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Zhu X, Yan H, Cui Z, Li H, Zhou W, Liu Z, Zhang H, Manoli T, Mo H, Hu L. Ultrasound-assisted blue light killing Vibrio parahaemolyticus to improve salmon preservation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106389. [PMID: 37003214 PMCID: PMC10457575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a typical marine bacterium, which often contaminates seafood and poses a health risk to consumers. Some non-thermal sterilization technologies, such as ultrasonic field (UF) and blue light (BL) irradiation, have been widely used in clinical practice due to their efficiency, safety, and avoidance of drug resistance, but their application in food preservation has not been extensively studied. This study aims to investigate the effect of BL on V. parahaemolyticus in culture media and in ready-to-eat fresh salmon, and to evaluate the killing effectiveness of the UF combined with BL treatment on V. parahaemolyticus. The results showed that BL irradiation at 216 J/cm2 was effective in causing cell death (close to 100%), cell shrinkage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in V. parahaemolyticus. Application of imidazole (IMZ), an inhibitor of ROS generation, attenuated the cell death induced by BL, indicating that ROS were involved in the bactericidal effects of BL on V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, UF for 15 min enhanced the bactericidal effect of BL at 216 J/cm2 on V. parahaemolyticus, with the bactericidal rate of 98.81%. In addition, BL sterilization did not affect the color and quality of salmon, and the additive UF treatment for 15 min did not significant impact on the color of salmon. These results suggest that BL or UF combined with BL treatment has potential for salmon preservation, however, it is crucial to strictly control the intensity of BL and the duration of UF treatment to prevent reducing the freshness and brightness of salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Han Yan
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; College of Applied Technology, Hezhou University, Hezhou, Guangxi 542899, China
| | - Zhenkun Cui
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Tatiana Manoli
- Department of Meat, Fish and Seafood Technology, Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies, Odessa 65039, Ukraine
| | - Haizhen Mo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
| | - Liangbin Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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Effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and storage temperature on bacterial counts, color change, fatty acids and non-volatile taste active compounds of oysters (Crassostrea ariakensis). Food Chem 2022; 372:131247. [PMID: 34627090 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of HHP and storage temperature on bacterial counts, color, fatty acids and flavor compounds of oysters Crassostrea ariakensis were investigated. Counts of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus decreased to undetectable levels in ≥ 400 MPa-treated oysters. Storage at -20 °C significantly restrained microbial growth compared to 4 °C (P < 0.05). L* values of HHP-treated oysters significantly increased compared to raw oysters (P < 0.05). Storage slightly affected the color according to total color difference (ΔE*) values. Fatty acid profiles and betaine contents in 400 and 600 MPa-treated oysters at 0 and 15 d were almost the same as raw samples. Contents of total free amino acids (FAAs), Na+ and Ca2+ were significantly higher in 400 and 600 MPa-treated oysters than those in raw oysters at 0 d (P < 0.05), while the opposite results were observed in 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP), citric acid, succinic acid, K+ and PO43- (P < 0.05). At 400 and 600 MPa, FAAs significantly decreased after 15-d storage at 4 °C and -20 °C (P < 0.05), while no significant changes were observed in nucleotides, organic acids and inorganic ions.
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GUIMARÃES FILHO CEDF, CALIXTO FAA, KASNOWSKI MC, MESQUITA EDFMD. Analysis of microbiological contaminants in mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), before and after depuration, from mariculture of the lowland coast, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.64121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Simultaneous isolation and enumeration of virulent Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus using an advanced MPN-PCR method. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lattos A, Chaligiannis I, Papadopoulos D, Giantsis IA, Petridou EI, Vafeas G, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. How Safe to Eat Are Raw Bivalves? Host Pathogenic and Public Health Concern Microbes within Mussels, Oysters, and Clams in Greek Markets. Foods 2021; 10:2793. [PMID: 34829074 PMCID: PMC8623680 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw-bivalves consumption is a wide trend in Mediterranean countries. Despite the unambiguous nutritional value of seafood, raw consumption of bivalves may involve risks that could pose a significant threat to consumers' health. Their filter-feeding behavior is responsible for the potential hosting of a wide variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic for the bivalves or public health threats. Under this prism, the current study was conducted in an effort to evaluate the risk of eating raw bivalves originating from the two biggest seafood markets in Thessaloniki, the largest production area of bivalves in Greece. Both microbiological and molecular methodologies were applied in order to assess the presence of various harmful microbes, including noroviruses, Bonamia, Marteilia, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Results indicated the presence of several Vibrio strains in the analyzed samples, of which the halophilic Vibrio harveyi was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing; other than this, no enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. was detected. Furthermore, although Esherichia coli was detected in several samples, it was mostly below the European Union (EU) legislation thresholds. Interestingly, the non-target Photobacterium damselae was also detected, which is associated with both wound infections in human and aquatic animals. Regarding host pathogenic microorganisms, apart from Vibrio harveyi, the protozoan parasite Marteilia refrigens was identified in oysters, highlighting the continuous infection of this bivalve in Greece. In conclusion, bivalves can be generally characterized as a safe-to-eat raw food, hosting more bivalve pathogenic microbes than those of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Evanthia I. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Effectiveness of depuration of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas): removal of bioaccumulated Vibrio vulnificus by UV-treatment. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:765-771. [PMID: 34025128 PMCID: PMC8123095 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a depuration system equipped with UV-irradiation to control Vibrio vulnificus infection such as septicemia (or sepsis) using alive oysters. After 6 h of bioaccumulation of V. vulnificus, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were found to be contaminated by > 8.0 log MPN/g of V. vulnificus cells. After 60 h of depuration, the V. vulnificus cell number significantly decreased to < 4.0 log MPN/g. The present depuration process meets the standard effectiveness in reducing V. vulnificus cells by > 3.52 log and < 30 MPN/g as recommended by the National Shellfish Sanitization Procedure Molluscan Shellfish Control guidelines. Furthermore, no significant changes in pH value and glycogen content indicate that the depuration process did not affect the freshness and quality of the oyster samples. The present study could help control any potential infection associated with the consumption of raw oysters without losing their quality.
