1
|
Kwakowsky A, Chawdhary B, de Souza A, Meyer E, Kaye AH, Green CR, Stylli SS, Danesh-Meyer H. Tonabersat Significantly Reduces Disease Progression in an Experimental Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17454. [PMID: 38139284 PMCID: PMC10744318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by chronic neuroinflammation thought to be mediated by the inflammasome pathway. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels contribute to the activation of the inflammasome through the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inflammasome activation signals. The objective of the study was to evaluate if the Cx43 hemichannel blocker, tonabersat, is effective in modulating the inflammatory response and reducing disability in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG35-55 EAE) model of MS. Here, we show that the Cx43 hemichannel blocking drug, tonabersat, significantly reduced expression of neuroinflammatory markers for microglial activation (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)) and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) while preserving myelin basic protein (MBP) expression levels in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, and striatum regions of the brain in MOG35-55 EAE mice. Reduced NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex assembly and Caspase-1 activation confirmed the drug's mode of action. MOG35-55 EAE mice showed clinical signs of MS, but MOG35-55 EAE mice treated with tonabersat retained behavior closer to normal. These data suggest that clinical trial phase IIb-ready tonabersat may merit further investigation as a promising candidate for MS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kwakowsky
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Medicine, Ollscoil na Gaillimhe—University of Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Bhavya Chawdhary
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Antonio de Souza
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Emily Meyer
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Andrew H. Kaye
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.H.K.); (S.S.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Stanley S. Stylli
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.H.K.); (S.S.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grassi S, Cabitta L, Prioni S, Mauri L, Ciampa MG, Yokoyama N, Iwabuchi K, Zorina Y, Prinetti A. Identification of the Lipid Antigens Recognized by rHIgM22, a Remyelination-Promoting Antibody. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1783-1797. [PMID: 36695984 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Failure of the immune system to discriminate myelin components from foreign antigens plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. In fact, the appearance of anti-myelin autoantibodies, targeting both proteins and glycolipids, is often responsible for functional alterations in myelin-producing cells in this disease. Nevertheless, some of these antibodies were reported to be beneficial for remyelination. Recombinant human IgM22 (rHIgM22) binds to myelin and to the surface of O4-positive oligodendrocytes, and promotes remyelination in mouse models of chronic demyelination. Interestingly, the identity of the antigen recognized by this antibody remains to be elucidated. The preferential binding of rHIgM22 to sulfatide-positive cells or tissues suggests that sulfatide might be part of the antigen pattern recognized by the antibody, however, cell populations lacking sulfatide expression are also responsive to rHIgM22. Thus, we assessed the binding of rHIgM22 in vitro to purified lipids and lipid extracts from various sources to identify the antigen(s) recognized by this antibody. Our results show that rHIgM22 is indeed able to bind both sulfatide and its deacylated form, whereas no significant binding for other myelin sphingolipids has been detected. Remarkably, binding of rHIgM22 to sulfatide in lipid monolayers can be positively or negatively regulated by the presence of other lipids. Moreover, rHIgM22 also binds to phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, suggesting that not only sulfatide, but also other membrane lipids might play a role in the binding of rHIgM22 to oligodendrocytes and to other cell types not expressing sulfatide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy.
