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Jiang H, Xu F, Zeng L, Li C, Chen Y, Wang L, Li Z, Liu R. Saponins from Nigella glandulifera seeds attenuate collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats via the OPG/RANKL/NF-κB and Ang/Tie-2 pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114714. [PMID: 34624452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nigella glandulifera Freyn et Sint. (N. glandulifera) seeds are widely used in traditional Uyghur medicine for a variety of immuno-inflammatory diseases. The total saponins from N. glandulifera seeds (TSNGS) have been shown to have analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects that can alleviate joint pain and swelling. AIM OF THE STUDY Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive, debilitating autoimmune disease for which current treatments are not sufficiently effective and result in unsatisfactory side effects. This study aimed to mechanistically investigate the therapeutic effects of TSNGS on RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Qualitative analysis of TSNGS was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), IL-1β-induced HFLS-RAs, and VEGF-induced HUVECs were analyzed to determine the efficacy and mechanism of TSNGS on RA. RESULTS Twenty-one compounds were identified in TSNGS. TSNGS (10, 50, or 250 mg/kg) reduced the severity of arthritis, indicated by a lower arthritis score, reduced paw swelling, and body weight in rats with CIA. TSNGS ameliorated histopathological changes involving inflammatory infiltration, bone degeneration, and angiogenesis in knee and ankle joints. TSNGS improved the immuno-inflammatory response by restoring the levels of the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-4, and IL-10, and increasing the number of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the peripheral circulation and Foxp3 levels in knee joints in rats with CIA. Furthermore, TSNGS increased the OPG/RANKL ratio and downregulated p-p65 in serum and joint synovia. Inhibition of angiogenesis by TSNGS was associated with recovery of the angiogenesis-related Ang/Tie-2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS It was established that TSNGS provides a therapeutic effect on RA by alleviating synovitis, bone degeneration, and angiogenesis via the OPG/RANKL/NF-κB and Ang/Tie-2 pathways and may be used for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Fang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicine of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, 830004, PR China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicine of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, 830004, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicine of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, 830004, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Biology and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target in Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105387. [PMID: 34065409 PMCID: PMC8161097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases constitute a diversified group of diseases distinguished by arthritis and often involve other organs. The affected individual has low quality of life, productivity even life-threatening in some severe conditions. Moreover, they impose significant economic and social burdens. In recent years, the patient outcome has been improved significantly due to clearer comprehension of the pathology of rheumatic diseases and the effectiveness of "treat to target" therapies. However, the high cost and the adverse effects are the concerns and full remissions are not often observed. One of the main processes that contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases is angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a central mediator that regulates angiogenesis, has different isoforms and functions in various physiological processes. Increasing evidence suggests an association between the VEGF system and rheumatic diseases. Anti-VEGF and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) therapies have been used to treat several cancers and eye diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of VEGF biology and its role in the context of rheumatic diseases, the contribution of VEGF bioavailability in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases, and the potential implications of therapeutic approaches targeting VEGF for these diseases.
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ErMiao San Inhibits Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/4381212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ErMiao San (EMS) is composed of the Cortex Phellodendri chinensis and Atractylodes lancea, and it has the function of eliminating heat and excreting dampness in terms of traditional Chinese medicine to damp heat syndrome. Previous reports indicate that EMS possesses anti-inflammatory activity; however, its action on angiogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been clarified. The present study aims to determine the antiangiogenic activity of EMS in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and in various angiogenesis models. Our data showed that EMS (5 g/kg) markedly reduced the immature blood vessels in synovial membrane tissues of inflamed joints from CIA mice. It also inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced microvessel sprout formation ex vivo. Meanwhile, EMS suppressed VEGF-induced migration, invasion, adhesion, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, EMS significantly reduced the expression of angiogenic activators including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in synovium of CIA mice. More interestingly, EMS blocked the autophosphorylation of VEGF-induced JAK1, STAT1, and STAT6 in CIA mice and VEGF-induced HUVECs. These findings suggest for the first time that EMS possesses the antiangiogenic effect in RA in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro by interrupting the targeting of JAK/STAT activation.
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Study of vascular endothelial growth factor A gene polymorphisms in association with Iranian rheumatoid arthritis patients. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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He L, Liu C, Sun C, Wang J, Zhi K, Sun D, Wang H, Wang Q, Lin N. Wu-Tou Decoction Inhibits Angiogenesis in Experimental Arthritis by Targeting VEGFR2 Signaling Pathway. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:442-455. [PMID: 29385909 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wu-tou decoction (WTD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula and has been extensively used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous reports indicate that WTD possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, and inhibits the development of arthritic joints and disease severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) or adjuvant-induced rats; however, its action on angiogenesis of RA has not been clarified. This study aims to determine the anti-angiogenic activity of WTD in CIA rats and in various angiogenesis models. Our data showed that WTD (0.95, 1.9, and 3.8 g/kg) markedly reduced the immature blood vessels in synovial membrane tissues of inflamed joints from CIA rats. It also inhibited in vivo angiogenesis in chick embryo and VEGF165-induced microvessel sprout formation ex vivo. Meanwhile, WTD suppressed VEGF165-/MH7A-induced migration, invasion, adhesion, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, WTD significantly reduced the expression of angiogenic activators, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, placenta growth factor, angiopoietin (Ang) I and Ang II in synovium of CIA rats, and/or in HUVECs. More interestingly, WTD blocked the autophosphorylation of VEGF165-induced VEGFR2 and consequently downregulated the signaling pathways of activated AKT, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 in VEGF165-induced HUVECs. These findings suggest for the first time that WTD possesses the anti-angiogenic effect in RA in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro by interrupting the targeting of VEGFR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua He
- 1 Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China .,2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfang Liu
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhi
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danni Sun
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- 2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- 1 Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China .,2 Institute of Chinese Materia Medica , China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hoeres T, Wilhelm M, Smetak M, Holzmann E, Schulze-Tanzil G, Birkmann J. Immune cells regulate VEGF signalling via release of VEGF and antagonistic soluble VEGF receptor-1. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:54-67. [PMID: 29235095 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Besides malignant and stromal cells, local immune cells shape VEGF signalling in the tumour microenvironment. Aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (Zol) are drugs known to inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, but also have immunomodulatory and anti-tumour effects. These properties have been linked previously to the down-regulation of VEGF and interference with tumour neo-angiogenesis. It was therefore surprising to find that treatment with Zol in combination with low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 increased serum VEGF levels in cancer patients. In this study we aimed to characterize the effect of Zol and IL-2 on VEGF signalling of blood-derived immune cells in vitro. Upon stimulation with IL-2, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells increase production of VEGF consecutively to the release of proinflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ, and Zol accelerates this response specifically in γδ T cells. VEGF can, in turn, be antagonized by soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-1, which is released depending on stimulatory conditions and the presence of monocytes. Additionally, malignant cells represented by leukaemia and lymphoma cell lines produce VEGF and some release sVEGFR-1 simultaneously. Our findings indicate a mechanism by which the VEGF and the sVEGFR-1 production by immune cells regulates local VEGF signalling. Therefore, immunotherapeutic interventions may enable both pro- as well as anti-tumour effects via immune cell-mediated alterations of VEGF homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - M Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - M Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - E Holzmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - G Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - J Birkmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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Takano S, Uchida K, Inoue G, Miyagi M, Aikawa J, Iwase D, Iwabuchi K, Matsumoto T, Satoh M, Mukai M, Minatani A, Takaso M. Nerve growth factor regulation and production by macrophages in osteoarthritic synovium. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:235-243. [PMID: 28677145 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) functions to modulate osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain. Although recent studies suggest that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β mediate NGF activity in human synovial fibroblasts, the regulation of NGF expression in human synovial macrophages remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of macrophages in the production and regulation of synovial (SYN) NGF in osteoarthritic knee joints by examining the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in freshly isolated CD14-positive (macrophage-rich fraction) and CD14-negative cells (fibroblast-rich fraction) in synovial tissue from OA patients by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We also examined the effects of IL-1β and TNF-α on NGF mRNA expression in cultured CD14-positive (macrophage-rich fraction) and CD14-negative cells (fibroblast-rich fraction). In addition, to examine the contribution of macrophages to NGF, TNF-α and IL-1β expression, we injected clodronate liposomes systemically into STR/Ort mice, an osteoarthritis animal model, to deplete macrophages. TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels in CD14-positive cells from the SYN of OA patients was significantly higher than that in CD14-negative cells, while NGF expression did not differ markedly between the two cell fractions. In addition, treatment of human cultured CD14-positive and -negative cells with IL-1β and TNF-α enhanced NGF mRNA and protein levels. Expression of NGF, IL-1β and TNF-α was also reduced significantly in STR/Ort mice upon macrophage depletion. These findings suggest that IL-1β and TNF-α regulate NGF expression and production in synovial macrophages and fibroblasts in osteoarthritic joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - G Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - J Aikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - D Iwase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Mukai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - A Minatani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
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Farzaei MH, Farzaei F, Abdollahi M, Abbasabadi Z, Abdolghaffari AH, Mehraban B. A mechanistic review on medicinal plants used for rheumatoid arthritis in traditional Persian medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:1233-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease, which affects synovial tissue in multiple joints. Although conventional treatments of RA commonly alleviate the symptoms, high incidence of adverse reactions leads to research tendency towards complementary and alternative medicine. As various medicinal plants are traditionally used for the management of symptomatologies associated with RA in Persian medicine, we reviewed medicinal literature to confirm their efficacy in the management of RA.