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Performance evaluation of ultra violet assisted vertical re-circulating depuration system on microbial, heavy metal reduction and composition of black clam (Villorita cyprinoides). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pereira C, Costa P, Duarte J, Balcão VM, Almeida A. Phage therapy as a potential approach in the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria associated with shellfish consumption. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108995. [PMID: 33316593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious human diseases acquired from bivalve shellfish consumption constitute a public health threat. These health threats are largely related to the filter-feeding phenomenon, by which bivalve organisms retain and concentrate pathogenic bacteria from their surrounding waters. Even after depuration, bivalve shellfish are still involved in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria, which increases the demand for new and efficient strategies to control transmission of shellfish infection. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy represents a promising, tailor-made approach to control human pathogens in bivalves, but its success depends on a deep understanding of several factors that include the bacterial communities present in the harvesting waters, the appropriate selection of phage particles, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, chemical and physical factors, the emergence of phage-resistant bacterial mutants and the life cycle of bivalves. This review discusses the need to advance phage therapy research for bivalve decontamination, highlighting their efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and identifying critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control human pathogens associated with bivalve consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Costa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor M Balcão
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, 18023-000 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Ottaviani D, Pieralisi S, Chierichetti S, Rocchegiani E, Hattab J, Mosca F, Tiscar PG, Leoni F, Angelico G. Vibrio parahaemolyticus control in mussels by a Halobacteriovorax isolated from the Adriatic sea, Italy. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103600. [PMID: 32950141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the application of a Halobacteriovorax isolated from water of the Adriatic Sea (Italy) in controlling V. parahaemolyticus in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Two 72 h laboratory-scale V. parahaemolyticus decontamination experiments of mussels were performed. The test microcosm of experiment 1 was prepared using predator/prey free mussels experimentally contaminated with Halobacteriovorax/V. parahaemolyticus at a ratio of 103 PFU/105 CFU per ml, while that of experiment 2 using mussels naturally harbouring Halobacteriovorax that were experimentally contaminated with 105 CFU per ml of V. parahaemolyticus. For experiment 1, was also tested a control microcosm only contaminated with 105 CFU per ml of V. parahaemolyticus.. Double layer agar plating and pour plate techniques were used to enumerate Halobacteriovorax and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. 16 S rRNA analysis was used to identify Halobacteriovorax. For both experiments in the test microcosm the concentration of prey remained at the same level as that experimentally added, i.e. 5 log for the entire analysis period. In experiment 1, V. parahaemolyticus counts in mussels were significantly lower in the test microcosm than the control with the maximum difference of 2.2 log at 24 h. Results demonstrate that Halobacteriovorax can modulate V. parahaemolyticus level in the mussels. The public impact of V. parahaemolyticus in bivalves is relevant and current decontamination processes are not always effective. Halobacteriovorax is a suitable candidate in the development of a biological approach to the purification of V. parahaemolyticus in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Controllo Alimenti, via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pieralisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Controllo Alimenti, via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Chierichetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Controllo Alimenti, via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Controllo Alimenti, via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jasmine Hattab
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Località Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Controllo Alimenti, via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Angelico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Controllo Alimenti, via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126, Ancona, Italy
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Zampieri A, Carraro L, Cardazzo B, Milan M, Babbucci M, Smits M, Boffo L, Fasolato L. Depuration processes affect the Vibrio community in the microbiota of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4456-4472. [PMID: 32783350 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As filter-feeders, bivalve molluscs accumulate Vibrio into edible tissues. Consequently, an accurate assessment of depuration procedures and the characterization of the persistent Vibrio community in depurated shellfish represent a key issue to guarantee food safety in shellfish products. The present study investigated changes in the natural Vibrio community composition of the Ruditapes philippinarum microbiota with specific focus on human pathogenic species. For this purpose, the study proposed a MLSA-NGS approach (rRNA 16S, recA and pyrH) for the detection and identification of Vibrio species. Clam microbiota were analysed before and after depuration procedures performed in four depuration plants, using culture-dependent and independent approaches. Microbiological counts and NGS data revealed differences in terms of both contamination load and Vibrio community between depuration plants. The novel MLSA-NGS approach allowed for a clear definition of the Vibrio species specific to each depuration plant. Specifically, depurated clam microbiota showed presence of human pathogenic species. Ozone treatments and the density of clams in the depuration tank probably influenced the level of contamination and the Vibrio community composition. The composition of Vibrio community specific to each plant should be carefully evaluated during the risk assessment to guarantee a food-safe shellfish-product for the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zampieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Morgan Smits
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | | | - Luca Fasolato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
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Çağlak E, Karsli B, Koral S. The Effect of Depuration on Metals, Bacteria, and Nutrition in Venus verrucosa from the Aegean Sea: Benefit and Risk for Consumer Health of Warty Venus. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1774691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Çağlak
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Processing Technology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Barış Karsli
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Processing Technology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Serkan Koral
- Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Processing Technology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Citterio B, Mangiaterra G, Meli MA, Cedraro N, Roselli C, Vignaroli C, Rocchi M, Biavasco F. Gastrointestinal survival and adaptation of antibiotic-resistant enterococci subjected to an in vitro digestion model. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Bazzoni AM, Mudadu AG, Esposito G, Urru R, Ortu S, Mara L, Uda MT, Arras I, Lorenzoni G, Sanna G, Bazzardi R, Marongiu E, Virgilio S, Meloni D. Bacterial and Viral Investigations Combined with Determination of Phytoplankton and Algal Biotoxins in Mussels and Water from a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon (Sardinia, Italy). J Food Prot 2019; 82:1501-1511. [PMID: 31411509 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calich Lagoon is a Mediterranean coastal lagoon located along the northwestern coast of Sardinia (Italy). The connection to marine and fresh water determines the high productivity of this coastal lagoon. Despite its great potential and the presence of natural beds of bivalve mollusks (Mytilus galloprovincialis), the lagoon has not yet been classified for shellfish production. In this study, through a multidisciplinary approach, the presence of several bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp.) and viral pathogens (hepatitis A virus and norovirus genogroups I and II) was evaluated from March 2017 to February 2018. In addition, phytoplankton composition in lagoon waters and associated algal biotoxins (paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning) in mussels were also monitored. The aim of this study was to provide useful data to improve knowledge about their seasonal presence and to assess the potential risk for public health, as well as to provide input for future conservation and management strategies. In mussels, Salmonella spp. were found in spring, along with E. coli, but Salmonella spp. were not found in autumn or winter, even though E. coli was detected in these seasons. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was found in autumn and winter, but not in spring. Norovirus genogroups I and II were found in winter samples. None of the bacteria were found in summer. Algal biotoxins have never been detected in mussel samples. Among potentially harmful phytoplankton, only Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were present, mainly in summer. The results showed that a possible bacterial and viral contamination, together with the presence of potentially toxic microalgae, is a real problem. Therefore, the development of natural resource management strategies is necessary to ensure the good quality of waters and guarantee the protection of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Bazzoni
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Alessandro Graziano Mudadu
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.]).,University of Sassari, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Urru
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Sergio Ortu
- Regional Natural Park of Porto Conte, SP. 55 N. 44, 07041 Alghero, Italy
| | - Laura Mara
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Maria Teresa Uda
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Igor Arras
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Giuseppa Lorenzoni
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Giovanna Sanna
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Riccardo Bazzardi
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Edoardo Marongiu
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Sebastiano Virgilio
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.])