| | - Livia Cabitta
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Noriko Yokoyama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Phenytoin promotes the proliferation of oligodendrocytes and enhances the expression of myelin basic protein in the corpus callosum of mice demyelinated by cuprizone. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1617-1627. [PMID: 35362723 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte loss and myelin sheet destruction are crucial characteristics of demyelinating diseases. Phenytoin promotes the proliferation of endogenous neural precursor cells in the ventricular-subventricular zone in the postnatal brain that help restore the oligodendroglial population. This study aimed to evaluate whether phenytoin promotes myelin recovery of the corpus callosum of demyelinated adult mice. CD1 male mice were exposed to a demyelinating agent (0.2% cuprizone) for 8 weeks. We assembled two groups: the phenytoin-treated group and the control-vehicle group. The treated group received oral phenytoin (10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. We quantified the number of Olig2 + and NG2 + oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), Rip + oligodendrocytes, the expression level of myelin basic protein (MBP), and the muscle strength and motor coordination. The oligodendroglial lineage (Olig2 + cells, NG2 + cells, and RIP + cells) significantly increases by the phenytoin administration when compared to the control-vehicle group. The phenytoin-treated group also showed an increased expression of MBP in the corpus callosum and better functional scores in the horizontal bar test. These findings suggest that phenytoin stimulates the proliferation of OPCs, re-establishes the oligodendroglial population, promotes myelin recovery in the corpus callosum, and improves motor coordination and muscle strength.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonzalez Osorio C, Guduru P, Osier N. The Female Impact in the World of Neurodegeneration. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:750603. [PMID: 34690712 PMCID: PMC8526548 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.750603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pragnya Guduru
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nico Osier
- University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zdimerova H, Murer A, Engelmann C, Raykova A, Deng Y, Gujer C, Rühl J, McHugh D, Caduff N, Naghavian R, Pezzino G, Capaul R, Zbinden A, Ferlazzo G, Lünemann JD, Martin R, Chatterjee B, Münz C. Attenuated immune control of Epstein-Barr virus in humanized mice is associated with the multiple sclerosis risk factor HLA-DR15. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:64-75. [PMID: 32949466 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection synergize with the main genetic risk factor HLA-DRB1*15:01 (HLA-DR15) to increase the likelihood to develop the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) at least sevenfold. In order to gain insights into this synergy, we investigated HLA-DR15 positive human immune compartments after reconstitution in immune-compromised mice (humanized mice) with and without EBV infection. We detected elevated activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HLA-DR15 donor-reconstituted humanized mice at steady state, even when compared to immune compartments carrying HLA-DRB1*04:01 (HLA-DR4), which is associated with other autoimmune diseases. Increased CD8+ T cell expansion and activation was also observed in HLA-DR15 donor-reconstituted humanized mice after EBV infection. Despite this higher immune activation, EBV viral loads were less well controlled in the context of HLA-DR15. Indeed, HLA-DR15-restricted CD4+ T cell clones recognized EBV-transformed B cell lines less efficiently and demonstrated cross-reactivity toward allogeneic target cells and one MS autoantigen. These findings suggest that EBV as one of the main environmental risk factors and HLA-DR15 as the main genetic risk factor for MS synergize by priming hyperreactive T-cell compartments, which then control the viral infection less efficiently and contain cross-reactive CD4+ T cell clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Murer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Engelmann
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Raykova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yun Deng
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Gujer
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Rühl
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donal McHugh
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reza Naghavian
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaetana Pezzino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Cell Factory Center, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Cell Therapy Program, University Hospital Policlinico G.Martino, Messina, Italy.,Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Policlinico G.Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Riccarda Capaul
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Cell Factory Center, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Cell Therapy Program, University Hospital Policlinico G.Martino, Messina, Italy.,Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Policlinico G.Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bithi Chatterjee
