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Ng JWK, Tan KW, Guo DY, Lai JJH, Fan X, Poon Z, Lim TH, Lim AST, Lim TKH, Hwang WYK, Li S, Eaves CJ, Goh YT, Cheung AMS. Cord blood-derived V δ2 + and V δ2 - T cells acquire differential cell state compositions upon in vitro expansion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3120. [PMID: 37327346 PMCID: PMC10275585 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human cord blood-derived γδ T cells (CBγδ) display a highly diverse TCRγδ repertoire and have a unique subtype composition different from fetal or adult peripheral blood counterparts. We expanded CBγδ in vitro using an irradiated Epstein-Barr virus-transformed feeder cell-based modified rapid expansion protocol (REP). Single-cell RNA sequencing tracked progressive differentiation of naïve CBγδ into cells expressing neoantigen-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte as well as tissue-resident memory precursor-like and antigen-presenting cell-like gene signatures. TCRγδ clonal tracing revealed a bias toward cytotoxic effector differentiation in a much larger proportion of Vδ2- clones compared to Vδ2+ clones, resulting in the former being more cytotoxic at the population level. These clonotype-specific differentiation dynamics were not restricted to REP and were recapitulated upon secondary nonviral antigen stimulations. Thus, our data showed intrinsic cellular differences between major subtypes of human γδ T cells already in operation at early postnatal stage and highlighted key areas of consideration in optimizing cell manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Wee Kiat Ng
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Translational Pathology Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar Wai Tan
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dian Yan Guo
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey Jia Hui Lai
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiubo Fan
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tse Hui Lim
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Cytogenetics Laboratory, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin Soon Tiong Lim
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Cytogenetics Laboratory, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tony Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Translational Pathology Centre, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Ying Khee Hwang
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Li
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yeow Tee Goh
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alice Man Sze Cheung
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Hsu H, Boudova S, Mvula G, Divala TH, Rach D, Mungwira RG, Boldrin F, Degiacomi G, Manganelli R, Laufer MK, Cairo C. Age-related changes in PD-1 expression coincide with increased cytotoxic potential in Vδ2 T cells during infancy. Cell Immunol 2020; 359:104244. [PMID: 33248366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to several diverse pathogens by sensing microbial cholesterol intermediates. Unlike CD4 T cells, they are poised for rapid Th1-like responses even before birth, which allows them to play a key role in the first line of defense against pathogens in early life. However, their regulation and functional maturation during infancy (in particular the acquisition of cytotoxic potential) remain understudied. We thus characterized their responses to cholesterol intermediates and Bacille Calmette-Guérin in a cohort of African neonates and 12-month-old infants. Infant Vδ2 lymphocytes exhibited intermediate or adult-like expression of markers associated with differentiation or function, intermediate proliferative responses, and adult-like cytotoxic potential. The enhancement of Vδ2 cell cytotoxic potential coincided with decreasing PD-1 and increasing NKG2A expression. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that switching from a PD-1+ to a NKG2A+ phenotype during infancy indicates a shift in mechanisms regulating Vδ2 T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Hsu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Boudova
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Godfrey Mvula
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Titus H Divala
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David Rach
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Randy G Mungwira
- Blantyre Malaria Project, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Francesca Boldrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Degiacomi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Miriam K Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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3
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Δ42PD1-TLR4 Augments γδ-T Cell Activation of the Transitional Memory Subset of CD4 + T Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101620. [PMID: 33089108 PMCID: PMC7567942 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR ligands can contribute to T cell immune responses by indirectly stimulating antigen presentation and cytokines and directly serving as co-stimulatory signals. We have previously reported that the human endogenous surface protein, Δ42PD1, is expressed primarily on (Vγ9)Vδ2 cells and can interact with TLR4. Since Vδ2 cells possess antigen presentation capacity, we sought to further characterize if the Δ42PD1-TLR4 interaction has a role in stimulating T cell responses. In this study, we found that stimulation of Vδ2 cells not only upregulated Δ42PD1 expression but also increased MHC class II molecules necessary for the antigen presentation. In a mixed leukocyte reaction assay, upregulation of Δ42PD1 on Vδ2 cells elevated subsequent T cell proliferation. Furthermore, the interaction between Δ42PD1-TLR4 augments Vδ2 cell stimulation of autologous CMV pp65-or TT-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ responses, which was specifically and significantly reduced by blocking the Δ42PD1-TLR4 interaction. Furthermore, confocal microscopy analysis confirmed the interaction between Δ42PD1+HLA-DR+Vδ2 cells and TLR4+CD4 T cells. Interestingly, the subset of CD4+ T cells expressing TLR4 appears to be PD-1+ CD45RO+CD45RA+ transitional memory T cells and responded to Δ42PD1+HLA-DR+Vδ2 cells. Overall, this study demonstrated an important biological role of Δ42PD1 protein exhibited by Vδ2 antigen-presenting cells in augmenting T cell activation through TLR4, which may serve as an additional co-stimulatory signal. Δ42PD1 is co-expressed with MHC-II on activated Vδ2 cells Δ42PD1+MHC-II+Vδ2 cells interact directly with TLR4+CD4+T cells in 3D imaging TLR4 is highly expressed on the PD-1+CD45RO+CD45RA+CD4+T cell subset Δ42PD1-TLR4 selectively activates this subset of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells
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4
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Djaoud Z, Parham P. Dimorphism in the TCRγ-chain repertoire defines 2 types of human immunity to Epstein-Barr virus. Blood Adv 2020; 4:1198-1205. [PMID: 32211881 PMCID: PMC7160271 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans form 2 groups based on their innate immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Group 1 makes a strong natural killer (NK)-cell and γδ T-cell response, whereas group 2 makes a strong NK-cell response, but a weak γδ T-cell response. To investigate the underlying basis for this difference in γδ T-cell immunity to EBV, we used next-generation sequencing to compare the γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of groups 1 and 2. In the absence of EBV, group 1 TCRγ chains are enriched for complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3s) containing JγP, whereas group 2 TCRγ chains are enriched for CDR3s containing Jγ2. In group 1 donors, EBV activates many γδ T cells expressing Vγ9JγP, inducing proliferation that produces a large population of activated effector cells. The TCRs using Vγ9JγP are closely related to the TCRs of γδ T cells that respond to phosphoantigens. In group 2 donors, EBV activates a small subpopulation of γδ T cells, most expressing Vγ9JγP. In conclusion, we find that differences in the TCRγ-chain repertoire underlie the differential response of group 1 and group 2 to EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Djaoud
- Department of Structural Biology and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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5
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Ghosh A, Mondal RK, Romani S, Bagchi S, Cairo C, Pauza CD, Kottilil S, Poonia B. Persistent gamma delta T-cell dysfunction in chronic HCV infection despite direct-acting antiviral therapy induced cure. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:1105-1116. [PMID: 31074195 PMCID: PMC7152509 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is a hallmark of chronic HCV infection and viral clearance with direct antivirals recover some of these immune defects. TCRVγ9Vδ2 T-cell dysfunction in treated HCV patients however is not well studied and was the subject of this investigation. Peripheral blood cells from patients who had achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) or those who had relapsed after interferon-free therapy were phenotyped using flow cytometry. Functional potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was tested by measuring proliferation in response to aminobisphosphonate zoledronic acid, and cytotoxicity against HepG2 hepatoma cell line. TCR sequencing was performed to analyse impact of HCV infection on Vδ2 T-cell repertoire. Vγ9Vδ2 cells from patients were activated and therapy resulted in reduction of CD38 expression on these cells in SVR group. Relapsed patients had Vδ2 cells with persistently activated and terminally differentiated cytotoxic phenotype (CD38+ CD45RA+ CD27- CD107a+ ). Irrespective of outcome with therapy, majority of patients had persistently poor Vδ2 T-cell proliferative response to zoledronate along with lower expression of CD56, which identifies anti-tumour cytotoxic subset, relative to healthy controls. There was no association between the number of antigen reactive Vγ2-Jγ1.2 TCR rearrangements at baseline and levels of proliferation indicating nonresponse to zoledronate is not due to depletion of phosphoantigen responding chains. Thus, HCV infection results in circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with a phenotype equipped for immediate effector function but poor cytokine response and expansion in response to antigen, a functional defect that may have implications for susceptibility for carcinogenesis despite HCV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Ghosh
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Rajiv K Mondal
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Sara Romani
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Shashwatee Bagchi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - C David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | | | - Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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6
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Xu W, Li XK, Lu QB, Yang ZD, Du J, Xing B, Cui N, Zhang XA, Zhang SF, Yang XX, Liu W, Chen WW. Association between peripheral γδ T cell subsets and disease progression of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4037127. [PMID: 28859400 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by SFTS virus. The cellular immune responses during SFTS virus infection have not been fully understood. This study examined the association between circulating γδ T cell subsets and clinical outcome of SFTS patients from China. A total of 101 hospitalized SFTS patients and 28 healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood was collected, and lymphocyte subgroups and γδ T cell frequencies were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Their association with patients' outcome was also investigated. Starting from Week 1, the Vδ1 cells of patients were increased to significantly higher level at Month 3 after disease onset than the controls (P < 0.05), followed by a decrease to the normal level in Year 1. In contrast, the Vδ2 cells displayed significant lower level than the controls from Week 2 to Year 1. On Week 2, the Vδ2 cells demonstrated a significant decrease in the severe patients than both the mild and controls (P < 0.05). The adverse disease progression is accompanied by the reduction of Vδ2 cells, suggesting the key role of Vδ2 cells in the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No.104, Nan-hu Road, Shi-he District, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Ning Cui