| | - Domenico Meloni
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Complex Structure of Food Hygiene, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7236-3845 [A.M.B.]).,University of Sassari, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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14
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López Hernández K, Pardío Sedas V, Rodríguez Dehaibes S, Suárez Valencia V, Rivas Mozo I, Martínez Herrera D, Flores Primo A, Uscanga Serrano R. Improved Microbial Safety of Direct Ozone-Depurated Shellstock Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) by Superchilled Storage. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2802. [PMID: 30524405 PMCID: PMC6262401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of superchilled storage at -1°C on the microbial safety of oyster depurated with 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L ozone was studied for 14 days. Fecal coliforms (4,100–16,000 MPN/100 g), Escherichia coli (1,500–3,650 MPN/100 g), Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 (13.0–102.0 MPN/g), and Salmonella spp. (2.270–3.035 × 103 CFU/g) were initially present in raw oysters. After 6 h depuration, fecal coliform counts decreased (P < 0.05) to 300, 20 and 20 MPN/100 g for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L treatments, while a 0.3 log decrease in control oysters was observed. Initial E. coli counts decreased (P < 0.05) in oysters to 50, 20, and 20 MPN/100 g for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L treatments, respectively. A 1 log reduction in V. cholerae non-O1/non-139 levels were observed in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-treatments after 2 and 4 h depuration. Salmonella spp. was not detected in oyster samples after 6 h depuration in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozone treatments. Considering the bacterial loads after depuration, at the end of superchilled storage the 0.4 mg/L-ozonated oysters attained lower (P < 0.05) fecal coliform levels (280 MPN/100 g) and E. coli counts in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozonated oysters (20 and 95 MPN/100 g, respectively). A 2-log decrease in V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 levels on day 5 in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozonated oysters (< 0.3 MPN/g) was attained. V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 counts in control oysters decreased 1 log on day 9 of superchilled storage. Salmonella spp. was not detected in ozonated and superchilled stored oysters. Levels of fecal coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., and V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 in non-ozone depurated oyster samples were higher than in control, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L ozonated oyster samples during superchilled storage. The cumulative mortality rates after 14 days of storage for superchilled oysters (22.2%) was higher (P < 0.05) than 0.6 mg/L O3 (7.2%) and 0.4 mg/L O3 (5.8%) treatments, and control oysters (5.6%). pH values in control oysters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the storage period but not in oysters of both ozone treatments, indicating no detrimental effects on oyster survival. The results of this study suggest that superchilled storage enables ozonated shellstock oysters (0.4 mg/L-6 h) stored for 9 days to be safe human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla López Hernández
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Violeta Pardío Sedas
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sóstenes Rodríguez Dehaibes
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Isaura Rivas Mozo
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - David Martínez Herrera
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Argel Flores Primo
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Roxana Uscanga Serrano
- Doctorate Program in Agricultural Sciences, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
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15
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Ottaviani D, Chierichetti S, Angelico G, Forte C, Rocchegiani E, Manuali E, Leoni F. Halobacteriovorax isolated from marine water of the Adriatic sea, Italy, as an effective predator of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, non-O1/O139 V. cholerae, V. vulnificus. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1199-1207. [PMID: 29931749 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To detect marine Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) which are able to infect Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seawater of the Adriatic, Italy. To test, prey specificity and predation efficiency of our Halobacteriovorax isolate, named HBXCO1, towards 17 Vibrio and 7 non-Vibrio strains linked to the Adriatic sea, Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS Double layer agar plating technique was used to enumerate BALOs and to evaluate their prey specificity and predation efficiency. Transmission electron microscopy and 16S rRNA analysis were used to identify them. Means of BALOs counts ranged from 5·0 PFU per ml (March 2017) to 98·6 PFU per ml (August 2016). HBXCO1 had the ability to attack all tested prey strains of V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae non-O1/O139 and Vibrio vulnificus, but it did not prey on non-Vibrio strains and V. alginolyticus under the tested conditions. CONCLUSIONS Bdellovibrio and like organisms capable of infecting pathogenic vibrios are naturally present in seawater of the Adriatic, Italy. Isolate HBXCO1 shows prey specificity preferentially for the Vibrio genus and high predatory efficiency towards a wide range of pathogenic strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The public impact of V. parahaemolyticus, non-O1/O139 V. cholerae and V. vulnificus in bivalves is relevant and current decontamination processes are not always effective. We believe that the predator HBXCO1 represents a potential candidate for the development of strategies of biocontrol of pathogenic vibrios in bivalves from harvesting to trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
| | - S Chierichetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Angelico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
| | - C Forte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
| | - E Rocchegiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
| | - E Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
| | - F Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per il controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Ancona, Italy
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16
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Sferlazzo G, Meloni D, Lamon S, Marceddu M, Mureddu A, Consolati SG, Pisanu M, Virgilio S. Evaluation of short purification cycles in naturally contaminated Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested in Sardinia (Italy). Food Microbiol 2018; 74:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Pan L, Lin C, Zhang G, Mu G, Yang X. The effect of pre-process and transport strategies on survival, microbiologic, and physiologic of Patinopecten yessoensis. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1422-1430. [PMID: 30258584 PMCID: PMC6145298 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply chain of shellfish is complex, with animals being subjected to several stressors during the depuration, temporary keeping, and waterless-low-temp transportation processing. In this paper, the recycled water system for depuration and temporary keeping was used to realize both depuration and temporary keeping of Patinopecten yessoensis. The samples were divided into three groups based on three different pre-process involved: samples in group 1 were depurated for 48 hr straight, whereas those in group 2 were first depured for 24 hr and then cooled for 24 hr; samples in group 3 was directly kept in a polyethylene insulation box. Then group 1 and group 2 were transported in a 3L polyethylene insulation box with ice packs (250 ml) to study the quality of transport based on the different pre-process. As a result, in group 1 (depuration for 48 hr), the first death occurred after 56 hr, and all shellfishes died after 102 hr with total bacterial density of 2,630 CFU/ml. In group 2 (depuration for 24 hr and temporary keeping for 24 hr), the first death occurred after 104 hr and the total number of bacteria was increasing steadily within 0-104 hr. After 120 hr, all shellfishes died with total bacterial density of 1,090 CFU/ml. In group 3 (directly transport), all shellfishes died in 64 hr. The total number of bacteria in groups 1 and 2 declined significantly in the depuration process. The bacteria number (p < 0.05) in group 3 was significantly different from that in groups 1 and 2. The crude protein, crude fat, and glycogen of all groups declined. However, compared to groups 1 and 3, the consumption of glycogen in group 2 (p < 0.05) was delayed by the gradual cooling procedure. Those results prove that the depuration and temporary keeping procedures can improve the sterilization of the bacteria. The survival rate is less sensitive to the temperature change. The results provide satisfactory references for the P. yessoensis' quality studies with depuration, temporary keeping, and waterless-low-temp transportation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Pan
