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Kazmierski J, Elsner C, Döhner K, Xu S, Ducroux A, Pott F, Jansen J, Thorball CW, Zeymer O, Zhou X, Fedorov R, Fellay J, Löffler MW, Weber ANR, Sodeik B, Goffinet C. A Baseline Cellular Antiviral State Is Maintained by cGAS and Its Most Frequent Naturally Occurring Variant rs610913. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:535-547. [PMID: 35851540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of aberrantly located DNA, the innate immune sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) activates stimulator of IFN genes (STING)/IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3-driven antiviral responses. In this study, we characterized the ability of a specific variant of the human cGAS-encoding gene MB21D1, rs610913, to alter cGAS-mediated DNA sensing and viral infection. rs610913 is a frequent G>T polymorphism resulting in a P261H exchange in the cGAS protein. Data from the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV suggested that rs610913 nominally associates with HIV-1 acquisition in vivo. Molecular modeling of cGAS(P261H) hinted toward the possibility for an additional binding site for a potential cellular cofactor in cGAS dimers. However, cGAS(wild-type [WT]) or cGAS(P261H)-reconstituted THP-1 cGAS knockout cells shared steady-state expression of IFN-stimulated genes, as opposed to cells expressing the enzymatically inactive cGAS(G212A/S213A). Accordingly, cGAS(WT) and cGAS(P261H) cells were less susceptible to lentiviral transduction and infection with HIV-1, HSV-1, and Chikungunya virus as compared with cGAS knockout or cGAS(G212A/S213A) cells. Upon DNA challenge, innate immune activation appeared to be mildly reduced upon expression of cGAS(P261H) compared with cGAS(WT). Finally, DNA challenge of PBMCs from donors homozygously expressing rs610913 provoked a trend toward a slightly reduced type I IFN response as compared with PBMCs from GG donors. Taken together, the steady-state activity of cGAS maintains a baseline antiviral state rendering cells more refractory to IFN-stimulated gene-sensitive viral infections. rs610913 failed to grossly differ phenotypically from the WT gene, suggesting that cGAS(P261H) and WT cGAS share a similar ability to sense viral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kazmierski
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shuting Xu
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aurélie Ducroux
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabian Pott
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jenny Jansen
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian W Thorball
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ole Zeymer
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- RESIST-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Zhou
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- RESIST-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roman Fedorov
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Research Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- RESIST-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markus W Löffler
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- iFIT-Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- iFIT-Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- CMFI-Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2124) "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- RESIST-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Partner Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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Wang M, Chaudhuri R, Ong WWS, Sintim HO. c-di-GMP Induces COX-2 Expression in Macrophages in a STING-Independent Manner. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1663-1670. [PMID: 34478263 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid, are potent immunostimulatory molecules and promote the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). While the production of COX-2, and ultimately prostaglandin E2, could be protective, persistent induction of COX-2 leads to inflamed environments that can result in septic shock and death. Bacterial derived cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, are also PAMPs and have been shown to produce inflamed environments via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as type I interferons. The well-characterized CDN immunostimulatory mechanism involves binding to stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which ultimately results in the phosphorylation of IRF3 or release of NF-κB to promote expression of type I IFN or pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we sought to investigate if CDNs promote COX-2 expression. Using RAW macrophages as a model system, we reveal that c-di-GMP, but not c-di-AMP or the host-derived 2',3'-cGAMP, promotes COX-2 expression. Using analogues of CDNs, we show that the presence of two guanines and two 3',5'-phosphodiester linkages are requirements for the promotion of COX-2 expression by cyclic dinucleotides. Both c-di-GMP and LPS inductions of COX-2 expression in RAW macrophages are STING-independent and are regulated by Tpl2-MEK-ERK-CREB signaling; inhibitors of Tpl2, MEK, and ERK could attenuate COX-2 expression promoted by c-di-GMP. This work adds to the growing body of evidence that cyclic dinucleotides regulate pathways other than the STING-TBK1-IRF3 axis. Additionally, the differential COX-2 induction by c-di-GMP but not c-di-AMP or cGAMP suggests that the type and level of inflammation could be dictated by the nucleotide signature of the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modi Wang
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Riddhi Chaudhuri
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wilson W. S. Ong
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Nore KG, Jørgensen MJ, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Jenum S, Tonby K. Elevated Levels of Anti-Inflammatory Eicosanoids and Monocyte Heterogeneity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579849. [PMID: 33304347 PMCID: PMC7693556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and have been suggested as possible Host Directed Therapy (HDT) targets, but more knowledge of eicosanoid dynamics in Mtb infection is required. We investigated the levels and ratios of eicosanoid mediators and their cellular sources, monocyte subsets and CD4 T cells in Tuberculosis (TB) patients with various clinical states of Mtb infection. Patients consenting to prospective enrolment in a TB quality registry and biorepository, 16 with pulmonary TB (before and at-end-of treatment), 14 with extrapulmonary TB and 17 latently infected (LTBI) were included. Plasma levels of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Monocyte subsets and CD4 T cells and their expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Prostaglandin receptor EP2 (EP2), and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were analyzed by flow cytometry with and without Purified Protein Derivate (PPD)-stimulation. Pulmonary TB patients had elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory mediator LXA4 at diagnosis compared to LTBI (p < 0.01), while levels of PGE2 and LTB4 showed no difference between clinical states of Mtb infection. LTB4 was the only mediator to be reduced upon treatment (p < 0.05), along with the ratio LTB4/LXA4 (p < 0.01). Pulmonary TB patients had higher levels of total monocytes at diagnosis compared to end-of-treatment and LTBI (both p < 0.05), and a relative increase in the classical monocyte subset. All monocyte subsets had low basal expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX, which were markedly increased upon PPD stimulation. By contrast, the expression of EP2 was reduced upon stimulation. CD4 T cells expressed low basal COX-2 activity that increased modestly upon stimulation, whereas their basal expression of 5-LOX was considerable. In conclusion, the level of eicosanoids in plasma seem to vary between clinical states of Mtb infection. Mediators in the eicosanoid system are present in monocytes and CD4 T cells. The expression of eicosanoids in monocytes are responsive to mycobacterial stimulation independent of Mtb disease state, but subsets are heterogeneous with regard to eicosanoid-mediator expression. Further exploration of eicosanoid mediators as targets for HDT in TB are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Grotle Nore
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marthe Jøntvedt Jørgensen
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Jenum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Cromarty R, Sigal A, Liebenberg LJ, Mckinnon LR, Abdool Karim SS, Passmore JAS, Archary D. Betamethasone induces potent immunosuppression and reduces HIV infection in a PBMC in vitro model. J Investig Med 2020; 69:28-40. [PMID: 33004468 PMCID: PMC7803916 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genital inflammation is an established risk factor for increased HIV acquisition risk. Certain HIV-exposed seronegative populations, who are naturally resistant to HIV infection, have an immune quiescent phenotype defined by reduced immune activation and inflammatory cytokines at the genital tract. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create an immune quiescent environment using immunomodulatory drugs to mitigate HIV infection. Using an in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) model, we found that inflammation was induced using phytohemagglutinin and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4) and R848 (TLR7/8). After treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen (IBF) and betamethasone (BMS), PBMCs were exposed to HIV NL4-3 AD8. Multiplexed ELISA was used to measure 28 cytokines to assess inflammation. Flow cytometry was used to measure immune activation (CD38, HLA-DR and CCR5) and HIV infection (p24 production) of CD4+ T cells. BMS potently suppressed inflammation (soluble cytokines, p<0.05) and immune activation (CD4+ T cells, p<0.05). BMS significantly reduced HIV infection of CD4+ T cells only in the LPS (0.98%) and unstimulated (1.7%) conditions (p<0.02). In contrast, IBF had minimal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive but no anti-HIV effects. BMS demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory effects, regardless of stimulation condition. Despite uniform immunosuppression, BMS differentially affected HIV infection according to the stimulation conditions, highlighting the complex nature of these interactions. Together, these data underscore the importance of interrogating inflammatory signaling pathways to identify novel drug targets to mitigate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Cromarty