- Department of Infectious Disease, The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No.104, Nan-hu Road, Shi-he District, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Treatment and Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
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7
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Gut-homing Δ42PD1+Vδ2 T cells promote innate mucosal damage via TLR4 during acute HIV type 1 infection. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:1389-1402. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Murday AS, Chaudhry S, Pauza CD. Interleukin-18 activates Vγ9Vδ2 + T cells from HIV-positive individuals: recovering the response to phosphoantigen. Immunology 2017; 151:385-394. [PMID: 28342224 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to identify an immunoregulatory factor that restores the phosphoantigen response of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells from HIV-positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy. It was designed to characterize the effects of interleukin-18 (IL-18) on proliferation and effector function in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from HIV-negative individuals and test whether exogenous IL-18 reconstitutes the Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell response to phosphoantigen from HIV-positive donors. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from HIV-negative individuals responded strongly to phosphoantigen or aminobisphosphonate stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whereas cells with similar T-cell receptor profiles from HIV-positive individuals only responded to aminobisphosphonate. Interleukin-18 was higher after aminobisphosphonate stimulation due to activation of the inflammasome pathway. Both IL-18 and IL-18 receptor levels were measured and the activity of exogenous IL-18 on HIV-negative and HIV-positive PBMC was evaluated in terms of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell proliferation, memory subsets, cytokine expression and CD107a expression. Interleukin-18 stimulation increased proliferation, enhanced the accumulation of effector memory cells, and increased expression of cytotoxic markers in HIV-negative controls. When Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from HIV-positive individuals were stimulated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate in the presence of IL-18, there was increased proliferation, accumulation of memory cells, and higher expression of CD56, NKG2D and CD107a (markers of cytotoxic effector phenotype). Interleukin-18 stimulation specifically expanded the Vγ9-JγP+ subset of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, as was expected for normal responses to phosphoantigen. Interleukin-18 is a potent stimulator of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell proliferation and effector function. Therapies directed at reconstituting Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell activity in HIV-positive individuals should include stimulators of IL-18 or direct cytokine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna S Murday
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Suchita Chaudhry
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Ravens S, Schultze-Florey C, Raha S, Sandrock I, Drenker M, Oberdörfer L, Reinhardt A, Ravens I, Beck M, Geffers R, von Kaisenberg C, Heuser M, Thol F, Ganser A, Förster R, Koenecke C, Prinz I. Human γδ T cells are quickly reconstituted after stem-cell transplantation and show adaptive clonal expansion in response to viral infection. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:393-401. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Mycobacterium-Specific γ9δ2 T Cells Mediate Both Pathogen-Inhibitory and CD40 Ligand-Dependent Antigen Presentation Effects Important for Tuberculosis Immunity. Infect Immun 2015; 84:580-9. [PMID: 26644385 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01262-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can activate human γ9δ2 T cells to proliferate and express effector mechanisms. γ9δ2 T cells can directly inhibit the growth of intracellular mycobacteria and may also act as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Despite evidence for γδ T cells having the capacity to function as APC, the mechanisms involved and importance of these effects on overall tuberculosis (TB) immunity are unknown. We prepared M. tuberculosis-specific γ9δ2 T cell lines to study their direct protective effects and APC functions for M. tuberculosis-specific αβ T cells. The direct inhibitory effects on intracellular mycobacteria were measured, and the enhancing effects on proliferative and effector responses of αβ T cells assessed. Furthermore, the importance of cell-to-cell contact and soluble products for γ9δ2 T cell effector responses and APC functions were investigated. We demonstrate, in addition to direct inhibitory effects on intracellular mycobacteria, the following: (i) γ9δ2 T cells enhance the expansion of M. tuberculosis-specific αβ T cells and increase the ability of αβ T cells to inhibit intracellular mycobacteria; (ii) although soluble mediators are critical for the direct inhibitory effects of γ9δ2 T cells, their APC functions do not require soluble mediators; (iii) the APC functions of γ9δ2 T cells involve cell-to-cell contact that is dependent on CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions; and (iv) fully activated CD4(+) αβ T cells and γ9δ2 T cells provide similar immune enhancing/APC functions for M. tuberculosis-specific T cells. These effector and helper effects of γ9δ2 T cells further indicate that these T cells should be considered important new targets for new TB vaccines.
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11
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Wang H, Morita CT. Sensor Function for Butyrophilin 3A1 in Prenyl Pyrophosphate Stimulation of Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4583-94. [PMID: 26475929 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vγ2Vδ2 T cells play important roles in human immunity to pathogens and in cancer immunotherapy by responding to isoprenoid metabolites, such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The Ig superfamily protein butyrophilin (BTN)3A1 was shown to be required for prenyl pyrophosphate stimulation. We proposed that the intracellular B30.2 domain of BTN3A1 binds prenyl pyrophosphates, resulting in a change in the extracellular BTN3A1 dimer that is detected by Vγ2Vδ2 TCRs. Such B30.2 binding was demonstrated recently. However, other investigators reported that the extracellular BTN3A1 IgV domain binds prenyl pyrophosphates, leading to the proposal that the Vγ2Vδ2 TCR recognizes the complex. To distinguish between these mechanisms, we mutagenized residues in the two binding sites and tested the mutant BTN3A1 proteins for their ability to mediate prenyl pyrophosphate stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells to proliferate and secrete TNF-α. Mutagenesis of residues in the IgV site had no effect on Vγ2Vδ2 T cell proliferation or secretion of TNF-α. In contrast, mutagenesis of residues within the basic pocket and surrounding V regions of the B30.2 domain abrogated prenyl pyrophosphate-induced proliferation. Mutations of residues making hydrogen bonds to the pyrophosphate moiety also abrogated TNF-α secretion, as did mutation of aromatic residues making contact with the alkenyl chain. Some mutations further from the B30.2 binding site also diminished stimulation, suggesting that the B30.2 domain may interact with a second protein. These findings support intracellular sensing of prenyl pyrophosphates by BTN3A1 rather than extracellular presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
| | - Craig T Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246; and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
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12
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Pauza CD, Cairo C. Evolution and function of the TCR Vgamma9 chain repertoire: It's good to be public. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:22-30. [PMID: 25769734 PMCID: PMC4466227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytes expressing a T cell receptor (TCR) composed of Vgamma9 and Vdelta2 chains represent a minor fraction of human thymocytes. Extrathymic selection throughout post-natal life causes the proportion of cells with a Vgamma9-JP rearrangement to increase and elevates the capacity for responding to non-peptidic phosphoantigens. Extrathymic selection is so powerful that phosphoantigen-reactive cells comprise about 1 in 40 circulating memory T cells in healthy adults and the subset expands rapidly upon infection or in response to malignancy. Skewing of the gamma delta TCR repertoire is accompanied by selection for public gamma chain sequences such that many unrelated individuals overlap extensive in their circulating repertoire. This type of selection implies the presence of a monomorphic antigen-presenting molecule that is an object of current research but remains incompletely defined. While selection on a monomorphic presenting molecule may seem unusual, similar mechanisms shape the alpha beta T cell repertoire including the extreme examples of NKT or mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and the less dramatic amplification of public Vbeta chain rearrangements driven by individual MHC molecules and associated with resistance to viral pathogens. Selecting and amplifying public T cell receptors whether alpha beta or gamma delta, are important steps in developing an anticipatory TCR repertoire. Cell clones expressing public TCR can accelerate the kinetics of response to pathogens and impact host survival.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Sequence Homology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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13
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Pauza CD, Poonia B, Li H, Cairo C, Chaudhry S. γδ T Cells in HIV Disease: Past, Present, and Future. Front Immunol 2015; 5:687. [PMID: 25688241 PMCID: PMC4311680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 dysregulates γδ T cells as part of an immune evasion mechanism. Nearly three decades of research defined the effects of HIV on γδ T cells and how this impacts disease. With highly effective antiretroviral therapy providing virus suppression and longer survival, we expected a return to normal for γδ T cells. This is not the case. Even in patients with CD4 T cell reconstitution, normal γδ T cell levels and function are not recovered. The durable damage to Vδ2 T cells is paralleled by defects in NK, CD8 T cells, and dendritic cells. Whether these consequences of HIV stem from similar or distinct mechanisms are not known and effective means for recovering the full range of cellular immunity have not been discovered. These unanswered questions receive too little attention in the overall program of efforts to cure HIV this disease. Approved drugs capable of increasing Vδ2 T cell function are being tested in clinical trials for cancer and hold promise for restoring normal function in patients with HIV disease. The impetus for conducting clinical trials will come from understanding the significance of γδ T cells in HIV disease and what might be gained from targeted immunotherapy. This review traces the history and current progress of AIDS-related research on γδ T cells. We emphasize the damage to γδ T cells that persists despite effective virus suppression. These chronic immune deficits may be linked to the comorbidities of AIDS (cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and others) and will hinder efforts to eradicate HIV by cytotoxic T or NK cell killing. Here, we focus on one subset of T cells that may be critical in the pathogenesis of HIV and an attractive target for new immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Suchita Chaudhry