- College of Transport Equipment and Ocean EngineeringDalian Maritime UniversityDalianChina
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - Chengxin Lin
- College of Transport Equipment and Ocean EngineeringDalian Maritime UniversityDalianChina
| | - GuoChen Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - Gang Mu
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - XiaoTong Yang
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
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18
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Aagesen AM, Phuvasate S, Su YC, Häse CC. Characterizing the Adherence Profiles of Virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:152-162. [PMID: 28717834 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-borne illness in the USA, and infections with V. parahaemolyticus typically result from eating raw or undercooked oysters. V. parahaemolyticus has been shown to be highly resistant to oyster depuration, suggesting that the bacterium possesses specific mechanisms or factors for colonizing oysters and persisting during depuration. In this study, we characterized eight different V. parahaemolyticus strains for differences in resistance to oyster depuration, biofilm formation, and motility. While each strain exhibited distinct phenotypes in the various assays, we determined that biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, such as glass or plastic, does not directly correlate with bacterial retention in oysters during depuration. However, we did observe that the motility phenotype of a strain appeared to be a better indicator for persistence in the oyster. Further studies examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed colonization differences by these and other V. parahaemolyticus strains may provide beneficial insights into what critical factors are required for proficient colonization of the Pacific oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha M Aagesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Sureerat Phuvasate
- Seafood Research and Education Center, Oregon State University, Astoria, OR, 97103, USA
| | - Yi-Cheng Su
- Seafood Research and Education Center, Oregon State University, Astoria, OR, 97103, USA
| | - Claudia C Häse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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19
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Tabanelli G, Montanari C, Gardini A, Maffei M, Prioli C, Gardini F. Environmental Factors Affecting Escherichia coli Concentrations in Striped Venus Clam (Chamelea gallina L.) Harvested in the North Adriatic Sea. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1429-1435. [PMID: 28782999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of striped venus clams (Chamelea gallina L.) harvested in the north Adriatic Sea during an 8-year monitoring period. A total of 387 samples were analyzed to assess the presence of Escherichia coli. Environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, seawater temperature, and freshwater outflow) were collected to find out a possible relationship between the E. coli counts and environmental factors. The results evidenced that the microbiological quality of the clams was good, with only about 5% of the samples not complying with European and Italian regulations for this product, that is, with E. coli counts higher than 230 most probable number (MPN) per 100 g of flesh and intravalvar liquid. Statistical analyses revealed a relationship between microbial contamination and the season and water temperature, probably due to the difference in the filtering activity of the mollusks. However, the main factor affecting the E. coli concentration in the clams turned out to be the flow rate of Marecchia, the major river that reaches the sea in the area of harvesting. In fact, a model fitted to evaluate the probability of finding a higher E. coli count in relation to the environmental parameters evidenced that it was an increase of the level of the Marecchia led to a higher probability of elevated E. coli contamination. This result could be explained by the higher supply of both nutrients and coliforms (including E. coli) when the river is higher and by the anthropogenic characteristics of the lands crossed by the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tabanelli
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.])
| | - Chiara Montanari
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.])
| | - Aldo Gardini
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze statistiche "Paolo Fortunati," Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna (BO) Italy
| | - Mirko Maffei
- 3 Laboratory MARE.A Srl, Via E. Toti 2, 47841 Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - Chiara Prioli
- 3 Laboratory MARE.A Srl, Via E. Toti 2, 47841 Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - Fausto Gardini
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.]).,4 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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20
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Park SY, Ha SD. Inactivation ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin shucked raw oyster (Grassostrea gigas) and clam (Venerupis phillippinarum) by using a combination of NaClO and gamma irradiation. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2017; 24:43-52. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013217726634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Republic of Korea
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21
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Çağlak E, Karsli B, Koral S. Effects of the Depuration Process on Microbiological Quality and Nutritional Composition of Mediterranean Mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialisLamarck, 1819). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2016.1221014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Çağlak
- Department of Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Barış Karsli
- Department of Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Serkan Koral
- Department of Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
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22
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Pereira C, Moreirinha C, Rocha RJ, Calado R, Romalde JL, Nunes ML, Almeida A. Application of bacteriophages during depuration reduces the load of Salmonella Typhimurium in cockles. Food Res Int 2016; 90:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Pereira C, Moreirinha C, Teles L, Rocha RJM, Calado R, Romalde JL, Nunes ML, Almeida A. Application of phage therapy during bivalve depuration improves Escherichia coli decontamination. Food Microbiol 2016; 61:102-112. [PMID: 27697159 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential application of the bacteriophage (or phage) phT4A, ECA2 and the phage cocktail phT4A/ECA2 to decrease the concentration of Escherichia coli during the depuration of natural and artificially contaminated cockles. Depuration in static seawater at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 with single phage suspensions of phT4A and ECA2 was the best condition, as it decreased by ∼2.0 log CFU/g the concentration of E. coli in artificially contaminated cockles after a 4 h of treatment. When naturally contaminated cockles were treated in static seawater with single phage suspensions and the phage cocktail, similar decreases in the concentration of E. coli (∼0.7 log CFU/g) were achieved. However, when employing the phage cocktail, a longer treatment time was required to obtain comparable results to those achieved when using single phage suspensions. When naturally contaminated cockles were depurated with phage phT4A in a recirculated seawater system (mimicking industrial depuration conditions), a 0.6 log CFU/g reduction of E. coli was achieved after a 2 h of treatment. When the depuration process was performed without phage addition, a 4 h treatment was necessary to obtain a similar decrease. By combining phage therapy and depuration procedures, a reduction in bivalves depuration period can be achieved for, thus decreasing the cost associated with this procedure and even enhance the quality and safety of depurated bivalves destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Teles
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología e Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biologia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n., 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria L Nunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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24
