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Krzysiek-Maczka G, Brzozowski T, Ptak-Belowska A. Helicobacter pylori-activated fibroblasts as a silent partner in gastric cancer development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1219-1256. [PMID: 37460910 PMCID: PMC10713772 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection of gastric mucosa leading to active chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and MALT lymphoma laid the groundwork for understanding of the general relationship between chronic infection, inflammation, and cancer. Nevertheless, this sequence of events is still far from full understanding with new players and mediators being constantly identified. Originally, the Hp virulence factors affecting mainly gastric epithelium were proposed to contribute considerably to gastric inflammation, ulceration, and cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that Hp possesses the ability to penetrate the mucus layer and directly interact with stroma components including fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These cells, which are the source of biophysical and biochemical signals providing the proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation within gastric epithelial stem cell compartment, when exposed to Hp, can convert into cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. The crosstalk between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with gastric epithelial cells including stem/progenitor cell niche involves several pathways mediated by non-coding RNAs, Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling ligands. The current review concentrates on the consequences of Hp-induced increase in gastric fibroblast and myofibroblast number, and their activation towards CAFs with the emphasis to the altered communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cell compartment, which may lead to inflammation, epithelial stem cell overproliferation, disturbed differentiation, and gradual gastric cancer development. Thus, Hp-activated fibroblasts may constitute the target for anti-cancer treatment and, importantly, for the pharmacotherapies diminishing their activation particularly at the early stages of Hp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracjana Krzysiek-Maczka
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
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Konstorum A, Lowengrub JS. Activation of the HGF/c-Met axis in the tumor microenvironment: A multispecies model. J Theor Biol 2017; 439:86-99. [PMID: 29203124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is an integral component in promoting tumor development. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which reside in the tumor stroma, produce Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), an important trigger for invasive and metastatic tumor behavior. HGF contributes to a pro-tumorigenic environment by activating its cognate receptor, c-Met, on tumor cells. Tumor cells, in turn, secrete growth factors that upregulate HGF production in CAFs, thereby establishing a dynamic tumor-host signaling program. Using a spatiotemporal multispecies model of tumor growth, we investigate how the development and spread of a tumor is impacted by the initiation of a dynamic interaction between tumor-derived growth factors and CAF-derived HGF. We show that establishment of such an interaction results in increased tumor growth and morphological instability, the latter due in part to increased cell species heterogeneity at the tumor-host boundary. Invasive behavior is further increased if the tumor lowers responsiveness to paracrine pro-differentiation signals, which is a hallmark of neoplastic development. By modeling anti-HGF and anti-c-Met therapy, we show how disruption of the HGF/c-Met axis can reduce tumor invasiveness and growth, thereby providing theoretical evidence that targeting tumor-microenvironment interactions is a promising avenue for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konstorum
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - John S Lowengrub
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Lian S, Xia Y, Nguyen TT, Ung TT, Yoon HJ, Kim NH, Kim KK, Jung YD. Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Tumor Promoter-Induced Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor by Suppressing PKCδ- and MAPKs-Mediated Pathways in ECV304 Human Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163395. [PMID: 27654969 PMCID: PMC5031411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is associated with inflammation and virtually all human cancers. Despite the fact that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties, the negative regulation of uPAR by DHA is still undefined. Here, we investigated the effect of DHA on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced uPAR expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms in ECV304 human endothelial cells. DHA concentration-dependently inhibited TPA-induced uPAR. Specific inhibitors and mutagenesis studies showed that PKCδ, JNK1/2, Erk1/2, NF-κB, and AP-1 were critical for TPA-induced uPAR expression. Application of DHA suppressed TPA-induced translocation of PKCδ, activation of the JNK1/2 and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, and subsequent AP-1 and NF-κB transactivation. In conclusion, these observations suggest a novel role for DHA in reducing uPAR expression and cell invasion by inhibition of PKCδ, JNK1/2, and Erk1/2, and the reduction of AP-1 and NF-κB activation in ECV304 human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lian
