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Ibrahim A, Mat Ludin AF, Singh DKA, Rajab NF, Shahar S. Changes in cardiovascular-health blood biomarkers in response to exercise intervention among older adults with cognitive frailty: A scoping review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1077078. [PMID: 36875037 PMCID: PMC9975543 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1077078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular health contributes significantly to the incidence of cognitive impairment. Prior to conducting exercise-related intervention, it is crucial to explore cardiovascular health blood parameters that have been commonly used as guidance for the purpose of monitoring. Information on the effectiveness of exercise on cardiovascular-related biomarkers is lacking, especially among older adults with cognitive frailty. Therefore, we aimed to review existing evidence on cardiovascular-related blood parameters and their changes following exercise intervention among older adults with cognitive frailty. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. Related studies involving only human and full text in either English or Malay language were selected. Types of impairment were limited to cognitive impairment, frailty, and cognitive frailty. Studies were restricted to randomized controlled trial and clinical trial design studies. For charting purposes, all variables were extracted and tabulated. Trends in types of parameters studied were explored. Results: A total of 607 articles were screened, and the final 16 were included in this review. Four cardiovascular-related blood parameter categories were extracted: inflammatory, glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and hemostatic biomarkers. The common parameters monitored were IGF-1 and HbA1c, glucose, and insulin sensitivity in some studies. Out of the nine studies on inflammatory biomarkers, exercise interventions showed a reduction in pro-inflammatory markers, namely, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-15, leptin, and C-reactive protein and an increase in anti-inflammatory markers, namely, IFN-γ and IL-10. Similarly, in all eight studies, glucose homeostasis-related biomarkers had improved with exercise intervention. The lipid profile was tested in five studies, with four studies showing improvements with exercise intervention via a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein and an increase in high-density lipoprotein. A decrease in pro-inflammatory biomarkers and an increase in anti-inflammatory biomarkers were demonstrated with multicomponent exercise, including aerobic exercise in six studies and aerobic exercise on its own in the remaining two studies. Meanwhile, four out of six studies that yielded improvements in glucose homeostasis biomarkers involved only aerobic exercise and the remaining two studies involved multicomponent with aerobic exercise. Conclusion: The most consistent blood parameters studied were glucose homeostasis and inflammatory biomarkers. These parameters have been shown to improve with multicomponent exercise programs, particularly with the inclusion of aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azianah Ibrahim
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (HCARE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bondge B, Jain J, Warkad M, Joshi M, More S, Janaarthanan S. Association of Physical Activity with Lipid Profile in Healthy Subjects: A Cross Sectional Study in Tertiary Care Hospital from Central Rural India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:520-526. [PMID: 35355910 PMCID: PMC8959208 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_327_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Physical activity is an important factor for healthy aging, and lack of it has been associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Research in sedentary behavior has indicated that it is an independent risk factor of morbidity and mortality, separate from lack of physical activity. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of medicine in a tertiary care hospital on apparently healthy relatives of patients without chronic NCDs. Metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs) were calculated by the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We correlated the various parameters [age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and lipid panel with METs] by Pearson correlation coefficient. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS Total of 750 patients with a mean age of 42.55 ± 10.93 years were included, and 389 (51.9%) were male in the present study. In our study, a strong negative correlation was found between physical activity and BMI, moderate negative correlation between physical activity with triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and WHR. There was a high degree of positive correlation between sedentary lifestyle (SLS) duration with BMI and TC. A moderate degree positive correlation was found between SLS duration and WHR, TG, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). CONCLUSION The clinician should be aware of various obesity indices, and it was found that lipid profile is inversely correlated with physical activity and directly correlated with SLS in healthy individuals. Lifestyle changes and exercise may reduce obesity and lipid disorders and thereby reduce further development of complications in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Bondge
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Jain
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mangesh Warkad
- Consultant Radiologist, Skyrange Imaging Center, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhura Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhash More
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saiprasath Janaarthanan