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Hygiene and health risks associated with the consumption of edible lamellibranch molluscs. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Wang R, Zhong Y, Gu X, Yuan J, Saeed AF, Wang S. The pathogenesis, detection, and prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:144. [PMID: 25798132 PMCID: PMC4350439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Gram-negative motile bacterium that inhabits marine and estuarine environments throughout the world, is a major food-borne pathogen that causes life-threatening diseases in humans after the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. The global occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus accentuates the importance of investigating its virulence factors and their effects on the human host. This review describes the virulence factors of V. parahaemolyticus reported to date, including hemolysin, urease, two type III secretion systems and two type VI secretion systems, which both cause both cytotoxicity in cultured cells and enterotoxicity in animal models. We describe various types of detection methods, based on virulence factors, that are used for quantitative detection of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood. We also discuss some useful preventive measures and therapeutic strategies for the diseases mediated by V. parahaemolyticus, which can reduce, to some extent, the damage to humans and aquatic animals attributable to V. parahaemolyticus. This review extends our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus mediated by virulence factors and the diseases it causes in its human host. It should provide new insights for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of V. parahaemolyticus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Abdullah F Saeed
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry and Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, China
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26
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Çolakolu FA, Cardak M, Çolakoglu S, Künili IE. Depuration Times of Donax trunculus and Tapes decussatus. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:1017-22. [PMID: 25477938 PMCID: PMC4204942 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine the depuration time and ability of Donax trunculus (Wedge Clam) and Tapes decussatus (Carpet Shell) contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Clams were contaminated with each bacterium at the level of 7.0 – 8.0 Log10 cfu/g. After contamination, clams were analyzed every 3 h in the first 24 h time period and every 6 h until the 72nd hour. During the depuration process of both clams, the level of bacteria decreased quickly to 40% of initial load in the first 12 h. The results of this study indicate that the depuration time of carpet shells for all bacteria is 66 h. The depuration process of the wedge clam was different from the carpet shell; S. typhimurium and E. coli can be depurated in 66 and 78 h, respectively, while V. parahaemolyticus was present after 72 h at the level of 1.7 Log10 cfu/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Arik Çolakolu
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Marine Science and Technology Çanakkale Turkey Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mine Cardak
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Marine Science and Technology Çanakkale Turkey Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Serhat Çolakoglu
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Çanakkale Provincial Directorate 17100 Çanakkale Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Çanakkale Provincial Directorate, 17100 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ender Künili
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Marine Science and Technology Çanakkale Turkey Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Suffredini E, Cozzi L, Ciccaglioni G, Croci L. Development of a colony hybridization method for the enumeration of total and potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 186:22-31. [PMID: 24984219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine microorganism, recognized as cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with seafood consumption. In this study the development and the in-house validation of a colony hybridization method for the enumeration of total and potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus is reported. The method included a set of three controls (process, hybridization and detection control) for the full monitoring of the analytical procedure. Four digoxigenin-labeled probes were designed for pathogenic strains enumeration (tdh1, tdh2, trh1 and trh2 probes) and one for total V. parahaemolyticus count (toxR probe). Probes were tested on a panel of 70 reference strains and 356 environmental, food and clinical isolates, determining the inclusivity (tdh: 96.7%, trh: 97.8%, toxR: 99.4%) and the exclusivity (100% for all probes). Accuracy and linearity of the enumeration were evaluated on pure and mixed cultures: slopes of the regression lines ranged from 0.957 to 1.058 depending on the target gene and R(2) was greater than or equal to 0.989 for all reactions. Evaluation was also carried on using four experimentally contaminated seafood matrices (shellfish, finfish, crustaceans and cephalopods) and the slopes of the curves varied from 0.895 (finfish) to 0.987 (cephalopods) for the counts of potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (R(2)≥0.965) and from 0.965 to 1.073 for total V. parahaemolyticus enumeration (R(2)≥0.981). Validation was performed on 104 naturally contaminated shellfish samples, analyzed in parallel by colony hybridization, ISO/TS 21872-1 and MPN enumeration. Colony hybridization and ISO method showed a relative accuracy of 86.7%, and a statistically significant correlation was present between colony hybridization enumeration and MPN results (r=0.744, p<0.001). The proposed colony hybridization can be a suitable alternative method for the enumeration of total and potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Suffredini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Loredana Cozzi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciccaglioni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Croci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, v.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Microbiological responses to depuration and transport of native and exotic clams at optimal and stressful temperatures. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:365-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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de Lima M, Melo MCL, Monteiro AR. Evaluation of the processing of Perna perna mussels: the influence of water quality involved in the cooling operations in the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the product. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3322-3329. [PMID: 23585097 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The state of Santa Catarina in Brazil is a large producer of Perna perna mussels. However, raw and processed mussels have a short shelf life because of their high microbiological count, such as Vibrio spp. This study evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical quality of raw and ready-to-eat mussels and the quality of water and ice used in the processing of mussels. RESULTS The microbiological conditions of water and ice used in the processing are not in accordance with Brazilian legislation because of the presence of coliforms and Vibrio spp. For ready-to-eat mussels, counts of psychrophilic and psychrotrophic micro-organisms reached 10(5) colony-forming units g(-1) , a value close to the onset of product degradation during storage. Counts of coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, Salmonella spp. and sulfite-reducing Clostridium in the mussels analysed during processing are in accordance with Brazilian law. The F value for the sterilisation procedure was lower than that required for Clostridium botulinum. CONCLUSION The study shows that microbiological cross-contamination occurred during the processing of mussels. Rigorous control is necessary from the production area of mussels to retailers. Good manufacturing practices must be implemented in the industry and cross-contamination avoided, mainly by Vibrio spp. after heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieli de Lima
- Laboratório de Propriedades Físicas, Departamento de Eng. Química e Eng. de Alimentos, Centro Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Caixa Postal 476, Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Bioaccumulation experiments in mussels contaminated with the food-borne pathogen Arcobacter butzleri: preliminary data for risk assessment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:153419. [PMID: 24102050 PMCID: PMC3786461 DOI: 10.1155/2013/153419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate, at a laboratory scale, the ability of this microorganism to grow in seawater and bioaccumulate in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) maintained in constantly aerated tanks, containing twenty litres of artificial seawater. Three concentrations of A. butzleri LMG 10828T were tested (about 5 × 106 CFU/mL, 5 × 104 CFU/mL, and 5 × 102 CFU/mL). Following contamination, enumeration of A. butzleri was performed from water and mussels each day, for up to 96 h. Three contamination experiments with artificial seawater in absence of mussels were also performed in the same manner. In the experiments with mussels, A. butzleri declined in water of approximately 1 log every 24 h from the contamination. In artificial seawater without mussels the concentration of A. butzleri remained on the same logarithmic level in the first 48 h and then decreased of about 1 log every 24 hours. In mussels, the concentration was approximately 2 log lower than the exposition level after 24 h from the contamination, and then it decreased exponentially of 1 log every 24 h. Our findings suggest that in the experimental conditions tested A. butzleri is neither able to effectively grow in seawater nor bioaccumulate in mussels, at least in the free and cultivable form.