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Inhibiting Interleukin 17 Can Ameliorate the Demyelination Caused by A. cantonensis via iNOS Inhibition. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3513651. [PMID: 29403160 PMCID: PMC5748302 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3513651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) is an important food-borne parasitic disease. Previous study showed that A. cantonensis infection can cause demyelination in the central nerve system, but the mechanism of action has not been understood. To explore the mechanism and to look for effective therapeutic methods, interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and iNOS expressions were detected during A. cantonensis infection. In addition, IL-17A-neutralizing antibody was applied to treat A. cantonensis-infected mice. In our results, we found that IL-17A and iNOS RNA expressions increased gradually in the process of A. cantonensis infection. When infected mice were treated with IL-17A-neutralizing antibody, the pathologic changes of demyelination alleviated obviously, followed with the elevation of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the brain. In addition, the iNOS expression of the brain in infected animals also showed a decrease in astrocytes. Our study provided evidence that IL-17A may take part in the demyelination caused by A. cantonensis and inhibiting IL-17A expression can ameliorate the pathologic changes of demyelination. Moreover, the decreasing of iNOS expression may be the key reason for the effect of IL-17A inhibition on demyelination caused by A. cantonensis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shah B, Tobias JD. Osmotic Demyelination and Hypertonic Dehydration in a 9-Year-Old Girl: Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid Myelin Basic Protein. J Intensive Care Med 2016; 21:372-6. [PMID: 17095502 DOI: 10.1177/0885066606293358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old girl was admitted for the treatment of hyper-natremic dehydration. Her history was significant for psychogenic polydipsia, hyponatremia, and a renal concentrating defect. She presented with a 2-day history of altered mental status, ataxia, lethargy, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Meningitis was ruled out. Over the course of her illness, slow rehydration was maintained with a gradual decrease (10 mEq per 24 hours) of the serum sodium. Despite this care, she developed quadriparesis, and magnetic resonance imaging performed on day 6 of her illness was consistent with osmotic demyelination (central pontine myelinolysis). To rule out an excessively rapid correction of hypernatremia as the etiology of the problem, a myelin basic protein was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid that had been obtained on hospital day 1. The myelin basic protein was 649.50 ng/mL (normal, 0.07-4.10 ng/mL). The current literature is presented regarding the postulated pathogenesis of central pontine myelinolysis and suggested therapies, previous reports of central pontine myelinolysis in children are reviewed, and the potential role of myelin basic protein in its diagnosis is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Shah
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hares K, Kemp K, Rice C, Gray E, Scolding N, Wilkins A. Reduced axonal motor protein expression in non-lesional grey matter in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 20:812-21. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513508836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease characterised by central nervous system inflammation, demyelination, axonal degeneration and neuronal injury. Preventing neuronal and axon damage is of paramount importance in attempts to prevent disease progression. Intact axonal transport mechanisms are crucial to axonal integrity and evidence suggests these mechanisms are disrupted in MS. Anterograde axonal transport is mediated to a large extent through the kinesin superfamily proteins. Recently, certain kinesin superfamily proteins (KIF5A, KIF1B and KIF21B) were implicated in MS pathology. Objectives: To investigate the expression of KIF5A, KIF21B and KIF1B in MS and control post-mortem grey matter. Methods: Using both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Immunodot-blots assays, we analysed the expression of kinesin superfamily proteins in 27 MS cases and 13 control cases not linked to neurological disease. Results: We have shown significant reductions in KIF5A, KIF21B and KIF1B messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and also KIF5A protein expression in MS grey matter, as compared to control grey matter. Conclusion: We have shown significant reductions in mRNA and protein levels of axonal motor proteins in the grey matter of MS cases, which may have important implications for the pathogenesis of neuronal/axonal injury in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - K Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - C Rice
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - E Gray
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - N Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - A Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hogan EL, Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J. Implications of Lymphocyte Anergy to Glycolipids in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): iNKT Cells May Mediate the MS Infectious Trigger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 26347308 PMCID: PMC4557814 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic lipids may play key roles in host defenses against infection and in generating autoimmune inflammation and organ-specific damage. In multiple sclerosis (MS) there are unequivocal autoimmune features and vulnerability to aggravation or induction by microbial or viral infection. We have found glycolipid-driven anergy of circulating lymphocytes in MS indicating that this immune response is affected in MS and the robust effects of iNKT activation with potent cellular and cytokine activities emphasizes its potential importance. Diverse glycolipids including the endogenous myelin acetylated-galactosylceramides (AcGalCer) can drive activation that could be critical to the inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system and clinical consequences. The iNKT cells and their invariant or iTCR (Vα24Jα18Vβ11) receptor an innate defense–a discrete immune arm that is separate from peptide-driven acquired immune responses. This offers new possibilities for insight including a likelihood that the pattern recognition of exogenous microbial and myelin immunogens can overlap and cross-react especially in an inflammatory milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Hogan
- Georgia Regents University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, 30912-2620 GA, USA ; National University of Ireland Galway, Department of Microbiology, University Road, Galway, Ireland ; Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neurosciences, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Maria Podbielska
