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Chen J, Zhang J, Zhan L, Chen H, Zhang Z, Huang C, Yue M. Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat rice products in Eastern China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:964823. [PMID: 35928146 PMCID: PMC9344136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.964823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a major food-borne bacterial pathogen in the world, which can cause diarrhea and emetic syndrome. This study aimed to reveal the quantitative prevalence of B. cereus in ready-to-eat (RTE) rice products in Eastern China and to gain essential information on the characteristics of B. cereus isolates. A total of 91 out of the 1071 samples were positive for B. cereus. The contamination level of B. cereus in 0.5 % of RTE rice product samples outnumbered 103 CFU/g. The number of B. cereus attained 105−106 CFU/g in one sample. The distribution patterns of virulence genes in B. cereus isolates were identified. 84.6% of the B. cereus isolates had at least one enterotoxin or emetic toxin gene. The predominant pattern was XXV. 9.9% of isolates belonged to it and possessed one enterotoxin gene entFM. The occurrence rate of hblACD and nheABC was 36.3% and 47.3%, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed a high resistance rate toward penicillin, and 23.1% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. B. cereus isolates were genotyped by using ERIC-PCR. 89 genotypes were determined. The Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI) attained 0.9995. Relationships analysis revealed that Group A B. cereus isolates tended to carry hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, and show resistance to penicillin/trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This study was useful for updating the knowledge of the contamination status of B. cereus in RTE rice products in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honghu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Cheng Huang,
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Min Yue,
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Abay S, Ahmed EF, Aydin F, Karakaya E, Müştak HK. Presence of Clostridioides difficile in cattle feces, carcasses, and slaughterhouses: Molecular characterization and antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. Anaerobe 2022; 75:102575. [PMID: 35477095 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to isolate and identify Clostridioides difficile from cattle feces and carcasses, and slaughterhouse samples, and to determine the molecular characteristics and antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. A total of 220 samples, including 100 cattle fecal samples, 100 cattle carcass surface samples, and 20 slaughterhouse samples were used as the study material. In total, 12 (5.45%) samples, including 11 (11%) cattle fecal samples and 1 (5%) slaughterhouse sample, were found to be positive for C. difficile. On the other hand, all of the carcass samples were negative for C. difficile. A total of 11 (91.66%) isolates, including 10 fecal isolates and 1 slaughterhouse wastewater isolate, were found to be positive for the presence of the toxin genes tcdA and tcdB, whilst 1 fecal isolate was found to be negative for both genes. In addition, 3 different ERIC-PCR profiles were identified in the 11 fecal isolates. The ERIC-PCR profile of the slaughterhouse wastewater isolate was found to be similar to one of the ERIC-PCR profiles obtained from the fecal isolates. All of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Considering that the agent is a spore-forming bacterium shed in feces, the detection of C. difficile isolates of different genotypes, some carrying toxin genes, suggests that feces and slaughterhouse wastewater carrying this bacterium may pose a risk for the contamination of carcasses. The current study revealed that hygiene conditions should be performed to the maximum extent in slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Abay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Kayseri, Turkey.
| | | | - Fuat Aydin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakaya
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hamit Kaan Müştak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
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Xiaoting W, Chengcheng N, Chunhui J, Yan L, Jing L, Qingling M, Jun Q, Lixia W, Kuojun C, Jinsheng Z, Zaichao Z, Weiwei Y, Yelong P, Xuepeng C. Antimicrobial resistance profiling and molecular typing of ruminant-borne isolates of Clostridium perfringens from Xinjiang, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:41-45. [PMID: 34438107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) can cause intestinal diseases in livestock and humans, which seriously threatens the healthy development of animal husbandry and human food safety. Here, the characteristics of antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of ruminant-borne strains of C. perfringens in Xinjiang, China were explored and profiled. METHODS A total of 307 clinical feces collected from ruminants (cattle and sheep) with diarrheal symptoms were screened for C. perfringens. The recovered isolates were characterized in respect to their antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular typing. RESULTS A total of 109 isolates of C. perfringens were isolated from 307 clinical feces of ruminants, most of which displayed the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Demonstration of the quinolone-resistance gene was the highest among the isolates (70.6%). The multiplex PCR typing based on toxin genes showed that type A and type D strains made up 82.6% (90/109) and 17.4% (19/109), among which, the isolates carrying β2 gene occupied 43.3% (39/90) of type A strains and 31.6% (6/19) of type D strains. These isolates were divided into 6 genotypes (I-VI) by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based PCR (ERIC-PCR) method. A total of 33 ST types (ST1-ST33) were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. CONCLUSION C. perfringens isolates with multidrug resistance (MDR) were frequent and circulating in ruminants. Among them, type A-Ⅰ-ST19 was the dominant genotype of C. perfringens, displaying obvious genetic diversity. This study provided important epidemiological data for the risk assessment of food safety associated with ruminant-borne C. perfringens in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiaoting
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China; Department of Animal Laboratory, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, 024000, China
| | - Ning Chengcheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Ji Chunhui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Li Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Meng Qingling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Qiao Jun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China.