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Seasonal effects of heat shock on bacterial populations, including artificial Vibrio parahaemolyticus exposure, in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:93-103. [PMID: 24290632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the warmer summer months, oysters are conditioned to spawn, resulting in massive physiological efforts for gamete production. Moreover, the higher temperatures during the summer typically result in increased bacteria populations in oysters. We hypothesized that these animals are under multiple stresses that lead to possible immune system impairments during the summer months that can possibly lead to death. Here we show that in the summer and the fall animals exposed to a short heat stress respond similarly, resulting in a general trend of more bacteria being found in heat shocked animals than their non-heat shocked counterparts. We also show that naturally occurring bacterial populations are effected by a heat shock. In addition, oysters artificially contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus were also affected by a heat shock. Heat shocked animals contained higher concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus in their tissues and hemolymph than control animals and this was consistent for animals examined during summer and fall. Finally, oyster hemocyte interactions with V. parahaemolyticus differed based on the time of the year. Overall, these findings demonstrate that seasonal changes and/or a short heat shock is sufficient to impact bacterial retention, particularly V. parahaemolyticus, in oysters and this line of research might lead to important considerations for animal harvesting procedures.
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Phuvasate S, Su YC. Impact of water salinity and types of oysters on depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is a multifactorial process involving pili and flagella but not type III secretion systems or phase variation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3303-5. [PMID: 23475619 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00314-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus can resist oyster depuration, suggesting that it possesses specific factors for persistence. We show that type I pili, type IV pili, and both flagellar systems contribute to V. parahaemolyticus persistence in Pacific oysters whereas type III secretion systems and phase variation do not.
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Lopez-Joven C, Roque A, Pérez-Larruscain J, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Furones MD, de Blas I. Uptake and retention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a cohabitating population of Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum under experimental conditions. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:36-40. [PMID: 23397223 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in bivalve mollusc is an important cause of foodborne illnesses, and their levels are influenced by environmental changes, such as temperature and salinity. Clams are common species in estuaries and are used in environmental monitoring programmes. Present study compared the uptake and retention of nonpathogenic V. parahaemolyticus by two species of clam (Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum), cohabitating in a closed system. Results showed no significant differences were found between both species of clams. Bacterial levels are following a similar trend with values between 3.48 and 3.70 log CFU/g for R. decussatus and between 3.15 and 3.49 log CFU/g for R. philippinarum. So, in the absence of water renewal, high and stable levels of V. parahaemolyticus were observed in cultured clams after exposure. Changes in physical parameters should be taken into account to design surveillance programmes in bivalves, and sampling should focus on species that have faster filtration rates at that water temperature since they potentially represent the worst-case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Joven
- IRTA-SCR, Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Catalonia, Spain.
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Mootian GK, Flimlin GE, Karwe MV, Schaffner DW. Inactivation ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin Hard Clams (Mercanaria mercanaria) by High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and the Effect of HHP on the Physical Characteristics of Hard Clam Meat. J Food Sci 2013; 78:E251-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K. Mootian
- Dept. of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers; The State Univ. of New Jersey; 65 Dudley Rd.; New Brunswick; NJ; 08901-8520; USA
| | - George E. Flimlin
- Dept. of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers; The State Univ. of New Jersey; 65 Dudley Rd.; New Brunswick; NJ; 08901-8520; USA
| | - Mukund V. Karwe
- Dept. of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers; The State Univ. of New Jersey; 65 Dudley Rd.; New Brunswick; NJ; 08901-8520; USA
| | - Donald W. Schaffner
- Dept. of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers; The State Univ. of New Jersey; 65 Dudley Rd.; New Brunswick; NJ; 08901-8520; USA
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36
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Ramos RJ, Miotto M, Squella FJL, Cirolini A, Ferreira JF, Vieira CRW. Depuration of Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus with UV light and chlorinated seawater. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1501-6. [PMID: 22856577 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of depuration using UV light and chlorinated seawater for decontaminating Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus from oysters was investigated. Oysters were contaminated with a five-strain cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus to levels of 10(4) to 10(5) CFU ml(-1) for bioaccumulation. The depuration was conducted in a closed system in which 350 liters of seawater was recirculated at a rate of 7 liters/min for 48 h at room temperature. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus were determined at 0, 6, 18, 24, and 48 h. Three treatments were conducted: T1, control treatment; T2, UV treatment; and T3, UV plus chlorine treatment. After 48 h of depuration of V. parahaemolyticus, T3 reduced the count by 3.1 log most probable number (MPN) g(-1) and T2 reduced the count by 2.4 log MPN g(-1), while T1 reduced the count by only 2.0 log MPN g(-1). After 48 h of depuration of V. vulnificus, T2 and T3 were efficient, reducing the counts by 2.5 and 2.4 log MPN g(-1), respectively, while T1 reduced the count by only 1.4 log MPN g(-1). The UV light plus chlorine treatment was more efficient for controlling V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. Both UV light and UV light plus chlorine were efficient for V. vulnificus. The present study is the first report showing the efficacy of depuration systems for decontaminating V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in oysters cultivated on the Brazilian coast. This study provides information on processes that can contribute to controlling and preventing such microorganisms in oysters and could be used for effective postharvest treatment by restaurants and small producers of oysters on the coast of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Juliano Ramos
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science & Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Li H, Liu C, Chen L, Zhang X, Cai J. Biological characterization of two marine Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms isolated from Daya bay of Shenzhen, China and their application in the elimination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:36-43. [PMID: 21899909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (BALOs) are a group of highly motile delta-proteobacteria that prey on other gram-negative bacteria. However, nothing is known of the application potential of marine BALOs in safeguarding seafood safety. Here, biological characterization of two marine BALOs strains and their application in the elimination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) at the laboratory scale were investigated. BALOs strains BDH12 and BDHSH06 were isolated from sediment of Daya bay in Shenzhen of China, with Shewanella putrefaciens strain 12 and V. parahaemolyticus strain SH06 as preys, respectively, when using double layer agar technique. They were identified as BALOs morphologically by transmission electron microscopy, while partial 16S rDNA sequencing analysis revealed that they showed no close relationships with members of the known genera Bdellovibrio, Bacteriolyticum, Bacteriovorax, or Peredibacter. Biological characterizations revealed that both strains had the optimal pH, salinity and temperature at 7.2, 3% and 30 °C, correspondingly. They could not utilize autoclaved, dead cells as hosts. Prey range analysis revealed that individually, BDH12 and BDHSH06 lysed 82.5% (47 strains) and 84.2% (48 strains) of the total 57 preys tested respectively. In combination, they lysed 98.2% (56 of 57) strains. All strains of V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio alginolyticus tested could be lysed by both strains. A 7-day laboratory-scale V. parahaemolyticus elimination experiment in oyster showed that in the control, the cell counts of total vibrios and V. parahaemolyticus strain Vp plus in water and in oyster intestines were on the rise, whereas in the BALOs treated groups, their numbers were down from 8.09±0.05 log CFU/ml and 8.02±0.04 log CFU/ml to 2.39±0.01 log CFU/ml and 2.33±0.01 log CFU/ml, respectively. The same patterns could also be observed in oyster intestines. Results of this study indicate the feasibility of using BALOs to biologically control or even eliminate V. parahaemolyticus in seafood oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Lopez-Joven C, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, de Blas I, Furones MD, Roque A. Persistence of sucrose fermenting and nonfermenting vibrios in tissues of Manila clam species, Ruditapes philippinarum, depurated in seawater at two different temperatures. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:951-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez-Joven