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Alexander Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lenine Julie Liebenberg
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Lyle Robert Mckinnon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Salim Safurdeen Abdool Karim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Shelly Passmore
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, CAPRISA, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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5
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Aliakbari S, Mohammadi M, Rezaee MA, Amini AA, Fakhari S, Rahmani MR. Impaired immunomodulatory ability of type 2 diabetic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in regulation of inflammatory condition in mixed leukocyte reaction. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:852-865. [PMID: 31645845 PMCID: PMC6806137 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of type 2 diabetic patients' adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (D-ASCs) has not been extensively studied. In this study, we compared the immunomodulatory properties of D-ASCs and non-diabetic subjects mesenchymal stem cells (ND-ASCs) in co-culture with mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). ASCs were isolated from adipose tissue samples of type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (age: 40-55). D-ASCs and ND-ASCs were co-cultured with two-way MLR. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferation ratio, protein levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-6 genes in MLR, D-ASCs and ND-ASCs co-cultures were assessed using XTT, ELISA and Real-time qRT-PCR, respectively. PBMCs proliferation on days 2 and 4 of D-ASCs co-culture was higher than ND-ASCs co-culture of the same days (p < 0.001). IFN-γ level decreased on day 4 compared to day 2 of ND-ASCs co-culture, but its level had not changed in D-ASCs co-culture. COX-2 expression on days 2 and 4 of D-ASCs co-culture was lower than ND-ASCs co-culture of the same days (p < 0.05). The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 on days 2 and 4 of D-ASCs co-culture were higher than ND-ASCs co-culture of the same days (p < 0.001). TGF-β1 on day 4 of ND-ASCs co-culture showed a slightly higher expression than D-ASCs co-culture of the same day. Lower suppression of PBMCs proliferation, declined expression of anti-inflammatory and upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory factors in D-ASCs co-culture, indicated an impairment of these cells in modulation of the inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Aliakbari
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mobin Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Rezaee
- Zoonosis Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Amini
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shohreh Fakhari
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahmani
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Zoonosis Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Tuyaerts S, Rombauts K, Everaert T, Van Nuffel AMT, Amant F. A Phase 2 Study to Assess the Immunomodulatory Capacity of a Lecithin-based Delivery System of Curcumin in Endometrial Cancer. Front Nutr 2019; 5:138. [PMID: 30687714 PMCID: PMC6336921 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a botanical with anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. We hypothesized that curcumin supplementation might influence inflammatory biomarker levels in endometrial carcinoma (EC). In this open-label, non-randomized phase 2 study (NCT02017353), seven EC patients consumed 2 g/day Curcumin Phytosome (CP) orally for 2 weeks. Blood was taken at baseline, days 1, 7, 14, and 21. The following analytes were measured: curcuminoids and metabolites, 56 inflammatory biomarkers, COX-2, frequencies of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells and NK cells, expression of MHC molecules on leukocytes and monocytes and activation/memory status of T cells. Patients completed quality of life (QoL) questionnaires at baseline and end of treatment. Curcumin metabolites were detectable in plasma upon CP intake. CP downregulated MHC expression levels on leukocytes (P = 0.0313), the frequency of monocytes (P = 0.0114) and ICOS expression by CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0002). However, CP upregulated CD69 levels on CD16− NK cells (P = 0.0313). No differences were observed regarding inflammatory biomarkers, frequencies of other immune cell types, T cell activation and COX-2 expression. A non-significant trend to improved QoL was observed. Overall, CP-induced immunomodulatory effects in EC were modest without significant QoL changes. Given the small population and the observed variability in inter-patient biomarker levels, more research is necessary to explore whether benefits of CP can be obtained in EC by different supplementation regimens. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02017353; www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu, identifier 2013-001737-40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tuyaerts
- Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Tina Everaert
- Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Frédéric Amant
- Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Basudhar D, Bharadwaj G, Somasundaram V, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Fujita M, Lockett SJ, Anderson SK, McVicar DW, Wink DA. Understanding the tumour micro-environment communication network from an NOS2/COX2 perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:155-176. [PMID: 30152521 PMCID: PMC6295414 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that co-expression of NOS2 and COX2 is a strong prognostic indicator in triple-negative breast cancer patients. These two key inflammation-associated enzymes are responsible for the biosynthesis of NO and PGE2 , respectively, and can exert their effect in both an autocrine and paracrine manner. Impairment of their physiological regulation leads to critical changes in both intra-tumoural and intercellular communication with the immune system and their adaptation to the hypoxic tumour micro-environment. Recent studies have also established a key role of NOS2-COX2 in causing metabolic shift. This review provides an extensive overview of the role of NO and PGE2 in shaping communication between the tumour micro-environment composed of tumour and immune cells that in turn favours tumour progression and metastasis. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Basudhar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Gaurav Bharadwaj
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChiba‐kenJapan
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
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9
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Snijesh V, Matchado MS, Singh S. Classifying Rheumatoid Arthritis gene network signatures for identifying key regulatory molecules and their altered pathways by adopting network biology approach. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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In vitro proinflammatory gene expression predicts in vivo telomere shortening: A preliminary study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 96:179-187. [PMID: 29980010 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chronic psychological stress of caregiving leads to higher risks for many diseases. One of the mechanisms through which caregiving is associated with disease risk is chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation may accelerate cellular aging via telomere dysfunction and cell senescence, although this has not been examined in human cells from healthy people. We examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 healthy mothers of children with autism (caregivers) and 19 mothers of neurotypical children (controls) in an in vitro culture system where PBMCs were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). We measured RNA expression levels of a panel of immune function genes before and after PHA stimulation, as well as telomere length from PBMCs collected from the participants at baseline and 15 months later. Caregivers and controls had similar gene expression profiles in unstimulated PBMCs, but after PHA stimulation, caregivers had increased RNA levels of the master inflammatory regulator NF-κB and its proinflammatory cytokine targets IL-1β, IL-6 and its receptor IL-6R as well as inflammatory chemokines IL-8, CXCL1 and CXCL2. Gene expression analysis suggested caregivers have increased Treg and Th17 T cell differentiation. Additionally, key signaling molecules involved in the upregulation of COX-2, a critical enzyme in the synthesis of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin, were elevated. When both groups were examined together, higher expression levels of proinflammatory genes were associated with shorter telomere length in PBMCs from blood drawn 15 months later, independent of baseline telomere length. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic stress is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response in PBMCs, which in turn is associated with shorter telomere length measured from PBMCs collected 15 months later. To our knowledge, this is the first human study that shows increased proinflammatory expression predicts future telomere shortening.