Key findings
Scientific evidence revealed that traditional medicaments exert beneficial effects on RA through several cellular mechanisms including downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB, suppression of oxidative stress, inhibition of cartilage degradation with destructive metalloproteinases and enhancement of antioxidant performance. Various active constituents from different chemical categories including flavonols, lignans, coumarins, terpenes, glycosylflavons, dihydroflavonols, phytoestrogens, sesquiterpene lactones, anthraquinones, alkaloids and thymoquinones have been isolated from the medicinal plants.
Summary
The pharmacological mechanisms of the medicinal plants traditionally used for RA in Persian medicine are discussed in the current review. Further investigations are mandatory to focus on bioefficacy of these phytochemicals for finding novel natural drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Phytopharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farzaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Jeong SJ, Kim OS, Yoo SR, Seo CS, Kim Y, Shin HK. Anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the traditional herbal formula Gwakhyangjeonggi‑san via enhancement of heme oxygenase‑1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4365-71. [PMID: 27052497 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gwakhyangjeonggi‑san (GHJGS) is a mixture of herbal plants, including Agastache rugosa, Perilla frutescens, Angelica dahurica, Areca catechu, Poria cocos, Magnolia officinalis, Atractylodes macrocephala, Citrus reticulata, Pinellia ternata, Platycodon grandiflorum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Ziziphus jujuba and Zingiber officinale. GHJGS has been used for treating diarrhea‑predominant irritable bowel syndrome in traditional Korean medicine. In the present study, the anti‑inflammatory and antioxidant effects of GHJGS were investigated using the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. GHJGS significantly reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑6 and prostaglandin E2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated macrophages. GHJGS markedly suppressed LPS‑induced phosphorylation of mitogen‑activated protein kinases, whereas it had no effect on nuclear factor‑κB activation. Furthermore, GHJGS enhanced expression of heme oxygenase‑1 and prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species in RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that GHJGS is a viable therapeutic agent against inflammation and oxidative stress‑associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Jeong
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Ohn-Soon Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Rom Yoo
- K‑herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Chungcheong 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- K‑herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Chungcheong 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- K‑herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Chungcheong 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- K‑herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Chungcheong 34054, Republic of Korea
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Yoo SR, Seo CS, Lee NR, Shin HK, Jeong SJ. Phytochemical Analysis on Quantification and the Inhibitory Effects on Inflammatory Responses from the Fruit of Xanthii fructus. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 11:S585-91. [PMID: 27013799 PMCID: PMC4787093 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.172966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Xanthii fructus (Compositae) is a traditional herbal medicine used for treating headache, toothache, pruritus, empyema, and rhinitis. In this study of the quality control of X. fructus, we performed simultaneous analysis of nine marker compounds: Protocatechuic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), ferulic acid (5), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (6), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (7), 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (8), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (9). Materials and Methods: Nine components were separated using reversed-phase SunFire™ C18 analytical column and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. We examined the biological effects of the nine marker compounds by determining their anti-inflammatory activities in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Results: Among the nine marker compounds, eight significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. 1, 3, 5 had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in RAW 264.7 cells. None of the tested marker compounds had a significant effect on interleukin-6 production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Our data demonstrated that each marker compound from X. fructus exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting different inflammation-related pathways such as the TNF-α or PGE2 pathway. Conclusion: Further experiments using in vitro and in vivo models are needed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of each marker compound. SUMMARY Simultaneous analysis of nine phenylpropanoids in the Xanthii fructus was established using HPLC-PDA system. 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-a production. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Rom Yoo
- K-herb Research Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Na-Ri Lee
- K-herb Research Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J, Kishimoto T. Study of active controlled tocilizumab monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate (SATORI): significant reduction in disease activity and serum vascular endothelial growth factor by IL-6 receptor inhibition therapy. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-008-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Anti-angiogenic effect of triptolide in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting angiogenic cascade. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77513. [PMID: 24204851 PMCID: PMC3810371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a pre-vascular seriously inflammatory phase, followed by a vascular phase with high increase in vessel growth. Since angiogenesis has been considered as an essential event in perpetuating inflammatory and immune responses, as well as supporting pannus growth and development of RA, inhibition of angiogenesis has been proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for RA. Triptolide, a diterpenoid triepoxide from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has been extensively used in treatment of RA patients. It also acts as a small molecule inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis in several cancer types. However, it is unclear whether triptolide possesses an anti-angiogenic effect in RA. To address this problem, we constructed collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model using DA rats by the injection of bovine type II collagen. Then, CIA rats were treated with triptolide (11-45 µg/kg/day) starting on the day 1 after first immunization. The arthritis scores (P<0.05) and the arthritis incidence (P<0.05) of inflamed joints were both significantly decreased in triptolide-treated CIA rats compared to vehicle CIA rats. More interestingly, doses of 11~45 µg/kg triptolide could markedly reduce the capillaries, small, medium and large vessel density in synovial membrane tissues of inflamed joints (all P<0.05). Moreover, triptolide inhibited matrigel-induced cell adhesion of HFLS-RA and HUVEC. It also disrupted tube formation of HUVEC on matrigel and suppressed the VEGF-induced chemotactic migration of HFLS-RA and HUVEC, respectively. Furthermore, triptolide significantly reduced the expression of angiogenic activators including TNF-α, IL-17, VEGF, VEGFR, Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie2, as well as suppressed the IL1-β-induced phosphorylated of ERK, p38 and JNK at protein levels. In conclusion, our data suggest for the first time that triptolide may possess anti-angiogenic effect in RA both in vivo and in vitro assay systems by downregulating the angiogenic activators and inhibiting the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase downstream signal pathway.