| | - Wang Lixia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Cai Kuojun
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000, China
| | - Zhang Jinsheng
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Tacheng, Xinjiang, 834700, China
| | - Zhang Zaichao
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Changji, Xinjiang, 831500, China
| | - Yu Weiwei
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Korla, Xinjiang, 841000, China
| | - Peng Yelong
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Aksu, Xinjiang, 8430000, China
| | - Cai Xuepeng
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
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Carroll LM, Cheng RA, Wiedmann M, Kovac J. Keeping up with the Bacillus cereus group: taxonomy through the genomics era and beyond. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7677-7702. [PMID: 33939559 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1916735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group, also known as B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.), is a species complex that contains numerous closely related lineages, which vary in their ability to cause illness in humans and animals. The classification of B. cereus s.l. isolates into species-level taxonomic units is thus essential for informing public health and food safety efforts. However, taxonomic classification of these organisms is challenging. Numerous-often conflicting-taxonomic changes to the group have been proposed over the past two decades, making it difficult to remain up to date. In this review, we discuss the major nomenclatural changes that have accumulated in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic space prior to 2020, particularly in the genomic sequencing era, and outline the resulting problems. We discuss several contemporary taxonomic frameworks as applied to B. cereus s.l., including (i) phenotypic, (ii) genomic, and (iii) hybrid nomenclatural frameworks, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. We offer suggestions as to how readers can avoid B. cereus s.l. taxonomic ambiguities, regardless of the nomenclatural framework(s) they choose to employ. Finally, we discuss future directions and open problems in the B. cereus s.l. taxonomic realm, including those that cannot be solved by genomic approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Carroll
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rachel A Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hsu TK, Tsai HC, Hsu BM, Yang YY, Chen JS. Prevalence, enterotoxin-gene profiles, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus group in aquatic environments and shellfish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143665. [PMID: 33293090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial strains of the Bacillus cereus group produce various toxins that cause diarrheal and emetic food poisoning. In this study, five main oyster farming areas and 15 fishing ports in Taiwan were examined for the status of B. cereus group bacteria inhabiting seawater and shellfish. On average, bacteria of the B. cereus group were detected in 32.6% of the seawater samples (n = 89) and 2.5% of the oysters (n = 81) in the oyster farming areas and in 7.9% of the seawater samples (n = 202) and 0.68% of the shellfish products (n = 292) in fishing ports. To trace the potential source of B. cereus group bacteria in intertidal oyster farming areas, we simultaneously explored their terrestrial river basins. In total, 44 B. cereus group strains were purified and cultured from water and shellfish for the analysis of virulence genes, panC gene typing, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting. The enterotoxin-coding genes nheABC, hblCDA, entFM, cytK-1, and cytK-2 were detected in 70.4%, 84.1%, 97.7%, 72.7%, and 75% of the total isolates, among which 40.9% carried all these genes. According to panC gene analysis, the dominant isolates belonged to the panC group IV. In antibiotic susceptibility tests, most B. cereus group isolates were resistant to ampicillin (97.7%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (100%). The percentage of multidrug resistant B. cereus group isolates was 34.6%. Finally, the 44 B. cereus group isolates were classified into 43 types and categorized into five clusters using ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. The B. cereus group isolates from different oyster farming areas were concentrated within the two main clusters; however, those from river basins displayed a wide genetic diversity, indicating the presence of multiple sources of B. cereus group bacteria in river basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Kang Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, National Yang-Min University, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Chi Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Innovative on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 621 Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Ying Yang
- Department of Laboratory, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan, ROC
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Khare N, Kaushik M, Kumar S, Gulati P. Evaluation of genetic diversity among aquatic and fecal isolates of Escherichia coli using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:63. [PMID: 32030332 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In developing countries like India, fecal pollution of surface waters is a major threat to public and environmental health. The aim of the study was to assess serological, phylogenetic and molecular diversity among aquatic Escherichia coli isolates from Yamuna river and their comparison with the animal fecal isolates. A total of 97 E. coli isolates from Yamuna river and domesticated animals were characterized by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) using four VNTR loci. The pathogenicity of these strains by serological and phylogenetic analysis was also determined. E. coli strains were differentiated into 53 distinct MLVA types with high discriminatory power, Simpson's index of 0.95 (95% CI 0.923-0.978). Cluster analysis and population modeling using minimum spanning tree suggested a possible epidemiological linkage among aquatic and fecal isolates. The study also reported the presence of highly diverse and pathogenic serotypes belonging to STEC and EPEC strains, particularly O157 and high prevalence of pathogenic phylogroups (phylogroup, B2 and D). The presence of such a high molecular heterogeneity among aquatic and fecal E. coli isolates emphasizes upon the need to develop proper fecal pollution abatement strategies for Indian natural bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Khare
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Megha Kaushik
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana India
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Genotyping and population diversity of Bacillus anthracis in China based on MLVA and canSNP analysis. Microbiol Res 2020; 233:126414. [PMID: 31981903 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In pastoral parts of China, anthrax still presents a major risk to livestock and threatens the health of local human populations. Currently, whole-genome-based molecular markers, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), are the most effective tools for genotyping Bacillus anthracis. In this study, 191 isolates were selected to assess the diversity of B. anthracis in China. Five isolates were confirmed not to be B. anthracis by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat analysis, while the remaining 186 isolates were typed using canonical SNP (canSNP) and VNTR analyses. Five sublineages/subgroups, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Vollum, A.Br.Aust.94, A.Br.Ames, and A.Br.008/009, were detected based on 13 canSNP sites. The 186 isolates were further assigned 114 sequence types based on 27 VNTR loci, with major branches correlating with the canSNP analysis. We then used a simplified multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) protocol (MLVAmin) based on eight high-resolution VNTR sites to analyze the Chinese isolates, with the resulting phylogeny again agreeing with the canSNP analysis. We also developed two schemes, MLVAc and MLVAp, using various numbers of VNTRs to analyze different canSNP sublineages to increase the typing resolution of the canSNP protocol. The results showed a highly imbalanced geographical distribution of the B. anthracis population, with four different sublineages observed in Xinjiang Province, while only one sublineage, A.Br.001/002, was found in the other six provinces, except for three A.Br.Ames strains isolated from Inner Mongolia. Based on the MLVA and canSNP analysis, the spread of B. anthracis appears to have occurred from west to east via three independent routes.