- Georgia Regents University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, 30912-2620 GA, USA ; Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, R. Weigla Street 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, School of Science, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang C, Walker AK, Zand R, Moscarello MA, Yan JM, Andrews PC. Myelin basic protein undergoes a broader range of modifications in mammals than in lower vertebrates. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4791-802. [PMID: 22420465 PMCID: PMC3612544 DOI: 10.1021/pr201196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an important component of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons, and it is directly affected in demyelinating diseases. MBP contains a relatively large number of post-translational modifications (PTMs), which have been reported to play a role in multiple sclerosis, while MBPs from lower vertebrates have been reported to be incapable of inducing multiple sclerosis or allergic encephalitis. This study reveals the extent of differences in PTM patterns for mammalian and nonmammalian MBPs. This included intact mass and de novo sequence analysis of approximately 85% of rattlesnake MBP, the first reptile MBP to be characterized, and of bovine MBP. We identified 12 PTMs at 11 sites in the five bovine MBP charge components, which include both previously reported and novel modifications. The most notable modification is an acetylation of lysine 121. Other modifications found in bovine MBP include N-terminal acetylation in components C1, C2, and C3; oxidation of methionine 19 in all five components; all charge isomers having both a mono- and dimethylated (symmetric) arginine at position 106; deimination in arginines 23 and 47 found only in component C8b; deimination of arginine 96 and deamidation in glutamine 102 found in components C2, C3, C8a, and C8b; phosphorylation in threonine 97 restricted to charge components C2 and C3; deimination in arginine 161 only found in component C3; deamidation of glutamine 120 was only observed in C3. All four deiminated arginines and one acetylated lysine were first experimentally revealed in this study for bovine MBP. Mascot database searching combined with de novo sequence analysis of rattlesnake MBP provided more than 85% sequence coverage. A few PTMs were also revealed in rattlesnake MBP: mono- and dimethylated Arg, protein N-terminal acetylation, and deiminated Arg. Overall, snake MBP was found to undergo less modification than bovine MBP on the basis of the mass heterogeneity of the intact protein, the bottom-up structure analysis, and the limited complexity of rattlesnake MBP chromatography. The combined data from this study and information from previous studies extend the known MBP PTMs, and PTMs unique to higher vertebrates are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchao Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Angela K. Walker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert Zand
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mario A Moscarello
- Department of Molecular Structure, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jerry Mingtao Yan
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Philip C Andrews
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Podbielska M, Levery SB, Hogan EL. The structural and functional role of myelin fast-migrating cerebrosides: pathological importance in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:159-179. [PMID: 22701512 DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A family of neutral glycosphingolipids containing a 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine galactosylceramide (3-SAG) has been characterized. Seven new derivatives of galactosylceramide (GalCer), designated as fast-migrating cerebrosides (FMCs) by TLC retention factor, have been identified. The simplest compounds - FMC-1 and FMC-2 - of this series have been characterized as the 3-SAG containing nonhydroxy and hydroxy fatty acyl, respectively. The next two - FMC-3 and FMC-4 - add 6-O-acetyl-galactose and the most complex glycosphingolipids, FMC-5, -6 and -7, are 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3-SAG. These hydrophobic myelin lipid biomarkers coappear with GalCer during myelinogenesis and disappear along with GalCer in de- or dys-myelinating disorders. Myelin lipid antigens, including FMCs, are keys to myelin biology, opening the possibility of new and novel immune modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Department of Neurology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Building CB2803, Augusta, GA 30912-2620, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiarini M, Sottini A, Ghidini C, Zanotti C, Serana F, Rottoli M, Zaffaroni M, Bergamaschi R, Cordioli C, Capra R, Imberti L. Renewal of the T-cell compartment in multiple sclerosis patients treated with glatiramer acetate. Mult Scler 2009; 16:218-27. [PMID: 20007428 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509355460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulating activity of glatiramer acetate on T-cells of multiple sclerosis patients has only been partially clarified. The objective of this work was to investigate whether glatiramer acetate modifies thymic release of newly produced T-cells and the peripheral composition of the T-cell repertoire. T-cell receptor excision circles, (thymic) naive (CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CCR7(+)CD31(+)) T helper cells, and central (CD4(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(+)) and effector (CD4(+)CD45RA(-)CCR7(-)) memory T-cells were evaluated in 89 untreated patients, 84 patients treated for at least 1 year, and 31 patients beginning treatment at the time of inclusion in the study and then followed-up for 12 months; controls were 81 healthy donors. The T-cell repertoire was analysed in selected samples. The percentage of (thymic)naive T helper cells was diminished in untreated patients, but rose to control values in treated subjects; a decrease in central memory T-cells was also observed in treated patients. Follow-up patients could be divided into two subgroups, one showing unmodified (thymic)naive T helper cells and T-cell diversity, the other in which the increased release of new T-cells was accompanied by modifications of the T-cell repertoire. Glatiramer acetate modifies the peripheral T-cell pool by activating a thymopoietic pathway of T-cell release that leads to a different setting of T-cell diversity and, likely, to a dilution of autoreactive T-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Chiarini