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Connelly J, Kirk A, Masthoff J, MacRury S. A Website to Promote Physical Activity in People With Type 2 Diabetes Living in Remote or Rural Locations: Feasibility Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Diabetes 2017; 2:e26. [PMID: 30291091 PMCID: PMC6238854 DOI: 10.2196/diabetes.6669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research supports the use of Web-based interventions to promote physical activity in diabetes management. However, previous interventions have found poor levels of engagement or have not included health professionals and people with diabetes in the design of the tool. Objective To develop and explore the feasibility and indicative effect of a Web-based physical activity promotion intervention in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes living in remote or rural locations. Methods A qualitative approach using focus groups that included patients with diabetes and health professionals were run to identify key concepts, ideas, and features, which resulted in the design of a physical activity website. This site was tested using a quantitative approach with a qualitative 6-month pilot study that adopted a three-armed approach. Participants were randomized into three groups: a control group who received written diabetes-specific physical activity advice; an information Web group, a Web-based group who received the information online; and an intervention Web group, an interactive Web-based group who received online information plus interactive features, such as an activity log, personalized advice, and goal setting. Results A website was designed based on patient and health professional ideas for effective physical activity promotion. This website was tested with 31 participants, 61% (19/31) male, who were randomized into the groups. Website log-ins decreased over time: 4.5 times in month 1, falling to 3 times in month 6. Both the information Web group—mean 134.6 (SD 123.9) to mean 154.9 (SD 144.2) min—and the control group—mean 118.9 (SD 103.8) to mean 126.1 (SD 93.4) min, d=0.07—increased time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but this decreased in the intervention Web group—mean 131.9 (SD 126.2) to mean 116.8 (SD 107.4) min. Conclusions Access to online diabetes-specific physical information was effective in promoting physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes; access to interactive features was not associated with increases in activity. Trial Registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 96266587; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN96266587 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6tzX6YesZ)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Connelly
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kirk
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University Of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sandra MacRury
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
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Miele EM, Headley SA, Germain M, Joubert J, Herrick S, Milch C, Evans E, Cornelius A, Brewer B, Taylor B, Wood RJ. High-density lipoprotein particle pattern and overall lipid responses to a short-term moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2017; 10:524-531. [PMID: 28852492 PMCID: PMC5570090 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with abnormal lipid profiles and altered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size patterns. Lower levels of the larger, cardioprotective HDL particles found in CKD may play a role in the increased risk for cardiovascular disease in these patients. The current study was designed to assess the effects of short-term moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training on the HDL particle pattern and overall lipid profiles in stage 3 CKD patients. METHODS Forty-six men and women with stage 3 CKD were randomized to either exercise (EX, n = 25) or control (CON, n = 21). Those in the EX group completed 16 weeks of supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise three times per week. Serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL particle size, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body composition and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were assessed at baseline and week 16. RESULTS The rate of compliance in the EX group was 97 ± 7.2%. No change was observed in eGFR over time in either group. There was an 8.2% improvement in VO2peak in the EX group (P = 0.05), while VO2peak decreased in the CON group. HDL-C, TGs, HDL particle size and body composition remained unchanged in both groups. A trend was found for lower total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.051) and LDL-C (P = 0.07) in the CON group. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a short-term aerobic exercise training intervention in stage 3 CKD patients does not induce changes in HDL particle size or favorable lipid profile modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Germain
- Renal and Transplant Associates of New England, Springfield, MA, USA
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Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 25 Suppl 3:1-72. [PMID: 26606383 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1699] [Impact Index Per Article: 212.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides the reader with the up-to-date evidence-based basis for prescribing exercise as medicine in the treatment of 26 different diseases: psychiatric diseases (depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia); neurological diseases (dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis); metabolic diseases (obesity, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes); cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, cerebral apoplexy, and claudication intermittent); pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis); musculo-skeletal disorders (osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, rheumatoid arthritis); and cancer. The effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis and symptoms are given and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed. We have interpreted the scientific literature and for each disease, we provide the reader with our best advice regarding the optimal type and dose for prescription of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and The Center for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Saltin
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Silva RCD, Diniz MDFHS, Alvim S, Vidigal PG, Fedeli LMG, Barreto SM. Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA- Brasil Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:10-9. [PMID: 27355470 PMCID: PMC4976951 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular physical activity (PA) induces desirable changes in plasma levels of
high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively) and
triglycerides (TG), important risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases.