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Rangjaroen C, Lumyong S, Sloan WT, Sungthong R. Herbicide-tolerant endophytic bacteria of rice plants as the biopriming agents for fertility recovery and disease suppression of unhealthy rice seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:580. [PMID: 31870307 PMCID: PMC6929507 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirty panicle disease (DPD) caused by several fungal phytopathogens results in damage and depreciation of rice seeds. Unhealthy rice seeds with DPD are potent reservoirs of pathogens and unable to be used as seed stock as they can spread the disease in the paddy fields leading to the severe loss of rice yield and quality. In this study, we aim to search for beneficial endophytes of commercially cultivated rice plants and utilize them as biostimulants in seed biopriming for fertility recovery and disease suppression of unhealthy rice seeds. RESULTS Forty-three bacterial endophytes were isolated from rice plants grown in the herbicide-treated paddy fields. Five isolates of these endophytes belonging to the genus Bacillus show excellent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens of DPD. Based on germination tests, biopriming unhealthy rice seeds by soaking in bacterial suspensions for 9 or 12 h was optimal as evidenced by the lowest disease incidence and longer shoot and root lengths of seedlings germinated, compared with controls made of non-treated or hydroprimed healthy and unhealthy seeds. Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of seed biopriming, in which the percentage of healthy rice yield produced by rice plants emerging from bioprimed seeds was not significantly different, compared to the controls originating respectively from non-treated healthy seeds and chemical fungicide-treated unhealthy seeds. CONCLUSION Biopriming of unhealthy rice seeds with herbicide-tolerant endophytic bacteria could recover seed fertility and protect the full life cycle of emerging rice plants from fungal pests. With our findings, seed biopriming is a straightforward approach that farmers can apply to recover unhealthy rice seed stock, which enables them to reduce the cost and use of agrochemicals in the commercial production of rice and to promote green technology in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakrapong Rangjaroen
- Department of Agricultural Management Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10220 Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
| | - William T. Sloan
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - Rungroch Sungthong
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
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Prevalence, Genetic Heterogeneity, and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes at Farm Level: A Highlight of ERIC- and BOX-PCR to Reveal Genetic Diversity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3067494. [PMID: 30065935 PMCID: PMC6051282 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3067494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, characterize the isolates, and determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in fresh produce, fertilizer, and environmental samples from vegetable farms (organic and conventional farms). A total of 386 samples (vegetables, soil, water, and fertilizer with manure) were examined. The identification of bacterial isolates was performed using PCR and characterized using ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR. The discriminating power of the typing method was analyzed using Simpson's Index of Diversity. Thirty-four (n=34) Listeria isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the disc-diffusion technique. The PCR analysis revealed that Listeria spp. were present in 7.51% (29/386) of all the samples (vegetable, soil, fertilizer, and water). None of the samples examined were positive for the presence of L. monocytogenes. Percentages of 100% (15/15) and 73.30% (11/15) of the Listeria spp. isolated from vegetables, fertilizer, and soil from organic farm B had indistinguishable DNA fingerprints by using ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR, respectively. Listeria spp. isolated from 86 samples of vegetable, fertilizer, and environment of organic farm A and conventional farm C had distinct DNA fingerprints. Simpson's Index of Diversity, D, of ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR is 0.604 and 0.888, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that most of the Listeria spp. in this study were found to be resistant to ampicillin, rifampin, penicillin G, tetracycline, clindamycin, cephalothin, and ceftriaxone. The isolates had MAR index ranging between 0.31 and 0.85. In conclusion, hygienic measures at farm level are crucial to the reduction of Listeria transmission along the food chain.
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Gao T, Ding Y, Wu Q, Wang J, Zhang J, Yu S, Yu P, Liu C, Kong L, Feng Z, Chen M, Wu S, Zeng H, Wu H. Prevalence, Virulence Genes, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Pasteurized Milk in China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:533. [PMID: 29632521 PMCID: PMC5879084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a common and important food-borne pathogen that can be found in various food products. Due to low-temperature sterilization for a short period of time, pasteurization is not sufficient for complete elimination of B. cereus in milk, thereby cause severe economic loss and food safety problems. It is therefore of paramount importance to perform risk assessment of B. cereus in pasteurized milk. In this study, we isolated B. cereus from pasteurized milk samples in different regions of China, and evaluated the contamination situation, existence of virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profile and genetic polymorphism of B. cereus isolates. Intriguingly, 70 samples (27%) were found to be contaminated by B. cereus and the average contamination level was 111 MPN/g. The distribution of virulence genes was assessed toward 10 enterotoxigenic genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, entFM, bceT, and hlyII) and one emetic gene (cesB). Forty five percent strains harbored enterotoxigenic genes hblACD and 93% isolates contained nheABC gene cluster. The positive rate of cytK, entFM, bceT, hlyII, and cesB genes were 73, 96, 75, 54, and 5%, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility assessment showed that most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and rifampicin, but susceptible to other antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Total multidrug-resistant population was about 34%. In addition, B. cereus isolates in pasteurized milk showed a high genetic diversity. In conclusion, our findings provide the first reference on the prevalence, contamination level and characteristics of B. cereus isolated from pasteurized milk in China, suggesting a potential high risk of B. cereus to public health and dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Henriques AC, De Marco P. Simple Protocol for Molecular Fingerprinting of Human Oral Microbiota Samples in Lab Classes. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2018; 19:19.1.1. [PMID: 29904507 PMCID: PMC5969393 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v19i1.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA fingerprinting is a major tool in identifying individuals and in evidence matching. However, this technique can be difficult to reproduce in practical classes. Here, we report on distinct PCR profiles obtained when amplifying saliva DNA of a score of distinct individuals with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR primer BOXA1R. The RAPD-PCR method is simple and efficient for discrimination between bacterial strains and is used in this instance to obtain personalized fingerprints of each individual's oral microbiota. We present real results with undergraduate students confirming that this procedure is easily feasible in practical classes. Based on the results presented, we suggest a laboratory activity for undergraduate Molecular Biology or Microbiology students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Henriques