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Zhang X, Luo Y, Wang C, Ding X, Yang X, Wu D, Silva F, Yang Z, Zhou Q, Wang L, Wang X, Zhou J, Boyd N, Spafford M, Burge M, Yang XO, Liu M. Adipose mTORC1 Suppresses Prostaglandin Signaling and Beige Adipogenesis via the CRTC2-COX-2 Pathway. Cell Rep 2018; 24:3180-3193. [PMID: 30232001 PMCID: PMC6287973 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes are present in white adipose tissue (WAT) and have thermogenic capacity to orchestrate substantial energy metabolism and counteract obesity. However, adipocyte-derived signals that act on progenitor cells to control beige adipogenesis remain poorly defined. Here, we show that adipose-specific depletion of Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, promoted beige adipogenesis through prostaglandins (PGs) synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, Raptor-deficient mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity and COX-2 downregulation. Mechanistically, mTORC1 suppressed COX-2 by phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) and subsequent dissociation of CREB to cox-2 promoter in adipocytes. PG treatment stimulated PKA and promoted differentiation of progenitor cells to beige adipocytes in culture. Ultimately, we show that pharmacological inhibition or suppression of COX-2 attenuated mTORC1 inhibition-induced thermogenic gene expression in inguinal WAT in vivo and in vitro. Our study identifies adipocyte-derived PGs as key regulators of white adipocyte browning, which occurs through mTORC1 and CRTC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Floyd Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nathan Boyd
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Spafford
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mark Burge
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xuexian O Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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12
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Riaz MK, Riaz MA, Zhang X, Lin C, Wong KH, Chen X, Zhang G, Lu A, Yang Z. Surface Functionalization and Targeting Strategies of Liposomes in Solid Tumor Therapy: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E195. [PMID: 29315231 PMCID: PMC5796144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface functionalization of liposomes can play a key role in overcoming the current limitations of nanocarriers to treat solid tumors, i.e., biological barriers and physiological factors. The phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) containing anticancer agents produce fewer side effects than non-liposomal anticancer formulations, and can effectively target the solid tumors. This article reviews information about the strategies for targeting of liposomes to solid tumors along with the possible targets in cancer cells, i.e., extracellular and intracellular targets and targets in tumor microenvironment or vasculature. Targeting ligands for functionalization of liposomes with relevant surface engineering techniques have been described. Stimuli strategies for enhanced delivery of anticancer agents at requisite location using stimuli-responsive functionalized liposomes have been discussed. Recent approaches for enhanced delivery of anticancer agents at tumor site with relevant surface functionalization techniques have been reviewed. Finally, current challenges of functionalized liposomes and future perspective of smart functionalized liposomes have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kashif Riaz
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Muhammad Adil Riaz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Congcong Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Hong Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Kiszałkiewicz J, Piotrowski WJ, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D, Górski P, Antczak A, Górski W, Domańska-Senderowska D, Migdalska-Sęk M, Czarnecka KH, Nawrot E, Brzeziańska-Lasota E. Altered Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis is not Related to Clinical Classifications. Inflammation 2016; 39:1302-9. [PMID: 27188849 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated COX-2 activity is associated with the development of chronic lung diseases leading to bronchial obstruction, including sarcoidosis. The aim of the study was to examine expression pattern of COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA). Expression was performed by q-PCR method in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes in sarcoidosis patients (n = 61) and control group (n = 30). Analysis of COX-2 mRNA expression level in BAL fluid and PB revealed downregulation in sarcoidosis and control groups. In PB lymphocytes, the statistically significant difference between patients and controls was observed (P = 0.003, Mann-Whitney U test), with higher expression in patients. There were no statistically significant differences between patients without and with parenchymal involvement (stages I vs. II-IV), between patients with acute vs. insidious onset of disease and between patients with abnormal vs. normal spirometry (P > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). Results suggest that expression of COX-2 mRNA in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis is not related to clinical classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kiszałkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech J Piotrowski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Dorota Pastuszak-Lewandoska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Adam Antczak
- Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Witold Górski
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergy, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Kopcińskiego 22, Lodz, 90-153, Poland
| | - Daria Domańska-Senderowska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Migdalska-Sęk
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina H Czarnecka
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, 1st Chair of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, St. Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
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Puttaswamy N, Pavan Kumar G, Al-Ghorbani M, Vigneshwaran V, Prabhakar B, Khanum SA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of salicylic acid conjugated isoxazoline analogues on immune cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:153-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Zhang MZ, Yao B, Wang Y, Yang S, Wang S, Fan X, Harris RC. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in hematopoietic cells results in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4281-94. [PMID: 26485285 DOI: 10.1172/jci81550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) production with either nonselective or selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity can induce or exacerbate salt-sensitive hypertension. This effect has been previously attributed to inhibition of intrinsic renal COX-2 activity and subsequent increase in sodium retention by the kidney. Here, we found that macrophages isolated from kidneys of high-salt-treated WT mice have increased levels of COX-2 and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Furthermore, BM transplantation (BMT) from either COX-2-deficient or mPGES-1-deficient mice into WT mice or macrophage-specific deletion of the PGE2 type 4 (EP4) receptor induced salt-sensitive hypertension and increased phosphorylation of the renal sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC). Kidneys from high-salt-treated WT mice transplanted with Cox2-/- BM had increased macrophage and T cell infiltration and increased M1- and Th1-associated markers and cytokines. Skin macrophages from high-salt-treated mice with either genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of the COX-2 pathway expressed decreased M2 markers and VEGF-C production and exhibited aberrant lymphangiogenesis. Together, these studies demonstrate that COX-2-derived PGE2 in hematopoietic cells plays an important role in both kidney and skin in maintaining homeostasis in response to chronically increased dietary salt. Moreover, these results indicate that inhibiting COX-2 expression or activity in hematopoietic cells can result in a predisposition to salt-sensitive hypertension.