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Cairo C, Surendran N, Harris KM, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Sakoda Y, Diaz-Mendez F, Tamada K, Gartenhaus RB, Mann DL, Pauza CD. Vγ2Vδ2 T cell Costimulation Increases NK cell Killing of Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells. Immunology 2014; 144:422-430. [PMID: 25227493 PMCID: PMC4557679 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between NK and dendritic cells (DC) affect maturation and function of both cell populations, including NK killing of DC (editing) that is important for controlling the quality of immune responses. We also know that antigen-stimulated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells costimulate NK cells via 4-1BB to enhance killing of tumor cell lines but we do not know what regulates 4-1BB expression or whether other NK effector functions including DC killing, might also be influenced by NK:γδ T cell cross talk. Here we show that antigen-stimulated γδ T cells costimulate NK through ICOS:ICOSL and this signal increases NK killing of autologous DC. Effects of NK:γδ T cell co-culture, which could be reproduced with soluble ICOS-Fc fusion protein, included increased CD69 and 4-1BB expression, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1β, I-309, RANTES and sFasL production, as well as elevated mRNA levels for costimulatory receptors OX40 (TNFRSF4) and GITR (TNFRSF18). Thus, ICOS/ICOSL costimulation of NK by Vγ2Vδ2 T cells had broad effects on NK phenotype and effector functions. The NK γδ T cell cross talk links innate and antigen-specific lymphocyte responses in the control of cytotoxic effector function and dendritic cell killing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naveen Surendran
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristina M Harris
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krystyna Mazan-Mamczarz
- School of Medicine Oncology Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yukimi Sakoda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Felisa Diaz-Mendez
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald B Gartenhaus
- School of Medicine Oncology Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dean L Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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Omi K, Shimizu M, Watanabe E, Matsumura J, Takaku C, Shinya E, Takahashi H. Inhibition of R5-tropic HIV type-1 replication in CD4⁺ natural killer T cells by γδ T lymphocytes. Immunology 2014; 141:596-608. [PMID: 24266436 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the development of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, it became clear that the majority of emergent HIV-1 is macrophage-tropic and infects CD4⁺, CCR5-expressing cells (R5-tropic). There are three distinct cell populations, R5-tropic, HIV-1-susceptible CD4⁺ cells: (i) natural killer T (NKT) cells, (ii) dendritic cells and macrophages, and (iii) tissue-associated T cells residing primarily at mucosal surfaces. We have confirmed that CD4⁺ NKT cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) predominantly express CCR5 rather than CXCR4, whereas the reverse is true for CD4⁺ T cells derived from circulating PBMCs, and that R5-tropic HIV-1 expands efficiently in the CD4⁺ NKT cells. Moreover, when PBMCs depleted of CD8α⁺ cells were stimulated in the presence of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and R5-tropic HIV-1 [NL(AD8)], the production of HIV-1 virions was not suppressed, whereas, similar to the untreated PBMCs, depletion of CD8β⁺ cells from PBMCs significantly inhibited virion production. These findings suggest that CD8αα⁺ but not CD8αβ⁺ cells may have the ability to inhibit R5-tropic HIV-1 replication in CD4⁺ NKT cells. Here, we show that co-culturing R5-tropic HIV-1-infected CD4⁺ NKT cells with CD8αα⁺ γδ T cells, in particular Vγ1Vδ1 cells, but not with CD8αα⁺ NKT cells or CD8αα⁺ dendritic cells, inhibits HIV-1 replication mainly by secreting chemokines, such as macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β and RANTES. Collectively, these results indicate the importance of CD8αα⁺ γδ T cells in the control of R5-tropic HIV-1 replication and persistence in CD4⁺ NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Omi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Cairo C, Longinaker N, Cappelli G, Leke RGF, Ondo MM, Djokam R, Fogako J, Leke RJ, Sagnia B, Sosso S, Colizzi V, Pauza CD. Cord blood Vγ2Vδ2 T cells provide a molecular marker for the influence of pregnancy-associated malaria on neonatal immunity. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1653-62. [PMID: 24325967 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum placental infection primes the fetal immune system and alters infant immunity. Mechanisms leading to these outcomes are not completely understood. We focused on Vγ2Vδ2 cells, which are part of the immune response against many pathogens, including P. falciparum. These unconventional lymphocytes respond directly to small, nonpeptidic antigens, independent of major histocompatibility complex presentation. We wondered whether placental malaria, which may increase fetal exposure to P. falciparum metabolites, triggers a response by neonatal Vγ2Vδ2 lymphocytes that can be a marker for the extent of fetal exposure to malarial antigens. METHODS Cord blood mononuclear cells were collected from 15 neonates born to mothers with P. falciparum infection during pregnancy (8 with placental malaria) and 25 unexposed neonates. Vγ2Vδ2 cell phenotype, repertoire, and proliferative responses were compared between newborns exposed and those unexposed to P. falciparum. RESULTS Placental malaria-exposed neonates had increased proportions of central memory Vγ2Vδ2 cells in cord blood, with an altered Vγ2 chain repertoire ex vivo and after stimulation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that placental malaria affects the phenotype and repertoire of neonatal Vγ2Vδ2 lymphocytes. Placental malaria may lower the capacity for subsequent Vγ2Vδ2 cell responses and impair the natural resistance to infectious diseases or the response to pediatric vaccination.
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Goto H, Matsuda K, Srikoon P, Kariya R, Hattori S, Taura M, Katano H, Okada S. Potent antitumor activity of zoledronic acid-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against primary effusion lymphoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 331:174-82. [PMID: 23321500 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Cairo C, Sagnia B, Cappelli G, Colizzi V, Leke RGF, Leke RJ, Pauza CD. Human cord blood γδ T cells expressing public Vγ2 chains dominate the response to bisphosphonate plus interleukin-15. Immunology 2013. [PMID: 23181340 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with adults, the circulating Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell population in cord blood is present at low levels and does not show the strong bias for Vγ2-Jγ1.2 rearrangements. These features may be a result of limited exposure to stimulatory phosphoantigens, lack of T-cell-derived interleukin-2 (IL-2) or both. In cord blood mononuclear cell cultures, a single round of stimulation, using aminobisphosphonates to elevate phosphoantigen levels, resulted in expansion of adult-like Vγ2 chains and accumulation of memory cells with cytotoxic potential. Selection was similar using IL-2 or myeloid-derived IL-15. The Vγ2Vδ2 T cells present in neonates are capable of generating potent immune responses even when relying on IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Spencer CT, Abate G, Sakala IG, Xia M, Truscott SM, Eickhoff CS, Linn R, Blazevic A, Metkar SS, Peng G, Froelich CJ, Hoft DF. Granzyme A produced by γ(9)δ(2) T cells induces human macrophages to inhibit growth of an intracellular pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003119. [PMID: 23326234 PMCID: PMC3542113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γ9δ2 T cells potently inhibit pathogenic microbes, including intracellular mycobacteria, but the key inhibitory mechanism(s) involved have not been identified. We report a novel mechanism involving the inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria by soluble granzyme A. γ9δ2 T cells produced soluble factors that could pass through 0.45 µm membranes and inhibit intracellular mycobacteria in human monocytes cultured below transwell inserts. Neutralization of TNF-α in co-cultures of infected monocytes and γ9δ2 T cells prevented inhibition, suggesting that TNF-α was the critical inhibitory factor produced by γ9δ2 T cells. However, only siRNA- mediated knockdown of TNF-α in infected monocytes, but not in γ9δ2 T cells, prevented mycobacterial growth inhibition. Investigations of other soluble factors produced by γ9δ2 T cells identified a highly significant correlation between the levels of granzyme A produced and intracellular mycobacterial growth inhibition. Furthermore, purified granzyme A alone induced inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria, while knockdown of granzyme A in γ9δ2 T cell clones blocked their inhibitory effects. The inhibitory mechanism was independent of autophagy, apoptosis, nitric oxide production, type I interferons, Fas/FasL and perforin. These results demonstrate a novel microbial defense mechanism involving granzyme A-mediated triggering of TNF-α production by monocytes leading to intracellular mycobacterial growth suppression. This pathway may provide a protective mechanism relevant for the development of new vaccines and/or immunotherapies for macrophage-resident chronic microbial infections. A small subset of human T cells express γ9δ2 T cell receptors and recognize unique non-peptide phosphoantigens expressed by microbes and damaged cells, such as cancer. These cells are important because: 1) they reside within skin and mucosal surfaces at critical points of initial pathogen invasion, and 2) they are not restricted by polymorphic HLA types and thus can be activated by the same cognate antigens in highly diverse populations. Many important human pathogens such as the causes of AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and others induce potent responses in γ9δ2 T cells that can be protective. However, the key mechanisms involved in γ9δ2 T cell-mediated protective immunity are not well defined. We have found that γ9δ2 T cells produce soluble granzyme A which correlates with their ability to protect against intracellular mycobacterial growth. We show directly that highly purified granzyme A alone can trigger human monocytes to control intracellular mycobacteria. We further show that the granzyme A-induced mycobacterial inhibition required production of TNF-α by infected monocytes. These studies may have important implications for future vaccine development and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T. Spencer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Getahun Abate
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Isaac G. Sakala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mei Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Truscott
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Eickhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Linn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sunil S. Metkar