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Xia
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joong Yoon
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ho Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lian S, Xia Y, Ung TT, Khoi PN, Yoon HJ, Lee SG, Kim KK, Jung YD. Prostaglandin E 2 stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor via EP2 receptor-dependent signaling pathways in human AGS gastric cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:664-680. [PMID: 27377703 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been observed in human gastric cancers. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), whose biosynthesis is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is implicated in cancer metastasis; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PGE2 -driven uPAR expression are yet to be elucidated in human gastric cancer AGS cells. In this study, we showed that PGE2 induces uPAR expression in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Furthermore, using antagonists and siRNA, we found that among the four subtypes of PGE2 receptors, EP2 receptors are involved in PGE2 -induced uPAR expression. PGE2 induced the activation of Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Specific inhibitor and mutagenesis studies showed that Src, EGFR, JNK1/2, and Erk1/2 are involved in PGE2 -induced uPAR expression. PGE2 induces EP2-dependent phosphorylation of Src, while the activation of Src-dependent EGFR leads to the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and Erk1/2. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated the involvement of transcription factor activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in PGE2 -induced uPAR expression. EGFR-dependent MAPKs (JNK1/2 and Erk1/2) function as the upstream signaling molecules in the activation of AP-1 and NF-κB, respectively. AGS cells pre-treated with PGE2 showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness, which was partially abrogated by uPAR-neutralizing antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that PGE2 -induced uPAR expression, which stimulates invasiveness of human gastric cancer AGS cells, is mediated by the EP2 receptor-dependent Src/EGFR/JNK1/2, Erk1/2/AP-1, and Src/EGFR/JNK1/2, Erk1/2/NF-κB cascades. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lian
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Xia
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Ngoc Khoi
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joong Yoon
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Gyu Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Traditional Chinese Medicine: Salvia miltiorrhiza Enhances Survival Rate of Autologous Adipose Tissue Transplantation in Rabbit Model. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2015; 39:985-91. [PMID: 26446419 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-015-0566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the influence of traditional Chinese medicines: Salvia miltiorrhiza on the survival of auto-transplantation of adipose tissue in a rabbit model. METHODS Minced adipose tissue harvested from the scapular region was transplanted into the dorsum of the ears of New Zealand rabbits. The experimental groups were intra-peritoneally injected with S. miltiorrhiza for a total 4 weeks. The rabbits in control group were intra-peritoneally injected with normal saline. Plasma VEGF levels were assayed at week 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 after fat tissue auto-transplantation in the dorsum of rabbit ears. Graft samples were collected and measured at week 2, 4, and 12. Survival rates were calculated, and histologic morphology was evaluated. The expression of CD31 was detected by means of immune-histochemical staining to observe neo-vascularization of the auto-transplanted fat tissue. Perilipin was detected by means of immune-histochemical staining to observe the survival of fat cells. RESULTS At 12 weeks, the survival rates in the experimental group were statistically greater than that in the control group, respectively (p < 0.05). Plasma levels of VEGF in the experimental group at different time points were significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Histologically, grafts in the experimental group showed better survival of adipocytes and neo-vascularization. By perilipin immuno-histochemical staining, the experimental group demonstrated better adipocyte survival. CONCLUSIONS In the rabbit model, S. miltiorrhiza can promote the neo-vascularization of adipose tissue grafts and significantly improves the survival rate of auto-transplanted adipose tissue. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Elumalai P, Brindha Mercy A, Arunkamar R, Sharmila G, Bhat FA, Balakrishnan S, Raja Singh P, Arunakaran J. Nimbolide inhibits invasion and migration, and down-regulates uPAR chemokine gene expression, in two breast cancer cell lines. Cell Prolif 2015; 47:540-52. [PMID: 25377085 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women, worldwide. Urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease that is involved in cancer progression, especially invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Nimbolide is a potent cytotoxic limnoid isolated from Azadirachta indica. Our previous studies have shown that nimbolide elicits pleiotropic effects on breast cancer cells; however, its roles in invasion and migration have not previously been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein expression of pEGFR, VEGFR, NFκB, IKKα, IKKβ, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 were analysed by western blotting. We also