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16
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Nicolaou A, Mauro C, Urquhart P, Marelli-Berg F. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-derived lipid mediators and T cell function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24611066 PMCID: PMC3933826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in T cell biology both as nutrients important for energy production as well as signaling molecules. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to exhibit a range of immunomodulatory properties that progress through T cell mediated events, although the molecular mechanisms of these actions have not yet been fully elucidated. Some of these immune activities are linked to polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced alteration of the composition of cellular membranes and the consequent changes in signaling pathways linked to membrane raft-associated proteins. However, significant aspects of the polyunsaturated fatty acid bioactivities are mediated through their transformation to specific lipid mediators, products of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P450 enzymatic reactions. Resulting bioactive metabolites including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and endocannabinoids are produced by and/or act upon T leukocytes through cell surface receptors and have been shown to alter T cell activation and differentiation, proliferation, cytokine production, motility, and homing events. Detailed appreciation of the mode of action of these lipids presents opportunities for the design and development of therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Paula Urquhart
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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17
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Kojima F, Frolov A, Matnani R, Woodward JG, Crofford LJ. Reduced T cell-dependent humoral immune response in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 null mice is mediated by nonhematopoietic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4979-88. [PMID: 24127557 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible enzyme that specifically catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2. We showed that mPGES-1 null mice had a significantly reduced incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis compared with wild-type (WT) mice associated with a marked reduction in Abs to type II collagen. In this study, we further elucidated the role of mPGES-1 in the humoral immune response. Basal levels of serum IgM and IgG were significantly reduced in mPGES-1 null mice. Compared with WT mice, mPGES-1 null mice exhibited a significant reduction of hapten-specific serum Abs in response to immunization with the T cell-dependent (TD) Ag DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Immunization with the T cell-independent type 1 Ag trinitrophenyl-LPS or the T cell-independent type 2 Ag DNP-Ficoll revealed minimal differences between strains. Germinal center formation in the spleen of mPGES-1 null and WT mice were similar after immunization with DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. To determine whether the effect of mPGES-1 and PGE2 was localized to hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic cells, we generated bone marrow chimeras. We demonstrated that mPGES-1 deficiency in nonhematopoietic cells was the critical factor for reduced TD Ab production. We conclude that mPGES-1 and PGE2-dependent phenotypic changes of nonhematopoietic/mesenchymal stromal cells play a key role in TD humoral immune responses in vivo. These findings may have relevance to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases associated with autoantibody formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kojima
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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18
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Lone AM, Taskén K. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory roles of eicosanoids in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:130. [PMID: 23760108 PMCID: PMC3671288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are inflammatory mediators primarily generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 to ω-3 and ω-6 C20 fatty acids that next are converted to leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PCs), and thromboxanes (TXAs). The rate-limiting and tightly regulated lipoxygenases control synthesis of LTs while the equally well-controlled cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 generate prostanoids, including PGs, PCs, and TXAs. While many of the classical signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, pain, and heat are caused by eicosanoid species with vasoactive, pyretic, and pain-inducing effects locally, some eicosanoids also regulate T cell functions. Here, we will review eicosanoid production in T cell subsets and the inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of LTs, PGs, PCs, and TXAs in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mari Lone
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Kue CS, Jung MY, Cho D, Kim TS. C6-ceramide enhances Interleukin-12-mediated T helper type 1 cell responses through a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathway. Immunobiology 2011; 217:601-9. [PMID: 22112438 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides, lipid molecules located predominantly within the plasma membrane of a cell, can function as second messengers, and have been known to carry out a number of cellular functions. T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses are known to be involved in the cellular immunity, which is crucial in the cancer and allergy immunotherapy. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of ceramides on T helper cell responses and their underlying mechanisms. We demonstrated that a cell-permeable C6-ceramide (C6) together with IL-12 enhanced Th1 cell differentiation, whereas C6 alone had no effects, as demonstrated by the increased populations of IFN-γ expressing CD4(+) T cells and the up-regulation of IFN-γ production from CD4(+) T cells. In contrast, C2-ceramide and long chain ceramides (C16 and C24) did not affect the Th1 responses. C6 treatment was shown to increase the expression of T-bet, a master transcription factor of Th1 responses, in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, C6 increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in CD4(+) T cells. The C6-mediated increase of IFN-γ production and IFN-γ expressing CD4(+) T cell populations were significantly suppressed by a COX-2 specific inhibitor (NS-398) in a dose-dependent manner. T-bet expression was also decreased by NS-398 treatment, thereby indicating that C6 ceramide enhances Th1 responses via a COX-2 dependent pathway. This result demonstrates that C6 may be utilized in therapies for the treatment of immune diseases such cancer and allergy by enhancing the Th1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Siang Kue
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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Klatt AR, Klinger G, Paul-Klausch B, Renno JH, Schmidt J, Malchau G, Wielckens K. TAK1 mediates the collagen-II-dependent induction of the COX-2 gene and PGE2 release in primary human chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 51:452-8. [PMID: 20604713 DOI: 10.3109/03008201003668360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of transforming growth factor-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in collagen II signaling in primary human chondrocytes (PHCs). We asked whether TAK1 acts as a modulator of collagen II signaling with respect to collagen-II-dependent induction of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) in PHCs and release of PGE2 from PHCs. Therefore, PHCs were incubated with collagen II, and cells were then analyzed by RT-PCR for the expression of COX-2. ELISA was used to quantify PGE2 release. To examine the influence of TAK1 on these events, TAK1 gene silencing was performed by RNAi in PHCs prior to collagen II treatment. Results indicated that COX-2 gene expression and PGE2 release are specific outcomes of collagen II signaling and that both depend on TAK1 mediation. These findings are promising in that therapeutic inhibition of TAK1 might be used to reduce pain and relieve inflammatory symptoms that are common in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Klatt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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21
