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Ham S, Ryoo HS, Jang Y, Lee SH, Lee JY, Kim HS, Lee JH, Park HD. Isolation of a quorum quenching bacterium effective to various acyl-homoserine lactones: Its quorum quenching mechanism and application to a membrane bioreactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140735. [PMID: 37977541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling, caused by microbial biofilm formation on the membrane surface and in pores, is a major operational problem in membrane bioreactors (MBR). Many quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria have been isolated and applied to MBR to reduce biofouling. However, for more effective MBR biofouling control, novel approaches for isolating QQ bacteria and applying them in MBR are needed. Therefore, Listeria grayi (HEMM-2) was isolated using a mixture of different N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). HEMM-2 degraded various AHLs, regardless of the length and oxo group in the carbon chain, with quorum sensing (QS) inhibition ratios of 47-61%. This QQ activity was attributed to extracellular substances in HEMM-2 cell-free supernatant (CFS). Furthermore, the HEMM-2 CFS negatively regulated QS-related gene expression, inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa and activated sludge-biofilm formation by 53-75%. Surprisingly, when the HEMM-2 CFS was directly injected into a laboratory-scale MBR system, biofouling was not significantly affected. Biofouling was only controlled by cell suspension (CS) of HEMM-2, indicating the importance of QQ bacteria in MBR. The HEMM-2 CS increased operation time to reach 0.4 bar, a threshold transmembrane pressure for complete biofouling, from 315 h to 371 h. Taken together, HEMM-2, which is effective in the degradation of various AHLs, and its applicable method to MBR may be considered a potent approach for controlling biofouling and understanding the behavior of QQ bacteria in MBR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Ham
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Hwa-Soo Ryoo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsun Jang
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Shin Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Eco Lab Center, SK Ecoplant Co.,Ltd., 19, Yulgok-ro 2-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03143, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Finn L, Onyeaka H, O’Neill S. Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in Food-Associated Environments: A Persistent Enigma. Foods 2023; 12:3339. [PMID: 37761048 PMCID: PMC10529182 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a bacterial pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a foodborne illness associated with high rates of mortality (20-30%) and hospitalisation. It is particularly dangerous among vulnerable groups, such as newborns, pregnant women and the elderly. The persistence of this organism in food-associated environments for months to years has been linked to several devastating listeriosis outbreaks. It may also result in significant costs to food businesses and economies. Currently, the mechanisms that facilitate LM persistence are poorly understood. Unravelling the enigma of what drives listerial persistence will be critical for developing more targeted control and prevention strategies. One prevailing hypothesis is that persistent strains exhibit stronger biofilm production on abiotic surfaces in food-associated environments. This review aims to (i) provide a comprehensive overview of the research on the relationship between listerial persistence and biofilm formation from phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies; (ii) to highlight the ongoing challenges in determining the role biofilm development plays in persistence, if any; and (iii) to propose future research directions for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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3
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Cayron J, Dedieu-Berne A, Lesterlin C. Bacterial filaments recover by successive and accelerated asymmetric divisions that allow rapid post-stress cell proliferation. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:237-251. [PMID: 36527185 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Filamentation is a reversible morphological change triggered in response to various stresses that bacteria might encounter in the environment, during host infection or antibiotic treatments. Here we re-visit the dynamics of filament formation and recovery using a consistent framework based on live-cells microscopy. We compare the fate of filamentous Escherichia coli induced by cephalexin that inhibits cell division or by UV-induced DNA-damage that additionally perturbs chromosome segregation. We show that both filament types recover by successive and accelerated rounds of divisions that preferentially occur at the filaments' tip, thus resulting in the rapid production of multiple daughter cells with tightly regulated size. The DNA content, viability and further division of the daughter cells essentially depends on the coordination between chromosome segregation and division within the mother filament. Septum positioning at the filaments' tip depends on the Min system, while the nucleoid occlusion protein SlmA regulates the timing of division to prevent septum closure on unsegregated chromosomes. Our results not only recapitulate earlier conclusions but provide a higher level of detail regarding filaments division and the fate of the daughter cells. Together with previous reports, this work uncovers how filamentation recovery allows for a rapid cell proliferation after stress treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cayron
- Microbiologie Moléculaire et Biochimie Structurale (MMSB), Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, UMR5086, Lyon, France
| | - Annick Dedieu-Berne
- Microbiologie Moléculaire et Biochimie Structurale (MMSB), Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, UMR5086, Lyon, France
| | - Christian Lesterlin
- Microbiologie Moléculaire et Biochimie Structurale (MMSB), Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, UMR5086, Lyon, France
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4
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Tabassum N, Mishra A, Kim YM. Filamentous morphology of bacterial pathogens: regulatory factors and control strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5835-5862. [PMID: 35989330 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that when exposed to physical, chemical, and biological stresses in the environment, many bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) change their morphology from a normal cell to a filamentous shape. The formation of filamentous morphology is one of the survival strategies against environmental stress and protection against phagocytosis or protist predators. Numerous pathogenic bacteria have shown filamentous morphologies when examined in vivo or in vitro. During infection, certain pathogenic bacteria adopt a filamentous shape inside the cell to avoid phagocytosis by immune cells. Filamentous morphology has also been seen in biofilms formed on biotic or abiotic surfaces by certain bacteria. As a result, in addition to protecting against phagocytosis by immune cells or predators, the filamentous shape aids in biofilm adhesion or colonization to biotic or abiotic surfaces. Furthermore, these filamentous morphologies of bacterial pathogens lead to antimicrobial drug resistance. Clinically, filamentous morphology has become one of the most serious challenges in treating bacterial infection. The current review went into great detail about the various factors involved in the change of filamentous morphology and the underlying mechanisms. In addition, the review discussed a control strategy for suppressing filamentous morphology in order to combat bacterial infections. Understanding the mechanism underlying the filamentous morphology induced by various environmental conditions will aid in drug development and lessen the virulence of bacterial pathogens. KEY POINTS: • The bacterial filamentation morphology is one of the survival mechanisms against several environmental stress conditions and protection from phagocytosis by host cells and protist predators. • The filamentous morphologies in bacterial pathogens contribute to enhanced biofilm formation, which develops resistance properties against antimicrobial drugs. • Filamentous morphology has become one of the major hurdles in treating bacterial infection, hence controlling strategies employed for inhibiting the filamentation morphology from combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144001, India
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Antimicrobial effects of thymol-loaded phytoglycogen/zein nanocomplexes against foodborne pathogens on fresh produce. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1188-1196. [PMID: 35452703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, thymol-loaded hydrophobically modified phytoglycogen/zein nanocomplexes with a particle size around 100 nm were developed for improving microbial safety of fresh produce. The antimicrobial activities, including the determination of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration, growth kinetic curves, and inhibition zone of the nanocomplexes against foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, and Escherichia coli) were evaluated. The results showed that the antimicrobial activities of the nanocomplexes were significantly stronger than that of free thymol control (without encapsulation), and the antimicrobial efficacy remained unchanged after storage at 4 °C for 60 days. The morphological results from atomic force microscope revealed that small micellar blebs were formed at the surface of bacteria after treatment with nanocomplexes and the gradual disappearance of the cell boundary indicated the occurrence of cytolysis. The potential applications of this nanocomplex as disinfectant agent in wash water were evaluated on different types of fresh produce (lettuce, cantaloupe, and strawberries). Notably, the nanocomplexes also demonstrated efficacy in biofilm removal. Findings from this study clearly demonstrated that the thymol-loaded nanocomplexes hold promising potential for the disinfection of fresh produce to improve their microbial safety and quality.