- NorthShore University HealthSystems Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Froelich
- NorthShore University HealthSystems Research Institute, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gründer C, van Dorp S, Hol S, Drent E, Straetemans T, Heijhuurs S, Scholten K, Scheper W, Sebestyen Z, Martens A, Strong R, Kuball J. γ9 and δ2CDR3 domains regulate functional avidity of T cells harboring γ9δ2TCRs. Blood 2012; 120:5153-62. [PMID: 23018643 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-432427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with innate immune cells has recently evoked broad interest as a novel treatment option for cancer patients. γ9δ2T cells in particular are emerging as an innate cell population with high frequency and strong antitumor reactivity, which makes them and their receptors promising candidates for immune interventions. However, clinical trials have so far reported only limited tumor control by adoptively transferred γ9δ2T cells. As a potential explanation for this lack of efficacy, we found unexpectedly high variability in tumor recognition within the physiologic human γ9δ2T-cell repertoire, which is substantially regulated by the CDR3 domains of individual γ9δ2TCRs. In the present study, we demonstrate that the reported molecular requirements of CDR3 domains to interact with target cells shape the physiologic γ9δ2T-cell repertoire and, most likely, limit the protective and therapeutic antitumor efficacy of γ9δ2T cells. Based on these findings, we propose combinatorial-γδTCR-chain exchange as an efficient method for designing high-affinity γ9δ2TCRs that mediate improved antitumor responses when expressed in αβT cells both in vitro and in vivo in a humanized mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Gründer
- Departments of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Wang A, Zeng H, Liu L, Jiang W, Zhu Y, Xu Y. Effect of Triptolide on T-Cell Receptor Beta Variable Gene mRNA Expression in Rats With Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:922-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of Immunotherapy on the Distribution and Clonality of TCR Vγ and Vδ Subfamily T Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Patients. J Med Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-011-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of Immunotherapy on the Distribution and Clonality of TCR Vγ and Vδ Subfamily T Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Patients
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the peripheral specific IgE level, distribution of TCR Vg and Vd subfamily T cells and mRNA expressions of TCR Vg I-III following specific immunotherapy (SIT) with house-dust-mite extract in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Ten AR patients undergoing SIT with house-dust-mite extract for 1 year were recruited. Quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence was performed to detect the serum specific IgE (sIgE) level before and after SIT; RT-PCR-genescan analysis was employed to detect the mRNA expressions of TCR Vg (I-III) and Vd (1-8) in the peripheral mononuclear cells followed by analysis of T cell clonality. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to detect the expressions of TCR Vg I-III genes. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. For AR patients, SIT treatment could improve the symptoms, but the serum sIgE level was not markedly decreased. Before SIT, the expressions of TCR Vg I-III gene were similar between AR patients and controls (P>0.05) but markedly decreased after SIT in AR patients (P<0.05 in TCR VgI and VgII). The expressions of TCR Vd (1-8) before and after SIT were 5.3±0.82 and 4.9±0.57, respectively, and that in healthy controls was 5.2±1.40. Vd1, 2, 3 and 6 were the most common genes found in these patients. Significant difference in the TCR Vd6 subfamily T cells was found between the two groups. Polyclonal or biclonal proliferation was found in the T cells of patients before SIT and in healthy controls, but oligoclonal proliferation in only 1 subject before SIT. After SIT, the proportion of patients with oligoclonal proliferation of T cells (6/10) was markedly increased (P<0.05). SIT for 1 year could alter the expressions of TCR Vg I-III genes, the distribution of TCR Vg and Vd T cells and the ways in which T cells proliferate. The early improvement of symptoms following immunotherapy might not be related to the serum sIgE content in AR patients, but associated with the TCR gd T cells, especially the TCR V d6 T cells.
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23
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Boudová S, Li H, Sajadi MM, Redfield RR, Pauza CD. Impact of persistent HIV replication on CD4 negative Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1448-55. [PMID: 22454465 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4- Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are depleted during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but can recover to near normal levels in patients who spontaneously control viremia in the absence of therapy. By contrasting Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell numbers, phenotype, and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, we investigate the dynamic tension between active immunity and progressive T-cell destruction during persistent viremia. METHODS Peripheral blood Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell levels and phenotypes were characterized by flow cytometry. Lymphoproliferation assays measured functional responses. Spectratyping characterized damage to the TCR repertoire. RESULTS Levels, responses to antigen and the proportion of T effector memory Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in patients with persistent viremia, were intermediate between patients with natural virus suppression (NVS) and patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Damage to the TCR γ-2 chain repertoire and depletion of CD56+ Vγ2Vδ2 T cells were more pronounced in viremic patients, compared with antiretroviral therapy recipients and patients with natural virus suppression. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in viremic patients reflect both active responses (increasing cell numbers, better antigen responses, and higher proportion of effector memory cells) and ongoing damage (repertoire changes and loss of CD56+ cells). Unlike patients who control viremia to undetectable levels, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are diminished during persistent viremia and may eventually be lost because of progressive destruction of the TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Boudová
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Ness-Schwickerath KJ, Morita CT. Regulation and function of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2371-90. [PMID: 21573786 PMCID: PMC3152582 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of IL-17A and IL-22 production differs between human and murine γδ T cells. We find that human γδ T cells expressing Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptors are peripherally polarized to produce IL-17A or IL-22, much like CD4 αβ Th17 T cells. This requires IL-6, IL-1β, and TGF-β, whereas expansion and maintenance requires IL-23, IL-1β, and TGF-β. In contrast, IL-17A and IL-22 production by murine γδ T cells is innately programmed during thymic ontogeny but requires IL-23 and IL-1β for maintenance. Murine γδ cells producing IL-17A and IL-22 play important roles in microbial, autoimmune, and inflammatory responses. However, the roles played by human IL-17A- and IL-22-producing γδ T cells are less clear but are also likely to be important. These observations highlight differences between humans and murine γδ T cells and underscore the importance of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Ness-Schwickerath
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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Davey MS, Lin CY, Roberts GW, Heuston S, Brown AC, Chess JA, Toleman MA, Gahan CGM, Hill C, Parish T, Williams JD, Davies SJ, Johnson DW, Topley N, Moser B, Eberl M. Human neutrophil clearance of bacterial pathogens triggers anti-microbial γδ T cell responses in early infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002040. [PMID: 21589907 PMCID: PMC3093373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, monocytes and neutrophils share a responsiveness toward inflammatory chemokines and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection. Studying their interaction in vitro and relating these findings to in vivo observations in patients may therefore provide crucial insight into inflammatory events. Our present data demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells provide potent survival signals resulting in neutrophil activation and the release of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8 (IL-8). In turn, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells readily respond to neutrophils harboring phagocytosed bacteria, as evidenced by expression of CD69, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This response is dependent on the ability of these bacteria to produce the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), requires cell-cell contact of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells with accessory monocytes through lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), and results in a TNF-α dependent proliferation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. The antibiotic fosmidomycin, which targets the HMB-PP biosynthesis pathway, not only has a direct antibacterial effect on most HMB-PP producing bacteria but also possesses rapid anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting γδ T cell responses in vitro. Patients with acute peritoneal-dialysis (PD)-associated bacterial peritonitis – characterized by an excessive influx of neutrophils and monocytes into the peritoneal cavity – show a selective activation of local Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by HMB-PP producing but not by HMB-PP deficient bacterial pathogens. The γδ T cell-driven perpetuation of inflammatory responses during acute peritonitis is associated with elevated peritoneal levels of γδ T cells and TNF-α and detrimental clinical outcomes in infections caused by HMB-PP positive microorganisms. Taken together, our findings indicate a direct link between invading pathogens, neutrophils, monocytes and microbe-responsive γδ T cells in early infection and suggest novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The immune system of all jawed vertebrates harbors three distinct lymphocyte populations – αβ T cells, γδ T cells and B cells – yet only higher primates including humans possess so-called Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, an enigmatic γδ T cell subset that uniformly responds to the majority of bacterial pathogens. For reasons that are not understood, this responsiveness is absent in all other animals although they too are constantly exposed to a plethora of potentially harmful micro-organisms. We here investigated how Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells respond to live microbes by mimicking physiological conditions in acute disease. Our experiments demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells recognize a small common molecule released when invading bacteria become ingested and killed by other white blood cells. The stimulation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells at the site of infection amplifies the inflammatory response and has important consequences for pathogen clearance and the development of microbe-specific immunity. However, if triggered at the wrong time or the wrong place, this rapid reaction toward bacteria may also lead to inflammation-related damage. These findings improve our insight into the complex cellular interactions in early infection, identify novel biomarkers of diagnostic and predictive value and highlight new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Davey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chan-Yu Lin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gareth W. Roberts