analysed expressions of uPA, uPAR genes and chemokines by real-time PCR. Breast cancer cell invasion was assessed by transwell invasion assay and cell migration analysed by scratch wound healing assay. RESULTS Our results showed that reduced protein expression of pEGFR, VEGFR, NFκB, IKKα, β, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 was higher in nimbolide-treated breast cancer cells. mRNA expression of uPA, uPAR, chemokines and their receptors were also significantly reduced in response to nimbolide treatment. Nimbolide inhibited breast cancer cell migration and invasion as shown in transwell invasion and wound healing assays. CONCLUSION These results clearly proved inhibitory effects of nimbolide on tumour cell invasion and migration by down-regulating proteins critically involved in regulation of cell invasion and metastasis, suggesting a possible therapeutic role of nimbolide for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Elumalai
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, 600113, India
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Narmada BC, Chia SM, Tucker-Kellogg L, Yu H. HGF regulates the activation of TGF-β1 in rat hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:393-401. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhang J, Liu J. Tumor stroma as targets for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:200-15. [PMID: 23064233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is not only composed malignant epithelial component but also stromal components such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells, by which an appropriate tumor microenvironment (TME) is formed to promote tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. As the most abundant component in the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are involved in multifaceted mechanistic details including remodeling the extracellular matrix, suppressing immune responses, and secreting growth factors and cytokines that mediate signaling pathways to extensively affect tumor cell growth and invasiveness, differentiation, angiogenesis, and chronic inflammatory milieu. Today, more and more therapeutic strategies are purposefully designed to target the TME as well as tumor cells. This review will focus on the role of CAFs in tumor development and the novel strategies to target this component to inhibit the tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Prostate Cancer Cell Surface-Associated Keratin 8 and Its Implications for Enhanced Plasmin Activity. Protein J 2012; 31:195-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kachgal S, Putnam AJ. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose and bone marrow promote angiogenesis via distinct cytokine and protease expression mechanisms. Angiogenesis 2010; 14:47-59. [PMID: 21104120 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a fibrin-based angiogenesis model, we have established that there is no canonical mechanism used by endothelial cells (ECs) to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), but rather the set of proteases used is dependent on the mural cells providing the angiogenic cues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originating from different tissues, which are thought to be phenotypically similar, promote angiogenesis through distinct mechanisms. Specifically, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) promote utilization of the plasminogen activator-plasmin axis by ECs as the primary means of vessel invasion and elongation in fibrin. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) serve a purpose in regulating capillary diameter and possibly in stabilizing the nascent vessels. These proteolytic mechanisms are more akin to those involved in fibroblast-mediated angiogenesis than to those in bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC)-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, expression patterns of angiogenic factors such as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were similar for ASC and fibroblast-mediated angiogenesis, and in direct contrast to BMSC-mediated angiogenesis. The present study illustrates that the nature of the heterotypic interactions between mural cells and endothelial cells depend on the identity of the mural cell used. Even MSCs which are shown to behave phenotypically similar do not stimulate angiogenesis via the same mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kachgal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Inhibition of rhabdomyosarcoma's metastatic behavior through downregulation of MET receptor signaling. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47:485-9. [PMID: 20164036 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue sarcoma usually diagnosed in children. In advanced and metastatic stages the prognosis is often poor. RMS cell lines were used for evaluation of the role of MET receptor inhibition on chemotaxis and invasion. In vivo studies were performed using NOD-SCID xenograft model. This study shows that blocking of MET expression has strong influence on metastatic behavior of RMS. MET negative cells possess a reduced potential to migrate and to invade. Downregulation of MET suppressed the ability of RMS cells to populate bone marrow. Inhibition of MET negative tumor cells engraftment into bone marrow was observed. MET negative tumors were also two to four times smaller than their wild type counterparts. Since MET receptor plays a very important role in facilitating metastasis of RMS cells, blocking of HGF-MET axis might be considered as a therapeutic option for RMS patients, at more advanced and metastatic stages.