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6
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Rossi C, Maggio F, Chaves-López C, Valbonetti L, Berrettoni M, Paparella A, Serio A. Effectiveness of selected essential oils and one hydrolate to prevent and remove Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polystyrene and stainless steel food-contact surfaces. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1866-1876. [PMID: 34800068 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of selected essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (Hs) against Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on polystyrene (PS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces. METHODS AND RESULTS Among others, Origanum hirtum EO, Corydothymus capitatus EO and Citrus aurantium H were selected to treat L. monocytogenes biofilms during and after biofilm formation. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of C. capitatus EO (0.31 µl/ml) showed the highest inhibiting effect against biofilm formation on PS, while on SS no significant differences between the EOs were observed (43.7%-88.7% inhibition). Overall, the tested biosanitizers showed limited activity as biofilm removal agents. Although generally less effective, C. aurantium H exhibited good biofilm inhibition performance at 62.5 µl/ml, particularly on PS. Confocal laser scanning microscopy proved that sub-MICs of the biosanitizers drastically changed L. monocytogenes biofilm architecture, with bacterial cells elongation in the presence of C. capitatus EO. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the tested EOs and H are able to control Listeria biofilms, particularly preventing biofilm formation on both materials. Considering its mild aroma and hydrophilicity, the H exhibited promising perspectives of application. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study raises the possibility of applying EOs and Hs to control biofilms on different surfaces in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rossi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Maggio
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Clemencia Chaves-López
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Luca Valbonetti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Berrettoni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonello Paparella
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Serio
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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7
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Long filamentous state of Listeria monocytogenes induced by sublethal sodium chloride stress poses risk of rapid increase in colony-forming units. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Hosseini S, Abdollahzadeh E, Ranaei V, Mahmoudzadeh M, Pilevar Z. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil, NaCl, acid, time, and temperature on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes strains in broth and minced rainbow trout. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2290-2298. [PMID: 33841845 PMCID: PMC8020953 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The small outbreaks of listeriosis as one of the leading causes of food poisoning-associated deaths occur more than previously reported. In current study, the growth ability of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from different sources of food and human origin was measured under salt stress (0.5%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) and acid environments (pH = 6.64 and 5.77) for 96 hr by using a Bioscreen C microbiology reader at 37°C. In further steps of this study, after analysis of constituents of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (ZMEO), the sensory evaluation of the treated fish meat with ZMEO was performed. Then, the fish isolate of L. monocytogenes was exposed to sensory acceptable and subminimum inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of ZMEO in fish broth and minced fish meat during incubation at abuse (12°C), room (22°C), and optimum (37°C) temperatures for 48 hr. The MIC of NaCl against four strains of L. monocytogenes was 10% at 37°C. The maximum optical densities (ODs) and under curve areas (AUC) of growth patterns in higher pH value and lower contents of NaCl followed the order of 21C > 6F > 66C > 22C of L. monocytogenes strains, while the lag time was prolonged in the reverse order. The maximum OD, growth, and lag times of samples treated with higher contents of NaCl and lower pH value were affected in a different order. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the fish meat treated with less than 0.5% of ZMEO was sensory acceptable. The population of L. monocytogenes remained relatively constant at the inoculation level of 107 cfu/ml (or g) at 12°C in broth and minced fish mediums. The inhibitory antilisterial activity of essential oil as an extensive-used plant for food and pharmacological applications is negligible due to possible adverse sensory and toxic effects at relevant high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setayesh Hosseini
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology SciencesSchool of BiologyCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Esmail Abdollahzadeh
- International Sturgeon Research InstituteAgricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)RashtIran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion research CenterHormozgan Health InstituteHormozgan University of Medical SciencesBandar AbbasIran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center and Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of Nutrition and Food ScienceTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- Department of Food Sciences & TechnologyFaculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyNational Nutrition & Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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9
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Yang H, Zhang L, Li J, Jin Y, Zou J, Huang J, Zhou R, Huang M, Wu C. Cell surface properties and transcriptomic analysis of cross protection provided between heat adaptation and acid stress in Tetragenococcus halophilus. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110005. [PMID: 33648238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross protection is a widely existed phenomenon in microorganisms which subjected to a mild stress develop tolerance to other stresses, yet the underlying mechanisms for this protection have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that heat preadaptation induced cross protection against acid stress in Tetragenococcus halophilus, and the cross protective mechanisms were revealed based on cell surface characterizations and transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that heat preadaptation of T. halophilus at 45 °C for 1.5 h improved the acid tolerance of cells at pH 2.5, and the preadapted cells exhibited higher pHi compared with the un-preadapted cells during acid stress. Analysis of the cell surface properties suggested that the heat-treated cells displayed smoother surface, lower roughness and higher integrity than those of untreated cells. Meanwhile, the distributions of membrane fatty acids also changed in response to acid stress, and the treated cells reveled lower ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. RNA-Sequencing was employed to further elucidate the cross protective mechanism induced by heat preadaptation, and the results showed that the differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were mainly involved in cellular metabolism and membrane transport during heat preadaptation. A detailed analysis of gene expression profile of cells between heat treated and untreated revealed that genes associated with energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and genetic information processing were induced upon heat stress. Results presented in this study may broaden our understanding on cross protection and provide a potential strategy to enhance the performance of cells during industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Luzhou Laojiao Group Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | | | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Chongde Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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10