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie, Diagnostics Department, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Podbielska M, Hogan EL. Molecular and immunogenic features of myelin lipids: incitants or modulators of multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler 2009; 15:1011-29. [PMID: 19692432 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin lipids have long been thought to play intriguing roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review summarizes current understanding of the molecular basis of MS with emphasis on the: (i.) physico-chemical properties, organization and accessibility of the lipids and their distribution within the myelin multilayer; (ii.) characterization of myelin lipid structures, and structure-function relationships relevant to MS mechanisms, and; (iii.) immunogenic and other features of lipids in MS including molecular mimicry, lipid enzyme genetic knockouts, glycolipid-reactive NKT cells, and monoclonal antibody-induced remyelination. New findings associate anti-lipid antibodies with pathophysiological biomarkers and suggest clinical utility. The structure of CD1d-lipid complexed with the lipophilic invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) may be crucial to understanding MS pathogenesis, and design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics. Novel immuno-modulatory tools for treatment of autoimmune diseases including MS in which there is both constraint of inflammation and stimulation of remyelination are now emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Podbielska
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lyons DA, Naylor SG, Scholze A, Talbot WS. Kif1b is essential for mRNA localization in oligodendrocytes and development of myelinated axons. Nat Genet 2009; 41:854-8. [PMID: 19503091 PMCID: PMC2702462 DOI: 10.1038/ng.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kinesin motor protein Kif1b has previously been implicated in the axonal transport of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. More recently, KIF1B has been associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we show that Kif1b is required for the localization of mbp (myelin basic protein) mRNA to processes of myelinating oligodendrocytes in zebrafish. We observe the ectopic appearance of myelin-like membrane in kif1b mutants, coincident with the ectopic localization of myelin proteins in kif1b mutant oligodendrocyte cell bodies. These observations suggest that oligodendrocytes localize certain mRNA molecules, namely those encoding small basic proteins such as MBP, to prevent aberrant effects of these proteins elsewhere in the cell. We also find that Kif1b is required for outgrowth of some of the longest axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Our data demonstrate previously unknown functions of kif1b in vivo and provide insights into its possible roles in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Lyons
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Banwell B, Ghezzi A, Bar-Or A, Mikaeloff Y, Tardieu M. Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:887-902. [PMID: 17884679 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly if the symptoms of the first demyelinating event resemble acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). MRI is an invaluable diagnostic tool but it lacks the specificity to distinguish ADEM from the first attack of MS. Advanced MRI techniques might have the required specificity to reveal whether the loss of integrity in non-lesional tissue occurs as a fundamental feature of MS. Although the onset of MS in childhood typically predicts a favourable short-term prognosis, some children are severely disabled, either physically or cognitively, and more than 50% are predicted to enter the secondary-progressive phase of the disease by the age of 30 years. Immunomodulatory therapies for MS and their safe application in children can improve long-term prognosis. Genetic and environmental factors, such as viral infection, might be uniquely amenable to study in paediatric patients with MS. Understanding the immunological consequences of these putative exposures will shed light on the early pathological changes in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Banwell
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lambracht-Washington D, O'Connor KC, Cameron EM, Jowdry A, Ward ES, Frohman E, Racke MK, Monson NL. Antigen specificity of clonally expanded and receptor edited cerebrospinal fluid B cells from patients with relapsing remitting MS. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:164-76. [PMID: 17451814 PMCID: PMC2709235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We re-engineered the immunoglobulin rearrangements from clonally expanded CSF B cells of three Multiple Sclerosis patients as Fab fragments, and used three methods to test for their antigen (Ag) specificity. Nine out of ten Fab fragments were reactive to Myelin Basic Protein (MBP). The one Fab that did not react to MBP was a product of receptor editing. Two of the nine MBP reactive Fabs were also reactive to GFAP and CNPase, indicating that these clones were polyreactive. Targeting the mechanisms that allow these self-reactive B cells to reside in the CSF of MS patients may prove to be a potent immunotherapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Foreman AL, Van de Water J, Gougeon ML, Gershwin ME. B cells in autoimmune diseases: insights from analyses of immunoglobulin variable (Ig V) gene usage. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:387-401. [PMID: 17537385 PMCID: PMC2094701 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases has not been fully elucidated. It is also unclear whether breaking of B cell tolerance in patients with autoimmune diseases is due to underlying defects in the molecular mechanisms involved in the arrangement of antibody genes or deficiencies in the subsequent selective influences that shape the antibody repertoire. Analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) gene usage is beginning to provide answers to some of these questions. Such analyses have identified some differences in the basic Ig V gene repertoire of patients with autoimmune diseases compared to healthy controls, even though none of these differences can be considered major. Defects in positive and negative selection, mutational targeting and, in some cases, receptor editing have also been detected. In addition, analysis of Ig V gene usage in target organs and tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases has clearly demonstrated that there is a highly compartmentalized clonal expansion of B cells driven by a limited number of antigens in these tissues. Great progress has been made in the structural and functional characterization of disease-associated antibodies, largely because of the development of the combinatorial library technique. Use of antibodies generated by this technique offers great promise in identifying B cell epitopes on known target antigens and in gaining greater insights into the pathogenic role of B cells in both B and T cell mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lee Foreman
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Calderon TM, Eugenin EA, Lopez L, Kumar SS, Hesselgesser J, Raine CS, Berman JW. A role for CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: regulation of CXCL12 expression in astrocytes by soluble myelin basic protein. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 177:27-39. [PMID: 16782208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) include leukocyte chemotaxis into the central nervous system (CNS) and the production of inflammatory mediators, resulting in oligodendrocyte damage, demyelination, and neuronal injury. Thus, factors that regulate leukocyte entry may contribute to early events in MS, as well as to later stages of lesion pathogenesis. CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha), a chemokine essential in CNS development and a chemoattractant for resting and activated T cells, as well as monocytes, is constitutively expressed at low levels in the CNS and has been implicated in T cell and monocyte baseline trafficking. To determine whether CXCL12 is increased in MS, immunohistochemical analyses of lesions of chronic active and chronic silent MS were performed. CXCL12 protein was detected on endothelial cells (EC) in blood vessels within normal human brain sections and on a small number of astrocytes within the brain parenchyma. In active MS lesions, CXCL12 levels were high on astrocytes throughout lesion areas and on some monocytes/macrophages within vessels and perivascular cuffs, with lesser staining on EC. In silent MS lesions, CXCL12 staining was less than that observed in active MS lesions, and also was detected on EC and astrocytes, particularly hypertrophic astrocytes near the lesion edge. Experiments in vitro demonstrated that IL-1beta and myelin basic protein (MBP) induced CXCL12 in astrocytes by signaling pathways involving ERK and PI3-K. Human umbilical vein EC did not produce CXCL12 after treatment with MBP or IL-1beta. However, these EC cultures expressed CXCR4, the receptor for CXCL12, suggesting that this chemokine may activate EC to produce other mediators involved in MS. In agreement, EC treatment with CXCL12 was found to upregulate CCL2 (MCP-1) and CXCL8 (IL-8) by PI3-K and p38-dependent mechanisms. Our findings suggest that increased CXCL12 may initiate and augment the inflammatory response during MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Calderon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Becher B, Bechmann I, Greter M. Antigen presentation in autoimmunity and CNS inflammation: how T lymphocytes recognize the brain. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:532-43. [PMID: 16773356 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is traditionally viewed as an immune privileged site in which overzealous immune cells are prevented from doing irreparable damage. It was believed that immune responses occurring within the CNS could potentially do more damage than the initial pathogenic insult itself. However, virtually every aspect of CNS tissue damage, including degeneration, tumors, infection, and of course autoimmunity, involves a significant cellular inflammatory component. While the blood-brain barrier (BBB) inhibits diffusion of hydrophilic (immune) molecules across brain capillaries, activated lymphocytes readily pass the endothelial layer of postcapillary venules without difficulty. In classic neuro-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, it is thought that neuroantigen-reactive lymphocytes, which have escaped immune tolerance, now invade the CNS and are responsible for tissue damage, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. The developed animal model for these disorders, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), reflects many aspects of the human conditions. Studies in EAE proved that auto-reactive encephalitogenic T helper (Th) cells are responsible for the onset of the disease. Th cells recognize their cognate antigen (Ag) only when presented by professional Ag-presenting cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. The apparent target structures of EAE immunity are myelinating oligodendrocytes, which are not capable of presenting Ag to invading encephalitogenic T cells. A compulsory third party is thus required to mediate between the attacking T cells and the myelin-expressing target. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field of research and we will discuss the journey of an auto-reactive T cell from its site of activation into perivascular spaces and further into the target tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Becher