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Liu C, Kong X, Li X, Guo W, Zhang C, Sun Y, Su X, Liu X, Lu A, Lin N. Wen Luo Yin inhibits angiogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis rat model and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:478-489. [PMID: 23872253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE AND AIM OF THE STUDY Wen Luo Yin (WLY) is a traditional Chinese formula, which has the traditional use of scattering cold pathogen, draining dampness, freeing the flow of network vessels and relieving pains. It is extensively used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients for more than 2000 years, but its actions on angiogenesis of RA have not been clarified. The present study aims to determine the anti-angiogenic activity of WLY on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model and in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes of RA (HFLS-RA) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS For in vivo experiment, arthritis was induced by immunization with bovine II collagen in DA rats. Treatment with WLY (3.45, 6.9, 13.8 g/kg, p.o., daily), or vehicle began from day 1 to day 28 of first immunization. The arthritis score, arthritis incidence, microfocal computed tomography analysis and histopathology evaluation of inflamed joints were assessed. Angiogenesis was measured by synovial vessel density with immunohistochemistry and histomorphometric analysis in synovial membrane tissues of joints. For in vitro experiments, HFLS-RA and HUVEC were used. Assays to determine HFLS-RA migration and adhesion were performed in the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 or interleukin (IL)-1β and/or the WLY (8, 16, 32 mg/ml). Angiogenesis was assessed by measuring the migration, adhesion, and tube formation of HUVEC. Further the effect of treatment with WLY on expression levels of angiogenic activators in sera of CIA rats and in IL-1β-induced HFLS-RA were evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS WLY significantly decreased the arthritis score and arthritis incidence, and inhibited inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage and bone destruction of inflamed joints in CIA rats. More interestingly, doses of 3.45-13.8 g/kg WLY could markedly reduce the capillaries, small, medium and large vessel density in synovial membrane tissues of inflamed joints. Moreover, WLY suppressed the VEGF-induced chemotactic migration of HFLS-RA and HUVEC, and inhibited matrigel-induced cell adhesion of them. It also disrupted tube formation of HUVEC on matrigel. Furthermore, WLY significantly reduced the expression of angiogenic activators including tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-17, VEGF, VEGFR, angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2 and Ang-2 receptor in sera of CIA rats and/or in IL-1β-induced HFLS-RA/HUVEC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest for the first time that WLY posses the anti-angiogenic effect in RA both in vivo and in vitro by downregulating angiogenic activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic sclerosis spontaneously secrete increased amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) already in the early stage of the disease. Adv Med Sci 2012; 56:255-63. [PMID: 21983449 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-011-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the capacity of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and to identify clinical associations of altered production of VEGF by PBMC in SSc. In addition, correlation with another pro-angiogenic cytokine, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), was evaluated. METHODS PBMC were isolated from 25 patients with SSc and 17 healthy controls (HC). VEGF and TWEAK were measured in the supernatants of cultured PBMC using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS PBMC from SSc patients spontaneously released significantly greater amounts of VEGF as compared with HC. Production of VEGF was comparable between patients with early SSc and those with longer disease duration, and in both SSc groups higher than in HC. Patients without active digital ulcers produced significantly greater amounts of VEGF as compared with HC, while there was no significant difference in the production of VEGF between SSc patients with active digital ulcers and HC. VEGF/TWEAK ratio was significantly higher in PBMC from SSc patients than in HC indicating that high production of VEGF is not paralleled by increased release of TWEAK in SSc. CONCLUSIONS PBMC form SSc patients produce increased amounts of VEGF already in the early stage of disease. There is an imbalance in the profile of pro-angiogenic mediators produced by PBMC in SSc which might contribute to the pathogenesis of SSc. Further studies should address clinical significance of our findings.
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Bruneau S, Datta D, Flaxenburg JA, Pal S, Briscoe DM. TRAF6 inhibits proangiogenic signals in endothelial cells and regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:66-71. [PMID: 22326918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TNF-family molecules induce the expression Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in endothelial cells (EC) and elicit signaling responses that result in angiogenesis. However, the role of TNF-receptor associated factors (TRAFs) as upstream regulators of VEGF expression or as mediators of angiogenesis is not known. In this study, HUVEC were cotransfected with a full-length VEGF promoter-luciferase construct and siRNAs to TRAF 1, -2, -3, -5, -6, and promoter activity was measured. Paradoxically, rather than inhibiting VEGF expression, we found that knockdown of TRAF6 resulted in a 4-6-fold increase in basal VEGF promoter activity compared to control siRNA-transfected EC (P<0.0001). In addition, knockdown of TRAF 1, -2, -3 or -5 resulted in a slight increase or no change in VEGF promoter activation. Using [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assays as well as the in vitro wound healing assay, we also found that basal rates of EC proliferation and migration were increased following TRAF6 knockdown; and this response was inhibited by the addition of a blocking anti-VEGF antibody into cell cultures. Using a limited protein array to gain insight into TRAF6-dependent intermediary signaling responses, we observed that TRAF6 knockdown resulted in an increase in the activity of Src family kinases. In addition, we found that treatment with AZD-0530, a pharmacological Src inhibitor, reduced the regulatory effect of TRAF6 knockdown on VEGF promoter activity. Collectively, these findings define a novel pro-angiogenic signaling response in EC that is regulated by TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bruneau
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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16
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Lee EJ, Kim C, Kim JY, Kim SM, Nam D, Jang HJ, Kim SH, Shim BS, Ahn KS, Choi SH, Jung SH, Ahn KS. Inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory biomarkers by ethyl acetate fraction ofPatrinia scabiosaefoliathrough suppression of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:282-91. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.602412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Choe JY, Lee SJ, Park SH, Kim SK. Tacrolimus (FK506) inhibits interleukin-1β-induced angiopoietin-1, Tie-2 receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor through down-regulation of JNK and p38 pathway in human rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 79:137-43. [PMID: 21550286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT This study aimed to identify the regulatory effect of tacrolimus on the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced expressions of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Tie-2 receptor (Tie-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and to determine the regulatory mechanism in the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway. METHODS IL-1β-induced Ang-1, Tie-2, and VEGF expressions with and without tacrolimus were measured in cultured FLS using real time-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of tacrolimus on the regulation of Ang-1, Tie-2 and VEGF expressions through the MAPK signaling pathway was identified by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS IL-1β appeared to induce marked expressions of Ang-1, Tie-2, and VEGF in cultured FLS. Tacrolimus significantly inhibited Ang-1, Tie-2, and VEGF mRNA and protein in cultured FLS treated with 10 ng/ml IL-1β. In addition, expressions of these angiogenic molecules were shown to involve all three of the studied MAPK signaling pathways, including ERK, JNK, and p38. However, the inhibitory effects of tacrolimus on Ang-1, Tie-2, and VEGF proteins were regulated by blocking the phosphorylations of JNK and p38 MAPK, but not that of ERK. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that tacrolimus inhibits the expressions of Ang-1, Tie-2, and VEGF by blocking the activations of the IL-1β-mediated JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in human FLS. This suggests that tacrolimus contributes to the suppression of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arthritis and Autoimmunity Research Center, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-Dong, Namgu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
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El Tayebi H, Salah W, El Sayed I, Zekri A, Zayed N, Salem E, Esmat G, Abdelaziz A, Abdelaziz AI. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-II, matrix metalloproteinases, and their tissue inhibitors as predictive markers in the peripheral blood of HCC patients. Biomarkers 2011; 16:346-54. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.573095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.M. El Tayebi
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - W. Salah
- Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Menofia University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - I.H. El Sayed
- Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Menofia University, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - A.R.N. Zekri
- Virology and immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N. Zayed
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Hepatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E.S. Salem
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - G. Esmat
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Hepatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A.I. Abdelaziz