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Heuston
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amanda C. Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Chess
- Department of Nephrology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Toleman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tanya Parish
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Johnson
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia and New Zealand Dialysis Transplant Registry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pauza CD, Riedel DJ, Gilliam BL, Redfield RR. Targeting γδ T cells for immunotherapy of HIV disease. Future Virol 2011; 6:73-84. [PMID: 21339853 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of circulating γδ T-cell populations is an early and common outcome of HIV infection. T-cell receptor (TCR)-γ2δ2 cells (expressing the Vγ2 and Vδ2 chains of the γδ TCR) are depleted, even though they are minimally susceptible to direct HIV infection, and exemplify indirect cell depletion mechanisms that are important in the progression to AIDS. Among individuals with common or normally progressing HIV disease, the loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells has a broad impact on viral immunity, control of opportunistic pathogens and resistance to malignant disease. Advanced HIV disease can result in complete loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells that are not recovered even during antiretroviral therapy with complete virus suppression. However, normal levels of TCR-γ2δ2 were observed among natural virus suppressors (low or undetectable virus without antiretroviral therapy) irrespective of their MHC haplotype, consistent with their disease-free status. The pattern of loss and recovery of TCR-γ2δ2 cells revealed their unique features and functional capacities, and encourage the development of immune-based therapies to activate and expand this T-cell subset. New research has identified drugs that might reconstitute the TCR-γ2δ2 population, recover their functional contributions, and improve control of HIV replication and disease. Here, we review research on HIV and TCR-γδ T cells to highlight the consequences of depleting this subset and the unique features of TCR-γδ biology that argue in favor of clinical strategies to reconstitute this T-cell subset in individuals with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Li H, David Pauza C. Interplay of T-cell receptor and interleukin-2 signalling in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity. Immunology 2010; 132:96-103. [PMID: 20738419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood Vγ2Vδ2 T cells are important for host defence and tumour immunity. Their unusual T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes small molecule phosphoantigens; stimulated cells produce inflammatory cytokines and are potently cytotoxic for a variety of tumours. However, molecular mechanisms linking phosphoantigen stimulation and cytotoxicity are incompletely understood. We know that isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/Erk) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathways; specific inhibition of Erk or Akt significantly impairs the functional response to IPP. We now show that interleukin-2 also activates MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt pathways but on its own, fails to induce cytokine expression or cytotoxicity. Hence, MEK/Erk and PI-3K/Akt activation are necessary but not sufficient to induce effector responses in Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and a TCR-dependent signal is still required for tumour cell killing. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, blocked calcium-dependent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) and significantly reduced IPP-induced cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity. The IPP-induced calcium mobilization and NFAT translocation were necessary to activate Vγ2Vδ2 effector functions; interleukin-2, acting on the MEK/Erk pathway, regulated the strength of these responses. The TCR has a specific role in Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell killing of tumour cells, which is distinct from its role in triggering cellular proliferation in response to phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Impact of age, gender, and race on circulating γδ T cells. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:968-75. [PMID: 20600446 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major subset of human peripheral blood γδ T cells expresses the Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptor and responds to malignant or infectious diseases. We noted significant differences in the numbers of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in blood samples from healthy Caucasian CA or African American (AA) donors. On average, CA donors had 3.71% ± 4.37% Vδ2 cells (as a percentage of total lymphocytes) compared with 1.18% ± 2.14% Vδ2 cells for AA donors (p < 0.0001). Age and race had the greatest impact on Vδ2 cell levels; the effect of age was similar for both racial groups. The Vδ2 cell population was dominated, for both donor groups, by cells expressing the Vγ2-Jγ1.2 Vδ2 T cell receptor, an apparent result of strong positive selection and there was substantial overlap in the public Vγ2 clonotypes from both racial groups. Mechanisms for selection and amplification of Vδ2 cells are nearly identical for both groups, despite the significant difference in baseline levels. These data show that appropriate controls, matched for age and race, may be required for clinical studies of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in infectious disease or cancer and raise important questions about the mechanisms regulating the levels of circulating Vδ2 cells.
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Ness-Schwickerath KJ, Jin C, Morita CT. Cytokine requirements for the differentiation and expansion of IL-17A- and IL-22-producing human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:7268-80. [PMID: 20483730 PMCID: PMC2965829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human gammadelta T cells expressing the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR play important roles in immune responses to microbial pathogens by monitoring prenyl pyrophosphate isoprenoid metabolites. Most adult Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells are memory cytotoxic cells that produce IFN-gamma. Recently, murine gammadelta T cells were found to be major sources of IL-17A in antimicrobial and autoimmune responses. To determine if primate gammadelta T cells play similar roles, we characterized IL-17A and IL-22 production by Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells. IL-17A-producing memory Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells exist at low but significant frequencies in adult humans (1:2762 T cells) and at even higher frequencies in adult rhesus macaques. Higher levels of Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells produce IL-22 (1:1864 T cells), although few produce both IL-17A and IL-22. Unlike adult humans, in whom many IL-17A+ Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells also produce IFN-gamma (Tgammadelta1/17), the majority of adult macaques IL-17A+ Vdelta2 cells (Tgammadelta17) do not produce IFN-gamma. To define the cytokine requirements for Tgammadelta17 cells, we stimulated human neonatal Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells with the bacterial Ag, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, and various cytokines and mAbs in vitro. We find that IL-6, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta are required to generate Tgammadelta17 cells in neonates, whereas Tgammadelta1/17 cells additionally required IL-23. In adults, memory Tgammadelta1/17 and Tgammadelta17 cells required IL-23, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta, but not IL-6. IL-22-producing cells showed similar requirements. Both neonatal and adult IL-17A+ Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells expressed elevated levels of retinoid-related orphan receptor gammat. Our data suggest that, like Th17 alphabeta T cells, Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells can be polarized into Tgammadelta17 and Tgammadelta1/17 populations with distinct cytokine requirements for their initial polarization and later maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Ness-Schwickerath
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Chenggang Jin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Craig T. Morita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, EMRB 400F, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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Wang H, Fang Z, Morita CT. Vgamma2Vdelta2 T Cell Receptor recognition of prenyl pyrophosphates is dependent on all CDRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6209-22. [PMID: 20483784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells differ from alphabeta T cells in the Ags they recognize and their functions in immunity. Although most alphabeta TCRs recognize peptides presented by MHC class I or II, human gammadelta T cells expressing Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCRs recognize nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphates. To define the molecular basis for this recognition, the effect of mutations in the TCR CDR was assessed. Mutations in all CDR loops altered recognition and cover a large footprint. Unlike murine gammadelta TCR recognition of the MHC class Ib T22 protein, there was no CDR3delta motif required for recognition because only one residue is required. Instead, the length and sequence of CDR3gamma was key. Although a prenyl pyrophosphate-binding site was defined by Lys109 in Jgamma1.2 and Arg51 in CDR2delta, the area outlined by critical mutations is much larger. These results show that prenyl pyrophosphate recognition is primarily by germline-encoded regions of the gammadelta TCR, allowing a high proportion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCRs to respond. This underscores its parallels to innate immune receptors. Our results also provide strong evidence for the existence of an Ag-presenting molecule for prenyl pyrophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Repertoire development and the control of cytotoxic/effector function in human gammadelta T cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:732893. [PMID: 20396597 PMCID: PMC2854522 DOI: 10.1155/2010/732893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells develop into two major populations distinguished by their T cell receptor (TCR) chains. Cells with the alphabeta TCR generally express CD4 or CD8 lineage markers and mostly fall into helper or cytotoxic/effector subsets. Cells expressing the alternate gammadelta TCR in humans generally do not express lineage markers, do not require MHC for antigen presentation, and recognize nonpeptidic antigens. We are interested in the dominant Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and the control of effector function in this population. We review the literature on gammadelta T cell generation and repertoire selection, along with recent work on CD56 expression and defining a cytotoxic/effector lineage within the phosphoantigen-reactive Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells. A unique mechanism for MHC-independent repertoire selection is linked to the control of effector function that is vital to the role for gammadelta T cells in tumor surveillance. Better understanding of these mechanisms will improve our ability to exploit this population for tumor immunotherapy.