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Hui Y, Ricciotti E, Crichton I, Yu Z, Wang D, Stubbe J, Wang M, Puré E, FitzGerald GA. Targeted deletions of cyclooxygenase-2 and atherogenesis in mice. Circulation 2010; 121:2654-60. [PMID: 20530000 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.910687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the dominant product of vascular Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), restrains atherogenesis, inhibition and deletion of COX-2 have yielded conflicting results in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Floxed mice were used to parse distinct cellular contributions of COX-2 in macrophages and T cells (TCs) to atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Deletion of macrophage-COX-2 (Mac-COX-2KOs) was attained with LysMCre mice and completely suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage prostaglandin (PG) formation and lipopolysaccharide-evoked systemic PG biosynthesis by approximately 30%. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated COX-2 expression was suppressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from MacKOs, but PG formation was not even detected in polymorphonuclear leukocyte supernatants from control mice. Atherogenesis was attenuated when MacKOs were crossed into hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockouts. Deletion of Mac-COX-2 appeared to remove a restraint on COX-2 expression in lesional nonleukocyte (CD45- and CD11b-negative) vascular cells that express vascular cell adhesion molecule and variably alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, portending a shift in PG profile and consequent atheroprotection. Basal expression of COX-2 was minimal in TCs, but use of CD4Cre to generate TC knockouts depressed its modest upregulation by anti-CD3epsilon. However, biosynthesis of PGs, TC composition in lymphatic organs, and atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockouts were unaltered in TC knockouts. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage-COX-2, primarily a source of thromboxane A(2) and prostaglandin (PG)E(2), promotes atherogenesis and exerts a restraint on enzyme expression by lesional cells suggestive of vascular smooth muscle cells, a prominent source of atheroprotective prostacyclin. TC COX-2 does not detectably influence TC development or function or atherogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Hui
- School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 153 Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory condition of the orbit closely associated with Graves' disease. During the course of TED, fibrosis can develop around the extraocular muscles, and excess extracellular matrix and fat accumulates in the periorbital space. This dramatic remodeling results in protrusion of the eye, also known as exophthalmos. Current treatments are sometimes effective in alleviating the symptoms of the disease, but there remains a demand for treatments that prevent or reverse the pathological alterations of orbital tissues. Such treatments may become available as a result of research aimed at understanding the mechanism by which Graves' disease leads to specific remodeling of orbital tissues. Recent findings have uncovered the importance of intercellular communication between autoreactive T cells and orbital fibroblasts. When orbital fibroblasts are activated, possibly by Graves' disease-related autoantibodies, they release T cell chemoattractants, initiating an interaction in which these cells activate each other. These interactions ultimately result in fibroblasts expressing extracellular matrix molecules, proliferating and differentiating into myofibroblasts or lipofibroblasts. Although the mechanisms underlying these processes are not completely understood, several currently available therapeutic strategies might interrupt the signaling between B and T cells and fibroblasts, thereby treating the clinical manifestations of TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece M. Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine and the Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Steven E. Feldon
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Terry J. Smith
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
- The Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine and the Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Feldon SE, O'loughlin CW, Ray DM, Landskroner-Eiger S, Seweryniak KE, Phipps RP. Activated human T lymphocytes express cyclooxygenase-2 and produce proadipogenic prostaglandins that drive human orbital fibroblast differentiation to adipocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1183-93. [PMID: 17003477 PMCID: PMC1698858 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of preadipocyte fibroblasts to adipocytes is a crucial process to many disease states including obesity, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. In Graves' disease, the orbit of the eye can become severely inflamed and infiltrated with T lymphocytes as part of the autoimmune process. The orbital fibroblasts convert to fat-like cells causing the eye to protrude, which is disfiguring and can lead to blindness. Recently, the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma and its natural (15d-PGJ2) and synthetic (thiazolidinedione-type) PPAR-gamma agonists have been shown to be crucial to the in vitro differentiation of preadipocyte fibroblasts to adipocytes. We show herein several novel findings. First, that activated T lymphocytes from Graves' patients drive the differentiation of PPAR-gamma-expressing orbital fibroblasts to adipocytes. Second, this adipogenic differentiation is blocked by nonselective small molecule cyclooxygenase (Cox)-1/Cox-2 inhibitors and by Cox-2 selective inhibitors. Third, activated, but not naïve, human T cells highly express Cox-2 and synthesize prostaglandin D2 and related prostaglandins that are PPAR-gamma ligands. These provocative new findings provide evidence for how activated T lymphocytes, through production of PPAR-gamma ligands, profoundly influence human fibroblast differentiation to adipocytes. They also suggest the possibility that, in addition to the orbit, T lymphocytes influence the deposition of fat in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Feldon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Mahic M, Yaqub S, Johansson CC, Taskén K, Aandahl EM. FOXP3+CD4+CD25+ adaptive regulatory T cells express cyclooxygenase-2 and suppress effector T cells by a prostaglandin E2-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:246-54. [PMID: 16785520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T(R)) cells suppress effector T cells by partly unknown mechanisms. In this study, we describe a population of human suppressive CD4+CD25+ adaptive T(R) (T(R)(adapt)) cells induced in vitro that express cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and the transcription factor FOXP3. T(R)(adapt) cells produce PGE(2) and suppress effector T cell responses in a manner that is reversed by COX inhibitors and PGE(2) receptor-specific antagonists. In resting CD4+CD25- T cells, treatment with PGE(2) induced FOXP3 expression. Thus, autocrine and paracrine effects of PGE(2) produced by COX-2-positive T(R)(adapt) cells may be responsible for both the FOXP3+ phenotype and the mechanism used by these cells to suppress effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Mahic
- The Biotechnology Centre, Ullevaal University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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25
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Albazaz R, Verbeke CS, Rahman SH, McMahon MJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression associated with severity of PanIN lesions: a possible link between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2005; 5:361-9. [PMID: 15980665 DOI: 10.1159/000086536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key modulatory molecule in inflammation and neoplasia. Increasing evidence suggests a role for COX-2 in pancreatic cancer (PAC). However, expression of COX-2 in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the precursor lesion of PAC which is often present in chronic pancreatitis (CP), has received little attention. METHOD COX-2 immunostaining was performed on sections of PAC (n = 26), CP (n = 34), PanIN (n = 68) and normal pancreas (n = 11). Sections were also stained for macrophages (CD68), activated pancreatic stellate cells (alphaSMA), and collagen (Sirius Red) as markers of fibrosis. Semiquantitative scoring was based on the extent and intensity of immunostaining. RESULTS COX-2 expression was increased in PAC compared to normal (p = 0.02) with 89% of cases exceeding COX-2 immunostaining in normal ducts. In PanIN lesions, COX-2 expression increased with escalating severity of the PanIN change (p < or = 0.01). COX-2 expression was increased in PanIN-2/3 compared to normal pancreas and CP (p < or = 0.001). In ducts of CP, COX-2 expression did not differ from that in normal tissue. There was no association between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological variables. CONCLUSION The high level of COX-2 expression in PanIN lesions suggests that this enzyme could be a therapeutic target at a non-invasive stage of pancreatic carcinogenesis and feasible for chemoprevention in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Albazaz
- Academic Unit of Surgery, The General Infirmary at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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26