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Pinexol inhibits in vitro inflammatory biomarkers by blocking NF-κB signaling pathway and protects mice from lethal endotoxemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-011-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim SM, Park KR, Jang HJ, Lee EH, Jung SH, Ahn KS. Methylene chloride fraction of the leaves of Thuja orientalis inhibits in vitro inflammatory biomarkers by blocking NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling and protects mice from lethal endotoxemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:687-695. [PMID: 21040769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Thuja orientalis (TO) has been a recognized herbal medicine across Northeast Asian countries for thousands of years and used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases through as yet undefined mechanisms. In this study, we set out to determine whether the anti-inflammatory effects of this plant are mediated to suppress mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with the methylene chloride fraction of TO (MTO) and stimulated with LPS. Nitric oxide (NO) release was determined by the accumulation of nitrite in the culture supernatants and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 secretion were determined by immunoenzymatic assay. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were evaluated via RT-PCR and Western blotting. NF-κB activation was also evaluated by reporter gene assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). In addition, the protective effect of MTO was evaluated by use of the LPS-induced endotoxin shock model in mice. RESULTS We found that MTO significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 production without affecting cell viability. MTO inhibited the expression of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein and their mRNA expression. Also, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion were decreased by MTO in both PMA and ionomycin-stimulated splenocytes. As a result, MTO inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, which is hypothesized as being due to the suppression of LPS-induced p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation. Moreover, MTO improved the survival rate during lethal endotoxemia by inhibiting the production of TNF-α in an animal model and our LC-MS analysis showed that a major component of MTO was pinusolide. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate here the evidence that the methylene chloride fraction of Thuja orientalis (MTO) potentially inhibits the biomarkers related to inflammation in vitro and in vivo, and might be provided as a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Oriental Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine and Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Marek N, Myśliwiec M, Raczyńska K, Zorena K, Myśliwska J, Trzonkowski P. Increased spontaneous production of VEGF by CD4+ T cells in type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2010; 137:261-70. [PMID: 20705519 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we report that CD4(+) T cells from patients with type 1 diabetes produce significantly higher amounts of VEGF than respective cells from the healthy individuals. Among CD4(+) T cells memory subsets were the main source of VEGF. In addition, memory CD4(+) T subsets were the most numerous in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR was also characterized by significant increase of VEGF concentration in serum and culture supernatants. Hence, these data indicate that there is a sustained spontaneous production of VEGF by CD4(+) T cells in type 1 diabetes, which is additionally exacerbated in DR. In our opinion alterations in the proportions of CD4(+) T cell subsets and their VEGF production may be a useful tool for early assessment of the risk of DR onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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Stolina M, Schett G, Dwyer D, Vonderfecht S, Middleton S, Duryea D, Pacheco E, Van G, Bolon B, Feige U, Zack D, Kostenuik P. RANKL inhibition by osteoprotegerin prevents bone loss without affecting local or systemic inflammation parameters in two rat arthritis models: comparison with anti-TNFalpha or anti-IL-1 therapies. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R187. [PMID: 20003323 PMCID: PMC3003514 DOI: 10.1186/ar2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) feature bone loss and systemic increases in TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Anti-IL-1 or anti-TNFalpha therapies consistently reduce inflammation in these models, but systemic bone loss often persists. RANKL inhibition consistently prevents bone loss in both models without reducing joint inflammation. Effects of these therapies on systemic markers of bone turnover and inflammation have not been directly compared. METHODS Lewis rats with established AIA or CIA were treated for 10 days (from day 4 post onset) with either PBS (Veh), TNFalpha inhibitor (pegsunercept), IL-1 inhibitor (anakinra), or RANKL inhibitor (osteoprotegerin (OPG)-Fc). Local inflammation was evaluated by monitoring hind paw swelling. Bone mineral density (BMD) of paws and lumbar vertebrae was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Markers and mediators of bone resorption (RANKL, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5B)) and inflammation (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), acute-phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1AGP), multiple cytokines) were measured in serum (day 14 post onset). RESULTS Arthritis progression significantly increased paw swelling and ankle and vertebral BMD loss. Anti-TNFalpha reduced paw swelling in both models, and reduced ankle BMD loss in AIA rats. Anti-IL-1 decreased paw swelling in CIA rats, and reduced ankle BMD loss in both models. Anti-TNFalpha and anti-IL-1 failed to prevent vertebral BMD loss in either model. OPG-Fc reduced BMD loss in ankles and vertebrae in both models, but had no effect on paw swelling. Serum RANKL was elevated in AIA-Veh and CIA-Veh rats. While antiTNFalpha and anti-IL-1 partially normalized serum RANKL without any changes in serum TRACP 5B, OPG-Fc treatment reduced serum TRACP 5B by over 90% in both CIA and AIA rats. CIA-Veh and AIA-Veh rats had increased serum alpha1AGP, IL-1beta, IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and AIA-Veh rats also had significantly greater serum PGE2, TNFalpha and IL-17. Anti-TNFalpha reduced systemic alpha1AGP, CCL2 and PGE2 in AIA rats, while anti-IL-1 decreased systemic alpha1AGP, IL-8 and PGE2. In contrast, RANKL inhibition by OPG-Fc did not lessen systemic cytokine levels in either model. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNFalpha or anti-IL-1 therapy inhibited parameters of local and systemic inflammation, and partially reduced local but not systemic bone loss in AIA and CIA rats. RANKL inhibition prevented local and systemic bone loss without significantly inhibiting local or systemic inflammatory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stolina
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Pan R, Gao XH, Li Y, Xia YF, Dai Y. Anti-arthritic effect of scopoletin, a coumarin compound occurring in Erycibe obtusifolia Benth stems, is associated with decreased angiogenesis in synovium. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:477-90. [PMID: 19845767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Scopoletin is the main constituent of coumarin found in the stems of Erycibe obtusifolia Benth, a traditional Chinese medicine used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We have previously demonstrated that scopoletin is able to decrease the serum level of uric acid in hyperuricemic mice induced by potassium oxonate, and attenuate croton oil-induced inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-arthritic effects of scopoletin in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis by assessing paw swelling, pathology, and synovial angiogenesis. It was found that scopoletin, injected intraperitoneally at doses of 50, 100 mg/kg, reduced both inoculated and non-inoculated paw swelling as well as articular index scores, and elevated the mean body weight of adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Rats treated with higher dose of scopoletin showed a near-normal histological architecture of the joints and a reduced new blood vessel formation in the synovial tissues. Furthermore, scopoletin downregulated the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin 6 in the synovial tissues of adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. In conclusion, scopoletin is capable of ameliorating clinical symptoms of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, by reducing numbers of new blood vessels in the synovium and the production of important endogenous angiogenic inducers. Therefore, this compound may be a potential agent for angiogenesis-related diseases and could serve as a structural base for screening more potent synthetic analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, Jiangsu Province, China
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Plum SM, Park EJ, Strawn SJ, Moore EG, Sidor CF, Fogler WE. Disease modifying and antiangiogenic activity of 2-methoxyestradiol in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:46. [PMID: 19409094 PMCID: PMC2687416 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A critical component of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves neovascularization associated with pannus formation. 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is a naturally occurring molecule with no known physiologic function, although at pharmacologic concentrations it has antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. We investigated the impact of orally administered 2ME2 on the initiation and development of proliferative synovitis using the anti-collagen monoclonal antibodies (CAIA) model. Methods Severe polyarticular arthritis was induced in Balb/c female mice by administration of 2 mg of a monoclonal antibody cocktail intravenously into the tail vein of mice. Twenty-four hours following monoclonal antibody administration, mice were injected with 25 μg of LPS (E. coli strain 0111:B4) via the intraperitoneal route. Treatment with 2ME2 (100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 1 mg/kg, p.o., daily), or vehicle control began 24 hrs following LPS challenge and continued to day 21. Hind limbs were harvested, sectioned and evaluated for DMARD activity and general histopathology by histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry (vWF staining). In a separate study, different dosing regimens of 2ME2 (100 mg/kg; q.d. vs q.w. vs q.w. × 2) were evaluated. The effect of treatment with 2ME2 on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic growth factors in the joint space was evaluated 5 and 14 days after the induction of arthritis. Results Mice treated with 2ME2 beginning 24 hours post anti-collagen monoclonal antibody injection, showed a dose-dependent inhibition in mean arthritic scores. At study termination (day 21), blinded histomorphometric assessments of sectioned hind limbs demonstrated decreases in synovial inflammation, articular cartilage degradation, pannus formation, osteoclast activity and bone resorption. At the maximal efficacious dosing regimen (100 mg/kg/day), administration of 2ME2 resulted in total inhibition of the study parameters and prevented neovascularization into the joint. Examination of gene expression on dissected hind limbs from mice treated for 5 or 14 days with 2ME2 showed inhibition of inflammatory cytokine message for IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17, as well as the angiogenic cytokines, VEGF and FGF-2. Conclusion These data demonstrate that in the CAIA mouse model of RA, 2ME2 has disease modifying activity that is at least partially attributable to the inhibition of neovascular development. Further, the data suggests new mechanistic points of intervention for 2ME2 in RA, specifically inhibition of inflammatory mediators and osteoclast activity.