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Effects of 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and rosiglitazone on human gammadelta2 T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7726. [PMID: 19888466 PMCID: PMC2766831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones (TZD) class of drugs, and 15-deoxy-D12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) are immune regulators predicted to modulate human autoimmune disease. Their effects on gammadelta T cells, which are involved in animal model and human and animal autoimmune diseases, are unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized the activity of rosiglitazone (from the TZD class of drugs) and 15d-PGJ2 in human Vdelta2 T cells. We found that 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone had different effects on Vdelta2 T cell functions. Both 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone suppressed Vdelta2 T cell proliferation in response to IPP and IL2. However, only 15d-PGJ2 suppressed functional responses including cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity against tumor cells. The mechanism for 15d-PGJ2 effects on Vdelta2 T cells acts through inhibiting Erk activation. In contrast, rosiglitazone did not affect Erk activation but the IL2 signaling pathway, which accounts for rosiglitazone suppression of IL2-dependent, Vdelta2 T cell proliferation without affecting TCR-dependent functions. Rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 are designed to be peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands and PPARgamma was expressed in Vdelta2 T cell. Surprisingly, when PPARgamma levels were lowered by specific siRNA, 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone were still active, suggesting their target of action induces cellular proteins other than PPARgamma. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The current findings expand our understanding of how the immune system is regulated by rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 and will be important to evaluate these compounds as therapeutic agents in human autoimmune disease.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells in a group of HIV-infected patients who suppress HIV replication without antiretroviral therapy (natural viral suppressors, NVSs). DESIGN : It is a cross-sectional study. METHODS We compared Vgamma2Vdelta2 T-cell frequency, T-cell repertoire, and responses to isopentenyl pyrophosphate stimulation between NVSs (n = 21) and HIV-uninfected controls (n = 27) and between NVSs and HIV-infected patients taking HAART with suppressed viral replication (HIV-P; n = 25). RESULTS NVSs had a mean frequency of 1.06 +/- 0.82% CD3Vdelta2+ cells among total lymphocytes, which was significantly higher than both control groups (HIV-negative: 0.50 +/- 0.53%, P = 0.042; HIV-P: 0.34 +/- 0.37%, P = 0.002). The proportion of Vgamma2 chains correlating with the Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2 rearrangement was reduced among NVSs compared with HIV-negative controls (0.57 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.04; P = 0.016) but was increased compared with HIV-P patients (0.32 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.03; P = 0.03). NVSs had a similar baseline frequency of CD27/CD45RA effector cells (19.6 +/- 4.2%) compared with HIV-negative controls (20.8 +/- 12.9%; P = 0.35). CONCLUSION The altered gammadelta T-cell receptor repertoire among NVS was consistent with the known effect of HIV-1 on these cells. Uniquely among all HIV-infected groups, NVS reconstituted the gammadelta T-cell population, eventually reaching levels significantly above controls. This capacity to recover gammadelta T-cell numbers and function distinguishes individuals who control HIV-1 with and without HAART.
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Urban EM, Li H, Armstrong C, Focaccetti C, Cairo C, Pauza CD. Control of CD56 expression and tumor cell cytotoxicity in human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:50. [PMID: 19772585 PMCID: PMC2761874 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lymphocyte subsets, expression of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule-1) correlates with cytotoxic effector activity. For cells bearing the Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell receptor, isoprenoid pyrophosphate stimulation leads to uniform activation and proliferation, but only a fraction of cells express CD56 and display potent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Our goal was to show whether CD56 expression was regulated stochastically, similar to conventional activation antigens, or whether CD56 defined a lineage of cells committed to the cytotoxic phenotype. RESULTS Tracking individual cell clones defined by their Vgamma2 chain CDR3 region sequences, we found that CD56 was expressed on precursor cytotoxic T cells already present in the population irrespective of their capacity to proliferate after antigen stimulation. Public T cell receptor sequences found in the CD56+ subset from one individual might appear in the CD56- subset of another donor. The commitment of individual clones to CD56+ or CD56- lineages was stable for each donor over a 1 year interval. CONCLUSION The ability to express CD56 was not predicted by TCR sequence or by the strength of signal received by the TCR. For gammadelta T cells, cytotoxic effector function is acquired when cytotoxic precursors within the population are stimulated to proliferate and express CD56. Expression of CD56 defines a committed lineage to the cytotoxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Urban
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Zoledronic acid and interleukin-2 treatment improves immunocompetence in HIV-infected persons by activating Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells. AIDS 2009; 23:555-65. [PMID: 19238075 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283244619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE gammadelta T cells bearing the Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell receptor exert many antiviral effector functions in humans, including release of anti-HIV factors and direct cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells. Moreover, they are known to activate dendritic cells, improving antigen presentation function. After HIV infection, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell number and reactivity are rapidly affected and they decrease upon disease progression. Bisphosphonate drugs such as zoledronic acid (Zol), used to treat bone diseases, have been shown to induce in vivo, in combination with interleukin-2, Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cells' activation. The aim of this work was to verify whether the administration of Zol in combination with interleukin-2 in HIV-infected patients might improve Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell function, including immune adjuvancy mediated by gammadelta-dendritic cell cross-talk. DESIGN AND METHODS In HIV patients naive to antiretroviral therapy, we analyzed the effect of combined Zol and interleukin-2 treatment, in comparison to Zol alone, on Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell number, maturation and function, on dendritic cell activation and on HIV-specific CD8 T-cell response. RESULTS Zol and interleukin-2-combined treatment induced in-vivo Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell expansion and maturation. Paralleling Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell activation, increased dendritic cell maturation and HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses were found. CONCLUSION The specific modulation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell number and responsiveness after HIV infection may be at least transiently restored in vivo by Zol and interleukin-2 treatment. In this way, the immune effector mechanisms, secondary to Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell activation, were improved, suggesting a possible adjuvancy role of Zol and interleukin-2 treatment in restoring innate and specific competence in HIV-infected persons.