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Merla C, Corbella M, Batisti Biffignandi G, Gaiarsa S, Castelli M, Andreoli G, Fabbi M, Mariani B, Sassera D, Marone P, Cambieri P. Epidemiological Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Infections in Pavia Province in 2017 Reveals the Presence of Multiple Concurrently Circulating Strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:267-275. [PMID: 33493413 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of raw food, especially smoked fish, meat, soft cheeses, and vegetables, contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes can cause listeriosis, which can be invasive in pregnant women, elderly, and immunocompromised and diabetic patients. Through June to November of 2017, 11 patients developed invasive listeriosis in a small area of northern Italy. In the same period, 15 food samples (ready-to-eat seafood, raw vegetables, cheese samples, and salami) collected during the routine screening programs in the same area were found to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. We characterized the isolates to determine the relatedness of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from patients and isolates from food samples and food-processing plants. Whole genome sequencing analysis showed that multiple L. monocytogenes strains were circulating in the area and no association was found between clinical and food isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Merla
- UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Scuola di Specializzazione in Microbiologia e Virologia, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Corbella
- UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gherard Batisti Biffignandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-Chirurgiche, Diagnostiche e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gaiarsa
- UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Castelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani," Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Centro Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Ricerca Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Andreoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Sezione Diagnostica di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Fabbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Sezione Diagnostica di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bianca Mariani
- UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Sassera
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani," Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Piero Marone
- UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cambieri
- UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Boucher C, Waite-Cusic J, Stone D, Kovacevic J. Relative performance of commercial citric acid and quaternary ammonium sanitizers against Listeria monocytogenes under conditions relevant to food industry. Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103752. [PMID: 33653525 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cold temperatures coupled with its tolerance of antimicrobials can promote its survival and persistence in food processing environments. The food industry relies heavily on cleaning and sanitation to control L. monocytogenes; therefore, it is important to understand the environmental context (i.e., temperature) on the efficacy of antimicrobials used in food industry. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of an "eco-friendly" citric acid-based (CAB) sanitizer and a conventional quaternary ammonium compound (CQAC) sanitizer were determined against 14 L. monocytogenes isolates at 4-30 °C. A subset of isolates (n = 3) was also exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of sanitizers to assess differences in growth behavior. CAB and CQAC were effective at manufacturer recommended concentrations in liquid assays. The MBC of CAB was significantly lower at 4 °C compared to 23 °C (p < 0.05), whereas the MBC of CQAC was unchanged between 4 °C and 23 °C. Manufacturers' recommendations for dose and duration of CAB and CQAC were unable to consistently achieve a >5-log reduction of L. monocytogenes attached to surfaces. Findings from this study demonstrate the importance of sanitizer evaluation under conditions representative of their use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Boucher
- Food Innovation Center, 1207 NW Naito Parkway, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, 97209, USA
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 100 Wiegand Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - David Stone
- Food Innovation Center, 1207 NW Naito Parkway, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, 97209, USA
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, 1207 NW Naito Parkway, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, 97209, USA.
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12
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Eskhan AO, Abu-Lail NI. Force-Averaging DLVO Model Predictions of the Adhesion Strengths Quantified for Pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes EGDe Grown under Variable pH Stresses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8947-8964. [PMID: 32633976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The roles of the bacterial surface biopolymers of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes EGDe grown under variable pH conditions in governing their adhesion to a model surface of silicon nitride were investigated using atomic force microscopy under water. Our results indicated that the adhesion forces were the highest for cells cultured in media adjusted to pH 7 followed by 1.39, 1.49, 1.57, and 2.18-fold reductions at pH 6, 8, 9, and 5, respectively. Adhesion energies followed the same trends with 1.35, 1.67, 2.20, and 2.79-fold reductions in energies at pH 6, 8, 9, and 5, respectively, compared to the energy measured at pH 7. Furthermore, the structural properties of the bacterial surface biopolymer brush represented by the biopolymer brush thickness (Lo) and the molecular density (Γ) were determined by fitting a steric model of repulsion to the approach force-distance data. The Lo values followed the same trends as adhesion forces and energies, with thickness being highest at pH 7 followed by 1.82, 2.99, 3.11, and 4.66-fold reductions at pH 6, 8, 9, and 5, respectively. Γ was the highest at pH 5 and was followed by 1.26, 1.27, 1.70, and 2.82-fold reductions at pH 8, 9, 6, and 7, respectively. Our results indicated that bacterial adhesion forces and energies increased linearly with the product of Lo and Γ representing the number of biopolymers per unit length of the bacterial surface. To predict the adhesion forces and energies measured, a force-averaging model of the soft-particle analysis of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory was used. In addition to the standard parameters accounted for in the soft-particle analysis of the DLVO theory such as surface potential, hydrophobicity, and size, this averaging model incorporates in it structural bacterial parameters such as Lo and Γ as well as a surface coverage factor (ϕ) that represents the fraction of the bacterial surface covered by biopolymers. When the soft-particle analysis of DLVO was considered, repulsive hydrogen bond strengths were predicted at close distances of approach (<0.3 nm). In comparison, the force-averaging model predicted that attractive hydrogen bonds dominate the bacterial adhesion strengths quantified. The highest adhesion quantified for cells grown at pH 7 was related to longer and more spaced biopolymers, higher contents of cellular carbohydrates, and more hydrophilic biopolymers, each of which contributes to higher possibilities for hydrogen bonding formation. These results are significant in designing new strategies that aim at controlling bacterial adhesion to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma O Eskhan