However, doubts whether intensity and duration have equivalent benefits
remain. Objective To assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG
levels. Methods Cross-sectional study with 12,688 participants from the Brazilian
Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline, who were not on
lipid-lowering medication. After adjustment for important covariates,
multiple linear regression was used to assess the association of PA
intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG (natural logarithm) levels. Results Both moderate and vigorous PA and PA practice ≥ 150 min/week were
significantly associated with higher HDL and lower TG levels. Vigorous PA
was associated with lower LDL only on univariate analysis. After
adjustments, moderate and vigorous PA increased mean HDL level by 0.89 mg/dL
and 1.71 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL
and 0.93 mg/dL, respectively. PA practice ≥ 150 min/week increased
mean HDL level by 1.05 mg/dL, and decreased TG geometric mean by 0.98
mg/dL. Conclusion Our findings reinforce the benefits of both PA parameters studied on HDL and
TG levels, with a slight advantage for vigorous PA as compared to the
recommendation based only on PA duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheila Alvim
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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7
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The effects of exercise on lipid profile in systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy individuals: a randomized trial. Rheumatol Int 2014; 35:61-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-014-3081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Väistö J, Eloranta AM, Viitasalo A, Tompuri T, Lintu N, Karjalainen P, Lampinen EK, Ågren J, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Lindi V, Lakka TA. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in relation to cardiometabolic risk in children: cross-sectional findings from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11:55. [PMID: 24766669 PMCID: PMC4008488 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower levels of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) have been associated with increased cardiometabolic risk among children. However, little is known about the independent and combined associations of PA and SB as well as different types of these behaviours with cardiometabolic risk in children. We therefore investigated these relationships among children. Methods The subjects were a population sample of 468 children 6–8 years of age. PA and SB were assessed by a questionnaire administered by parents and validated by a monitor combining heart rate and accelerometry measurements. We assessed body fat percentage, waist circumference, blood glucose, serum insulin, plasma lipids and lipoproteins and blood pressure and calculated a cardiometabolic risk score using population-specific Z-scores and a formula waist circumference + insulin + glucose + triglycerides - HDL cholesterol + mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We analysed data using multivariate linear regression models. Results Total PA was inversely associated with the cardiometabolic risk score (β = -0.135, p = 0.004), body fat percentage (β = -0.155, p < 0.001), insulin (β = -0.099, p = 0.034), triglycerides (β = -0.166, p < 0.001), VLDL triglycerides (β = -0.230, p < 0.001), VLDL cholesterol (β = -0.168, p = 0.001), LDL cholesterol (β = -0.094, p = 0.046) and HDL triglycerides (β = -0.149, p = 0.004) and directly related to HDL cholesterol (β = 0.144, p = 0.002) adjusted for age and gender. Unstructured PA was inversely associated with the cardiometabolic risk score (β = -0.123, p = 0.010), body fat percentage (β = -0.099, p = 0.027), insulin (β = -0.108, p = 0.021), triglycerides (β = -0.144, p = 0.002), VLDL triglycerides (β = -0.233, p < 0.001) and VLDL cholesterol (β = -0.199, p < 0.001) and directly related to HDL cholesterol (β = 0.126, p = 0.008). Watching TV and videos was directly related to the cardiometabolic risk score (β = 0.135, p = 0.003), body fat percentage (β = 0.090, p = 0.039), waist circumference (β = 0.097, p = 0.033) and systolic blood pressure (β = 0.096, p = 0.039). Resting was directly associated with the cardiometabolic risk score (β = 0.092, p = 0.049), triglycerides (β = 0.131, p = 0.005), VLDL triglycerides (β = 0.134, p = 0.009), VLDL cholesterol (β = 0.147, p = 0.004) and LDL cholesterol (β = 0.105, p = 0.023). Other types of PA and SB had less consistent associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. Conclusions The results of our study emphasise increasing total and unstructured PA and decreasing watching TV and videos and other sedentary behaviours to reduce cardiometabolic risk among children. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT01803776.