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Spencer CT, Abate G, Blazevic A, Hoft DF. Only a subset of phosphoantigen-responsive gamma9delta2 T cells mediate protective tuberculosis immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4471-84. [PMID: 18802050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induce potent expansions of human memory Vgamma(9)(+)Vdelta(2)(+) T cells capable of IFN-gamma production, cytolytic activity, and mycobacterial growth inhibition. Certain phosphoantigens expressed by mycobacteria can stimulate gamma(9)delta(2) T cell expansions, suggesting that purified or synthetic forms of these phosphoantigens may be useful alone or as components of new vaccines or immunotherapeutics. However, we show that while mycobacteria-activated gamma(9)delta(2) T cells potently inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth, phosphoantigen-activated gamma(9)delta(2) T cells fail to inhibit mycobacteria, although both develop similar effector cytokine and cytolytic functional capacities. gamma(9)delta(2) T cells receiving TLR-mediated costimulation during phosphoantigen activation also failed to inhibit mycobacterial growth. We hypothesized that mycobacteria express Ags, other than the previously identified phosphoantigens, that induce protective subsets of gamma(9)delta(2) T cells. Testing this hypothesis, we compared the TCR sequence diversity of gamma(9)delta(2) T cells expanded with BCG-infected vs phosphoantigen-treated dendritic cells. BCG-stimulated gamma(9)delta(2) T cells displayed a more restricted TCR diversity than phosphoantigen-activated gamma(9)delta(2) T cells. In addition, only a subset of phosphoantigen-activated gamma(9)delta(2) T cells functionally responded to mycobacteria-infected dendritic cells. Furthermore, differential inhibitory functions of BCG- and phosphoantigen-activated gamma(9)delta(2) T cells were confirmed at the clonal level and were not due to differences in TCR avidity. Our results demonstrate that BCG infection can activate and expand protective subsets of phosphoantigen-responsive gamma(9)delta(2) T cells, and provide the first indication that gamma(9)delta(2) T cells can develop pathogen specificity similar to alphabeta T cells. Specific targeting of protective gamma(9)delta(2) T cell subsets will be important for future tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Spencer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Li H, Luo K, Pauza CD. TNF-alpha is a positive regulatory factor for human Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7131-7. [PMID: 18981134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cells in human peripheral blood recognize phosphoantigen and play important roles in host defense and immunoregulation. The TCR is required for Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cell responses to phosphoantigen, but less is known about soluble or cell-associated costimulatory molecules. In this study, we show that human Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cell responses to phosphoantigen, including activation, proliferation, cytokine production, and tumor cell cytotoxicity, require TNF-alpha binding to its receptor, with a preference for TNFR2. Because stimulated Vgamma2 Vdelta2 cells also produce TNF-alpha, this may be a positive control mechanism to sustain the response. Impaired proliferation in the presence of TNF-alpha or TNFR blocking agents was partially rescued by a TLR2 agonist, Pam(3)Cys. Our studies demonstrate that TNF-alpha plays a critical role in regulating human Vgamma2 Vdelta2 T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Hebbeler AM, Propp N, Cairo C, Li H, Cummings JS, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Pauza CD. Failure to restore the Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2 repertoire in HIV-infected men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Clin Immunol 2008; 128:349-57. [PMID: 18606571 PMCID: PMC2603626 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta (gammadelta) T cells expressing the Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2Vdelta2 (Vgamma9-JPVdelta2, alternate nomenclature) T cell receptor (TCR) constitute the major peripheral blood population of gammadelta T cells in adult humans and are specifically depleted during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2Vdelta2 T cells provide a convenient model for assessing the impact of antiretroviral therapy on cell populations that are not susceptible to direct infection because they do not express CD4 and depletion occurs by indirect mechanisms. We obtained longitudinal PBMC samples from 16 HIV-infected individuals who enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and were starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2Vdelta2 T cells were depleted in these individuals as a result of HIV infection. Despite evidence for clinical benefits of HAART, the Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2Vdelta2 T cell repertoire did not recover after HAART initiation irrespective of treatment duration. These studies highlight important defects among cell subsets lost due to indirect effects of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Hebbeler
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Nadia Propp
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jean Saville Cummings
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Lisa P. Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - C. David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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Li H, Peng H, Ma P, Ruan Y, Su B, Ding X, Xu C, Pauza CD, Shao Y. Association between Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells and disease progression after infection with closely related strains of HIV in China. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1466-72. [PMID: 18419457 DOI: 10.1086/587107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease are accompanied by decreases in the absolute number and function of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, suggesting that this subset of cells may play an important role in controlling disease. We performed a cross-sectional study involving HIV-infected former blood donors and assessed the association between Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells and markers of disease progression. METHODS Changes in Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell count and function were compared between HIV-infected individuals and healthy blood donors using the Mann-Whitney U test. The relationships between Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell count, plasma viral load, and CD4 T cell count were analyzed using the Spearman correlation. RESULTS We found significant positive correlations between CD4 T cell count and both total Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell count (P<.001) and functional (isopentenyl pyrophosphate-responsive) Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell count (P<.001). We found significant reverse correlations between viral load and both total Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell count (P<.05) and functional Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell count (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The association of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells with disease progression in 146 HIV-infected participants supports the view that intact Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell populations are important for controlling HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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40
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Cummings JS, Cairo C, Armstrong C, Davis CE, Pauza CD. Impacts of HIV infection on Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell phenotype and function: a mechanism for reduced tumor immunity in AIDS. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:371-9. [PMID: 18495780 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection causes rapid and lasting defects in the population of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells. To fully describe the impact of HIV, we examined PBMC samples from HIV+ patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, who had displayed prolonged viral control and CD4 counts above 300 cells/mm3. We observed lower frequencies of CD27-/CD45RA- Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells in HIV+ individuals when compared with controls, coupled with an increased proportion of CD45RA+ cells. These changes were common among 24 HIV+ patients and were not related to CD4 cell count or viral RNA burden. Vgamma2 cells from HIV+ individuals had lower expression of Granzyme B and displayed reduced cytotoxicity against Daudi targets after in vitro stimulation. There was increased expression of FasR (CD95) on Vgamma2 cells from HIV+ PBMC that may be a mechanism for depletion of Vgamma2 cells during disease. In addition to the well-characterized defects in the Vgamma2 repertoire and functional responses to phosphoantigen, the proportion of CD27-/CD45RA- Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after isopentenyl pyrophosphate stimulation was reduced sharply in HIV+ donors versus controls. Thus, HIV infection has multiple impacts on the circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell population that combine to reduce the potential effector activity in terms of tumor cytotoxicity. Changes in Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells, along with concomitant effects on NK and NKT cells that also contribute to tumor surveillance, may be important factors for elevating the risk of malignancy during AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Saville Cummings
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard St., N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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41
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Cairo C, Propp N, Auricchio G, Armstrong CL, Abimiku A, Mancino G, Colizzi V, Blattner W, Pauza CD. Altered cord blood gammadelta T cell repertoire in Nigeria: possible impacts of environmental factors on neonatal immunity. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3190-7. [PMID: 18440637 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases during pregnancy can impact the development of fetal immunity, leading to reduced neonatal resistance to infection and decreased responses to pediatric vaccines. Plasmodium falciparum causes placental infection in low parity pregnant women and is among the pathogens that affect fetal immunity. Recognizing the relationship between malaria and gammadelta T lymphocytes in adults, we asked whether neonatal gammadelta T cells would be altered in malaria-endemic regions as a marker for changes in fetal immunity. Our initial studies compared cord blood gammadelta T cells from deliveries to HIV- mothers in Jos (Nigeria) where malaria is endemic, or in Rome (Italy). We noted substantial differences in the Vgamma2 repertoire for cord blood collected in Jos or Rome; differences were consistent with a negative selection mechanism operating on the fetal Vgamma2 chain repertoire in neonates from Jos. A specific disruption affected the fraction of gammadelta T cells that we expect will respond to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Fetal gammadelta T cell depletion might be a mechanism for impaired neonatal immunity and lowered responses to pediatric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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42
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Cairo C, Hebbeler AM, Propp N, Bryant JL, Colizzi V, Pauza CD. Innate-like gammadelta T cell responses to mycobacterium Bacille Calmette-Guerin using the public V gamma 2 repertoire in Macaca fascicularis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:373-83. [PMID: 17292671 PMCID: PMC2958528 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The V gamma 2 V delta 2 T cell subset responds to Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization in macaques and may be a component of protective immunity against tuberculosis. We characterized the effects of BCG on the V gamma 2 V delta 2 T cell receptor repertoire by comparing the starting population of V gamma 2 chains in cynomolgus macaques with the repertoire found after priming or booster immunization with BCG. The starting repertoire was dominated by public V gamma 2 chain sequences that were found repeatedly among unrelated animals. Primary exposure to BCG triggered expansion of cells expressing public V gamma 2 chains and booster immunization was often associated with contraction of these same subsets. Thus, BCG-reactive V gamma 2 chains were present at high frequency in the repertoire of mycobacteria-naïve macaques and they comprised the major response to primary or booster immunization. Normal selection processes that created the naïve V gamma 2 repertoire in macaques, also encoded the capacity for rapid responses to mycobacteria. The unusual composition of a normal V gamma 2 repertoire helps to explain the powerful gammadelta T cell responses to BCG immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cairo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della ricerca scientifica snc, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew M Hebbeler
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Nadia Propp
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Joseph L Bryant
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Vittorio Colizzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della ricerca scientifica snc, Rome, Italy
| | - C. David Pauza
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD, 21201
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43
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Hebbeler AM, Cairo C, Cummings JS, Pauza CD. Individual Vgamma2-Jgamma1.2+ T cells respond to both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and Daudi cell stimulation: generating tumor effectors with low molecular weight phosphoantigens. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 56:819-29. [PMID: 17131122 PMCID: PMC2948954 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells exhibit T cell receptor-dependent, MHC-unrestricted recognition of antigen and play important roles in tumor and pathogen immunity. To characterize antigen recognition by the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR, we used the combined approach of spectratyping and CDR3 sequence analysis that measures changes in the TCR repertoire before and after stimulation with a phosphoantigen (isopentenyl pyrophosphate) or an irradiated tumor cell line (Daudi B lymphoma). Here we describe common Vgamma2 chains that are substantially involved in the response to both phosphoantigens and tumor cells. The recognition properties of common Vgamma2 chains explains the observation that Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells expanded by phosphoantigen stimulation specifically recognize and kill some but not all tumor cell lines. Our studies further justify efforts to stimulate tumor immunity by administering low molecular weight phosphoantigens and boosting the frequency and tumor effector functions of circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Hebbeler