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Honkanen T, Mustonen J, Kainulainen H, Myllymäki J, Collin P, Hurme M, Rantala I. Small bowel cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005; 67:2187-95. [PMID: 15882262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical manifestation of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) strikingly occurs after respiratory tract infections. An intestinal inflammation has also been described. We hypothesized that the intestinal inflammation should manifest itself as an increase in inflammatory cells and mucosal cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression. METHODS By using immunohistochemistry, we determined the phenotype and quantity of inflammatory cells in duodenal biopsy specimens from 17 IgAN patients. Control material comprised 18 patients undergoing gastroscopy because of dyspepsia. RESULTS All the biopsy specimens disclosed normal villous architecture. In IgAN, CD3(+) cells and COX-2-positive cells were significantly increased and J chain-producing plasma cells were significantly decreased. CD3(+) cells coexpressed COX-2 protein and COX-2-positive cells also expressed CD45RO antigen. The number of lymphocytes correlated significantly with serum IgA and COX-2-expression with serum IgA and the degree of hematuria. COX-2-positive subepithelial fibroblasts were a conspicuous finding in IgAN. In CD68(+) and CD15(+) cells, a significant increase was seen. Many of these cells also expressed COX-2 protein. CD15(+) positivity correlated significantly with proteinuria in IgAN. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that small bowel inflammation in IgAN shows itself as an increased number of mucosal inflammatory cells. However, polymeric IgA production is significantly decreased. An increased mucosal COX-2 expression suggests activation of the inflammatory cells and the degree of inflammation significantly correlates with serum IgA and the amount of proteinuria and hematuria. Subepithelial fibroblasts seem also to be involved in the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Honkanen
- Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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27
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Rahmouni S, Aandahl E, Nayjib B, Zeddou M, Giannini S, Verlaet M, Greimers R, Boniver J, Tasken K, Moutschen M. Cyclo-oxygenase type 2-dependent prostaglandin E2 secretion is involved in retrovirus-induced T-cell dysfunction in mice. Biochem J 2005; 384:469-76. [PMID: 15344910 PMCID: PMC1134132 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MAIDS (murine AIDS) is caused by infection with the murine leukaemia retrovirus RadLV-Rs and is characterized by a severe immunodeficiency and T-cell anergy combined with a lymphoproliferative disease affecting both B- and T-cells. Hyperactivation of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway is involved in the T-cell dysfunction of MAIDS and HIV by inhibiting T-cell activation through the T-cell receptor. In the present study, we show that MAIDS involves a strong and selective up-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase type 2 in the CD11b+ subpopulation of T- and B-cells of the lymph nodes, leading to increased levels of PGE2 (prostaglandin E2). PGE2 activates the cAMP pathway through G-protein-coupled receptors. Treatment with cyclo-oxygenase type 2 inhibitors reduces the level of PGE2 and thereby reverses the T-cell anergy, restores the T-cell immune function and ameliorates the lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Rahmouni
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Einar Martin Aandahl
- †The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1125, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Btissam Nayjib
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Zeddou
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sandra Giannini
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Verlaet
- ‡Laboratory of Neurochemistry, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Roland Greimers
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jaques Boniver
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Kjetil Tasken
- †The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1125, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| | - Michel Moutschen
- *Department of Pathology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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28
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Datta SK, Zhang L, Xu L. T-helper cell intrinsic defects in lupus that break peripheral tolerance to nuclear autoantigens. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:267-78. [PMID: 15630591 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Special populations of T helper cells drive B cells to produce IgG class switched, pathogenic autoantibodies in lupus. The major source of antigenic determinants (epitopes) that trigger interactions between lupus T and B cells is nucleosomes of apoptotic cells. These epitopes can be used for antigen-specific therapy of lupus. Secondly, the autoimmune T cells of lupus are sustained because they resist anergy and activation-induced programmed cell death by markedly upregulating cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 along with the antiapoptotic molecule c-FLIP. Only certain COX-2 inhibitors block pathogenic anti-DNA autoantibody production in lupus by causing death of autoimmune T helper cells. Hence COX-2 inhibitors may work independently of their ability to block the enzymatic function of COX-2, and structural peculiarities of these select inhibitors may lead to better drug discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamal K Datta
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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29
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Simmons DL, Botting RM, Hla T. Cyclooxygenase Isozymes: The Biology of Prostaglandin Synthesis and Inhibition. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:387-437. [PMID: 15317910 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1175] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent one of the most highly utilized classes of pharmaceutical agents in medicine. All NSAIDs act through inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, a catalytic activity possessed by two distinct cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes encoded by separate genes. The discovery of COX-2 launched a new era in NSAID pharmacology, resulting in the synthesis, marketing, and widespread use of COX-2 selective drugs. These pharmaceutical agents have quickly become established as important therapeutic medications with potentially fewer side effects than traditional NSAIDs. Additionally, characterization of the two COX isozymes is allowing the discrimination of the roles each play in physiological processes such as homeostatic maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract, renal function, blood clotting, embryonic implantation, parturition, pain, and fever. Of particular importance has been the investigation of COX-1 and -2 isozymic functions in cancer, dysregulation of inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. More recently, additional heterogeneity in COX-related proteins has been described, with the finding of variants of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. These variants may function in tissue-specific physiological and pathophysiological processes and may represent important new targets for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, E280 BNSN, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
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30
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de Pascual-Teresa S, Johnston KL, DuPont MS, O'Leary KA, Needs PW, Morgan LM, Clifford MN, Bao Y, Williamson G. Quercetin metabolites downregulate cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in human lymphocytes ex vivo but not in vivo. J Nutr 2004; 134:552-7. [PMID: 14988445 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.3.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have the potential to modulate inflammation by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription. In this study, we compared the effect of the human flavonoid plasma metabolites (quercetin 3'-sulfate, quercetin 3-glucuronide and 3'-methylquercetin 3-glucuronide) on expression of COX-2 mRNA in human lymphocytes ex vivo using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. We show that the flavonoid quercetin metabolites as detected in human plasma at physiologically significant concentrations inhibit COX-2 expression in human lymphocytes ex vivo. To examine the effect in vivo, we measured COX-2 mRNA levels in 8 subjects (5 men and 3 women) participating in a 3-way, single-blind, randomized crossover study after consumption of a single meal of white, low-quercetin onions, compared with yellow, high-quercetin onions. After consumption of high-quercetin onions, quercetin conjugates were detected in plasma (up to a maximum concentration of 4 micro mol/L at approximately 1 h). However, the expression of COX-2 mRNA in lymphocytes was unchanged by the consumption of high-quercetin onions compared with the low-quercetin group. The results show that a single high dose of the flavonoid quercetin from onions does not change COX-2 mRNA expression in human lymphocytes in vivo even though this change occurred in vitro and ex vivo.