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nehal I Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, United States
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Shah MK, Bergholz TM. Variation in growth and evaluation of cross-protection in Listeria monocytogenes under salt and bile stress. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:367-377. [PMID: 32027767 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exposure of Listeria monocytogenes to osmotic stress can induce increased resistance to subsequent lethal exposure to cell envelope stressors, such as nisin and bile salts. We wanted to determine if similar cross-protection phenotypes could occur when L. monocytogenes strains were treated with osmotic stress and exposed to sublethal levels of the cell envelope stressor, bile. METHOD AND RESULTS Growth phenotypes were measured for six L. monocytogenes strains exposed to 6% NaCl, 0·3 and 1% bile in BHI. To evaluate cross-protection, cells were pre-exposed to 6% NaCl, followed by exposure to BHI+1% bile for 26 h and vice versa. Significant increases in λ (lag phase) and doubling time were observed under salt and bile stresses compared with BHI alone. Average λ and Nmax (maximum cell density) in 0·3 and 1% bile for all strains were significantly lower than that in 6% NaCl. Pre-exposure to 6% NaCl followed by exposure to 1% bile significantly increased λ (P < 0·05), whereas pre-exposure to 1% bile followed by exposure to 6% NaCl led to formation of filamentous cells, with no changes in cell density over 26 h. CONCLUSIONS Variation in growth characteristics was observed among strains exposed to bile. Exposure to osmotic stress did not lead to increased resistance to bile. Exposure to bile significantly impacted the ability of L. monocytogenes to adapt to grow under osmotic stress, where cells did not multiply but formed filamentous cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Pre-exposure to a cell envelope stress and subsequent exposure to an osmotic stress appears to pose a significant stress to L. monocytogenes cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Shah
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - T M Bergholz
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Survival of acid stress adapted cells of Listeria monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a and 4b in commonly used disinfectants in broth and water models. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Saraoui T, Leroi F, Chevalier F, Cappelier JM, Passerini D, Pilet MF. Bioprotective Effect of Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031 Against Listeria monocytogenes Growth and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1564. [PMID: 30065705 PMCID: PMC6056605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen occurring in many refrigerated ready-to-eat foods. It is responsible for foodborne listeriosis, a rare but severe disease with a high mortality rate (20-30%). Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031 has the capacity to prevent the growth of L. monocytogenes in contaminated peeled and cooked shrimp and in a chemically defined medium using a cell-to-cell contact-dependent mechanism. To characterize this inhibition further, the effect of L. piscium was tested on a collection of 42 L. monocytogenes strains. All strains were inhibited but had different sensitivities. The effect of the initial concentration of the protective and the target bacteria revealed that the inhibition always occurred when L. piscium had reached its maximum population density, whatever the initial concentration of the protective bacteria. Viewed by scanning electron microscopy, L. monocytogenes cell shape and surface appeared modified in co-culture with L. piscium CNCM I-4031. Lastly, L. monocytogenes virulence, evaluated by a plaque-forming assay on the HT-29 cell line, was reduced after cell pre-treatment by the protective bacteria. In conclusion, the bioprotective effect of L. piscium toward L. monocytogenes growth and virulence was demonstrated, and a hypothesis for the inhibition mechanism is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taous Saraoui
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies (EMB), L’Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, France
- UMR1014 SECALIM, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France
| | - Françoise Leroi
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies (EMB), L’Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Chevalier
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies (EMB), L’Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Cappelier
- UMR1014 SECALIM, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Passerini
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies (EMB), L’Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Nantes, France
| | - Marie-France Pilet
- UMR1014 SECALIM, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France
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Ling N, Zhang J, Li C, Zeng H, He W, Ye Y, Wu Q. The Glutaredoxin Gene, grxB, Affects Acid Tolerance, Surface Hydrophobicity, Auto-Aggregation, and Biofilm Formation in Cronobacter sakazakii. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:133. [PMID: 29459854 PMCID: PMC5807413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are foodborne pathogens that can cause neonatal meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis; they have unusual abilities to survive in environmental stresses such as acid stress. However, the factors involved in acid stress responses and biofilm formation in Cronobacter species are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of grxB on cellular morphology, acid tolerance, surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation (AAg), motility, and biofilm formation in Cronobacter sakazakii. The deletion of grxB decreased resistance to acid stresses, and notably led to weaker surface hydrophobicity, AAg, and biofilm formation under normal and acid stress conditions, compared with those of the wild type strain; however, motility was unaffected. Therefore, grxB appears to contribute to the survival of C. sakazakii in acid stresses and biofilm formation. This is the first report to provide valuable evidence for the role of grxB in acid stress responses and biofilm formation in C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Kim NH, Cho TJ, Rhee MS. Sodium Chloride Does Not Ensure Microbiological Safety of Foods: Cases and Solutions. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 101:1-47. [PMID: 29050664 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Addition of salt or salt-containing water to food is one of the oldest and most effective preservation methods in history; indeed, salt-cured foods are generally recognized as microbiologically safe due to their high salinity. However, a number of microbiological risks remain. The microbiological hazards and risks associated with salt-cured foods must be addressed more in-depth as they are likely to be underestimated by previous studies. This review examined a number of scientific reports and articles about the microbiological safety of salt-cured foods, which included salted, brined, pickled, and/or marinated vegetables, meat, and seafood. The following subjects are covered in order: (1) clinical cases and outbreaks attributed to salt-cured foods; (2) the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in such foods; (3) the molecular, physiological, and virulent responses of the pathogens to the presence of NaCl in both laboratory media and food matrices; (4) the survival and fate of microorganisms in salt-cured foods (in the presence/absence of additional processes); and (5) the interaction between NaCl and other stressors in food processes (e.g., acidification, antimicrobials, drying, and heating). The review provides a comprehensive overview of potentially hazardous pathogens associated with salt-cured foods and suggests further research into effective intervention techniques that will reduce their levels in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Kim S, Lee S, Lee H, Ha J, Lee J, Choi Y, Oh H, Hong J, Yoon Y, Choi KH. Evaluation on Antimicrobial Activity of Psoraleae semen Extract Controlling the Growth of Gram-Positive Bacteria. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:502-510. [PMID: 28943762 PMCID: PMC5599570 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.4.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated bacterial growth-inhibitory effect of 69 therapeutic herbal plants extracts on 9 bacterial strains using a disc diffusion assay. Especially, the antimicrobial activity of Psoraleae semen, which showed different activity on pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was evaluated by MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) and biofilm formation assay. The effect of Psoraleae semen extract on bacterial cell membranes was examined by measurement of protein leakage (optical density at 280 nm) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). No clear zone was formed on discs containing Gram-negative bacteria, but Gram-positive bacteria exhibited clear zones. The MICs of Psoraleae semen extract were 8 μg/mL for Streptococcus mutans, and 16 μg/mL for Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, biofilm formation was inhibited at concentration 8-16 μg/mL. Protein leakage values and SEM images revealed that cell membranes of Gram-positive bacteria were impaired following exposure to the extract. Further, the extract inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in sausages. These results indicate that Psoraleae semen extract could be utilized as a natural antimicrobial agent against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Soomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Yukyung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Hyemin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Joonbae Hong
- Test & Research Department, Consumer Safety Center, Korea Consumer Agency
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University.,Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University
| | - Kyoung-Hee Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University.,Institute of Biomaterials-Implant, Wonkwang University
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Cherifi T, Jacques M, Quessy S, Fravalo P. Impact of Nutrient Restriction on the Structure of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Grown in a Microfluidic System. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:864. [PMID: 28567031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a major concern in food industries. The aim of this work was to elucidate the effect of nutrient limitation on both biofilm architecture and on the viability of the bacteria in microfluidic growth conditions. Biofilm formation by two L. monocytogenes strains was performed in a rich medium (BHI) and in a 10-fold diluted BHI (BHI/10) at 30°C for 24 h by using both static conditions and the microfluidic system Bioflux. In dynamic conditions, biofilms grown in rich and poor medium showed significant differences as well in structure and in the resulting biovolume. In BHI/10, biofilm was organized in a knitted network where cells formed long chains, whereas in the rich medium, the observed structure was homogeneous cellular multilayers. Biofilm biovolume production in BHI/10 was significantly higher than in BHI in these dynamic conditions. Interestingly, biovolume of dead cells in biofilms formed under limited nutrient conditions (BHI/10) was significantly higher than in biofilms formed in the BHI medium. In the other hand, in static conditions, biofilm is organized in a multilayer cells and dispersed cells in a rich medium BHI and poor medium BHI/10 respectively. There was significantly more biomass in the rich medium compared to BHI/10 but no difference was noted in the dead/damaged subpopulation showing how L. monocytogenes biofilm could be affected by the growth conditions. This work demonstrated that nutrient concentration affects biofilm structure and the proportion of dead cells in biofilms under microfluidic condition. Our study also showed that limited nutrients play an important role in the structural stability of L. monocytogenes biofilm by enhancing cell death and liberating extracellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamazight Cherifi
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Réseau canadien de recherche sur la mammite bovine et la qualité du lait, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de MontréalSaint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to change cell morphology is an advantageous characteristic adopted by multiple pathogenic bacteria in order to evade host immune detection and assault during infection. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) exhibits such cellular dynamics and has been shown to transition through a series of distinct morphological phenotypes during a urinary tract infection. Here, we report the first systematic spatio-temporal gene expression analysis of the UPEC transition through these phenotypes by using a flow chamber-based in vitro infection model that simulates conditions in the bladder. This analysis revealed a novel association between the cell division gene damX and reversible UPEC filamentation. We demonstrate a lack of reversible bacterial filamentation in a damX deletion mutant in vitro and absence of a filamentous response by this mutant in a murine model of cystitis. While deletion of damX abrogated UPEC filamentation and secondary surface colonization in tissue culture and in mouse infections, transient overexpression of damX resulted in reversible UPEC filamentation. In this study, we identify a hitherto-unknown damX-mediated mechanism underlying UPEC morphotypical switching. Murine infection studies showed that DamX is essential for establishment of a robust urinary tract infection, thus emphasizing its role as a mediator of virulence. Our study demonstrates the value of an in vitro methodology, in which uroepithelium infection is closely simulated, when undertaking targeted investigations that are challenging to perform in animal infection models. IMPORTANCE Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are most often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and account for a considerable health care burden. UPEC exhibits a dynamic lifestyle in the course of infection, in which the bacterium transiently adopts alternative morphologies ranging from rod shaped to coccoid and filamentous, rendering it better at immune evasion and host epithelium adhesion. This penchant for morphotype switching might in large measure account for UPEC's success as a pathogen. In aiming to uncover genes underlying the phenomenon of UPEC morphotype switching, this study identifies damX, a cell division gene, as a mediator of reversible filamentation during UTI. DamX-mediated filamentation represents an additional pathway for bacterial cell shape control, an alternative to SulA-mediated FtsZ sequestration during E. coli uropathogenesis, and hence represents a potential target for combating UTI.