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Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J, Kishimoto T. Study of active controlled tocilizumab monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate (SATORI): significant reduction in disease activity and serum vascular endothelial growth factor by IL-6 receptor inhibition therapy. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 19:12-9. [PMID: 18979150 PMCID: PMC2638601 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-008-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody) monotherapy in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with an inadequate response to low dose methotrexate (MTX). In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, 125 patients were allocated to receive either tocilizumab 8 mg/kg every 4 weeks plus MTX placebo (tocilizumab group) or tocilizumab placebo plus MTX 8 mg/week (control group) for 24 weeks. The clinical responses were measured using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were also monitored. At week 24, 25.0% in the control group and 80.3% in the tocilizumab group achieved ACR20 response. The tocilizumab group showed superior ACR response criteria over control at all time points. Additionally, serum VEGF levels were significantly decreased by tocilizumab treatment. The overall incidences of adverse events (AEs) were 72 and 92% (serious AEs: 4.7 and 6.6%; serious infections: 1.6 and 3.3%) in the control and the tocilizumab groups, respectively. All serious adverse events improved by adequate treatment. Tocilizumab monotherapy was well tolerated and provided an excellent clinical benefit in active RA patients with an inadequate response to low dose MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Shahrara S, Proudfoot AEI, Park CC, Volin MV, Haines GK, Woods JM, Aikens CH, Handel TM, Pope RM. Inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ameliorates rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3447-56. [PMID: 18292571 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, including RANTES/CCL5 and MCP-1/CCL2, are highly expressed in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and they promote leukocyte migration into the synovial tissue. This study was conducted to determine whether the inhibition of RANTES and MCP-1 therapeutically was capable of ameliorating rat of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). Postonset treatment of AIA using a novel inhibitor for endogenous MCP-1 (P8A-MCP-1) improved clinical signs of arthritis and histological scores measuring joint destruction, synovial lining, macrophage infiltration, and bone erosion. Using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, we defined joint inflammation, bony erosion, monocyte migration, proinflammatory cytokines, and bone markers, and p-p38 levels were reduced in rat AIA treated with P8A-MCP-1. In contrast, neither the dominant-negative inhibitor for endogenous RANTES (44AANA47-RANTES) nor the CCR1/CCR5 receptor antagonist, methionylated-RANTES, had an effect on clinical signs of arthritis when administered after disease onset. Additionally, therapy with the combination of 44AANA47-RANTES plus P8A-MCP-1 did not ameliorate AIA beyond the effect observed using P8A-MCP-1 alone. Treatment with P8A-MCP-1 reduced joint TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. P8A-MCP-1 also decreased p38 MAPK activation in the joint. Our results indicate that inhibition of MCP-1 with P8A-MCP-1 after the onset of clinically detectable disease ameliorates AIA and decreases macrophage accumulation, cytokine expression, and p38 MAPK activation within the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shahrara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lainer-Carr D, Brahn E. Angiogenesis inhibition as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory synovitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:434-42. [PMID: 17664950 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibition, long studied in the treatment of malignancies, has begun to emerge as a potential therapeutic approach in managing inflammatory arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. The growth of new vessels is required for the development of the rheumatoid pannus, which then leads to extensive synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Vascular endothelial growth factor is the best studied mediator of angiogenesis, and several therapies have been developed that specifically target this molecule. Several other angiogenesis mediators, such as the angiopoietin-TIE system, hypoxia inducible factor and integrin alpha(V)beta(3), as well as naturally occurring inhibitors of angiogenesis, are also being investigated as potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, there are a number of drugs, including paclitaxel, 2-methoxyestradiol and fumagillin analogs, that might have a role in inhibiting angiogenesis and, thus, in treating proliferative synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Lainer-Carr
- Rheumatology Fellowship Program, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
Growth factors such as PDGF, VEGF and TGF-beta play a pivotal role in the regulation and differentiation of different cell types in the connective tissue, for example fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and in the immune system. Pathophysiologically, these growth factors are thought to play a central role in tumorigenesis, and the use of their inhibitors has led to substantial improvements in tumor therapy. Recent findings also support an important role for growth factors in inflammatory rheumatoid diseases. New developments in the understanding and potential role of these factors in the pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hunzelmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Klinikum der Universität zu Köln, 50924 Köln.
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Tsai CY, Shiau AL, Chen SY, Chen YH, Cheng PC, Chang MY, Chen DH, Chou CH, Wang CR, Wu CL. Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis in rats by nanogold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:544-54. [PMID: 17265489 DOI: 10.1002/art.22401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis plays a part in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and nanogold inhibits the activity of an angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We therefore investigated whether intraarticular delivery of nanogold ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. METHODS Binding of 13-nm nanogold to VEGF in human RA synovial fluid (SF) and its effects on RA SF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration were assessed. Nanogold was administered intraarticularly to rats with CIA before the onset of arthritis. Progression of CIA was monitored by measures of clinical, radiologic, and histologic changes. In addition, the microvessel density and extent of infiltrating macrophages as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in the ankle joints were determined. RESULTS Nanogold bound to VEGF in RA SF, resulting in inhibition of RA SF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Significant reductions in ankle circumference, articular index scores, and radiographic scores were observed in the nanogold-treated rats with CIA compared with their control counterparts. In addition, the histologic score (of synovial hyperplasia, cartilage erosion, and leukocyte infiltration), microvessel density, macrophage infiltration, and levels of TNFalpha and IL-1beta were also significantly reduced in the ankle joints of nanogold-treated rats. CONCLUSION Our results are the first to demonstrate that intraarticular administration of nanogold ameliorates the clinical course of CIA in rats. Nanogold exerted antiangiogenic activities and subsequently reduced macrophage infiltration and inflammation, which resulted in attenuation of arthritis. These results demonstrate proof of principle for the use of nanogold as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of RA.
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Orvieto R, Schachter B, Yulzari-Roll V, La Marca A, Bar J, Fisch B. Soluble CD40 Ligand Levels during Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation – A Possible Culprit of Systemic Inflammation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 56:243-8. [PMID: 16938113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2006.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the behavior and association of serum sex-steroids and serum CD40 ligand in patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for in vitro fertilization (IVF). DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING The IVF unit of an academic medical center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood was drawn three times during the COH cycle from 17 patients undergoing the long gonadotropin-releasing hormone-analog protocol: (i) day on which adequate suppression was obtained (Day-S); (ii) day of or prior to administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (Day-hCG); and (iii) day of ovum pick-up (Day-OPU). Levels of sex steroids and serum CD40 ligand were compared among the three time points. RESULTS During gonadotropin treatment, serum ovarian sex steroids (estradiol, progesterone, free testosterone and androstenedione) significantly increased while CD40 ligand levels nonsignificantly decreased. After hCG administration, there was a significant increase in the levels of serum CD40 ligand, ovarian androgens, and progesterone, with a significant decrease in estradiol levels. No correlations were observed between CD40 ligand and ovarian sex-steroid levels or other treatment variables. CONCLUSION The administration of hCG leads to activation of systemic inflammation, as reflected by CD40 ligand levels. This, in turn, may lead to the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome via several mechanisms, including an increase in several angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Orvieto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon 78306, Israel.
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31
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Abstract
Inflammation and cancer have been viewed as closely linked for many years. This link is not merely a loose association but causative. In colorectal cancer (CRC), chronic inflammation as observed in inflammatory bowel (IBD) disease is a key predisposing factor and IBD-associated CRC comprises five percent of all CRCs. Although the molecular mechanisms linking IBD with CRC are not well understood, recent results obtained in preclinical models point to the transcription factor NF-kappaB as a central player. On the one hand, NF-kappaB regulates the expression of various cytokines and modulates the inflammatory processes in IBD. On the other, NF-kappaB stimulates the proliferation of tumor cells and enhances their survival through the regulation of anti-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, it has been clearly established that most carcinogens and tumor promoters activate NF-kappaB, while chemopreventive agents generally suppress this transcription factor. Actually, several lines of evidence suggest that activation of NF-kappaB may cause cancer. These include the finding that NF-kappaB genes can be oncogenes, and that this transcription factor controls apoptosis, cell-cycle progression and proliferation, and possibly also cell differentiation.
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32
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Abstract
Cough is an important defensive reflex of the airway and also a common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough after common respiratory virus infection is transient but is more persistent when associated with conditions such as asthma, rhinosinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Persistent cough may be due to peripheral and/or central sensitisation of cough reflexes initiated by cough receptors, rapidly adapting receptors or nociceptors. Treatment directed at associated conditions such as asthma (with anti-inflammatories) and gastro-oesophageal reflux (with proton-pump inhibitors) improve cough. There remains a need to use drugs that suppress the neural activity of cough (termed nonspecific), as treatments directed at the clinical cause(s) of the underlying cough (termed specific) may not be effective. The most effective indirect antitussives are opioids such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but they produce side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Opioids such as kappa- and delta-receptor agonists, non-opioids such as nociceptin, neurokinin and bradykinin receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, vanilloid receptor-1 antagonists, blockers of Na+-dependent channels, and large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+-channel activators of afferent nerves may represent novel antitussives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College & Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3, UK.