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Miyazaki R, Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, Sakane N, Yonei Y, Ishii K. Effects of a year-long pedometer-based walking program on cardiovascular disease risk factors in active older people. Asia Pac J Public Health 2013; 27:155-63. [PMID: 24174388 DOI: 10.1177/1010539513506603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the relationship between the number of daily steps and changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a year-long pedometer-based walking program for physically active older people. A total of 36 physically active older people (68.3 ± 5.8 years) completed this 59-week program. The CVD risk parameters were measured at baseline and at weeks 21 and 59. The mean number of steps increased by week 21 and was maintained at week 59 (approximately 10 000 steps, increase in 1500 steps from the baseline; P < .05). Following a significant reduction in body mass index at week 21, systolic blood pressure levels were significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly increased at week 59 (P < .05). In summary, even active older people can achieve further protection against CVD risks by minor, but sustained, physical activity using pedometers for a period of more than 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kokoro Tsuzaki
- National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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de Groot M, Kushnick M, Doyle T, Merrill J, McGlynn M, Shubrook J, Schwartz F. A Model of Community-Based Behavioral Intervention for Depression in Diabetes: Program ACTIVE. Diabetes Spectr 2010; 23:18-25. [PMID: 22514361 PMCID: PMC3327507 DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.23.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression affects one in four people with diabetes and significantly affects diabetes health. Earlier studies of the treatment of depression have documented that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and exercise have each been found to be effective in treating depression in people with and without diabetes in the context of medical settings. Individuals in rural areas lack regular access to medical centers and require treatment options that may be adapted for local communities. To date, no studies have combined CBT and exercise for people with diabetes. This article presents a translational behavioral depression intervention study designed for individuals with type 2 diabetes in a rural Appalachian region as a model of an interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of depression in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary de Groot
- Mary de Groot, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Medicine at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis. Michael Kushnick, PhD, is an associate professor, and Mark McGlynn, BA, is a graduate student at the Ohio University School of Recreation and Sport Sciences in Athens. Todd Doyle, MS, and Jennifer Merrill, MS, are graduate students at the Ohio University Department of Psychology in Athens. Jay Shubrook, DO, is an associate professor, and Frank Schwartz, MD, is a professor at the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine in Athens
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Ribeiro ICD, Iborra RT, Neves MQTS, Lottenberg SA, Charf AM, Nunes VS, Negrão CE, Nakandakare ER, Quintão ECR, Passarelli M. HDL atheroprotection by aerobic exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:779-86. [PMID: 18408623 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181632d2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study we analyzed the role played by aerobic exercise training in the plasma lipoprotein profile, prebeta 1-HDL concentration, and in the in vitro HDL3 ability to remove cholesterol from macrophages and inhibit LDL oxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and control subjects, in the fasting and postprandial states. METHODS Healthy controls (HTC, N = 11; 1 M/10 F) and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT, N = 11; 3M/8F) were engaged in a 4-month aerobic training program, and compared with a group of sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMS, N = 10; 4 M/6 F). All groups were submitted to an oral fat load test to analyze all parameters, both at the beginning of the investigation protocol (basal) and at the end of the study period (final). RESULTS Exercising did not modify body weight, BMI, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR, but it reduced the waist circumference. The HDL3 composition did not change, and its ability to remove cell cholesterol was unaltered by aerobic training. In DMT but not in HTC, aerobic training improved 15% the HDL3 protective effect against LDL maximal oxidation rate in the fasting state, and reduced 24% the plasma prebeta 1-HDL concentration in the postprandial state, suggesting an enhanced prebeta 1-HDL conversion into larger, more mature HDL particles. In this regard, regular aerobic exercise enriched HDL2 with TG in the fasting and postprandial states in HTC and in the fasting phase in DMT. CONCLUSION Our results show that aerobic exercise training in diabetes mellitus improves the HDL efficiency against LDL oxidation and favors HDL maturation. These findings were independent of changes in insulin resistance and of the rise of plasma HDL cholesterol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C D Ribeiro
