairs that develop during the last 3 larval stages are shed and can become airborne. If they come in contact with skin, they can cause a variety of reactions, notably contact urticaria and papular rashes. Irritation can also occur if the hairs lodge in the mucosa of the conjunctiva or in the respiratory tract. Several cases of anaphylactic reactions have been reported in recent years. Mechanical (irritative) mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of lesions, or immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic hypersensitivity reactions may be implicated when the process is rapid, recurrent, and progressively more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vega
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain.
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Vega JM, Moneo I, Ortiz JCG, Palla PS, Sanchís ME, Vega J, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Battisti A, Roques A. Prevalence of cutaneous reactions to the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in an adult population. Contact Dermatitis 2011; 64:220-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hossler EW. Caterpillars and moths. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hossler EW. Caterpillars and moths. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62:13-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Santos-Magadán S, González de Olano D, Bartolomé-Zavala B, Trujillo-Trujillo M, Meléndez-Baltanás A, González-Mancebo E. Adverse reactions to the processionary caterpillar: irritant or allergic mechanism? Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:109-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Isolation and identification of bacteria from Thaumetopoea pityocampa Den. and Schiff. (Lep., Thaumetopoeidae) and determination of their biocontrol potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Maronna A, Stache H, Sticherling M. Lepidopterism - oak processionary caterpillar dermatitis: Appearance after indirect out-of-season contact. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008; 6:747-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2008.06652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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De brandharen van de eikenprocessierups, een reëel probleem voor de huisarts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03086843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Contact with the tree processionary caterpillar or ingestion/inhalation of its airborne toxin-containing hairs and spines may cause a direct histamine-releasing or IgE-mediated allergic reaction in humans. The most common manifestations are urticaria and dermatitis; systemic manifestations such as respiratory involvement and anaphylaxis have been reported mainly in foresters. We describe a 12-year-old child who was presented to the emergency department with systemic allergic reaction (pruritic rash, conjunctival hyperemia, dyspnea, and wheezing), which eventually proved to be due to exposure to the pine tree processionary caterpillar. The diagnosis was made only after the child's repeated exposure to the caterpillar. Tree processionary caterpillar should be added to the list of causes of systemic allergic reactions in children, especially in endemic areas, and medical staff should be alerted the range of clinical manifestations to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment.
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Klotz JH, Klotz SA, Pinnas JL. Animal bites and stings with anaphylactic potential. J Emerg Med 2007; 36:148-56. [PMID: 17997071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis to animal bites and stings poses a significant medical risk of vascular or respiratory reactions that vary according to the patient's response and nature of the insult. Emergency Physicians frequently see patients who complain of an allergic reaction to an animal bite or sting. Although Hymenoptera stings, specifically those of wasps, bees, and hornets, account for the majority of these cases, other invertebrates and vertebrates are capable of causing allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Many of the causative animals are quite unusual, and their bites and stings are not commonly appreciated as potential causes of anaphylaxis. We conducted a literature review to identify documented reports of anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions to animal bites and stings. This summary is meant to heighten awareness of the diversity of animals that may cause anaphylaxis, hopefully leading to more rapid diagnosis and treatment of this dangerous condition. A diverse group of animals was found whose bites and stings cause anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions. Some case summaries are presented. A potentially life-saving plan is to direct patients to proper follow-up care to prevent a future life-threatening reaction, including: prescribing epinephrine and antihistamines with proper instructions for their use; referral to an allergist to determine if skin testing, radioallergosorbent test, and immunotherapy are indicated; and reporting the case to state or local Poison Control Centers. In some cases it may be helpful to consult an entomologist or a pest control service for help in identification and elimination of certain offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Klotz
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Carrijo-Carvalho LC, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. The venom of the Lonomia caterpillar: an overview. Toxicon 2007; 49:741-57. [PMID: 17320134 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contact with the Lonomia caterpillar causes numerous accidents, especially in Venezuela and the southern region of Brazil, where it is considered a public health problem. The Lonomia obliqua venom causes disseminated intravascular coagulation and a consumptive coagulopathy, which can lead to a hemorrhagic syndrome. The venom of Lonomia achelous also causes hemorrhage, but through increased fibrinolysis. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the venom of the Lonomia caterpillar contains several toxins with procoagulant, anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. These toxins also affect the endothelium. The recent construction of cDNA libraries of the transcripts from L. obliqua bristles enables the use of biotechnological approaches to study the venom. This paper presents an overview of the biochemical and biological properties of Lonomia caterpillar venom, discussing aspects of human accidents, experimental envenomation, toxins and targets and future perspectives.