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore Maryland 21201
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Jean-Saville Cummings
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - C. David Pauza
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore Maryland 21201
- Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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44
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Li H, Deetz CO, Zapata JC, Cairo C, Hebbeler AM, Propp N, Salvato MS, Shao Y, Pauza CD. Vaccinia virus inhibits T cell receptor-dependent responses by human gammadelta T cells. J Infect Dis 2006; 195:37-45. [PMID: 17152007 PMCID: PMC2600876 DOI: 10.1086/509823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) is an effective vaccine and vector but has evolved multiple mechanisms for evading host immunity. We characterized the interactions of VV (TianTan and New York City Board of Health strains) with human gammadelta T cells because of the role they play in immune control of this virus. Exposure to VV failed to trigger proliferative responses in gammadelta T cells from unprimed individuals, but it was an unexpected finding that VV blocked responses to model antigens by the Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell subset. Infectious or ultraviolet light-inactivated VV inhibited proliferative Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell responses to phosphoantigens and tumor cells, prevented cytolysis of Daudi B cells, and reduced cytokine production. Inhibiting Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells may be a mechanism for evading host immunity and increasing VV virulence. Increased VV replication or expression in the absence of gammadelta T cell responses might contribute to its potency as a vaccine against poxvirus and recombinant antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccinia/genetics
- Vaccinia/immunology
- Vaccinia/virology
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Carl O. Deetz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Andrew M. Hebbeler
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Nadia Propp
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | - Yiming Shao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - C. David Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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45
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Deetz CO, Hebbeler AM, Propp NA, Cairo C, Tikhonov I, Pauza CD. Gamma interferon secretion by human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells after stimulation with antibody against the T-cell receptor plus the Toll-Like receptor 2 agonist Pam3Cys. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4505-11. [PMID: 16861636 PMCID: PMC1539635 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00088-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T-cell populations in healthy human beings are poised for rapid responses to bacterial or viral pathogens. We asked whether Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells use the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family to recognize pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules and to regulate cell functions. Analysis of expanded Vgamma2Vdelta2 T-cell lines showed the abundant presence of TLR2 mRNA, implying that these receptors are important for cell differentiation or function. However, multiple efforts to detect TLR2 protein on the cell surface or in cytoplasmic compartments gave inconsistent results. Functional assays confirmed that human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells could respond to the TLR2 agonist (S)-(2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl)-N-palmitoyl-(R)-Cys-(S)-Ser(S)-Lys4-OH trihydrochloride (Pam3Cys), but the response required coincident stimulation through the gammadelta T-cell receptor (TCR). Dually stimulated cells produced higher levels of cytoplasmic or cell-free gamma interferon and showed increased expression of the lysosome-associated membrane protein CD107a on the cell surface. A functional TLR2 that requires coincident TCR stimulation may increase the initial potency of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T-cell responses at the site of infection and promote the rapid development of subsequent acquired antipathogen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl O Deetz
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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46
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Herzig CTA, Blumerman SL, Baldwin CL. Identification of three new bovine T-cell receptor delta variable gene subgroups expressed by peripheral blood T cells. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:746-57. [PMID: 16896832 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biology of gammadelta T cells in ruminants, it is necessary to have a comprehensive picture of gammadelta T-cell receptor gene diversity and expression. In this study, three new subgroups of bovine T-cell receptor delta (TRD) variable genes were identified by RT-PCR and sequencing and homology with TRDV genes from other mammals determined. Previously unidentified TRDV subgroup genes described in this study include the bovine homologues of ovine TRDV2, TRDV3, and TRDV4 which were named accordingly. TRDV2 subgroup has two genes (TRDV2-1 and TRDV2-2) while we found the previously identified TRDV1 has at least eight genes corresponding to separate genomic sequences. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences for particular gene subgroups between cattle and sheep were more than 87% identical but identities among TRDV subgroups within a species were much less, with bovine TRDV4 having <45% identity to the other three bovine TRDV gene subgroups. Analysis of circulating bovine gammadelta T cells revealed that genes from all four TRDV subgroups were expressed in combination with TRDJ1, TRDJ3, and TRDC, although TRDV4 was the least represented, and all displayed a variety of CDR3 junctional lengths. Finally, some genes within the TRDV1, TRDV2, and TRDV3 subgroups recombined with TRAV incorporating TRAJs, suggesting dual use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn T A Herzig
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Paige Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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47
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Tikhonov I, Deetz CO, Paca R, Berg S, Lukyanenko V, Lim JK, Pauza CD. Human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells contain cytoplasmic RANTES. Int Immunol 2006; 18:1243-51. [PMID: 16740603 PMCID: PMC2957085 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell repertoire is a product of chronic selection in the periphery. Endogenous antigens drive the expansion of cells expressing the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR. Thus, we would expect the majority of circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells to be antigen experienced and to have memory phenotype, in contrast to the alpha/beta TCR+ subsets that include a substantial fraction of naive cells. We sought to characterize functional aspects of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells that might show whether circulating cells are memory or naive. For these studies, we focus on the expression of the CC chemokine regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). In naive alphabeta T cells, an initial stimulus triggers the onset of RANTES transcription followed later by protein expression. In memory CD8+ alphabeta T cells, RANTES mRNA is already present in unstimulated cells and protein expression is triggered immediately by TCR signaling; some cells may also contain RANTES protein in cytoplasmic stores. We show here that the vast majority of circulating human T cells contain RANTES protein in cytoplasmic stores and the chemokine is secreted rapidly after TCR signaling. Primary Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell lines obtained after in vitro stimulation with phosphoantigens behaved similarly to circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells and contained both RANTES mRNA and protein, but only very low levels of mRNA or protein for macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha or MIP-1beta. The presence of stored RANTES shows that circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells are mostly memory phenotype and capable of rapid chemokine responses to phosphoantigen stimulation. Considering that one of 40 circulating CD3+ lymphocytes is Vgamma2Vdelta2+, they comprise the largest circulating memory population against a single antigen, and phosphoantigen stimulation will trigger a rapid activation with immediate release of RANTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tikhonov
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C. O. Deetz
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - R. Paca
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - S. Berg
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - V. Lukyanenko
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - J. K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C. D. Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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48
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Cairo C, Propp N, Hebbeler AM, Colizzi V, Pauza CD. The Vgamma2/Vdelta2 T-cell repertoire in Macaca fascicularis: functional responses to phosphoantigen stimulation by the Vgamma2/Jgamma1.2 subset. Immunology 2005; 115:197-205. [PMID: 15885125 PMCID: PMC1782144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Vgamma2/Vdelta2 T cells in human and non-human primates respond to small molecular weight non-peptidic phosphoantigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted manner. These responses are encoded by the Vgamma2/Jgamma1.2 chain of the T-cell receptor and are positively selected during early development to create a biased repertoire in adults. We characterized the Vgamma2 chain in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to develop a non-human primate model for studying the effects of infection and therapy on the circulating Vgamma2/Vdelta2 T-cell subset. The cynomolgus macaque Vgamma2 chain was highly homologous to the Vgamma2 chain from human beings and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), though we noted conserved substitutions in critical residues within the CDR3 for both macaque species. Despite these substitutions, Vgamma2/Vdelta2+ T cells from cynomolgus monkeys exhibited polyclonal responses to two different phosphoantigens. Proliferative responses were observed with both isopentenylpyrophosphate and alendronate, but stronger interferon-gamma secretory responses were observed with isopentenylpyrophosphate. In vitro stimulation and expansion led to selective outgrowth of the Vgamma2/Jgamma1.2 subset, with a marked shift in the Vgamma2 spectratype. As a result of the less biased starting repertoire for Vgamma2, the cynomolgus macaque constitutes a sensitive model for examining the effects of in vitro or in vivo treatments on the Vgamma2/Vdelta2 T-cell population. Our studies establish the value of cynomolgus macaques as a model for Vgamma2/Vdelta2 T-cell responses to non-peptidic antigens, and further evidence the remarkable evolutionary conservation of this unusual, phosphoantigen-responsive T-cell subset that is found only in primate species.
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MESH Headings
- Alendronate
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Hemiterpenes/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis/immunology
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organophosphorus Compounds/immunology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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49
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Poccia F, Agrati C, Martini F, Capobianchi MR, Wallace M, Malkovsky M. Antiviral reactivities of gammadelta T cells. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:518-28. [PMID: 15777667 PMCID: PMC7110461 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The complex antiviral immune mechanisms involve both adaptive and innate reactions mediated by γδ T lymphocytes, whose unique immunosurveillance contributions are analyzed here in different clinical and experimental settings. It is beyond any doubt that the fast, potent, cytotoxic as well as non-cytolytic antiviral activities of γδ T cells are critical in protecting the host against diverse viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Poccia
- Unit of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani - IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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50
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Martini F, Paglia MG, Montesano C, Enders PJ, Gentile M, Pauza CD, Gioia C, Colizzi V, Narciso P, Pucillo LP, Poccia F. V gamma 9V delta 2 T-cell anergy and complementarity-determining region 3-specific depletion during paroxysm of nonendemic malaria infection. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2945-9. [PMID: 12704176 PMCID: PMC153242 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2945-2949.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
V gamma 9V delta 2 T lymphocytes strongly respond to phosphoantigens from Plasmodium parasites. Thus, we analyzed the changes in V gamma 9V delta 2 T-cell function and repertoire during the paroxysm phase of nonendemic malaria infection. During malaria paroxysm, V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells were early activated but rapidly became anergic and finally loose J gamma 1.2 V gamma 9 complementarity-determining region 3 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martini
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy.
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