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31
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Xu L, Zhang L, Yi Y, Kang HK, Datta SK. Human lupus T cells resist inactivation and escape death by upregulating COX-2. Nat Med 2004; 10:411-5. [PMID: 14991050 DOI: 10.1038/nm1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune T-helper cells drive pathogenic autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the mechanisms maintaining those T cells are unknown. Autoreactive T cells are normally eliminated by functional inactivation (anergy) and activation-induced cell death (AICD) or apoptosis through death receptor (Fas) signaling. However, mutations in the genes encoding Fas and its ligand (FasL) are rare in classical SLE. By gene microarray profiling, validated by functional and biochemical studies, we establish here that activated T cells of lupus patients resist anergy and apoptosis by markedly upregulating and sustaining cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Inhibition of COX-2 caused apoptosis of the anergy-resistant lupus T cells by augmenting Fas signaling and markedly decreasing the survival molecule c-FLIP (cellular homolog of viral FLICE inhibitory protein). Studies with COX-2 inhibitors and Cox-2-deficient mice confirmed that this COX-2/FLIP antiapoptosis program is used selectively by anergy-resistant lupus T cells, and not by cancer cells or other autoimmune T cells. Notably, the gene encoding COX-2 is located in a lupus-susceptibility region on chromosome 1. We also found that only some COX-2 inhibitors were able to suppress the production of pathogenic autoantibodies to DNA by causing autoimmune T-cell apoptosis, an effect that was independent of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). These findings could be useful in the design of lupus therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Xu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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32
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Timoshenko AV, Xu G, Chakrabarti S, Lala PK, Chakraborty C. Role of prostaglandin E2 receptors in migration of murine and human breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2003; 289:265-74. [PMID: 14499627 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant upregulation of COX-2 enzyme resulting in accumulation of PGE2 in a cancer cell environment is a marker for progression of many cancers, including breast cancer. Four subtypes of cell surface receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), which are coupled with different G-proteins, mediate PGE2 actions. Since migration is an essential step in invasion and metastasis, in the present study we defined the expression of EP receptors and their roles in migratory function of breast cancer cells of murine (C3L5) and human (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) origin. Highly metastatic C3L5 and MDA-MB-231 cells, found to be highly migratory in a Transwell migration assay, were shown to accumulate much higher levels of PGE2 in culture media in comparison with nonmetastatic and poorly migrating MCF-7 cells; the levels of PGF2alpha and 6-keto-PGF1alpha were low in all cases. The elevated PGE2 production by metastatic cancer cells was due to COX-2 activity since dual COX-1/2 inhibitor indomethacin and selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 equally suppressed both basal and inducible (by IFN-gamma/LPS or Ca2+-ionophores) PGE2 accumulation. RT-PCR analysis revealed that murine C3L5 cells expressed mRNA of EP1, EP3, and EP4 but not EP2 receptors. On the other hand, human MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells expressed all the above receptors. High levels of expression of functional EP4 receptors coupled with Gs-protein was confirmed in C3L5 cells by biochemical assay showing a dose-dependent increase of intracellular cAMP synthesis in response to PGE2. EP receptor antagonists SC-19220, AH-6809, and AH-23848B, having highest affinity for EP1, EP1/EP2/DP, and EP4 receptors, respectively, variably inhibited migration of metastatic breast cancer cells. An autocrine PGE2-mediated migratory activity of these cells appeared to be associated predominantly with EP4 receptor-mediated signaling pathway, which uses cAMP as a second messenger. This conclusion is based on several observations: (1) selective EP4 antagonist AH-23848B effectively inhibited migration of both C3L5 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner; (2) exogenous PGE2 and EP4 agonist PGE1 alcohol increased migration of C3L5 cells; (3) forskolin, a potent activator of adenylate cyclase, as well as membrane-permeable analogues of cAMP (8-bromo-cAMP, dibutyryl-cAMP) stimulated migration of C3L5 cells; and (4) Rp-cAMPS, a selective protein kinase A inhibitor, reduced migration of C3L5 cells. Migration of poorly migratory MCF-7 cells remained unaffected with either PGE2 or EP4 antagonist. These findings are relevant for designing therapeutic strategies against breast cancer metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Alprostadil/metabolism
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- Xanthenes/pharmacology
- Xanthones
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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33
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Barat C, Tremblay MJ. Treatment of human T cells with bisperoxovanadium phosphotyrosyl phosphatase inhibitors leads to activation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6992-7000. [PMID: 12493747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212433200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitors are potent activators of T lymphocytes, most likely by affecting the early steps of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. We have analyzed the effect of the PTP inhibitor bisperoxovanadium (bpV) on expression of the human cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene, which is induced following TCR triggering. Here we show that COX-2 promoter activity is markedly up-regulated following exposure of Jurkat T cells to bpV(pic). Interestingly enough, treatment of Jurkat cells with cyclic AMP-elevating agents such as forskolin, in combination with bpV, resulted in a more important COX-2 transcriptional activation. Such activation is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and cyclosporin A. The two nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) binding sites located within the COX-2 promoter region are involved in bpV-mediated positive effect on COX-2 promoter. Electromobility shift assays showed that NFAT1 and activator protein-1 are both translocated to the nucleus following bpV treatment. The active participation of p56(lck), ZAP-70, p36(LAT), and calcium in the bpV-dependent signaling cascade leading to COX-2 transcriptional activation was demonstrated using deficient cell lines and specific inhibitors. Although several PTPs are most likely targeted by bpV, our data suggest that the bpV-mediated signaling cascade is initiated by inhibition of SHP-1, which leads to phosphorylation of p56(lck) and ZAP-70 and, ultimately, to NFAT and activator protein-1 nuclear translocation. These results suggest that PTP inhibitors can activate COX-2 gene expression in a manner very similar to the stimulation induced by TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Barat
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Hôpital CHUL, Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Québec and Département de Biologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase regulates the production of eicosanoids, which modulate physiologic processes in the vessel wall contributing to atherosclerosis and thrombosis, including platelet aggregation, control of vascular tone, and the local inflammatory response. Cyclooxygenase-1 mediates production of platelet thromboxane A(2), a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet agonist, whereas both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 contribute to production of endothelial prostacyclin, a vasodilator that inhibits platelet activation. Concerns have been raised that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may increase thrombotic cardiovascular events by disturbing the balance between platelet thromboxane A(2) and endothelial prostacyclin, but this controversial issue will only be resolved by prospective clinical trials. Because cyclooxygenase-2 is upregulated in activated monocyte/macrophages, which play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we have recently tested the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in LDL-receptor deficient mice would reduce early atherosclerosis. After 6 weeks on a Western-type diet, male LDL-receptor deficient mice treated with either rofecoxib (a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) or indomethacin (a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor) had significant reductions in atherosclerosis when compared with control mice. Also, LDL-receptor deficient mice null for macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 were generated by fetal liver cell transplantation and developed significantly less atherosclerosis than control LDL-receptor deficient mice transplanted with fetal liver cells wildtype for cyclooxygenase-2, providing genetic evidence in support of a proatherogenic role for macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 expression. These results support the potential of antiinflammatory approaches for the prevention of atherosclerosis and identify cyclooxygenase-2 as a target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Room 383 PRB, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6303, USA.