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Inal A, Altintaş DU, Güvenmez HK, Yilmaz M, Kendirli SG. Life-threatening facial edema due to pine caterpillar mimicking an allergic event. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2006; 34:171-3. [PMID: 16854350 DOI: 10.1157/13091043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 150 species of Lepidoptera have been described as causing damage to human skin. One of these species is the pine processionary caterpillar, which is responsible for dermatitis, contact urticaria, ocular lesions and rarely respiratory signs and anaphylactic reactions through IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. We report a pediatric case of severe orofacial edema mimicking an allergic reaction after ingestion of a pine processionary caterpillar; urgent airway intubation was required. CASE REPORT A 15-month-old boy was sleeping under a pine tree when his mother noted a pine caterpillar on his tongue. Because of rapidly developing facial swelling and respiratory distress, the infant was first taken to a local hospital where he received intravenous dexamethasone and pheniramine hydrogen maleate. On arrival at our emergency department, diffuse swelling and edema involving the tongue, perioral, nasal and perimandibular regions, and neck was noted, requiring urgent orotracheal intubation. There were no findings of anaphylaxis. The results of skin prick tests and specific IgE to common aero- and food allergens were negative. A skin prick test with extract of pine caterpillar was also negative. Prednisolone and pheniramine hydrogen maleate were administered for 7 days. The child gradually improved and was successfully extubated 4 days later. CONCLUSION Although oral contact with a pine processionary caterpillar in the form of ingestion is rare, it may cause significant local reaction and airway compromise mimicking an allergic event. In this situation, early intubation to maintain airway patency is a life-saving measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Inal
- Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Adana, Turkey.
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Fuentes Aparicio V, Zapatero Remón L, Martínez Molero MI, Alonso Lebreros E, Beitia Mazuecos JM, Bartolomé Zavala B. Allergy to pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2006; 34:59-63. [PMID: 16606547 DOI: 10.1157/13086748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Contact with pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) induces dermatitis usually located in exposed areas through a toxic-irritative mechanism. Over the last few years an immediate hypersensitivity mechanism have mainly been demonstrated in adult patients. However, there are few studies carried out in children. OBJECTIVE To evaluate a group of 16 children who experienced allergic reactions after exposure to pine processionary caterpillar. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients underwent allergy testing through skin prick test. Serum specific IgE determination was performed by EAST technique. The molecular mass of the IgE -binding bands was studied by SDS-PAGE Immunoblotting. RESULTS Skin prick test with the caterpillar extract was positive in all patients. Specific IgE was positive (higher than 0.35 kU/L) in 15 patients' sera. Western blotting showed several IgE-binding bands with molecular mass values ranging from 17.5 to 168 kDa. Electrophoretic mobility of some of the relevant allergens was related to the conditions of sample preparation (reduced or non-reduced). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate the existence of an allergic IgE-mediated mechanism caused by pine processionary caterpillar proteins. Airborne urticating hairs of this animal should be considered as seasonal inhalant allergen, which is able to induce allergic pathologies in children who frequent pine areas.
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Abstract
Most of the encounters with biting and stinging insects result in more or less pronounced localized reactions. Typically, urticarial wheals and papular reactions are observed. Less often local bullous or hemorrhagic or disseminated papular reactions, particularly in children and immunologically naive adults, may be seen. With the exception of bee and wasp venom allergies, immediate-type allergic reactions to arthropod stings and bites are rare. Systemic IgE-mediated hypersensitivity has also been reported from additional hymenoptera species, e.g. hornets, bumble bees and ants. Rare are systemic reactions to mosquitoes, flies or kissing bugs and exceptional from ticks, bed bugs, moths, caterpillars and spiders. A major problem is the often lacking standardization of extracts for skin testing and for the determination of specific IgE. Some of the allergens have been characterized and few of them synthesized using recombinant techniques. Most investigations have been made with whole-body extracts or extracts from salivary glands, while desensitization has rarely been attempted. Currently, primary prevention by avoidance of stings and bites, and adequate instruction of sensitized individuals in the use of emergency drugs are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Bircher
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Bruchim Y, Ranen E, Saragusty J, Aroch I. Severe tongue necrosis associated with pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni) ingestion in three dogs. Toxicon 2005; 45:443-7. [PMID: 15733565 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni) is an insect of medical significance in the eastern Mediterranean. This report describes three exposure cases in dogs due to ingestion of this moth's caterpillars in Israel. All three dogs were observed in direct contact with caterpillars or pinecones in infested gardens. The disease course and progression of signs were acute in all three cases, and included vomiting and severe tongue swelling. Physical examination findings included hyperthermia, tachypnoea, respiratory distress, cyanosis and tongue oedema, labial angioedema, ptyalism, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly and conjunctivitis. Severe tongue necrosis and sloughing of its distal portion occurred 2-5 days after admission to the hospital. All dogs recovered and were discharged within 2-7 days of admission. Two staff