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Paolo De Marco
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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12
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Sato J, Nakayama M, Tomita A, Sonoda T, Hasumi M, Miyamoto T. Evaluation of repetitive-PCR and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for rapid strain typing of Bacillus coagulans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186327. [PMID: 29020109 PMCID: PMC5636150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish rapid and accurate typing method for Bacillus coagulans strains which is important for controlling in some canned foods and tea-based beverages manufacturing because of the high-heat resistance of the spores and high tolerance of the vegetative cells to catechins and chemicals, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and repetitive-PCR (rep-PCR) were evaluated. For this purpose, 28 strains of B. coagulans obtained from various culture collections were tested. DNA sequence analyses of the genes encoding 16S rRNA and DNA gyrase classified the test strains into two and three groups, respectively, regardless of their phenotypes. Both MALDI-TOF MS and rep-PCR methods classified the test strains in great detail. Strains classified in each group showed similar phenotypes, such as carbohydrate utilization determined using API 50CH. In particular, the respective two pairs of strains which showed the same metabolic characteristic were classified into the same group by both MALDI-TOF MS and rep-PCR methods separating from the other strains. On the other hand, the other strains which have the different profiles of carbohydrate utilization were separated into different groups by these methods. These results suggested that the combination of MALDI-TOF MS and rep-PCR analyses was advantageous for the rapid and detailed typing of bacterial strains in respect to both phenotype and genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sato
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Tochigi, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motokazu Nakayama
- Health Care Food Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tomita
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takumi Sonoda
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Hasumi
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Division of Food Science & Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Zhang S, Han B, Gu J, Wang C, Wang P, Ma Y, Cao J, He Z. Fate of antibiotic resistant cultivable heterotrophic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:138-145. [PMID: 25950407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants of environmental concern. Heterotrophic bacteria in activated sludge have an important role in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, the fate of cultivable heterotrophic ARB and ARGs in WWPTs process remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the antibiotic-resistant phenotypes of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria from influent and effluent water of three WWTPs and analysed thirteen ARGs in ARB and in activated sludge from anoxic, anaerobic and aerobic compartments. From each influent or effluent sample of the three plants, 200 isolates were randomly tested for susceptibility to 12 antibiotics. In these samples, between 5% and 64% isolates showed resistance to >9 antibiotics and the proportion of >9-drug-resistant bacteria was lower in isolates from effluent than from influent. Eighteen genera were identified in 188 isolates from influent (n=94) and effluent (n=94) of one WWTP. Six genera (Aeromonas, Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Microbacterium, Providencia, and Staphylococcus) were detected in both influent and effluent samples. Gram-negative and -positive isolates dominated in influent and effluent, respectively. The 13 tetracycline-, sulphonamide-, streptomycin- and β-lactam-resistance genes were detected at a higher frequency in ARB from influent than from effluent, except for sulA and CTX-M, while in general, the abundances of ARGs in activated sludge from two of the three plants were higher in aerobic compartments than in anoxic ones, indicating abundant ARGs exit in the excess sledges and/or in uncultivable bacteria. These findings may be useful for elucidating the effect of WWTP on ARB and ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhe Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - Bing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ju Gu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenli He
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
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Otlewska A, Oltuszak-Walczak E, Walczak P. Differentiation of strains from the Bacillus cereus group by RFLP-PFGE genomic fingerprinting. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3023-8. [PMID: 23893780 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus belong to the B. cereus group. The last three species are characterized by different phenotype features and pathogenicity spectrum, but it has been shown that these species are genetically closely related. The macrorestriction analysis of the genomic DNA with the NotI enzyme was used to generate polymorphism of restriction profiles for 39 food-borne isolates (B. cereus, B. mycoides) and seven reference strains (B. mycoides, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, and B. cereus). The PFGE method was applied to differentiate the examined strains of the B. cereus group. On the basis of the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean method and Dice coefficient, the strains were divided into five clusters (types A-E), and the most numerous group was group A (25 strains). A total of 21 distinct pulsotypes were observed. The RFLP-PFGE analysis was successfully used for the differentiation and characterization of B. cereus and B. mycoides strains isolated from different food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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15
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Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis on the basis of the csaB gene reflects host source. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3860-3. [PMID: 23563945 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
csaB gene analysis clustered 198 strains of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis into two groups related to mammalian and insect hosts, respectively. Mammal-related group I strains also have more S-layer homology (SLH) protein genes than group II strains. This indicates that csaB-based differentiation reflects selective pressure from animal hosts.