- Neurology Department, Division for Neuroimmunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ichiki Y, Selmi C, Shimoda S, Ishibashi H, Gordon SC, Gershwin ME. Mitochondrial antigens as targets of cellular and humoral auto-immunity in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006; 28:83-91. [PMID: 15879615 DOI: 10.1385/criai:28:2:083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several factors point toward an auto-immune pathogenesis for primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC), mostly based on the presence of serum auto-antibodies to mitochondrial antigens(AMAs) and autoreactive T cells (both helper and cytotoxic). Interestingly, epitopes recognized by AMA and T-cell clones are located within overlapping areas of the antigens. Moreover,a role for an imbalance in cytokine pattern and for natural-killer lymphocytes has also been proposed. Despite several experimental reports, no clear evidence is available regarding the interaction of these factors leading to bile duct destruction. This article reviews the current reports regarding the auto-immune reaction against mitochondrial auto-antigens in PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Ichiki
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, TB192, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Selmi C, Ichiki Y, Invernizzi P, Podda M, Gershwin ME. The enigma of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2006; 28:73-81. [PMID: 15879614 DOI: 10.1385/criai:28:2:073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic disease characterized by a striking predominance in female patients (with most cases diagnosed between ages 40 and 60 yr) as well as serum auto-antibodies to mitochondrial antigens, elevated serum immunoglobulin M,progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts, and, ultimately, liver cirrhosis and failure(1). The precise mechanisms leading to selective destruction of biliary epithelial cells lining intrahepatic bile ducts are still unknown, although numerous immunomediated pathways have been proposed. Genetic background appears to be important in determining susceptibility to the disease (2), but no clear association with alleles in the major histocompatibility complex has been identified. Molecular mimicry either by infections (3) or xenobiotics (4) has been proposed to be capable of breaking tolerance in genetically predisposed individuals, thus leading to onset of PBC. This article describes and discusses the available data regarding the immunomediated pathogenesis of PBC (with particular attention to auto-antibodies and autoreactive T-cells) and presents the recent evidence indicating a role for either xenobiotic chemicals or novel infectious agents in the induction of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Terness P, Chuang JJ, Bauer T, Jiga L, Opelz G. Regulation of human auto- and alloreactive T cells by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)–producing dendritic cells: too much ado about IDO? Blood 2005; 105:2480-6. [PMID: 15572592 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlthough dendritic cells (DCs) strongly stimulate the immune response, they can also induce unresponsiveness. Recently, a human monocyte-derived DC subpopulation was described that constitutively expresses indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). These DCs were defined as nonadherent CD123+/CC chemokine receptor 6+ (CCR6+) cells that suppress the allogeneic T-cell response. In the present study, we generated nonadherent, mature DCs from human blood monocytes. As expected, in addition to the classic markers, these cells expressed CD123 and CCR6. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), however, did not show IDO gene transcription, nor did we detect enzymatic IDO activity. Treating the cells with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) resulted in significant IDO production. Subsequently, we studied the regulatory properties of IDO-producing DCs on autologous and allogeneic T-cell responses. Neither OKT3-stimulated T cells of healthy donors nor myelin basic protein (MBP)–specific T cells of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were suppressed by autologous IDO DCs. However, whereas IDOneg DCs supported further stimulation of preactivated MBP-specific T cells of an MS patient, IDOpos DCs had lost this capacity. The allogeneic T-cell response was only marginally suppressed by IDO DCs. Our findings show that nonadherent CD123+/CCR6+ human DCs do not constitutively express IDO, and, even if they express the enzyme after IFN-γ treatment, they possess only limited T-cell regulatory function.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/enzymology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/enzymology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Muromonab-CD3/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Receptors, CCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Terness
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF-305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ichiki Y, Shimoda S, Ishibashi H, Gershwin ME. Is primary biliary cirrhosis a model autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3:331-6. [PMID: 15246030 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Revised: 04/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been coined a model autoimmune disease. In fact, it does share many similarities with other autoimmune diseases, but there are striking differences that illustrate the uniqueness of the immunopathology. Firstly, similar to other autoimmune diseases, there is an intense humoral and cellular response to an intracytoplasmic antigen. There is also an overlap of the epitopes recognized by autoreactive CD4(+), CD8(+) T cells as well as B cells. Patients with PBC are also predominantly female, and there is a higher family history of other autoimmune diseases. In contrast, however, there are no specific HLA associations in PBC. Further, there are no spontaneous or induced animal models of PBC. In addition, early in the biliary lesions of PBC, there is an eosinophilic infiltration and, often, there are granulomas. Finally, unlike several other human autoimmune diseases, patients with PBC have recognition of but one major epitope, and there is no evidence for determinant spreading. Hence, although the immune response of PBC has been vigorously defined, there remain major gaps in understanding the most difficult issue of all, namely etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Ichiki
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, TB192, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|