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Miranti CK. Controlling cell surface dynamics and signaling: how CD82/KAI1 suppresses metastasis. Cell Signal 2008; 21:196-211. [PMID: 18822372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent identification of metastasis suppressor genes, uniquely responsible for negatively controlling cancer metastasis, are providing inroads into the molecular machinery involved in metastasis. While the normal function of a few of these genes is known; the molecular events associated with their loss that promotes tumor metastasis is largely not understood. KAI1/CD82, whose loss is associated with a wide variety of metastatic cancers, belongs to the tetraspanin family. Despite intense scrutiny, many aspects of how CD82 specifically functions as a metastasis suppressor and its role in normal biology remain to be determined. This review will focus on the molecular events associated with CD82 loss, the potential impact on signaling pathways that regulate cellular processes associated with metastasis, and its relationship with other metastasis suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Miranti
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States.
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Nishimura K, Arichi N, Tokugawa S, Yoshioka I, Namba Y, Kishikawa H, Takahara S, Ichikawa Y. Hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin-6 in combination with prostate volume are possible prostate cancer tumor markers in patients with gray-zone PSA levels. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 11:258-63. [PMID: 17876341 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4501006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess whether hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and interleukin (IL)-6 in combination with prostate volume are able to accurately detect prostate cancer in patients with gray-zone prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. A total of 159 patients with PSA levels of <10 ng ml(-1) were enrolled. Forty-two (35.3%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer, whereas 117 (64.7%) had no cancer and were used as benign group. HGF and IL-6 density (HGFD and IL-6D, respectively) values were calculated by dividing serum HGF and IL-6 levels with prostate volume. Median IL-6 (2.3 pg ml(-1)) levels for the prostate cancer group were significantly higher than those for the benign group before adjustment for age (1.7 pg ml(-1)) (P=0.0098). After age adjustments, median IL-6 (2.17 pg ml(-1)), HGFD (0.00972 ng ml(-1) cm(-3)), and IL-6D (0.0848 pg ml(-1) cm(-3)) values for the prostate cancer group were significantly higher than those for the benign group (IL-6, 1.78 pg ml(-1); HGFD, 0.00732 ng/ml/cc; and IL-6D, 0.049 pg/ml/cc; P=0.0416, 0.007 and 0.0005, respectively). In receiver operating characteristic analyses, the areas under the curves for HGFD (0.64) and IL-6D (0.68) were significantly greater than those for HGF (0.52) and IL-6 (0.61) (P=0.0006 and 0.019, respectively). With an HGFD cutoff value of 0.00392 ng ml(-1) cm(-3) (sensitivity=100%, specificity=11%), 11.1% of the benign group were able to avoid unnecessary biopsies without missing prostate cancer. HGF and IL-6 levels in combination with prostate volume were shown to be useful parameters for prostate cancer screening in patients with gray-zone PSA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Tate A, Isotani S, Bradley MJ, Sikes RA, Davis R, Chung LWK, Edlund M. Met-Independent Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated regulation of cell adhesion in human prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:197. [PMID: 16869958 PMCID: PMC1559714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer cells communicate reciprocally with the stromal cells surrounding them, inside the prostate, and after metastasis, within the bone. Each tissue secretes factors for interpretation by the other. One stromally-derived factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), was found twenty years ago to regulate invasion and growth of carcinoma cells. Working with the LNCaP prostate cancer progression model, we found that these cells could respond to HGF stimulation, even in the absence of Met, the only known HGF receptor. The new HGF binding partner we find on the cell surface may help to clarify conflicts in the past literature about Met expression and HGF response in cancer cells. METHODS We searched for Met or any HGF binding partner on the cells of the PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell models, using HGF immobilized on agarose beads. By using mass spectrometry analyses and sequencing we have identified nucleolin protein as a novel HGF binding partner. Antibodies against nucleolin (or HGF) were able to ameliorate the stimulatory effects of HGF on met-negative prostate cancer cells. Western blots, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess nucleolin levels during prostate cancer progression in both LNCaP and PC3 models. RESULTS We have identified HGF as a major signaling component of prostate stromal-conditioned media (SCM) and have implicated the protein nucleolin in HGF signal reception by the LNCaP model prostate cancer cells. Antibodies that silence either HGF (in SCM) or nucleolin (on the cell surfaces) eliminate the adhesion-stimulatory effects of the SCM. Likewise, addition of purified HGF to control