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16
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Kim JM, Forghani F, Kim JB, Park YB, Park MS, Wang J, Park JH, Oh DH. Improved multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Bacillus cereus emetic and enterotoxic strains. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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17
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Waturangi DE, Joanito I, Yogi Y, Thomas S. Use of REP- and ERIC-PCR to reveal genetic heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae from edible ice in Jakarta, Indonesia. Gut Pathog 2012; 4:2. [PMID: 24576322 PMCID: PMC3359277 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio cholerae is the causative organism of waterborne disease, cholera. V. cholerae has caused many epidemics and pandemics of cholera for many years. In this study, V. cholerae recovered from edible ice were investigated for their genetic diversity using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (REP) PCR. Isolation was done using selective medium and the presumptive isolates were confirmed through biochemical and serological assays. RESULTS Seventy-five isolates of V. cholerae were recovered from ice samples collected from different locations of Jakarta. Specifically, 19 of them were identified as O1 serotype, 16 were Ogawa, 3 isolates were Inaba and the remaining isolates were non-O1. The fingerprinting profiles of V.cholerae isolated from ice samples were very diverse. CONCLUSION This result showed that the ERIC sequence is more informative and discriminative than REP sequence for analysis of V. cholerae diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Waturangi
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 51, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
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18
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Yu X, Liu T, Liang X, Tang C, Zhu J, Wang S, Li S, Deng Q, Wang L, Zheng A, Li P. Rapid detection of vip1-type genes from Bacillus cereus and characterization of a novel vip binary toxin gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 325:30-6. [PMID: 22092859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for identifying vegetative insecticidal protein (vip) 1-type genes from Bacillus cereus was developed by designing specific primers based on the conserved regions of the genes to amplify vip1-type gene fragments. PCR products were digested with endonuclease AciI, and four known vip1-type genes were identified. Vip1Ac and vip1Aa-type genes appeared in 17 of 26 B. cereus strains. A novel vip1-type gene, vip1Ac1, was identified from B. cereus strain HL12. The vip1Ac1 and vip2Ae3 genes were co-expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 by vector pCOLADuet-1. The binary toxin showed activity only against Aphis gossypii (Homoptera), but not for Coleptera (Tenebrio molitor, Holotrichia oblita), Lepidoptera (Spodoptera exigua, Helicoverpa armigera, and Chilo suppressalis), Diptera (Culex quinquefasciatus). The LC(50) of this binary toxin for A. gossypii is 87.5 (34.2-145.3) ng mL(-1) . This is probably only the second report that Vip1 and Vip2 binary toxin shows toxicity against homopteran pests. The PCR-RFLP method developed could be very useful for identifying novel Vip1-Vip2-type binary toxins, and the novel binary toxins, Vip1Ac1 and Vip2Ae3, identified in this study may have applications in biological control of insects, thus avoiding potential problems of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Yu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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19
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Evaluation of phenotypic and PCR-based approaches for routine analysis of Bacillus cereus group foodborne isolates. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:697-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Bacillus spp. of Human Origin: A Potential Siderophoregenic Probiotic Bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 164:386-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Leyton Y, Riquelme C. Marine Bacillus spp. associated with the egg capsule of Concholepas concholepas (common name "loco") have an inhibitory activity toward the pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2010; 60:599-605. [PMID: 20454959 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, isolated from seawater, sediment, and marine organisms, is responsible for gastroenteric illnesses in humans and also cause diseases in aquaculture industry in Chile and other countries around the world. In this study, bacterial flora with inhibitory activity against pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were collected from egg capsules of Concholepas concholepas and evaluated. The 16S rRNA fragment was sequenced from each isolated strain to determine its identity using the GenBank database. A phylogenetic analysis was made, and tests for the productions of antibacterial substance were performed using the double-layer method. Forty-five morphotypes of bacterial colonies were isolated, 8 of which presented an inhibitory effect on the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. 16S rRNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis show that these strains constitute taxa that are phylogenetically related to the Bacillus genus and are probably sister species or strains of the species Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniform, or Bacillus sp. It is important to determine the nature of the antibacterial substance to evaluate their potential for use against the pathogen species V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanett Leyton
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Marine Resources, University of Antofagasta, Casilla 170, Antofagasta, Chile.
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22
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Boulygina ES, Ignatov AN, Tsygankova SV, Korotkov EV, Kuznetsov BB. Interspecies relations between Bacillus thuringiensis strains studied by AP-PCR and sequence analysis of ribosomal operon regions. Microbiology (Reading) 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626170906006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Pavlic M, Griffiths MW. Principles, Applications, and Limitations of Automated Ribotyping as a Rapid Method in Food Safety. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:1047-55. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Pavlic
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mansel W. Griffiths
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Ki JS, Zhang W, Qian PY. Discovery of marine Bacillus species by 16S rRNA and rpoB comparisons and their usefulness for species identification. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 77:48-57. [PMID: 19166882 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic studies of the Bacillus group have been biased towards terrestrial and pathogenic isolates, and relatively few studies have examined Bacillus species from marine environments. Here we took twenty Bacillus strains from diverse marine environments and sequenced their 16S rRNA. Using molecular comparisons, we separated the strains into thirteen Bacillus genotypes and identified 9 species: B. aquaemaris. B. badius, B. cereus group, B. firmus, B. halmapalus, B. hwajinpoensis, B. litoralis, B. sporothermodurans, B. vietnamensis, and three indistinguishable Bacilli. In addition, we sequenced the DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene and assessed its discriminative power in identifying Bacilli. Phylogenetic trees of Bacillus rpoB genes separated each Bacillus according to their taxonomic positions and were supported statistically. The resolution of Bacillus on the rpoB phylogenetic tree was approximately 4.5 times greater than on the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree. These results demonstrate that the polymorphism of the Bacillus rpoB gene can be used to identify Bacillus species, providing an improved identification scheme for Bacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biology, Coastal Marine Laboratory, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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25
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Filtration of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus spores in a pyroclastic topsoil, carbonate Apennines, southern Italy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 70:25-8. [PMID: 19155162 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on the filtration of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus spores in a pyroclastic topsoil was performed in laboratory using surfactant-free solutions and solutions with the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (anionic). The results of the column experiments demonstrate that the SDS does not significantly influence the retention of both B. subtilis and B. cereus spores. Since the SDS is adsorbed through hydrophobic interaction with the organic matter of soil media, these results suggest that hydrophobic interaction between spores and organic matter does not play a significant role on filtration processes within the studied topsoil. This statement is of utmost importance taking into consideration the hydrophobic nature of Bacillus spores and the very high organic matter content in the studied topsoil (20-34%). Conversely, the retention of the analyzed spores seems to be influenced by the pore size exclusion phenomenon.
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26
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Peruca APS, Vilas-Bôas GT, Arantes OMN. Genetic relationships between sympatric populations of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, as revealed by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:497-500. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Nearly 2,000 ribotyping-based studies exist, ranging from epidemiology to phylogeny and taxonomy. None precisely reveals the molecular genetic basis, with many incorrectly attributing detected polymorphisms to rRNA gene sequences. Based on in silico genomics, we demonstrate that ribotype polymorphisms result from sequence variability in neutral housekeeping genes flanking rRNA operons, with rRNA gene sequences serving solely as conserved, flank-linked tags. We also reveal that from such an informatics perspective, it is readily feasible a priori to design an interpretable ribotyping scheme for a genomically sequenced microbial species, and we discuss limitations to the basic restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method as well as alternate PCR ribotyping-based schemes.