- IRTA-SCR, Ctra Poble Nou Km 7.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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39
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Oliveira J, Cunha A, Castilho F, Romalde J, Pereira M. Microbial contamination and purification of bivalve shellfish: Crucial aspects in monitoring and future perspectives – A mini-review. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang D, Yu S, Chen W, Zhang D, Shi X. Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:104-8. [PMID: 20497494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. METHODS AND RESULTS After inoculating with V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802) and incubating for 24 h, the contaminated oysters were depurated with artificial seawater for 14 days. At each step, the tissue homogenate supernatants of oysters were spread-plated onto thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar, followed by colony confirmation by the polymerase chain reaction. The pathogen was detected in the gills, digestive glands (including stomach, digestive ducts and digestive diverticula), adductor muscle and mantle cilia. After a 48-h depuration period at 17-19 degrees C, the retention rate of V. parahaemolyticus in the gills (28.1%) and digestive glands (13.5%) was higher than that in adductor muscle and mantle cilia (1.4 and 2.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The population of V. parahaemolyticus in the digestive glands was the highest among all tissues tested, followed by the gills. The data indicate that digestive glands and gills are good sample candidates for direct monitoring of V. parahaemolyticus contamination in oysters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on the dynamics of V. parahaemolyticus in various oyster tissues following artificial contamination and depuration. This study provides information to help in monitoring for V. parahaemolyticus in commercial oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Bor Luh Food Safety Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Li H, Venier P, Prado-Alvárez M, Gestal C, Toubiana M, Quartesan R, Borghesan F, Novoa B, Figueras A, Roch P. Expression of Mytilus immune genes in response to experimental challenges varied according to the site of collection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:640-648. [PMID: 20045066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mussels live in diverse coastal environments experience various physical, chemical and biological conditions, which they counteract with functional adjustments and heritable adaptive changes. In order to investigate possible differences in immune system capabilities, we analyzed by qPCR the expression levels of 4 immune genes (defensin, mytilin B, myticin B, lysozyme) and HSP70 in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in 3 European farming areas {Atlantic Ocean-Ría de Vigo-Spain (RV), French Mediterranean Gulf of Lion-Palavas-Prévost lagoon (PP) and Northern Adriatic Sea-Venice-Italy (VI)} in response to one injection of one of the 3 bacterial species (Vibrio splendidus LGP32, Vibrio anguillarum, Micrococcus lysodeikticus), and to heat shock or cold stress. We confirmed that the 5 genes are constitutively expressed in hemocytes, defensin being the less expressed, myticin B the highest. As suspected, the same gene resulted differently expressed according to mussel group, with the biggest difference being for HSP70 and lysozyme and lowest expression of all the 5 genes in mussels from RV. In addition, gene expression levels varied according to the challenge. Most frequent effect of bacterial injections was down-regulation, especially for mytilin B and myticin B. Heat shock enhanced transcript levels, particularly in mussels from RV, whereas cold stress had no effect. In situ hybridization of labelled probes on mussel hemocytes indicated that bacterial injections did not change the mRNA patterns of defensin and myticin B whereas mytilin B mRNA almost disappeared. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that constitutive level, nature and intensity of immune gene expression regulations strongly depended from mussel group, and support the concept of gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, UMR 5119, Université de Montpellier 2-CNRS, cc093, place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Maffei M, Vernocchi P, Lanciotti R, Guerzoni M, Belletti N, Gardini F. Depuration of Striped Venus Clam (Chamelea gallinaL.): Effects on Microorganisms, Sand Content, and Mortality. J Food Sci 2009; 74:M1-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Ristori CA, Iaria ST, Gelli DS, Rivera ING. Pathogenic bacteria associated with oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) and estuarine water along the south coast of Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2007; 17:259-69. [PMID: 17613090 DOI: 10.1080/09603120701372169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oysters and estuarine water samples were collected monthly, from June 1998 to March 1999, in the Cananéia estuary, on the south coast of São Paulo, Brazil, and analyzed for bacterial hazards with and without depuration in filtered estuarine water. Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus were counted in oyster samples using the most probable number (MPN) and their presence verified in the surrounding estuarine water samples. The presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and fecal coliforms counts were determined in oysters and in water samples too. Sixty percent of water samples contained fecal coliforms ranging from <1 to >200 CFU/100 ml and 100%, 30%, 20% and 10% were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Aeromonas, and V. vulnificus in 5 l of water samples, respectively. In oyster samples, the fecal coliforms concentration ranged from <3.0 to > or =2.4 x 10(3) MPN/g in 40% of untreated and from <3.0 to 1.1 x 10(3) MPN/g in 40% of treated samples. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Kanagawa-negative was detected in all oyster samples and their concentration varied from 3.6 to > or =2.4 x 10(3) MPN/g. For the untreated oyster samples 80%, 70%, and 10% were positive for V. vulnificus (<3 - 11.0 MPN/g), Aeromonas (<3-15 MPN/g), and Salmonella (presence in 25 g), respectively. However, for treated oyster samples 60%, 30%, and 0% of them contained the same bacteria, respectively. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., P. shigelloides, and V. cholerae O1 were not detected in any of the samples. Fecal indicators did not correlate with Vibrio presence (p>0.05), although the isolation of Aeromonas species had a positive correlation (p = 0.017). The results showed no correlation between temperature, salinity, and bacteria (p > 0.05). The comparison between bacterial concentration in treated and untreated oyster samples, showed that only Aeromonas was higher in untreated oyster samples (p = 0.039). This study contributes toward creating a more global understanding of food-borne bacterial pathogens. The presence and concentration of viable bacterial hazards in oysters and water surrounding areas was determined for the first time on the south coast of São Paulo and it helps to define better the true microbial hazard in the aquatic environment and oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane A Ristori
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Abreu Corrêa A, Albarnaz JD, Moresco V, Poli CR, Teixeira AL, Oliveira Simões CM, Monte Barardi CR. Depuration dynamics of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 63:479-89. [PMID: 17280712 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The State of Santa Catarina produces the greatest quantity of edible mollusks in Brazil. To guarantee sanitary qualify, mollusk cultures should be monitored for contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. A self-purification or "depuration" system that eliminates Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contamination from oysters has been developed and evaluated. The depuration process occurred within a closed system, in which 1000 L of water was recirculated for 24 h. The water was sterilized with ultraviolet (UV) light, chlorine, or both together. Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with S. typhimurium were harvested every 6 h. Samples of oyster tissue were excised and both the presence and numbers of bacteria were determined. Combined UV light and chlorine treatments resulted in total elimination of bacteria within 12 h. Polymerase chain reaction detected bacteria in water exposed to the three treatments. This pioneering study is the first of its kind in Brazil and represents a major contribution to commercial mollusk culture in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana de Abreu Corrêa
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, CCB, Campus Universitario Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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Su YC, Liu C. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiol 2007; 24:549-58. [PMID: 17418305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human pathogen that is widely distributed in the marine environments. This organism is frequently isolated from a variety of raw seafoods, particularly shellfish. Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus may lead to development of acute gastroenteritis characterized by diarrhea, headache, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps. This pathogen is a common cause of foodborne illnesses in many Asian countries, including China, Japan and Taiwan, and is recognized as the leading cause of human gastroenteritis associated with seafood consumption in the United States. This review gives an overview of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning and provides information on recent development in methods for detecting V. parahaemolyticus and strategies for reducing risk of V. parahaemolyticus infections associated with seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Su
- OSU Seafood Laboratory, Oregon State University, 2001 Marine Drive, Room 253, Astoria, OR 97103, USA.