- Lipids Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Brown SA, Brown LM. Meta-analysis of patient education interventions to increase physical activity among chronically ill adults. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2008; 70:157-72. [PMID: 18023128 PMCID: PMC2324068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis integrates primary research testing the effect of patient education to increase physical activity (PA) on behavior outcomes among adults with diverse chronic illnesses. METHODS Extensive literature searching strategies located published and unpublished intervention studies that measured PA behavior outcomes. Primary study results were coded. Fixed- and random-effects meta-analytic procedures included moderator analyses. RESULTS Data were synthesized across 22,527 subjects from 213 samples in 163 reports. The overall mean weighted effect size for two-group comparisons was 0.45 (higher mean for treatment than control). This effect size is consistent with a difference of 48 min of PA per week or 945 steps per day. Preliminary moderator analyses suggest interventions were most effective when they targeted only PA behavior, used behavioral strategies (versus cognitive strategies), and encouraged PA self-monitoring. Differences among chronic illnesses were documented. Individual strategies unrelated to PA outcomes included supervised exercise sessions, exercise prescription, fitness testing, goal setting, contracting, problem solving, barriers management, and stimulus/cues. PA outcomes were unrelated to gender, age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic distribution among samples. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that some patient education interventions to increase PA are effective, despite considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude of intervention effect. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Moderator analyses are preliminary and provide suggestive evidence for further testing of interventions to inform practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S Conn
- S317 School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Dela F. Other adaptations to training/inactivity in type 2 diabetics and other groups with insulin resistance: emphasis on prevention of CHD. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:602-6. [PMID: 17510702 DOI: 10.1139/h07-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical training is recommended for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in the general population. In patients with type 2 diabetes this is even more important, because the risk of clinical atherosclerotic disease is 2- to 3-fold that of nondiabetics and the survival rate is poorer. However, increased daily physical activity (e.g., walking for exercise) has been shown to reduce the risk of premature death from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in particular. The mechanism for the positive effect of physical training may be a reduction of known risk factors for atherosclerosis, but a direct effect on the atherosclerotic process per se cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Dela
- Department of Medical Physiology, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Olchawa B, Kingwell BA, Hoang A, Schneider L, Miyazaki O, Nestel P, Sviridov D. Physical Fitness and Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1087-91. [PMID: 15072992 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000128124.72935.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, which may be partly caused by the effect of exercise on the lipoprotein profile. The most consistent effect of exercise on lipoprotein metabolism is an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). METHODS AND RESULTS Parameters of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in 25 endurance-trained male athletes were compared with 33 age-matched males enjoying an active lifestyle. VO2max was higher in athletes than in controls (53.4+/-1.2 versus 38.8+/-1.0 mL/min per kg; P<0.01). The following differences in parameters of RCT were found: (1) plasma HDL cholesterol and apoA-I levels were higher in athletes compared with controls (1.7+/-0.1 versus 1.4+/-0.1 mmol/L; P<0.001; and 145+/-2 versus 128+/-3 mg/dL; P<0.001, respectively). Both correlated with VO2max up to the value of 51 mL/min per kg; (2) prebeta1-HDL was higher in athletes than in controls (54+/-4 versus 37+/-3 microg/mL; P<0.001) and correlated positively with VO2max; (3) lecithin cholesterol: acyltransferase activity was higher in athletes (29.8+/-1.2 versus 24.2+/-1.4 nmol/microL per hour; P<0.005); and (4) the capacity of plasma to promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages was higher in athletes (18.8%+/-0.8% versus 16.2%+/-0.3%; P<0.03). CONCLUSIONS The likely reason for higher HDL concentration in physically fit people is increased formation of HDL from apoA-I and cellular lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olchawa