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Na YJ, Yang SH, Baek DW, Lee DH, Kim KH, Choi YM, Oh ST, Hong YS, Kwak JY, Lee KS. Effects of peritoneal fluid from endometriosis patients on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor by neutrophils and monocytes. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:1846-55. [PMID: 16549420 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in the level of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production has been reported in the peritoneal fluid (PF) of endometriosis patients. This suggests that changes in the vascular permeability and angiogenesis play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease. This study examined the effects of the PF obtained from endometriosis patients on the release of VEGF by neutrophils and monocytes. METHODS Neutrophils and monocytes were obtained from young healthy volunteers and cultured with the PF obtained from either endometriosis patients (EPF) (n=18) or a control group (CPF) (n=4). A human monocyte/macrophage cell line, THP-1, was cultured with either 10% EPF or 10% CPF. The PF and culture supernatants were assayed for VEGF using ELISA. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to measure the VEGF mRNA and protein expression level, respectively. RESULTS The VEGF levels were higher in the EPF than in the CPF (591+/-75 versus 185+/-31 pg/ml, P<0.05). However, the level of VEGF released by THP-1 cells in CPF and EPF was similar. The EPF induced the release of VEGF by neutrophils, but no VEGF was released by monocytes. The VEGF mRNA expression levels in the neutrophils were higher in the EPF, which was abrogated by cycloheximide, suggesting that the EPF induces the production of VEGF in neutrophils. Neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 and TNF-alpha did not completely prevent the EPF-induced release of VEGF by the neutrophils, even though these growth factors stimulated the release of VEGF by neutrophils. There was a positive correlation between the VEGF and IL-10 concentrations in the EPF (correlation coefficient=0.549, P=0.012, n=18), but the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 did not affect the release of VEGF by the EPF-treated neutrophils. CONCLUSION The EPF induced the production and release of VEGF by neutrophils, suggesting that neutrophils may be a source of peritoneal VEGF. In addition, neutrophil-derived VEGF might be a marker for diagnosing endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Pandya NM, Dhalla NS, Santani DD. Angiogenesis--a new target for future therapy. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:265-74. [PMID: 16545987 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating endothelial cells (EC) is called vasculogenesis, whereas sprouting of new blood vessels from the pre-existing ones is termed angiogenesis or neovascularisation. Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, is essential during tissue repair, foetal development, and female reproductive cycle. In contrast, uncontrolled angiogenesis promotes tumor and retinopathies, while inadequate angiogenesis can lead to coronary artery disease. A balance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic growth factors and cytokines tightly controls angiogenesis. With the identification of several proangiogenic molecules such as the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and the angiopoietins, and the recent description of specific inhibitors of angiogenesis such as platelet factor-4, angiostatin, endostatin, and vasostatin, it is recognized that therapeutic interference with vasculature formation offers a tool for clinical applications in various pathologies. Inhibition of angiogenesis can prevent diseases such as cancer, diabetic nephropathy, arthritis, psoriasis, whereas stimulation of angiogenesis is beneficial in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac failure, tissue injury, etc. One of the most specific and critical regulators of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which regulates endothelial proliferation, permeability, and survival. Substantial evidence also implicates VEGF as an angiogenic mediator in tumors and intraocular neovascular syndromes, and numerous clinical trials are presently testing the hypothesis that inhibition of VEGF may have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh M Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology, C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy and Research, Wadhwan City-363030, Dist. Surendranagar, India.
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35
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Matsune S, Sun D, Ohori J, Nishimoto K, Fukuiwa T, Ushikai M, Kurono Y. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor by macrolides in cultured fibroblasts from nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 2006; 115:1953-6. [PMID: 16319604 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000177031.06112.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to study a new mechanism of efficacy of 14-membered ring macrolides in treating chronic rhinosinusitis, inhibitory effects of macrolides on vascular endothelial growth factor production were examined in vitro. METHODS Vascular endothelisal growth factor production in cultured fibloblasts from human nasal polyps obtained from surgery for chronic paranasal sinusitis stimulated by hypoxia or tumor necrosis factor-alpha was assessed under the administration of Clarithromycin or Roxisthromycin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction. RESULTS Dose-dependent inhibitory effects on vascular endothelisal growth factor production stimulated by hypoxia or tumor necrosis factor-alpha were noted in the groups treated with Clarithromycin and Roxisthromycin, including inhibition of vascular endothelisal growth factor mRNA levels. CONCLUSION While, to date, several evidences have indicated that the mechanisms by which 14-membered ring macrolides reduce inflammation are not simply bactericidal, these results suggest another new mechanism of efficacy of macrolides in treating chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Matsune
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Field of Sensory Organology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Schottelius AJ, Dinter H. Cytokines, NF-kappaB, microenvironment, intestinal inflammation and cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2006; 130:67-87. [PMID: 16610703 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26283-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer have been viewed as closely linked for many years. This link is not merely a loose association but causative. In colorectal cancer (CRC), chronic inflammation as observed in inflammatory bowel (IBD) disease is a key predisposing factor and IBD-associated CRC comprises five percent of all CRCs. Although the molecular mechanisms linking IBD with CRC are not well understood, recent results obtained in preclinical models point to the transcription factor NF-kappaB as a central player. On the one hand, NF-kappaB regulates the expression of various cytokines and modulates the inflammatory processes in IBD. On the other, NF-kappaB stimulates the proliferation of tumor cells and enhances their survival through the regulation of anti-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, it has been clearly established that most carcinogens and tumor promoters activate NF-kappaB, while chemopreventive agents generally suppress this transcription factor. Actually, several lines of evidence suggest that activation of NF-kappaB may cause cancer. These include the finding that NF-kappaB genes can be oncogenes, and that this transcription factor controls apoptosis, cell-cycle progression and proliferation, and possibly also cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt J Schottelius
- Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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37
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Abstract
Recent progress in immunology, utilizing molecular biology techniques, has elucidated the molecular mechanism of immune system. In the treatment of autoimmune diseases, molecular targeting therapies utilizing biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are now available. However, exact causes of the most autoimmune diseases are not known and there remain many issues which should be resolved. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine which regulates immune response and inflammation. Deregulated overproduction of IL-6 is involved in the immune-inflammatory diseases such as Castleman's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. A humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab has been proven to be therapeutically effective for the diseases. Simultaneously, we have learned new biological activities from the translational research. In this review, a study from bedside to bench is to be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiogenesis is a prominent feature of rheumatoid synovitis. Although new blood vessels deliver oxygen to the augmented inflammatory cell mass, the neovascular network is dysfunctional and fails to restore tissue oxygen homeostasis, so that the rheumatoid joint remains a markedly hypoxic environment. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of hypoxia and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Vascular pathologic change, in the form of angiogenesis, is important in the perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis and, in the form of endothelial dysfunction, contributes to associated cardiovascular comorbidity. Recent data suggest that tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade may modify the vascular pathologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Angiogenesis is a prominent feature of rheumatoid synovitis. Emerging evidence based on ultrasonographic vascular imaging and angiogenic biomarkers implicates angiogenesis in the active phase of erosive disease. Many factors contribute to the profoundly hypoxic environment that can arise within the joint affected by rheumatoid arthritis. At a cellular level, hypoxia is detected by a mechanism that regulates cytoplasmic concentrations of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. After translocation to the nucleus, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha binds its partner hypoxia-inducible factor-1beta to form a heterodimeric, functional transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which activates a gene program associated with angiogenesis, glycolysis, and adaptation to pH. SUMMARY Despite the luxuriant vasculature associated with rheumatoid arthritis synovitis, the joint affected by rheumatoid arthritis is hypoxic. Repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation together with oxidants produced by phagocytic cells promote chronic oxidative stress within the microenvironment of the affected joint, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species with the potential to contribute to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Taylor
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Division Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, UK.