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Chueca B, Berdejo D, Gomes-Neto NJ, Pagán R, García-Gonzalo D. Emergence of Hyper-Resistant Escherichia coli MG1655 Derivative Strains after Applying Sub-Inhibitory Doses of Individual Constituents of Essential Oils. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:273. [PMID: 26973641 PMCID: PMC4777736 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of food preservation by using essential oils (EOs) and their individual constituents (ICs) is attracting enormous interest worldwide. Until now, researchers considered that treatments with such antimicrobial compounds did not induce bacterial resistance via a phenotypic (i.e., transient) response. Nevertheless, the emergence of genotypic (i.e., stable) resistance after treatment with these compounds had not been previously tested. Our results confirm that growth of Escherichia coli MG1655 in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ICs carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide do not increase resistance to further treatments with either the same IC (direct resistance) or with other preservation treatments (cross-resistance) such as heat or pulsed electric fields (PEF). Bacterial mutation frequency was likewise lower when those IC's were applied; however, after 10 days of re-culturing cells in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ICs, we were able to isolate several derivative strains (i.e., mutants) displaying an increased minimum inhibitory concentration to those ICs. Furthermore, when compared to the wild type (WT) strain, they also displayed direct resistance and cross-resistance. Derivative strains selected with carvacrol and citral also displayed morphological changes involving filamentation along with cell counts at late-stationary growth phase that were lower than the WT strain. In addition, co-cultures of each derivative strain with the WT strain resulted in a predominance of the original strain in absence of ICs, indicating that mutants would not out-compete WT cells under optimal growth conditions. Nevertheless, growth in the presence of ICs facilitated the selection of these resistant mutants. Thus, as a result, subsequent food preservation treatments of these bacterial cultures might be less effective than expected for WT cultures. In conclusion, this study recommends that treatment with ICs at sub-inhibitory concentrations should be generally avoided, since it could favor the emergence of hyper-resistant strains. To ascertain the true value of EOs and their ICs in the field of food preservation, further research thus needs to be conducted on the induction of increased transient and stable bacterial resistance via such antimicrobial compounds, as revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Chueca
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Berdejo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nelson J Gomes-Neto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego García-Gonzalo
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA Zaragoza, Spain
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Kim S, Lee H, Lee S, Yoon Y, Choi KH. Antimicrobial action of oleanolic acid on Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118800. [PMID: 25756202 PMCID: PMC4355482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antimicrobial action of oleanolic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. To determine the cytotoxicity of oleanolic acid, HEp-2 cells were incubated with oleanolic acid at 37oC. MICs (minimal inhibition concentrations) for L. monocytogenes, E. faecium, and E. faecalis were determined using two-fold microdilutions of oleanolic acid, and bacterial cell viability was then assessed by exposing the bacteria to oleanolic acid at 2 × MIC. To investigate the mode of antimicrobial action of oleanolic acid, we measured leakage of compounds absorbing at 280 nm, along with propidium iodide uptake. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were also analysed. The viability of HEp-2 cells decreased (P < 0.05) at oleanolic acid concentrations greater than 128 μg mL-1. The MICs were 16-32 μg mL-1 for L. monocytogenes and 32-64 μg mL-1 for E. faecium and E. faecalis, and bacterial cell viability decreased (P < 0.05) about 3-4 log CFU mL-1 after exposure to 2 × MIC of oleanolic acid. Leakage of 280 nm absorbing materials and propidium iodide uptake was higher in oleanolic acid –treated cells than in the control. The cell membrane was damaged in oleanolic acid-treated cells, but the control group had intact cell membrane in SEM images. The results indicate that oleanolic acid can kill L. monocytogenes, E. faecium, and E. faecalis by destroying the bacterial cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YY); (KHC)
| | - Kyoung-Hee Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
- * E-mail: (YY); (KHC)
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Tan SM, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Acetic acid induces pH-independent cellular energy depletion in Salmonella enterica. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:183-9. [PMID: 25562466 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak organic acids are widely used as preservatives and disinfectants in the food industry. Despite their widespread use, the antimicrobial mode of action of organic acids is still not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of acetic acid on the cell membranes and cellular energy generation of four Salmonella strains. Using a nucleic acid/protein assay, it was established that acetic acid did not cause leakage of intracellular components from the strains. A scanning electron microscopy study further confirmed that membrane disruption was not the antimicrobial mode of action of acetic acid. Some elongated Salmonella cells observed in the micrographs indicated a possibility that acetic acid may inhibit DNA synthesis in the bacterial cells. Using an ATP assay, it was found that at a neutral pH, acetic acid caused cellular energy depletion with an ADP/ATP ratio in the range between 0.48 and 2.63 (p<0.05) that was apparent for the four Salmonella strains. We suggest that this effect was probably due solely to the action of undissociated acid molecules. The antimicrobial effect of acetic acid was better under acidic conditions (ADP/ATP ratio of 5.56 ± 1.27; p<0.05), where the role of both pH and undissociated acid molecules can act together. We concluded that the inhibitory effect of acetic acid is not solely attributable to acidic pH but also to undissociated acid molecules. This finding has implication for the use of acetic acid as an antimicrobial against Salmonella on food products, such as chicken meat, which can buffer its pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Mei Tan
- School of Science, Monash University , Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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24
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Baka M, Noriega E, Stamati I, Logist F, Van Impe JF. Critical Assessment of the Time-to-Detection Method for Accurate Estimation of Microbial Growth Parameters. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baka
- BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control; Department of Chemical Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center (OPTEC); Center of Excellence; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- CPMF2 - Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods; Belgium
| | - Estefanía Noriega
- BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control; Department of Chemical Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center (OPTEC); Center of Excellence; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- CPMF2 - Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods; Belgium
| | - Ioanna Stamati
- BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control; Department of Chemical Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center (OPTEC); Center of Excellence; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- CPMF2 - Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods; Belgium
| | - Filip Logist
- BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control; Department of Chemical Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center (OPTEC); Center of Excellence; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- CPMF2 - Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods; Belgium
| | - Jan F.M. Van Impe
- BioTeC - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control; Department of Chemical Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Optimization in Engineering Center (OPTEC); Center of Excellence; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- CPMF2 - Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods; Belgium
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25
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van der Veen S, Nady N, Franssen MCR, Zuilhof H, Boom RM, Abee T, Schroën K. Listeria monocytogenesrepellence by enzymatically modified PES surfaces. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van der Veen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; PO Box 18, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Norhan Nady
- Polymers Department; Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI); New Boarg El-Arab City 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Remko M. Boom
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; PO Box 18, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Karin Schroën
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Carpenter CE, Broadbent JR, Luo X. Habituation to organic acid anions induces resistance to acid and bile in Listeria monocytogenes. Meat Sci 2014; 96:1152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Listeria ivanovii ATCC 19119 strain behaviour is modulated by iron and acid stress. Food Microbiol 2014; 42:66-71. [PMID: 24929719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the rarity of human listeriosis due to Listeria ivanovii reflects not only host tropism factors but also the rare occurrence of this species in the environment, compared with Listeria monocytogenes. In the present study we evaluate the effects on the reference strain L. ivanovii ATCC 19119 behaviour of two combined stresses, low iron availability and acid environment, that bacteria can encounter in the passage from saprophytic life to the host. In these conditions, L. ivanovii evidenced a different behaviour compared to L. monocytogenes exposed to similar conditions. L. ivanovii was not able to mount an acid tolerance response (ATR) even if, upon entry into the stationary phase in iron-loaded medium, growth phase-dependent acid resistance (AR) was evidenced. Moreover, bacteria grown in iron excess and acidic pH showed the higher invasion value in Caco-2 cells, even though it was not able to efficiently multiply. On the contrary, low iron and acidic conditions improved invasion ability in amniotic WISH cells.