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28
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Bavykin SG, Mikhailovich VM, Zakharyev VM, Lysov YP, Kelly JJ, Alferov OS, Gavin IM, Kukhtin AV, Jackman J, Stahl DA, Chandler D, Mirzabekov AD. Discrimination of Bacillus anthracis and closely related microorganisms by analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA with oligonucleotide microarray. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 171:212-35. [PMID: 17950718 PMCID: PMC3188417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences is a commonly used method for the identification and discrimination of microorganisms. However, the high similarity of 16S and 23S rRNA sequences of Bacillus cereus group organisms (up to 99-100%) and repeatedly failed attempts to develop molecular typing systems that would use DNA sequences to discriminate between species within this group have resulted in several suggestions to consider B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, or these two species together with B. anthracis, as one species. Recently, we divided the B. cereus group into seven subgroups, Anthracis, Cereus A and B, Thuringiensis A and B, and Mycoides A and B, based on 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences and identified subgroup-specific makers in each of these three genes. Here we for the first time demonstrated discrimination of these seven subgroups, including subgroup Anthracis, with a 3D gel element microarray of oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S and 23S rRNA markers. This is the first microarray enabled identification of B. anthracis and discrimination of these seven subgroups in pure cell cultures and in environmental samples using rRNA sequences. The microarray bearing perfect match/mismatch (p/mm) probe pairs was specific enough to discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and was able to identify targeted organisms in 5min. We also demonstrated the ability of the microarray to determine subgroup affiliations for B. cereus group isolates without rRNA sequencing. Correlation of these seven subgroups with groupings based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP) and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MME) analysis of a wide spectrum of different genes, and the demonstration of subgroup-specific differences in toxin profiles, psychrotolerance, and the ability to harbor some plasmids, suggest that these seven subgroups are not based solely on neutral genomic polymorphisms, but instead reflect differences in both the genotypes and phenotypes of the B. cereus group organisms.
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MESH Headings
- Bacillus anthracis/genetics
- Bacillus anthracis/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Bavykin
- Center for Environmental and Security Science and Technology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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29
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Cherif A, Ettoumi B, Raddadi N, Daffonchio D, Boudabous A. Genomic diversity and relationship of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus by multi-REP-PCR fingerprinting. Can J Microbiol 2007; 53:343-50. [PMID: 17538643 DOI: 10.1139/w06-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genomic diversity and relationship among 56 Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus type strains were investigated by multi-REP-PCR fingerprinting consisting of three PCR reactions targeting the enterobacterial ERIC1 and ERIC2 and the streptococcal BOXA1R consensus sequences. A total of 113 polymorphic bands were generated in the REP-PCR profiles that allowed tracing of a single dendrogram with three major groups. Bacillus cereus strains clustered together in the A and B groups. Most of the B. thuringiensis strains clustered in group C, which included groups of serovars with a within-group similarity higher than 40% as follows: darmstadiensis, israelensis, and morrisoni; aizawai, kenyae, pakistani, and thompsoni; canadensis, entomocidus, galleriae, kurstaki, and tolworthi; alesti, dendrolimus, and kurstaki; and finitimus, sotto, and thuringiensis. Multi-REP-PCR fingerprinting clustered B. thuringiensis serovars in agreement with previously developed multilocus sequence typing schemes, indicating that it represents a rapid shortcut for addressing the genetic relationship of unknown strains with the major known serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameur Cherif
- Laboratoire miroorganismes et biomolécules actives, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
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Wu XY, Walker M, Vanselow B, Chao RL, Chin J. Characterization of mesophilic bacilli in faeces of feedlot cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:872-9. [PMID: 17309638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the identity and composition of mesophilic Bacillus spp. in faeces sampled from feedlot cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples from 10 feedlot cattle were analysed. The total aerobic spore count increased from 4.6 x 10(4) CFU g(-1) (before feedlotting, day 0) to 1.6 x 10(6) CFU g(-1) (feedlot for day 76). A total of 150 randomly selected spore isolates (60 each from days 0 and 76 cattle, 30 from feed) were speciated using a Bacillus group-specific PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis technique (Wu et al. 2006). At day 0, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus predominated with a prevalence of 58.3% and 26.7%, respectively, whereas three species, B. subtilis (50.0%), Bacillus licheniformis (27.6%) and Bacillus clausii (20.0%) predominated in day 76 faecal samples. Of these, only the first two species were present in feed samples at a frequency of 70% and 30% respectively. All B. cereus isolates on day 0, possessed at least one of three enterotoxin genes (nheA, nheB and nheC) but these were completely eliminated after a period of feedlotting. All isolates of B. licheniformis were genotypically heterogeneous according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. CONCLUSIONS Cattle faeces contain large numbers of Bacillus spores representing different mesophilic species. Stable faecal populations of particular Bacillus spp. mimicking those found in feed, were subsequently established by feedlotting. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained and methods used in this study will help to investigate the indigenous Bacillus composition in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and will further guide the administration of Bacillus probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Bala Subramanian S, Kamat A, Ussuf K, Tyagi R. Virulent gene based DNA probe for the detection of pathogenic Bacillus cereus strains found in food. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wu XY, Walker MJ, Hornitzky M, Chin J. Development of a group-specific PCR combined with ARDRA for the identification of Bacillus species of environmental significance. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 64:107-19. [PMID: 15979744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A group-specific primer pair was designed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of representative reference strains from environmentally sourced, mesophilic aerobic spore-forming Bacillus taxa. The PCR generated a 1114 bp amplicon but did not do so with DNA extracted from 16 other Eubacterial species. When amplicons were digested with restriction enzymes AluI or TaqI, different profiles containing between 2 and 5 fragments ranging in size from 76 to 804 base pairs were seen with different Bacillus species. This procedure, known otherwise as amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis or ARDRA, produced unique and distinguishable patterns to differentiate between 15 ATCC reference strains (10 Bacillus, 3 Paenibacillus and 2 Brevibacillus member species) as well as 3 misidentified Bacillus probiotic strains in a commercial collection. Our simplified PCR-ARDRA protocol provides a facile method for the identification of most environmentally important species of Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Wu