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Determination of microbiological contamination sources during frozen snail meat processing stages. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yeung PSM, Boor KJ. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005; 1:74-88. [PMID: 15992266 DOI: 10.1089/153531404323143594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery about 50 years ago, Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been implicated as a major cause of foodborne illness around the globe. V. parahaemolyticus is a natural inhabitant of marine waters. Human infections are most commonly associated with the consumption of raw, undercooked or contaminated shellfish. A few individual V. parahaemolyticus virulence factors, including the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), have been investigated in depth, yet a comprehensive understanding of this organism's ability to cause disease remains unclear. Since 1996, serotype O3:K6 strains have been associated with an increased incidence of gastroenteritis in India and in Southeast Asia, and with large-scale foodborne outbreaks in the United States (US). In light of the emerging status of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, the US Food and Drug Administration conducted a microbial risk assessment to characterize the risk of contracting V. parahaemolyticus infections from consuming raw oysters. This review summarizes epidemiological findings, discusses recognized and putative V. parahaemolyticus virulence factors and pathogenicity mechanisms, and describes strategies for preventing V. parahaemolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Marie Yeung
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Canesi L, Betti M, Ciacci C, Lorusso LC, Gallo G, Pruzzo C. Interactions between Mytilus haemocytes and different strains of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: role of kinase-mediated signalling. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7:667-74. [PMID: 15839896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalves accumulate large amounts of bacteria from the environment (mainly Vibrionaceae and coliforms). Although persistence of different bacteria in bivalve tissues largely depends on their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of circulating haemocytes and haemolymph soluble factors, the mechanisms involved in bacteria-host cell interactions in these invertebrates are largely unknown. In the mussel Mytilus, differences in interactions between haemocytes and different Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae strains [E. coli MG155, a wild-type strain carrying type 1 fimbriae, and its unfimbriated derivative, AAEC072 Deltafim; V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype strain N16961, carrying the mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (MSHA), and its MSHA mutant] lead to differences in bactericidal activity in the presence of serum. Here we show that different bacteria induced distinct patterns of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), in particular of the stress-activated MAPKs involved in the immune response. Differences in phosphorylation of PKC-like proteins were also observed. The results support the hypothesis that, like in mammalian host cells, different bacteria can modulate the signalling pathways of mussel haemocytes. The lower anti-bacterial activity towards the mutant E. coli strain and wild-type V. cholerae compared with wild E. coli may result from a reduced capacity of activating MAPKs. Moreover, the mutant V. cholerae strain that was the most resistant to the haemocyte bactericidal activity induced downregulation of cell signalling and showed the strongest effect on lysosomal membrane stability, evaluated as a marker of bivalve cell stress. These data suggest that certain bacteria could evade the bactericidal activity of mussel haemocytes through disruption of the host signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Istituto di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Loc. Crocicchia, Italy.
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El-Shenawy NS. Heavy-metal and microbial depuration of the clam Ruditapes decussatus and its effect on bivalve behavior and physiology. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2004; 19:143-153. [PMID: 15038001 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was evaluated as a possible biomonitor of heavy-metal contamination. Concentrations of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) were measured in R. decussatus. Water and sediment samples were collected at two stations of Timsah Lake in Ismailia, Egypt, from October to November 2002, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results from the heavy-metal and microbial analyses indicated that site II was less contaminated than site I. The bivalve showed accumulation of metals, with a bioaccumulation factor (BAF) greater than 4. The bioaccumulation of metals varied strongly according to the sampling site. After 48 h of depuration, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, and Mn were reduced significantly, to 46.8% and 47.7%, 19.9% and 20.3%, 27.3% and 27.9%, 35.9% and 36.6%, and 18.2% and 26.6%, compared with the initial concentrations, in clam tissue at the two stations. In bivalves from site II the counts of total bacteria, fecal coliforms, and bacterial pathogens were reduced by more than 90%, whereas phage counts were only reduced by 56% after 4 days of depuration. The depuration of bivalves collected from the heavily polluted site (I) was not effective, as coliforms were reduced only by 85% after 4 days, whereas counts of pathogens and pathogenic indicators such as Vibrio, fecal Streptococcus, and coliphage decreased to less than 50% of the initial concentration. The time necessary to decrease contamination to 10%, 50%, and 90% for clams at both stations was consistently shorter for heavy metals than for microorganisms. Investigation of the effects of heavy-metal and microbiological depuration on valve movement and physiological rates (oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion) was carried out on R. decussatus to test the utility of physiological stress indices in assessing the health of depurated animals. Clams in the experimental tanks exhibited various states of activity, which were rated by identifying and scoring (0-4) the different parameters, including shell gap, siphon extension, and foot protrusion. Moreover, an increase in ammonia excretion was usually associated with an increase in respiration rate. The oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio provided a sensitive indicator of bivalve health. It can be concluded that shellfish monitoring and depuration data depended on the initial concentration of the pollutants. There were differences in the physiological responses of clams from the two sites during the periods of pre- and postdepuration of the contaminants. There was a significant correlation between reduction of metal concentration in clam tissue and enhancement of valve movement, as well as activity and increasing respiration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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