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29
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Nguyen H, Yang Y, Yuk H. Biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium on stainless steel and acrylic surfaces as affected by temperature and pH level. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Renier S, Chagnot C, Deschamps J, Caccia N, Szlavik J, Joyce SA, Popowska M, Hill C, Knøchel S, Briandet R, Hébraud M, Desvaux M. Inactivation of the SecA2 protein export pathway in Listeria monocytogenes promotes cell aggregation, impacts biofilm architecture and induces biofilm formation in environmental condition. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1176-92. [PMID: 24102749 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has a dichotomous lifestyle, existing as an ubiquitous saprophytic species and as an opportunistic intracellular pathogen. Besides its capacity to grow in a wide range of environmental and stressful conditions, L. monocytogenes has the ability to adhere to and colonize surfaces. Morphotype variation to elongated cells forming rough colonies has been reported for different clinical and environmental isolates, including biofilms. This cell differentiation is mainly attributed to the reduced secretion of two SecA2-dependent cell-wall hydrolases, CwhA and MurA. SecA2 is a non-essential SecA paralogue forming an alternative translocase with the primary Sec translocon. Following investigation at temperatures relevant to its ecological niches, i.e. infection (37°C) and environmental (20°C) conditions, inactivation of this SecA2-only protein export pathway led, despite reduced adhesion, to the formation of filamentous biofilm with aerial structures. Compared to the wild type strain, inactivation of the SecA2 pathway promoted extensive cell aggregation and sedimentation. At ambient temperature, this effect was combined with the abrogation of cell motility resulting in elongated sedimented cells, which got knotted and entangled together in the course of filamentous-biofilm development. Such a cell differentiation provides a decisive advantage for listerial surface colonization under environmental condition. As further discussed, this morphotypic conversion has strong implication on listerial physiology and is also of potential significance for asymptomatic human/animal carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Renier
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, F-63122, France
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31
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Choi KH, Yoon Y. The Effects of Sodium Chloride on the Physiological Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2013. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2013.33.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jones TH, Vail KM, McMullen LM. Filament formation by foodborne bacteria under sublethal stress. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:97-110. [PMID: 23727653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have reported that pathogenic and nonpathogenic foodborne bacteria have the ability to form filaments in microbiological growth media and foods after prolonged exposure to sublethal stress or marginal growth conditions. In many cases, nucleoids are evenly spaced throughout the filamentous cells but septa are not visible, indicating that there is a blockage in the early steps of cell division but the mechanism behind filament formation is not clear. The formation of filamentous cells appears to be a reversible stress response. When filamentous cells are exposed to more favorable growth conditions, filaments divide rapidly into a number of individual cells, which may have major health and regulatory implications for the food industry because the potential numbers of viable bacteria will be underestimated and may exceed tolerated levels in foods when filamentous cells that are subjected to sublethal stress conditions are enumerated. Evidence suggests that filament formation under a number of sublethal stresses may be linked to a reduced energy state of bacterial cells. This review focuses on the conditions and extent of filament formation by foodborne bacteria under conditions that are used to control the growth of microorganisms in foods such as suboptimal pH, high pressure, low water activity, low temperature, elevated CO2 and exposure to antimicrobial substances as well as lack a of nutrients in the food environment and explores the impact of the sublethal stresses on the cell's inability to divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke H Jones
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
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33
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Woo J, Ahn J. Probiotic-mediated competition, exclusion and displacement in biofilm formation by food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:307-13. [PMID: 23362863 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the inhibitory effect of probiotic strains on pathogenic biofilm formation in terms of competition, exclusion and displacement. Probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus KACC 12419, Lact. casei KACC 12413, Lact. paracasei KACC 12427 and Lact. rhamnosus KACC 11953) and pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium KCCM 40253 and Listeria monocytogenes KACC 12671) were used to evaluate the auto-aggregation, hydrophobicity and biofilm formation inhibition. The highest auto-aggregation abilities were observed in Lact. rhamnosus (17·5%), Lact. casei (17·2%) and Lact. acidophilus (15·1%). Salm. Typhimurium had the highest affinity to xylene, showing the hydrophobicity of 53·7%. The numbers of L. monocytogenes biofilm cells during the competition, exclusion and displacement assays were effectively reduced by more than 3 log when co-cultured with Lact. paracasei and Lact. rhamnosus. The results suggest that probiotic strains can be used as alternative way to effectively reduce the biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria through competition, exclusion and displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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34
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Visvalingam J, Hernandez-Doria JD, Holley RA. Examination of the genome-wide transcriptional response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to cinnamaldehyde exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:942-50. [PMID: 23183978 PMCID: PMC3568558 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02767-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a natural antimicrobial that has been found to be effective against many food-borne pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7. Although its antimicrobial effects have been well investigated, limited information is available on its effects at the molecular level. Sublethal treatment at 200 mg/liter cinnamaldehyde inhibited growth of E. coli O157:H7 at 37°C and for ≤2 h caused cell elongation, but from 2 to 4 h growth resumed and cells reverted to normal length. To understand this transient behavior, genome-wide transcriptional analysis of E. coli O157:H7 was performed at 2 and 4 h of exposure to cinnamaldehyde in conjunction with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis for cinnamaldehyde and other cinnamic compounds. Drastically different gene expression profiles were obtained at 2 and 4 h. RP-HPLC analysis showed that cinnamaldehyde was structurally stable for at least 2 h. At 2 h of exposure, cinnamaldehyde induced expression of many oxidative stress-related genes and repressed expression of DNA, protein, O-antigen, and fimbrial synthetic genes. At 4 h, many cinnamaldehyde-induced repressive effects on E. coli O157:H7 gene expression were reversed, and cells became more motile and grew at a slightly higher rate. Data indicated that by 4 h, E. coli O157:H7 was able to convert cinnamaldehyde into the less toxic cinnamic alcohol using dehydrogenase/reductase enzymes (YqhD and DkgA). This is the first study to characterize the ability of E. coli O157:H7 to convert cinnamaldehyde into cinnamic alcohol which, in turn, showed that the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde is mainly attributable to its carbonyl aldehyde group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard A. Holley
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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35
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Valderrama WB, Cutter CN. An Ecological Perspective ofListeria monocytogenesBiofilms in Food Processing Facilities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:801-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.561378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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37