- Immunology and Microbiology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW DPI, PMB 8, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Bavykin SG, Lysov YP, Zakhariev V, Kelly JJ, Jackman J, Stahl DA, Cherni A. Use of 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and gyrB gene sequence analysis to determine phylogenetic relationships of Bacillus cereus group microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3711-30. [PMID: 15297521 PMCID: PMC497648 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.8.3711-3730.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine if variations in rRNA sequence could be used for discrimination of the members of the Bacillus cereus group, we analyzed 183 16S rRNA and 74 23S rRNA sequences for all species in the B. cereus group. We also analyzed 30 gyrB sequences for B. cereus group strains with published 16S rRNA sequences. Our findings indicated that the three most common species of the B. cereus group, B. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides, were each heterogeneous in all three gene sequences, while all analyzed strains of Bacillus anthracis were found to be homogeneous. Based on analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA sequence variations, the microorganisms within the B. cereus group were divided into seven subgroups, Anthracis, Cereus A and B, Thuringiensis A and B, and Mycoides A and B, and these seven subgroups were further organized into two distinct clusters. This classification of the B. cereus group conflicts with current taxonomic groupings, which are based on phenotypic traits. The presence of B. cereus strains in six of the seven subgroups and the presence of B. thuringiensis strains in three of the subgroups do not support the proposed unification of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis into one species. Analysis of the available phenotypic data for the strains included in this study revealed phenotypic traits that may be characteristic of several of the subgroups. Finally, our results demonstrated that rRNA and gyrB sequences may be used for discriminating B. anthracis from other microorganisms in the B. cereus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Bavykin
- BioChip Technology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Ouoba LII, Diawara B, Amoa-Awua WK, Traoré AS, Møller PL. Genotyping of starter cultures of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus for fermentation of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) to produce Soumbala. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 90:197-205. [PMID: 14698101 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. are the predominant microorganisms in fermented African locust bean called Soumbala in Burkina Faso. Ten strains selected as potential starter cultures were characterised by PCR amplification of the16S-23S rDNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS-PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ITS-PCR (ITS-PCR RFLP), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequencing of the 968-1401 region of the 16S rDNA. In previous studies, the isolates were identified by phenotyping as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus. The phenotyping was repeated as a reference in the present study. The ITS-PCR and ITS-PCR RLFP allowed a typing at species level. The PFGE was more discriminative and allowed a typing at strain level. Full agreement with the phenotyping was observed in all cases. The sequencing of the 16S rDNA allowed the identification at species level with an identity from 97% to 100% comparing the sequences to those from the GenBank databases. The desired cultures of B. subtilis and B. pumilus from African locust bean fermentation were distinguished by ITS-PCR and ITS-PCR RLFP from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus sphaericus which sometimes occur in the beginning of the fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labia Irène Ivette Ouoba
- Département de Technologie Alimentaire (DTA/IRSAT/CNRST), 03 BP: 7047 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Corona A, Fois MP, Mazzette R, De Santis EPL. A new multiplex PCR for the detection of hbl genes in strains of the 'Bacillus cereus group'. Vet Res Commun 2003; 27 Suppl 1:679-82. [PMID: 14535496 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000014246.87789.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Corona
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Chang YH, Shangkuan YH, Lin HC, Liu HW. PCR assay of the groEL gene for detection and differentiation of Bacillus cereus group cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4502-10. [PMID: 12902235 PMCID: PMC169126 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4502-4510.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2002] [Accepted: 05/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of species in the Bacillus cereus group are potentially enterotoxic. Thus, the detection of all B. cereus group strains is important. As 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis cannot adequately differentiate species of the B. cereus group, we explored the potential of the groEL gene as a phylogenetic marker. A phylogenetic analysis of the groEL sequences of 78 B. cereus group strains revealed that the B. cereus group strains were split into two major clusters, one including six B. mycoides and one B. pseudomycoides (cluster II) and the other including two B. mycoides and the rest of the B. cereus group strains (cluster I). Cluster I was further differentiated into two subclusters, Ia and Ib. The sodA gene sequences of representative strains from different clusters were also compared. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the sodA sequences showed substantial similarity to the tree constructed from the groEL sequences. Based on the groEL sequences, a PCR assay for detection and identification of B. cereus group strains was developed. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis verified the PCR amplicons and the differentiation of the B. cereus group strains. RFLP with MboI was identical for all the B. cereus group strains analyzed, while RFLP with MfeI or PstI classified all B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains into two groups. All cluster II B. mycoides and B. pseudomycoides strains could be discriminated from other B. cereus group bacteria by restriction analysis with TspRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiu Chang
- Division of Bacteriology, Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Sanhsia, Taipei, Taiwan 237, Republic of China