members, attending one of the dogs, experienced an itchy rash and wheals on their arms, wrists and necks. To the best of our knowledge, this should be the first report of severe oral lesions and tongue necrosis due to contact with T. wilkinsoni caterpillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bruchim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Lopata AL, Fenemore B, Jeebhay MF, Gäde G, Potter PC. Occupational allergy in laboratory workers caused by the African migratory grasshopper Locusta migratoria. Allergy 2005; 60:200-5. [PMID: 15647041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports of fatal asthma cases associated with swarms of locusts affecting African countries have highlighted the importance of this insect in causing asthma morbidity and mortality. However, only limited information is available about the allergic health outcomes such as asthma and its determinants in exposed individuals. In this study, workers exposed to the African migratory locust Locusta migratoria were evaluated for allergic health outcomes as well as the nature of the offending allergens. METHODS Ten scientists and technicians exposed to locusts in a laboratory were investigated for locust-related allergy using questionnaires and immunological tests. The presence of allergy was determined by quantification of specific IgE and IgG to L. migratoria using the UniCAP system and via skin-prick testing (SPT). The allergens were characterized by Western blot and ImmunoCAP inhibition assays. RESULTS Six of the 10 workers experienced symptoms ranging from urticaria and rhinoconjuctivitis to asthma. Seven individuals demonstrated sensitivity on SPT and five had specific IgE antibodies to L. migratoria. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for allergens in the locust faeces, body and wings but not to cockroach allergens. Novel allergens with molecular weights of approximately 70 kDa were identified in locust wings, which are distinctly different from other known allergen sources from locusts. CONCLUSION Exposure to L. migratoria allergens is a potential sensitizer in exposed individuals. Raised levels of locust-specific IgE can be readily quantified. The wings of this insect species have been identified as a novel allergen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lopata
- Division of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, National Health Laboratory Services, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I, Armentia A, Caballero ML, Miranda A. Occupational immunologic contact urticaria from pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa): experience in 30 cases. Contact Dermatitis 2004; 50:60-4. [PMID: 15128315 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lesions caused by the pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa (TP) are frequent in pinewood areas. In the present study, 30 patients diagnosed with occupational immunologic urticaria from this caterpillar were included. Immediate hypersensitivity was demonstrated by performing prick and IgE-immunoblotting tests. Workers were grouped according to their common tasks. Occupations at risk of exposure to TP were pine-cone collectors/woodcutters (14), farmers/stockbreeders (8), other forestry personnel (4), construction workers (2), residential gardeners (1) and entomologists (1). Besides contact urticaria, angioedema (60%), papular lesions of several days of evolution (30%) and anaphylactic reactions (40%) were also detected. The most frequently detected molecular weight bands by immunoblot were 15 (70%), 17 (57%) and 13 kDa (50%). The appearance of isolated bands corresponds with the least serious cases. Only 8 subjects had bands higher than 33 kDa, which was present in the 3 most severe cases of anaphylactic reactions. By presenting these cases, we wish to offer the largest series reported so far of occupational immunologic contact urticaria caused by TP. We include the first cases described in certain occupations, some of them not directly related to forestry work. Pine-cone or resin collectors, woodcutters, farmers and stockbreeders were the most frequently and severely affected workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vega
- Servicio de Dermatología y Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 47001 Valladolid, Spain.
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Fuentes Aparicio V, de Barrio Fernández M, Rubio Sotés M, Rodríguez Paredes A, Martínez Molero MI, Zapatero Remón L, Bartolomé Zavala B. Non-occupational allergy caused by the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2004; 32:69-75. [PMID: 15087093 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0546(04)79230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Contact with the pine processionary caterpillar induces dermatitis, usually located in exposed areas, and, less frequently, ocular lesions through a toxic-irritative mechanism. Recently, the existence of an immediate hypersensitivity mechanism has been demonstrated, mainly in occupationally exposed patients. OBJECTIVE To present four patients who experienced allergic reactions (urticaria-angioedema and rhinitis-asthma) after non-occupational exposure to pine processionary caterpillar. PATIENTS AND METHODS The four patients underwent allergy testing through skin prick tests (SPT), specific IgE detection and SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. One patient also underwent a specific bronchial challenge test with the pine processionary antigen. RESULTS In all patients, both SPT with the caterpillar extract and specific IgE were positive. Western blotting showed several IgE-binding bands with molecular mass values ranging from 18 to 107 kDa. A shift in the electrophoretic mobility of some of the relevant allergens occurred under the presence of a reductive agent (beta -mercaptoethanol). The specific bronchial challenge test with pine processionary antigen performed in one of the patients also produced positive results. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show an immunologic IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity mechanism in these reactions. The processionary caterpillar's airborne urticating hairs or spicules should be considered, at least in some locations, not only as contact and occupational allergens, but also as seasonal aeroallergens.