media mimics the action of SCM. C4-2, an LNCaP lineage-derived, androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line, responds to HGF in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing its adhesion and reducing its migration on laminin substratum. These HGF effects are not due to shifts in the expression levels of laminin-binding integrins, nor can they be linked to expression of the known HGF receptor Met, as neither LNCaP nor clonally-derived C4-2 sub-line contain any detectable Met protein. Even in the absence of Met, small GTPases are activated, linking HGF stimulation to membrane protrusion and integrin activation. Membrane-localized nucelolin levels increase during cancer progression, as modeled by both the PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer progression cell lines. CONCLUSION We propose that cell surface localized nucleolin protein may function in these cells as a novel HGF receptor. Membrane localized nucleolin binds heparin-bound growth factors (including HGF) and appears upregulated during prostate cancer progression. Antibodies against nucleolin are able to ameliorate the stimulatory effects of HGF on met-negative prostate cancer cells. HGF-nucleolin interactions could be partially responsible for the complexity of HGF responses and met expression reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Tate
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuji Isotani
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Bradley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Robert A Sikes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rodney Davis
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Magnus Edlund
- Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Helenius MA, Savinainen KJ, Bova GS, Visakorpi T. Amplification of the urokinase gene and the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to urokinase inhibitors. BJU Int 2006; 97:404-9. [PMID: 16430655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the frequency of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene amplification and the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to uPA inhibition, as we previously found one hormone-refractory prostate tumour with high-level amplification of the uPA (alias PLAU) gene, and also showed that a uPA inhibitor, amiloride, can effectively reduce the invasion potential of the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-three locally recurrent hormone-refractory tumours and 78 hormone-refractory metastases from 29 patients who died from prostate cancer were analysed for uPA gene-copy number using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The Matrigel invasion assay was used to study the influence of uPA inhibitors on the invasive potential of prostate cancer cell lines. RESULTS Of the locally recurrent hormone-refractory tumours, 21% had an increased copy number of uPA, but no high-level amplifications were found; 31% of the metastases had increased copy number and one high-level amplification of the uPA. Matrigel invasion assays with two specific uPA inhibitors, B428 and p-aminobenzamidine, showed that invasion of a prostate cancer cell line containing uPA gene amplification was inhibited by these small-molecule uPA inhibitors, while invasion of prostate cell lines without uPA gene amplification were not. CONCLUSION These results suggest that selective inhibition of the uPA pathway in individuals whose tumours contain uPA gene amplification may provide therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja A Helenius
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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16
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MuraliKrishna PS, Gondi CS, Lakka SS, Julta A, Estes N, Gujrati M, Rao JS. RNA interference-directed knockdown of urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor inhibits prostate cancer cell invasion, survival, and tumorigenicity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:36529-40. [PMID: 16127174 PMCID: PMC1351057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive ability of tumor cells plays a key role in prostate cancer metastasis and is a major cause of treatment failure. Urokinase plasminogen activator-(uPA) and its receptor (uPAR)-mediated signaling have been implicated in tumor cell invasion, survival, and metastasis in a variety of cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the biological roles of uPA and uPAR in prostate cancer cell invasion and survival, and the potential of uPA and uPAR as targets for prostate cancer therapy. uPA and uPAR expression correlates with the metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells. Thus, therapies designed to inhibit uPA and uPAR expression would be beneficial. LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 are prostate cancer cell lines with low, moderate, and high metastatic potential, respectively, as demonstrated by their capacity to invade the extracellular matrix. In this study we utilized small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), also referred to as small interfering RNAs, to target human uPA and uPAR. These small interfering RNA constructs significantly inhibited uPA and uPAR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in the highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC3. Our data demonstrated that uPA-uPAR knockdown in PC3 cells