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Cherif A, Borin S, Rizzi A, Ouzari H, Boudabous A, Daffonchio D. Characterization of a repetitive element polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction chromosomal marker that discriminates Bacillus anthracis from related species. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:456-62. [PMID: 12174044 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify a chromosomal marker with signature nucleotides specific for Bacillus anthracis. METHODS AND RESULTS Repetitive element polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction with BOX-A1R primer was used to discriminate 52 strains of all six species of the 'B. cereus group'. A B. anthracis signature fragment, named AC-390, was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence was homologous to that of YwfK of B. subtilis. Using two internal primers, the AC-390 fragment was sequenced from two other B. anthracis strains as well as from strains of B. cereus and B.thuringiensis which have an AC-390 fragment homologous to that of B. anthracis as shown by Southern hybridization experiments. CONCLUSIONS Two new signature sequences specific for B. anthracis were identified on a chromosomal fragment homologous to YwfK, a transcriptional regulator of B. subtilis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results show a new chromosomal DNA trait useful for distinguishing B. anthracis from the related species of the B. cereus group, regardless of the presence of the virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cherif
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
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Patra G, Fouet A, Vaissaire J, Guesdon JL, Mock M. Variation in rRNA operon number as revealed by ribotyping of Bacillus anthracis strains. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:139-48. [PMID: 12002563 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ribotyping of various Bacillus strains with one restriction enzyme (AccI) revealed significant similarity between Bacillus anthracis strains, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus strains, which are all members of the Bacillus cereus group. A further ribotyping study of 10 virulent and 8 attenuated B. anthracis strains, using 4 endonucleases and both 23S and 16S probes independently, was performed. The discrimination index D of Hunter and Gaston showed that the best combination for future large-scale ribotyping studies would be either the combination of AccI and 23S, or that of EcoRI and 16S. Depending on the B. anthracis strain analyzed 10 or 11 rRNA operons were found. In all cases, many strains were grouped into 2 to 3 patterns. Attenuated strains, including a laboratory-cured strain, yielded aberrant patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Patra
- Laboratoire de Prédéveloppement des Sondes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Bacillus anthracis was shown to be the etiological agent of anthrax by R. Koch and L. Pasteur at the end of the nineteenth century. The concepts on which medical microbiology are based arose from their work on this bacterium. The link between plasmids and major virulence factors of B. anthracis was not discovered until the 1980s. The three toxin components are organized in two A-B type toxins, and the bacilli are covered by an antiphagocytic polyglutamic capsule. Structure-function analysis of the toxins indicated that the common B-domain binds to a ubiquitous cell receptor and forms a heptamer after proteolytic activation. One enzyme moiety is an adenylate cyclase and the other is a Zn(2+) metalloprotease, which is able to cleave MAPKKs. The capsule covers an S-layer sequentially composed of two distinct proteins. Knowledge of the toxins facilitates the design of safer veterinary vaccines. Spore-structure analysis could contribute to the improvement of human nonliving vaccines. The phylogeny of B. anthracis within the Bacillus cereus group is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mock
- Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Pinna A, Sechi LA, Zanetti S, Usai D, Delogu G, Cappuccinelli P, Carta F. Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:1830-4. [PMID: 11581057 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report the first case of contact lens-related Bacillus cereus keratitis and ulcer associated with B. cereus contamination of the contact lens case. This is also the first study to investigate and establish the genetic identity of an organism isolated from the cornea and contact lens case in a patient with contact lens-associated keratitis. DESIGN Case report. INTERVENTION AND TESTING Conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapings from the left eye were inoculated for culture. The contact lens case was also cultured. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined by agar disk diffusion method. Initial treatment with topical ciprofloxacin and fortified tobramycin was given. Genetic analysis of the bacterial isolates was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers (ERIC; ERIC-PCR). Susceptibility of B. cereus to heat and contact lens disinfecting solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide-catalase, polyquaternium-1, and polyaminopropyl biguanide (PAPB) was tested. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical features, culture results, and antibiotic susceptibility testing were analyzed. The ERIC-PCR amplification products were visualized in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel. Bacterial growth after exposure to heat and contact lens disinfecting solutions was assessed on blood agar plates. RESULTS B. cereus was grown from the conjunctiva, corneal ulcer, and contact lens case. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin. The corneal ulcer gradually healed over the next 6 days. Results of ERIC-PCR showed that the isolates from the cornea and contact lens case were indistinguishable, thus demonstrating the source of infecting organism to be the contaminated contact lens case. Exposure to a temperature of 80 degrees C for 20 minutes and incubation with hydrogen peroxide-catalase, polyquaternium-1, and PAPB for the minimum recommended time failed to kill B. cereus. Only exposure to hydrogen peroxide for 4 hours eradicated the organism. CONCLUSIONS B. cereus should be considered a possible etiologic agent of contact lens-associated keratitis. Heat and many types of contact lens disinfecting solutions may be ineffective in eradicating B. cereus from contaminated contact lens cases. Only prolonged exposure to hydrogen peroxide appeared to be sporicidal to B. cereus in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinna
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Shangkuan YH, Chang YH, Yang JF, Lin HC, Shaio MF. Molecular characterization of Bacillus anthracis using multiplex PCR, ERIC-PCR and RAPD. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32:139-45. [PMID: 11264741 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the molecular characterization of Bacillus anthracis strains by multiplex PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). METHODS AND RESULTS Three primers were used to amplify the cya, cap and cereolysinAB genes in the multiplex PCR. Two distinct ERIC-PCR and RAPD fragments, which separated B. anthracis into two groups, were used as probes in Southern hybridization experiments. The probes hybridized only to the cya+ B. anthracis strains identified by the multiplex PCR. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the two cloned fragments showed they were from the pXO1 plasmid of B. anthracis. CONCLUSION Multiplex PCR simultaneously identified isolates of the Bacillus cereus group and the B. anthracis virulence factors. ERIC-PCR and RAPD, combined with the Southern hybridization analyses, differentiated B. anthracis strains and separated them from the closely related B. cereus group bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY ERIC-PCR and RAPD assay could be effective in differentiating virulent from avirulent B. anthracis. Our results also show that the amplification of the large plasmids was allowed in the ERIC-PCR and RAPD assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Shangkuan
- Division of Bacteriology, Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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