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35
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Burleigh ME, Babaev VR, Oates JA, Harris RC, Gautam S, Riendeau D, Marnett LJ, Morrow JD, Fazio S, Linton MF. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes early atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Circulation 2002; 105:1816-23. [PMID: 11956125 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000014927.74465.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis has features of an inflammatory disease. Because cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and promotes inflammation, we tested the hypotheses that selective COX-2 inhibition would reduce early lesion formation in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice and that macrophage COX-2 expression contributes to atherogenesis in LDLR-/- mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of male LDLR-/- mice fed the Western diet with rofecoxib or indomethacin for 6 weeks resulted in significant reductions in atherosclerosis in the proximal aorta (25% and 37%) and in the aorta en face (58% and 57%), respectively. Rofecoxib treatment did not inhibit platelet thromboxane production, a COX-1-mediated process, but it significantly reduced the urinary prostacyclin metabolite 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1alpha. Fetal liver cell transplantation was used to generate LDLR-/- mice null for expression of the COX-2 gene by macrophages. After 8 weeks on the Western diet, COX-2-/- --> LDLR-/- mice developed significantly less (33% to 39%) atherosclerosis than control COX-2+/+ --> LDLR-/- mice. In both the inhibitor studies and the transplant studies, serum lipids did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS The present studies provide strong pharmacological and genetic evidence that COX-2 promotes early atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDLR-/- mice in vivo. These results support the potential of anti-inflammatory approaches to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Burleigh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn, USA
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36
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Abstract
The relevance of cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2 and their products to inflammation, thrombosis and gastroprotection are well known. Their importance in the immune response was first recognized more than 25 years ago, but has only gained widespread attention recently. In this review, we attempt to integrate information on prostanoids and both the innate and acquired immune responses, including effects on leukocytes, antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes. Prostanoids may be relevant to immunotolerance, autoimmune disorders, transplantation, immunologic defense against tumors, acquired immunodeficiencies and viral infections. Insight into the role of prostanoids in immune function may afford novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rocca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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37
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Kainulainen H, Rantala I, Collin P, Ruuska T, Päivärinne H, Halttunen T, Lindfors K, Kaukinen K, Mäki M. Blisters in the small intestinal mucosa of coeliac patients contain T cells positive for cyclooxygenase 2. Gut 2002; 50:84-9. [PMID: 11772972 PMCID: PMC1773065 DOI: 10.1136/gut.50.1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coeliac disease is characterised by atrophy of the villi and hyperplasia of the crypts in the mucosa of the small intestine. It is caused by an environmental trigger, cereal gluten, which induces infiltration of the mucosa by inflammatory cells. We hypothesised that these inflammatory cells express cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), an enzyme that contributes to the synthesis of pro and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and is known to be expressed at sites of inflammation in the stomach and colon. We have investigated expression of COX-2 in the coeliac disease affected small intestinal mucosa where it may be an indicator of either disease induction or mucosal restoration processes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Small intestinal biopsy samples from 15 coeliac patients and 15 non-coeliac individuals were stained immunohistochemically for COX-2. Samples from 10 of the patients were also stained after these patients had been on a gluten free diet for 6-24 months. Various cell type marker antigens were used for immunohistochemical identification of the type of cell that expressed COX-2. To further verify colocalisation of the cell type marker and COX-2, double immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods were employed. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to investigate the subcellular location of COX-2. RESULTS In all samples taken from coeliac patients, clusters of cells with strong immunoreactivity for COX-2 were found in those areas of the lamina propria where the epithelium seemed to blister or was totally detached from the basement membrane. These clusters were reduced in number or totally absent in samples taken after a gluten free diet. No such clusters were seen in any control samples. The density of COX-2 positive cells lining the differentiated epithelium decreased significantly from 13.5 (5.1) cells/10(5) microm(2) (mean (SD)) in the untreated patient samples to 6.5 (2.0) cells/10(5) microm(2) after a gluten free diet (p<0.001), and was 3.3 (1.9) cells/10(5) microm(2) in control samples (p<0.001 compared with untreated or diet treated coeliac samples). Staining for COX-2 was localised to CD3+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages in the mucosal lesions but not all of these cells were positive for COX-2. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructure of the COX-2 positive cells resembled that of lymphocytes, and the immunoreaction was localised to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in coeliac disease, blistering of small intestinal epithelial cells is associated with accumulation of COX-2 positive T cells, and the number of these cells decreases after a gluten free diet. These observations suggest that COX-2 mediated prostanoid synthesis contributes to healing of the coeliac mucosa and may be involved in maintenance of intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kainulainen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S147-334. [PMID: 11707753 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2108] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Cianferoni A, Schroeder JT, Kim J, Schmidt JW, Lichtenstein LM, Georas SN, Casolaro V. Selective inhibition of interleukin-4 gene expression in human T cells by aspirin. Blood 2001; 97:1742-9. [PMID: 11238116 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.6.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) can have profound immunomodulatory effects by regulating cytokine gene expression in several types of cells. This study is the first in which concentrations of ASA in the therapeutic range were found to significantly reduce interleukin (IL)-4 secretion and RNA expression in freshly isolated and mitogen-primed human CD4+ T cells. In contrast, ASA did not affect IL-13, interferon-gamma, and IL-2 expression. ASA inhibited IL-4, but not IL-2, promoter-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression in transiently transfected Jurkat T cells. The structurally unrelated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and flurbiprofen did not affect cytokine gene expression in T cells, whereas the weak cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor salicylic acid was at least as effective as ASA in inhibiting IL-4 expression and promoter activity. The inhibitory effect of ASA on IL-4 transcription was not mediated by decreased nuclear expression of the known salicylate target nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and was accompanied by reduced binding of an inducible factor to an IL-4 promoter region upstream of, but not overlapping, the NF of activated T cells- and NF-kappaB-binding P1 element. It is concluded that anti-inflammatory salicylates, by means of a previously unrecognized mechanism of action, can influence the nature of adaptive immune responses by selectively inhibiting the expression of IL-4, a critical effector of these responses, in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cianferoni
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Iñiguez MA, Martinez-Martinez S, Punzón C, Redondo JM, Fresno M. An essential role of the nuclear factor of activated T cells in the regulation of the expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:23627-35. [PMID: 10816557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001381200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that transcriptional induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoenzyme occurs early after T cell receptor triggering, suggesting functional implications of cyclooxygenase activity in this process. Here, we identify the cis-acting elements responsible for the transcriptional activation of this gene in human T lymphocytes. COX-2 promoter activity was induced upon T cell activation both in primary resting T lymphocytes and in Jurkat cells. This induction was abrogated by inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, whereas expression of an active calcineurin catalytic subunit enhanced COX-2 transcriptional activation. Moreover, cotransfection of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) wild type protein transactivated COX-2 promoter activity. Conversely, dominant negative mutants of NFATc or c-Jun proteins inhibited COX-2 induction. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis allowed the identification of two regions of DNA located in the positions -117 and -58 relative to the transcriptional start site that serves as NFAT recognition sequences. These results emphasize the central role that the Ca(2+)/calcineurin pathway plays in COX-2 transcriptional regulation in T lymphocytes pointing to NFAT/activator protein-1 transcription factors as essential for COX-2 promoter regulation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Iñiguez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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