resulted in a dramatic reduction of tumor cell invasion as indicated by a Matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, simultaneous silencing of the genes for uPA and uPAR using a single plasmid construct expressing shRNAs for both uPA and uPAR significantly reduced cell viability and ultimately resulted in the induction of apoptotic cell death. RNA interference for uPA and uPAR also abrogated uPA-uPAR signaling to downstream target molecules such as ERK1/2 and Stat 3. In addition, our results demonstrated that intratumoral injection with the plasmid construct expressing shRNAs for uPA and uPAR almost completely inhibited established tumor growth and survival in an orthotopic mouse prostate cancer model. These findings uncovered evidence of a complex signaling network operating downstream of uPA-uPAR that actively advances tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and survival of prostate cancer cells. Thus, RNA interference-directed targeting of uPA and uPAR is a convenient and novel tool for studying the biological role of the uPA-uPAR system and raises the potential of its application for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher S. Gondi
- From the Departments of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences (Program of Cancer Biology)
| | - Sajani S. Lakka
- From the Departments of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences (Program of Cancer Biology)
| | - Aman Julta
- From the Departments of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences (Program of Cancer Biology)
| | | | | | - Jasti S. Rao
- From the Departments of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences (Program of Cancer Biology)
- Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, 61656
- *Corresponding author: Jasti S. Rao, PhD, Department of Biomedical and Therapeutic Sciences, Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656. Phone (309) 671-3445; Fax (309) 671-3442; E-mail:
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17
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Imai Y, Kubota Y, Yamamoto S, Tsuji K, Shimatani M, Shibatani N, Takamido S, Matsushita M, Okazaki K. Neutrophils enhance invasion activity of human cholangiocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells: an in vitro study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:287-93. [PMID: 15683434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tumor-mesenchymal interactions are involved in the mechanism of tumor invasion in several types of carcinoma. Mutual interactions between carcinoma cells and neutrophils, however, have been poorly understood. In the present study we examined the effect of neutrophils on invasion activities of carcinoma cells in vitro. Role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a mediator was also evaluated. METHODS Using a Matrigel invasion chamber, invasion activities of HuCC-T1 human cholangiocellular carcinoma cells and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells in response to recombinant HGF or neutrophils were evaluated. RESULTS Recombinant HGF dose-dependently increased invasion activities of HuCC-T1 and HepG2 cells. Neutrophils significantly enhanced invasion activities of these cells, which were suppressed to the respective basal levels with anti-HGF antibody. The carcinoma cells did not secrete HGF. Neutrophils cultivated in tumor condition medium (TCM) of HuCC-T1 or HepG2 cells secreted a significant level of HGF protein without increasing HGF mRNA expression. Treatment with heat or ultrafiltration of TCM of HuCC-T1 or HepG2 cells suggested carcinoma cell-derived HGF inducer(s) to be certain protein(s) with a molecular weight of more than 30 000. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests the presence of mutual interactions between HuCC-T1/HepG2 carcinoma cells and neutrophils in tumor invasion via paracrine regulation mediated by neutrophil-derived HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Imai
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.
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Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, the Met protein tyrosine kinase, form a classic ligand-receptor system for epithelial-mesenchymal communications in the normal and cancerous prostate. This review illustrates the expression and activities of HGF/SF and Met during prostate development, homeostasis, and carcinogenesis. The participation of HGF/SF in the morphogenetic program of rodent prostate development, the role of Met in normal human prostate epithelium, and underlying mechanisms of deregulated Met expression in localized and metastatic prostate cancer are discussed. On the basis of the commonly observed overexpression of Met in metastatic prostate cancer, HGF/SF-Met-targeted imaging and therapeutic agents can now be applied toward diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98125, USA
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19
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Ramsby ML. Zymographic Evaluation of Plasminogen Activators and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors. Adv Clin Chem 2004; 38:111-33. [PMID: 15521190 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)38004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda L Ramsby
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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