- Baker Heart Research Institute, (Wynn Domain), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Alam S, Stolinski M, Pentecost C, Boroujerdi MA, Jones RH, Sonksen PH, Umpleby AM. The effect of a six-month exercise program on very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B secretion in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:688-94. [PMID: 14764782 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dyslipidemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes can be improved by aerobic exercise. The effect of 6 months supervised exercise on very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B metabolism was investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes. Moderately obese patients (n = 18) were randomized into supervised (n = 9) and unsupervised (n = 9) exercise groups. All patients were given a training session and a personal exercise program and asked to exercise four times per week at 70% maximal oxygen uptake for 6 months. Patients in the supervised group had a weekly session with an exercise trainer. VLDL apolipoprotein (apo)B metabolism was measured with an infusion of 1-(13)C leucine before and after 6 months of the exercise program. Supervised exercise for 6 months resulted in a significant within-group decrease in percent hemoglobin A1c (P < 0.001), body fat (P < 0.004), nonesterified fatty acid (P < 0.04), and triglycerides (P < 0.05) and an increase in insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01). There was a decrease in VLDL apoB pool size (160.8 +/- 42.6 to 84.9 +/- 23.2 mg, P < 0.01) and VLDL apoB secretion rate (11.3 +/- 2.6 to 5.5 +/- 2.0 mg/kg.d, P < 0.05) with no change in fractional catabolic rate. In a between-group comparison, the decrease in VLDL apoB secretion rate in the supervised group did not achieve significance. This study demonstrates that in type 2 diabetes, a supervised exercise program reduces VLDL apoB pool size, which may be due to a decrease in VLDL apoB secretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Alam
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Internal Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, Guys, Kings and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, Kings College, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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17
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Bhaskarabhatla KV, Birrer R. Physical activity and type 2 diabetes: tailoring exercise to optimize fitness and glycemic control. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2004; 32:13-7. [PMID: 20086386 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2004.01.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity decreases insulin resistance and can aid in both preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus and managing the disease. Before patients with type 2 diabetes begin an exercise program, they should undergo a preparticipatory clinical assessment and screening for micro- and macrovascular disease. Patients older than 35 and those with additional cardiovascular risk factors, peripheral vascular disease, long-standing disease, or peripheral neuropathy should have an exercise stress test. Adequate glycemic control and selection of appropriate physical activity, such as brisk walking or swimming, are essential to avoid associated complications. Patients on diabetes medications should monitor blood glucose levels and adjust their diet to minimize fluctuations in blood glucose during exercise.
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Boulé NG, Kenny GP, Haddad E, Wells GA, Sigal RJ. Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1071-81. [PMID: 12856082 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2003] [Revised: 04/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Low cardiorespiratory fitness is a powerful and independent predictor of mortality in people with diabetes. Several studies have examined the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetic individuals. However, these studies had relatively small sample sizes and highly variable results. Therefore the aim of this study was to systematically review and quantify the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetic individuals. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and four other databases were searched up to March 2002 for randomized, controlled trials evaluating effects of structured aerobic exercise interventions of 8 weeks or more on cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Cardiorespiratory fitness was defined as maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) during a maximal exercise test. RESULTS Seven studies, presenting data for nine randomized trials comparing exercise and control groups (overall n=266), met the inclusion criteria. Mean exercise characteristics were as follows: 3.4 sessions per week, 49 min per session for 20 weeks. Exercise intensity ranged from 50% to 75% of VO(2max). There was an 11.8% increase in VO(2max) in the exercise group and a 1.0% decrease in the control group (post intervention standardized mean difference =0.53, p<0.003). Studies with higher exercise intensities tended to produce larger improvements in VO(2max). Exercise intensity predicted post-intervention weighted mean difference in HbA(1c) (r=-0.91, p=0.002) to a larger extent than did exercise volume (r=-0.46, p=0.26). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Regular exercise has a statistically and clinically significant effect on VO(2max) in Type 2 diabetic individuals. Higher intensity exercise could have additional benefits on cardiorespiratory fitness and HbA(1c).