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van der Flier M, van Leeuwen HJ, van Kessel KP, Kimpen JL, Hoepelman AI, Geelen SP. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in severe sepsis. Shock 2005; 23:35-8. [PMID: 15614129 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000150728.91155.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent vascular permeability factor. The development of capillary leak is common in septic patients, and several sepsis-associated mediators may induce VEGF production. The potential role of VEGF during sepsis has not been studied to date. The aim of the study was first to assess whether circulating VEGF levels increase during sepsis, and second, to examine whether plasma VEGF levels are associated with disease severity. VEGF levels were measured in serial plasma samples of 18 patients with severe sepsis and in 40 healthy controls. VEGF levels were correlated to clinical signs and symptoms. VEGF levels were significantly elevated in sepsis patients compared with healthy controls (134 vs. 55 pg/mL; P <0.001). Serum albumin levels used as an indirect measure of vascular leak were decreased in septic patients. Increased plasma VEGF levels at study entry were correlated to severity of multiple organ dysfunction during the course of disease (Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.75; P=0.001). Moreover, maximum VEGF levels in nonsurvivors were significantly higher than those in survivors (P=0.018). These data show that plasma VEGF levels are elevated during severe sepsis. Furthermore, our data indicate that plasma VEGF levels are associated with disease severity and mortality. Further study of the potential role of VEGF in the development of sepsis-associated capillary leak is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van der Flier
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Bates DO, Jones ROP. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in wound healing. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2005; 2:107-20. [PMID: 15866835 DOI: 10.1177/1534734603256626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Revascularization of damaged tissue is a necessary part of wound healing. With unregulated or insufficient vessel growth, healing is delayed or pathological. Angiogenesis is regulated by expression of a variety of vascular growth factors and modulators, the most widely expressed and critical of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This protein is secreted by tissues in response to ischemic and inflammatory stimuli and results in endothelial migration, proliferation, and increased vascular permeability. The regulation of VEGF expression during wound healing is of considerable importance since angiogenesis appears to be disturbed in abnormally healing wounds. This paper describes the current state of knowledge of VEGF expression in wounds, regulation of expression, control of isoform specificity, and the effects of VEGF expression on blood vessels as they grow in wound healing, as understood from many different pathological paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- Microvascular Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Preclinical Veterinary School, Southwell Street, University of Bristol.
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41
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Lainer DT, Brahn E. New antiangiogenic strategies for the treatment of proliferative synovitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:1-17. [PMID: 15709917 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibition, which has been extensively studied for the treatment of various malignancies, is beginning to emerge as a new potential therapy for proliferative synovitis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The rheumatoid pannus, the site of inflammation and joint destruction in the rheumatoid synovium, relies on the development of new vasculature to sustain its growth. A host of mediators have been shown to induce angiogenesis at the site of the inflamed synovium; these include vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, integrin alpha(V)beta3, angiopoietin, prosta-glandin E1 and prostaglandin E2, and matrix metalloproteinases. In addition, hypoxia at the site of synovial inflammation contributes to angiogenesis stimulation. Several naturally-occurring inhibitors exist, such angiostatin and endostatin. There are a number of drugs undergoing study in the treatment of proliferative synovitis, which capitalise on the correlation between angiogenesis inhibition and the reduction of signs and symptoms of RA. Paclitaxel and an anti-integrin alpha(V)beta3 antibody, LM-609, are currently in clinical trials. Other drugs that may inhibit angiogenesis in RA include TNP-470 (formerly called AGM-1470), PPI-2458, PTK-787, bevacizumab and thalidomide. Many of these drugs have shown promise for the treatment of oncologic disorders, and are now being evaluated for the treatment of proliferative synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia T Lainer
- UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Room 32-59, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA
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Taylor PC. Serum vascular markers and vascular imaging in assessment of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and response to therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:721-8. [PMID: 15644394 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology, in the form of angiogenesis, is important in the perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and, in the form of endothelial dysfunction, contributes to associated cardiovascular co-morbidity. Emerging evidence suggests that TNFalpha blockade may modify vascular pathology in RA. Serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent endothelial cell-specific growth factor that is up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and by hypoxia, are elevated in RA and correlate with disease activity. Serum levels of VEGF at first presentation in RA predict radiographic progression of the disease over the subsequent year. Power Doppler ultrasonography is a sensitive method for demonstrating the presence of blood flow in small vessels and the vascular signal correlates with histopathological quantification of the vascular density of synovial tissue. Recent data indicate that high-frequency ultrasound and power Doppler are sensitive tools for evaluation of disease activity and assessment of response to therapy. Power Doppler imaging may also have the potential to predict those patients most at risk of accelerated joint destruction. However, much work has yet to be done to standardize the use of these imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Taylor
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, U.K.
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Loria MP, Dambra P, Moretti B, Patella V, Capuzzimati L, Cavallo E, Nettis E, Pesce V, Dell'Osso A, Simone C, Tursi A. Role of cytokines in gonarthrosis and knee prosthesis aseptic loosening. J Orthop Sci 2004; 9:274-9. [PMID: 15168183 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-004-0774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, which have been demonstrated in synovial fluids during various joint diseases, play an important role in mediating synovial inflammation and in regulating the immune response of many inflammatory processes. We studied synovial fluid, serum, and synovial fragments obtained from 33 patients--10 affected by serious gonarthrosis re-quiring a prosthetic implant, 8 with knee prosthesis aseptic loosening, and (as controls) 15 affected by degenerative meniscopathies--to evaluate the degree of inflammation and level of interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) and interferon gamma secretion. Histological analysis revealed slightly more infiltration by inflammatory cells in the synovial tissue of patients with gonarthrosis and knee prosthesis aseptic loosening than in that of the control group, with a high prevalence of macrophages. Moreover, we observed enhanced production of the studied cytokines, especially in synovial fluid as compared to serum, indicating that in the pathological conditions examined the inflammatory events are mainly localized. Because the role of these cytokines is to modulate inflammation, better knowledge of the involvement of cells and their soluble mediators in articular damage could guide immunomodulating treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Loria
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Section of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 20124 Bari, Italy
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Dasgupta P. Somatostatin analogues: multiple roles in cellular proliferation, neoplasia, and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 102:61-85. [PMID: 15056499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels is a crucial process both for tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. Additionally, dysregulation in angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, proliferative retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The neuropeptide somatostatin has been shown to be a powerful inhibitor of neovascularization in several experimental models. Furthermore, somatostatin receptors (sst) are expressed on endothelial cells; particularly, sst2 has been found to be uniquely up-regulated during the angiogenic switch, from quiescent to proliferative endothelium. The present manuscript reviews the anti-angiogenic activity of somatostatin and its analogues in neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease. The role of sst subtypes particularly sst2 in mediating its angioinhibitory activity is described. Somatostatin agonists may also exert their anti-angiogenic activity indirectly by inhibition of growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis or through its immunomodulatory effects. However, the therapeutic utility of somatostatin agonists as anti-angiogenic drugs in these diseases remains confusing because of conflicting results from different studies. More basic research, as well as patient-oriented studies, is required to firmly establish the clinical potential of somatostatin agonists in therapeutic angiogenesis. The currently available somatostatin agonists have high affinity of sst2 with lower affinities for sst3 and sst5. The emergence of novel somatostatin agonists especially bispecific analogues (agonists targeting multiple cellular receptors) and conjugates (synthesized by chemically linking somatostatin analogues with other antineoplastic agents) with improved receptor specificity signify a new generation of anti-angiogenics, which may represent novel strategies in the treatment of neovascularization-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Room 2068A, MRC-2 East, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Tuomisto TT, Rissanen TT, Vajanto I, Korkeela A, Rutanen J, Ylä-Herttuala S. HIF-VEGF-VEGFR-2, TNF-α and IGF pathways are upregulated in critical human skeletal muscle ischemia as studied with DNA array. Atherosclerosis 2004; 174:111-20. [PMID: 15135259 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Revised: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Critical lower limb ischemia is a common cause for amputation. To develop new therapeutic strategies, more information is needed about molecular mechanisms of tissue responses to ischemic stress and factors inducing angiogenesis. Using a DNA array of 8400 genes, gene expression patterns in human skeletal muscle samples collected from lower limbs amputated due to acute-on-chronic or chronic critical lower limb ischemia, were compared with the control samples collected from the same limb. The results were confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In acute-on-chronic ischemia, 291 genes were significantly upregulated and 174 genes were downregulated (change in 5.5% of all genes) as compared to control samples. Significant induction of the hypoxia-inducible angiogenic pathway involving hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), HIF-2alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its angiogenic receptor VEGFR-2, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with its downstream signaling machinery promoting inflammation and cell death, were found in acute-on-chronic ischemia. In chronic critical ischemia, gene expression changes were much less striking than in acute-on-chronic ischemia, with 74 genes significantly upregulated and 34 genes downregulated (change in 1.3% of all genes). In the chronic situation, the anabolic and survival factors, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2, were upregulated in atrophic and regenerating myocytes together with attenuated HIF, VEGF, and VEGFR-2 expression in the same cells. In conclusion, acute-on-chronic and chronic human skeletal muscle ischemia result in distinct gene expression patterns. These findings may be of importance in the design of novel therapies, such as therapeutic vascular growth, for patients suffering from lower limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina T Tuomisto
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Koch
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University and Veteran's Administration Chicago Healthcare System, Lakeside Division, IL 60611, USA.