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Türkmen H, Ali Oner Y. A human dermatitis caused by Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) (order: Lepidoptera) caterpillars in Istanbul, Turkey. Allergy 2004; 59:232-3. [PMID: 14763943 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Türkmen
- Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Department Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty Postal Code 34390 Capa-Istanbul Turkey
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Vega ML, Vega J, Vega JM, Moneo I, Sánchez E, Miranda A. Cutaneous reactions to pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) in pediatric population. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14:482-6. [PMID: 14675477 DOI: 10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lesions caused by pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, TP) are frequent in pinewood areas. However, no epidemiological studies have been performed so far in the pediatric population. In this study, we evaluated the relevance of reactions to pine processionary caterpillar in the pediatric population of our environment and determined the possible role of an IgE-mediated mechanism. A questionnaire was developed and given to 1,101 children and adolescents ranging from 3 to 17 years of age from rural areas with large pine forests. A total of 653 questionnaires were answered by the children or their parents. The search for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cases was based on the presence of a suspected reaction to caterpillar and confirmed by in vivo (skin prick) and in vitro (immunoblotting) tests. Sixty of the 653 people interviewed (9.18%) identified a cutaneous reaction from exposure to the processionary caterpillar. Within this group only four cases (6.7%) were because of an IgE-mediated mechanism. The predominant clinical feature of these patients with allergy to caterpillar was contact urticaria. We present the first study of cutaneous reactions to pine processionary caterpillar in a large pediatric population. This is a frequent pathology in pinery zones and only in a minority of the cases are because of an IgE-mediated allergic mechanism. This fact contrasts with studies in adults, where this percentage is much greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Vega
- Centro de Salud Portillo, Valladolid, Spain.
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Maier H, Spiegel W, Kinaciyan T, Krehan H, Cabaj A, Schopf A, Hönigsmann H. The oak processionary caterpillar as the cause of an epidemic airborne disease: survey and analysis. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149:990-7. [PMID: 14632804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thaumetopoea processionea L. (order Lepidoptera), the oak processionary moth, is found in oak forests in most European countries. Its third to sixth larval instars are armed with poisonous hairs (setae) containing an urticating toxin (thaumetopoein) potentially harmful to humans. Because T. processionea infests trees at the edges of forests or standing alone people frequently come into contact with its setae. In the woodland bordering on the western suburbs of Vienna conditions favouring its increase have led to frequent outbreaks of lepidopterism. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of lepidopterism in a suburban environment with three separate caterpillar-infested oak trees and to ascertain the frequency of the various symptoms of lepidopterism and the manner of contact with setae. METHODS We conducted a telephone survey of all the households/institutions located within 500 m of the infested trees. To gain more information on patients' symptoms and on situations likely to lead to increased contact with setae we asked those who reported cutaneous reactions to complete a questionnaire. As part of the environmental study we described the outbreak site, examined patients and, with tape-strip samples taken from the surface of the soil, looked for setae persisting in the environment. RESULTS Of 1025 people surveyed 57 (5.6%) reported one or more symptoms of lepidopterism: 55 (96%) reported pruritus, 54 (95%) dermatitis, eight (14%) conjunctivitis, eight (14%) pharyngitis and two (4%) respiratory distress. The questionnaire was returned by 37 (69%) of the individuals with dermatitis. Of those, 16% had reacted with weal formation, 49% with papular rash and 22% with toxic irritant dermatitis. In 13% of respondents it was not possible to define the reaction. The risk factor analysis showed that airborne contamination was the most important cause: 97% of people had frequently passed an infested tree, 57% lived near a tree (in a neighbouring garden) and 32% had a tree in their own garden. Direct contact with larvae was of minor importance (38%). In four of the tape-strip samples intact setae were identified 1 year after the infestation. CONCLUSIONS Lepidopterism caused by T. processionea is a public health problem of increasing significance. In years with outbreaks of the pest it can reach epidemic proportions in communities located near infested trees. Contact with airborne setae was mainly responsible for the occurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maier
- Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, Department of General Practice, Institute of Medical Education, University of Vienna, Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Fitzgerald TD. Role of trail pheromone in foraging and processionary behavior of pine processionary caterpillars Thaumetopoea pityocampa. J Chem Ecol 2003; 29:513-32. [PMID: 12757316 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022875102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although caterpillars of Thaumetopoea pityocamnpa may mark their pathways with silk, this study shows that the material is essential to neither the elicitation nor maintenance of trail-following or processionary behavior. Trail following is dependent upon a pheromone the caterpillars deposit by brushing the ventral surfaces of the tips of their abdomens against the substate. Earlier instars are strongly bound to their trail system; in the laboratory, caterpillars followed circular trails continuously for as long as 12 hr before breaking away from them. The trail pheromone is long-lived and soluble in nonpolar solvents, but its volatilization or degradation allows the caterpillars to distinguish new from aged trails. In contrast to trail following, processionary behavior, the head-to-tail, single-file movement of the caterpillars is dependent on neither silk nor the trail pheromone. Stimuli associated with setae found on the tip of the abdomen of the precedent caterpillar serve to hold processions together, and such stimuli take priority over those associated with either the trail pheromone or silk. Although the caterpillars discern trail strength and choose stronger over weaker trails, the trail marking system of the processionary caterpillar appears less sophisticated than those of other, previously studied species of social caterpillars, and colonies are relatively inefficient in abandoning exhausted feeding sites in favor of new food finds. In laboratory studies, females were more likely to lead processions than males, and leaders, regardless of gender, expended more energy in locomotion than followers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Fitzgerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, New York 13045, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rolla
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Torino, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, Torino, Italy.
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Moneo I, Vega JM, Caballero ML, Vega J, Alday E. Isolation and characterization of Tha p 1, a major allergen from the pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa. Allergy 2003; 58:34-7. [PMID: 12580804 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.23724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine processionary caterpillars induce dermatitis by a toxic-irritative mechanism. The existence of true allergic reactions to allergens from these caterpillars has been recently demonstrated by positive immediate skin prick tests and specific IgE determination by immunoblotting using crude larval extracts. The aim of this work was to purify allergens from the crude larval extract in order to characterize IgE-binding proteins from these caterpillars. METHODS Allergens were separated by ethanol gradient fractionation and reversed phase HPLC. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a selected allergen was obtained after SDS-PAGE and transfer. The clinical relevance of this allergen was measured using sera from patients allergic to caterpillar. RESULTS An allergen with a molecular weight close to 15 kDa was purified. It was recognized by 9 out of 11 allergic patients (82%). Its N-terminal amino acid sequence had no homologies to any other protein already described in data bases. For this reason, no information about its biological function could be obtained. CONCLUSIONS This 15-kDa IgE-binding protein is a major caterpillar allergen and shows no homologies to other insect allergens already described.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Moneo
- Hospital Carlos III, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vega
- Sección de Alergia, Hospital Río Hortega, Cardenal Torquemada s/n, 47010 Valladolid, Spain.
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Abstract
The mechanism of dermatitis induced by Euproctis caterpillars has not been fully clarified, although mechanical stimulation by the spicules as well as chemical irritation by venomous components from spicules have been suggested to be involved. In this study, skin tests using venomous spicules and the venomous extract from the caterpillar of E. pseudoconspersa were carried out on a subject. The test site developed both immediate and delayed-type reactions. Next, the crude extract was separated into 8 fractions (No. 1-8) using gel filtration HPLC, and a skin test using each fraction was performed in the same subject. The result showed that only fraction No. 3 caused reactions similar to those in crude venom extract. Then skin tests using the crude venom and fraction No. 3 were performed in 10 healthy volunteers. The skin reaction caused by crude venom was similar to that caused by fraction No. 3 in each subject. Two volunteers showed neither immediate nor delayed-type reactions, 4 volunteers showed a delayed-type reaction, and the other 4 showed both immediate and delayed-type reactions. These results indicate that allergic reactions against venom released by the spicules play a role in the induction of dermatitis by E. pseudoconspersa caterpillars. Variations in the clinical course of individual patients may be attributable to differences in the state of sensitization to the venomous components.
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Panzani RC, Ariano R. Arthropods and invertebrates allergy (with the exclusion of mites): the concept of panallergy. Allergy 2002; 56 Suppl 69:1-22. [PMID: 11990954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2001.tb04419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Panzani
- Laboratoire de Recherches, Marseille, France
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