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Boulé
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Obata T, Ito T, Yonemura A, Ayaori M, Nakamura H, Ohsuzu F. R192Q paraoxonase gene variant is associated with a change in HDL-cholesterol level during dietary caloric restriction in nondiabetic healthy males. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 10:57-62. [PMID: 12621166 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON), an HDL- associated enzyme, may protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PON have been reported to be associated with an incidence of coronary heart diseases. We investigated the effect of PON R192Q variants on serum lipid profile after caloric restriction in nondiabetic healthy males. After caloric restriction for 12 weeks, the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased in the subjects carrying RR genotype, but not in the QR and QQ genotypes. The changes in HDL-C from the baseline values in the RR genotype were significantly different from those in the QR and QQ genotypes. Although the changes in lipoprotein lipase activity were not different among three genotypes, we observed a significant difference in the changes in hepatic lipase (HL) activity after caloric restriction, namely, a decrease in the RR genotype and an increase in the subjects carrying the Q allele. In addition, the changes in fasting insulin levels significantly correlated with those in HDL-C levels in the RR genotype, not in the QR and QQ genotypes. PON R192Q polymorphism could affect HDL-C levels after caloric restriction presumably due to decreased HL activity and altered insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Obata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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Zhang JQ, Smith B, Langdon MM, Messimer HL, Sun GY, Cox RH, James-Kracke M, Thomas TR. Changes in LPLa and reverse cholesterol transport variables during 24-h postexercise period. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283:E267-74. [PMID: 12110531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00567.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the time course of exercise-induced lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLa) and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) during the 24-h postexercise period. Subjects were 10 sedentary normolipidemic males [NTG; fasting triglyceride (TG) = 89.1 +/- 8.6 mg/dl] and 6 hyperlipidemic males (HTG; fasting TG = 296.8 +/- 64.0 mg/dl). Each subject performed a control trial (no exercise) and 4 exercise trials. In the exercise trials, a subject jogged on a treadmill at 60% of his maximal O(2) consumption for 1 h. Pre- and postheparin blood samples were taken before exercise (baseline) and at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after exercise. There was no group difference in LPLa (P > 0.05) over the time points. When the LPLa data from the two groups were combined, LPLa at 24 h after exercise was higher than baseline or at 4, 8, 12 h after exercise (P < 0.05). Plasma TG and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity (LCATa) were higher in HTG than in NTG, and the total high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL(tot)-Chol) was lower in HTG than in NTG (P < 0.05). HDL(2)-Chol, LCATa, and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity did not differ during the 24-h postexercise period (P > 0.05). These results suggest that LPLa is still increasing 24 h after an acute aerobic exercise and that the magnitude of the increase in exercise-induced LPLa in HTG was similar to that in NTG. Furthermore, in the sedentary population with or without HTG, the variables related to RCT do not change during the 24-h period after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Zhang
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA.
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Sugiura H, Sugiura H, Kajima K, Mirbod SM, Iwata H, Matsuoka T. Effects of long-term moderate exercise and increase in number of daily steps on serum lipids in women: randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN21921919]. BMC Womens Health 2002; 2:3. [PMID: 11846892 PMCID: PMC65683 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2001] [Accepted: 01/21/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 24-month period of moderate exercise on serum lipids in menopausal women. METHODS: The subjects (40--60 y) were randomly divided into an exercise group (n = 14) and a control group (n = 13). The women in the exercise group were asked to participate in a 90-minute physical education class once a week and to record their daily steps as measured by a pedometer for 24 months. RESULTS: Mean of daily steps was significantly higher in the exercise group from about 6,800 to over 8,500 steps (P < 0.01). In the control group, the number of daily steps ranged from 5,700 to 6,800 steps throughout the follow-up period. A significant interaction between the exercise group and the control group in the changes og total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and TC : HDLC ratio could be observed (P < 0.05). By multiple regression analysis, the number of daily steps was related to HDLC and TC : HDLC levels after 24 months, and the changes in TC and HDLC concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that daily exercise as well as increasing the number of daily steps can improve the profile of serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Sugiura
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Nursing Course, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiura
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazue Kajima
- Nursing Course, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hirotoshi Iwata
- Department of Hygiene, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsuoka
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Abstract
The question is no longer whether diet and exercise can benefit the individual with type 2 diabetes. Rather, the type and duration of exercise the magnitude of the effects on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and on risk factors for cardiovascular disease must be considered in determining the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention program. It is now clear that regular physical exercise is important in both the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The benefits of exercise are many and include increased energy expenditure, which, combined with dietary restriction, leads to decreased body fat, increased insulin sensitivity, improved long-term glycemic control, improved lipid profiles, lower blood pressure, and increased cardiovascular fitness. Persons with type 2 diabetes often find it difficult to exercise and are at increased risk for injury or exacerbation of underlying diseases or diabetic complications. Therefore, before starting an exercise program, all patients with type 2 diabetes should have a complete history and physical examination, with particular attention to evaluation of cardiovascular disease, medications that may affect glycemic control during or after exercise, and diabetic complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Exercise programs should be designed to start slowly, build up gradually, and emphasize moderately intense exercise performed at least three times a week and preferably five to seven times a week for best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hamdy
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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