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Vuorela P, Lintula S, Stenman UH, Halmesmäki E. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral blood cells of preeclamptic women. Hypertens Pregnancy 2003; 22:193-201. [PMID: 12909004 DOI: 10.1081/prg-120021065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia is associated with platelet and endothelial dysfunction. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is found in peripheral blood leukocytes and released from platelets on activation. We analyzed the content of (VEGF) in peripheral blood cells of preeclamptic women. METHODS The VEGF content of platelets, mononuclear white blood cells, and granulocytes of peripheral blood were analyzed from 12 women with preeclampsia, 19 healthy pregnant women, and 20 nonpregnant women. Protein released from lysed cells was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). RESULTS Platelet VEGF content of preeclamptic women (0.081 ng/109 cells, 0.016 to 2.7 ng/109 cells; median, range) was similar to that of healthy pregnant women (0.31 ng/109 cells, 0.013 to 0.92 ng/109 cells) and that of nonpregnant (0.073 ng/109 cells, 0.012 to 0.76 ng/109 cells) women. Likewise, the VEGF content of granulocytes was similar in preeclamptic (18.5 ng/109 cells, 1.2 to 193 ng/109 cells), healthy pregnant (25.3 ng/109 cells, 0.8 to 441 ng/109 cells), and nonpregnant (29 ng/109 cells, 0.25 to 200 ng/109 cells) women. In mononuclear cells, the VEGF content of healthy pregnant women was higher (4.4 ng/109 cells, 0.13 to 13.7 ng/109 cells) than in nonpregnant women (1.7 ng/109 cells, 0.15 to 11.4 ng/109 cells, P < 0.05). Also, the mononuclear cell VEGF content of preeclamptic women (8.2 ng/109 cells, 0.04 to 23 ng/109 cells) tended to be higher than in nonpregnant women (P approximately 0.07). CONCLUSION Uncomplicated pregnancy is associated with an elevated VEGF content of mononuclear cells. Preeclampsia does not seem to affect the VEGF content of maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, granulocytes, or platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Vuorela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
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Reinders MEJ, Sho M, Robertson SW, Geehan CS, Briscoe DM. Proangiogenic function of CD40 ligand-CD40 interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1534-41. [PMID: 12874247 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a characteristic component of cell-mediated immune inflammation. However, little is known of the immunologic mediators of angiogenesis factor production. Interactions between CD40 ligand (CD40L) and CD40 have been shown to have pluripotent functions in inflammation, including the production of cytokines, chemokines, as well as the angiogenesis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), by endothelial cells. In this study we found that treatment of cultured human endothelial cells with an anti-CD40 Ab (to ligate CD40) resulted in the expression of several other angiogenesis factors, including fibroblast growth factor-2 and the receptors Flt-1 and Flt-4. To determine the proangiogenic effect of CD40L in vivo, human skin was allowed to engraft on SCID mice for 6 wk. These healed human skins express CD40 on resident endothelial cells and monocyte/macrophages, but not on CD20-expressing B cells. Skins were injected with saline, untransfected murine fibroblasts, or murine fibroblasts stably transfected with human CD40L. We found that the injection of CD40L-expressing cells, but not control cells, resulted in the in vivo expression of several angiogenesis factors (including VEGF and fibroblast growth factor) and a marked angiogenesis reaction. Mice treated with anti-VEGF failed to elicit an angiogenesis reaction in response to injection of CD40L-expressing cells, suggesting that the proangiogenic effect of CD40L in vivo is VEGF dependent. These observations imply that ligation of CD40 at a peripheral inflammatory site is of pathophysiological importance as a mediator of both angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E J Reinders
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nakahara H, Song J, Sugimoto M, Hagihara K, Kishimoto T, Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody therapy reduces vascular endothelial growth factor production in rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1521-9. [PMID: 12794819 DOI: 10.1002/art.11143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Serum VEGF levels in RA patients were assayed before and after 8 weeks or 24 weeks of maintenance therapy with humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody (anti-IL-6R mAb). VEGF secreted by RA synovial fibroblasts cultured in the presence of IL-6, IL-1beta, and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) was measured. The inhibitory effect of anti-IL-6R mAb, recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and anti-TNFalpha mAb on VEGF production was also examined. RESULTS Serum VEGF levels in RA patients before anti-IL-6R mAb therapy were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (P < 0.0005). Treatment of RA patients with anti-IL-6R mAb normalized serum VEGF levels. In the in vitro study, IL-6 and IL-1beta each induced a slight amount of VEGF production in synovial cells, but TNFalpha did not. Although VEGF-inducing activity of these cytokines was not remarkable when they were added alone, IL-6 acted synergistically with IL-1beta or TNFalpha to induce VEGF production. There was no synergistic effect between IL-1beta and TNFalpha. In the presence of all of these cytokines, anti-IL-6R mAb eliminated the synergistic effect of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha, while IL-1Ra or anti-TNFalpha mAb did not. CONCLUSION Anti-IL-6R mAb therapy reduced VEGF production in RA. IL-6 is the pivotal cytokine that induces VEGF production in synergy with IL-1beta or TNFalpha, and this may be the mechanism by which IL-6 blockade effectively suppresses VEGF production in synovial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Nakahara
- Department of Medical Science I, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Brenneisen P, Blaudschun R, Gille J, Schneider L, Hinrichs R, Wlaschek M, Eming S, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Essential role of an activator protein-2 (AP-2)/specificity protein 1 (Sp1) cluster in the UVB-mediated induction of the human vascular endothelial growth factor in HaCaT keratinocytes. Biochem J 2003; 369:341-9. [PMID: 12358602 PMCID: PMC1223081 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2002] [Revised: 09/09/2002] [Accepted: 10/02/2002] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic sun exposure of the skin has long been postulated to enhance cutaneous angiogenesis, resulting in highly vascularized skin cancers. As the UVB component of sunlight is a major contributor to photocarcinogenesis, we aimed to explore the effects of UVB radiation on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression, using the immortalized keratinocyte cell line HaCaT as a model for transformed premalignant epithelial cells. In the present paper, we studied the molecular mechanism of UVB-induced VEGF providing a major angiogenic activity in tumour progression and invasion. After 12-24 h of UVB irradiation, a 2.4- to 2.7-fold increase in endogenous VEGF protein level was measured, correlating with an up to 2.5-fold induction of promoter-based reporter gene constructs of VEGF. Furthermore, we identified a GC-rich UVB-responsive region between -87 and -65 bp of the VEGF promoter. In electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, this region binds Sp1-dependent protein complexes constitutively and an additional UVB-inducible protein complex distinct from Sp1 protein. The transcription factor AP-2 (activator protein-2) was detected as a component of the UVB-inducible protein complex. The critical role of the AP-2/Sp1 (specificity protein 1) cluster was supported by demonstration of a significant reduction of UVB-mediated promoter activity upon deletion of this recognition site. The specificity of this region for UVB irradiation was demonstrated using PMA, which increased VEGF activity in HaCaT cells after transient transfection of the deleted promoter construct. In conclusion, our data clarified regulatory mechanisms of UVB-dependent VEGF stimulation which may be critical for angiogenic processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brenneisen
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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