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Vail KM, McMullen LM, Jones TH. Growth and filamentation of cold-adapted, log-phase Listeria monocytogenes exposed to salt, acid, or alkali stress at 3°C. J Food Prot 2012; 75:2142-50. [PMID: 23212010 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, there is a zero tolerance for Listeria in a 125-g sample of product in which growth of Listeria monocytogenes can occur, and a limit of ≤100 CFU/g in ready-to-eat (RTE) food products that support limited growth during the stated shelf life and/or RTE refrigerated foods with a shelf life of ≤5 days. L. monocytogenes can form filaments in response to pH and osmotic, atmospheric, and temperature stress, which can result in an underestimation of the risk of RTE foods as filaments form single colonies on plate count agars but can divide into individual cells once the stress is removed. The objective was to investigate the filamentation characteristics of three strains of L. monocytogenes exposed to saline, acidic, basic, and simultaneous acidic and saline environments at 3°C. After 4 days at 3°C, log-phase cells grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) were longer than cells grown at 15°C, and 68% of cells were below the reference value of the 90th percentile of control cultures. When cultures growing at 3°C were exposed to additional stresses, increases in the proportion and length of filaments in the population were observed, while increases in log CFU per milliliter were reduced. After 4 days of incubation at 3°C, the log CFU per milliliter of L. monocytogenes increased by 1.1 U in TSB and 0.4 to 0.5 U in TSB with 4% NaCl, TSB with a pH of 6.0 with 4% NaCl, and TSB with a pH of 5.5. Moreover, the longest 10% of cells were 6.4 to 8.5 times longer than control cells, and only 20 to 30% of cells were below the reference value. Cultures grown in TSB at pH 6.0 with 4% NaCl experienced more sustained filamentation than cultures grown in TSB with 4% NaCl, but less than cultures grown in TSB at pH 6.0. The mechanism involved in filamentation could be different for cells exposed to NaCl than exposed to acid, and additional stress might not necessarily result in more extensive filament formation. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the widespread potential of filament formation and the potential implications for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Vail
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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38
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de Sarrau B, Clavel T, Bornard I, Nguyen-the C. Low temperatures and fermentative metabolism limit peptidoglycan digestion of Bacillus cereus. Impact on colony forming unit counts. Food Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23200654 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of fermentative metabolism at low temperature on cell division of Bacillus cereus was studied. Fermentation at 37 °C had no influence on the division of bacteria. Aerobic cultures at 15 °C produced larger cells than at 37 °C, but cell division was normal. In fermentative cultures at 15 °C, no increase in CFU ml(-1) was observed. However, A(600) increased, due to formation of long filaments. Transmission electronic microscopy and light microscopy with fluorescent staining showed several nucleic acid entities separated by a hydrophobic membrane, indicating that each filament contained several individual cells attached by peptidoglycan. When left in air at room temperature, one filament gave several daughter cells, this means that one CFU formed by one filament may represent a greater contamination potential than one CFU formed by a single cell. Division was observed in cultures at 15 °C with anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrates. Possible filamentous growth must thus be taken into account to avoid underestimating B. cereus growth in vacuum or modified atmosphere packaged foods stored at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît de Sarrau
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France.
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39
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Studies on the pathogenesis and survival of different culture forms of Listeria monocytogenes to pulsed UV-light irradiation after exposure to mild-food processing stresses. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:330-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Stackhouse RR, Faith NG, Kaspar CW, Czuprynski CJ, Wong ACL. Survival and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis filaments induced by reduced water activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2213-20. [PMID: 22287000 PMCID: PMC3302626 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06774-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain E40 filaments were developed under conditions of a reduced water activity (a(w)) of 0.95 in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 8% or 7% NaCl, respectively. Filament formation was accompanied by an increase of biomass without an increase in CFU and was affected by incubation temperature and the physical milieu. The greatest amount of filaments was recovered from TSA with 7% NaCl and incubation at 30°C. Within 2 h of transfer to fresh TSB, filaments started to septate into normal-sized cells, resulting in a rapid increase in CFU. S. Enteritidis E40 filaments were not more tolerant of low- or high-temperature stresses than nonfilamented control cells. However, there was greater survival of filaments in 10% bile salts after 24 to 48 h of incubation, during pH 2.0 acid challenge for 10 min, and under desiccation on stainless steel surfaces at 25°C and 75.5% relative humidity for 7 days. S. Enteritidis E40 filaments invaded and multiplied within Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells to a similar degree as control cells when a comparable CFU of filaments and control cells was used. S. Enteritidis E40 filaments established a successful infection in mice via intragastric inoculation. The filaments colonized the gastrointestinal tract and disseminated to the spleen and liver at levels comparable to those attained by control cells, even when animals were inoculated with 10- to 100-fold fewer CFU. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of virulence of stress-induced Salmonella filaments in vitro and in vivo. Formation of filaments by Salmonella in food products and food processing environments is significant to food safety, because detection and quantitation of the pathogen may be compromised. The finding that these filaments are virulent further enhances their potential public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Stackhouse
- Department of Bacteriology, Food Research Institute
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nancy G. Faith
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charles W. Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, Food Research Institute
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy C. Lee Wong
- Department of Bacteriology, Food Research Institute
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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41
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Al Bahry S, Sivakumar N, Al-Khambashi M. Effect of nalidixic acid on the morphology and protein expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:265-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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43
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Visvalingam J, Gill CO, Holley RA. The viabilities of cells in cultures of Escherichia coli growing with formation of filaments at 6°C. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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44
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Briers Y, Klumpp J, Schuppler M, Loessner MJ. Genome sequence of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, a clinical isolate from a food-borne listeriosis outbreak. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:4284-5. [PMID: 21685277 PMCID: PMC3147710 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05328-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen and the causative agent of listeriosis in animals and humans. We present the genome sequence of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, a widely distributed and frequently used serovar 4b clinical isolate from the 1983 listeriosis outbreak in Massachusetts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Briers
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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Xu H, Zou Y, Lee HY, Ahn J. Effect of NaCl on the Biofilm Formation by Foodborne Pathogens. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M580-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Kastbjerg VG, Gram L. Model systems allowing quantification of sensitivity to disinfectants and comparison of disinfectant susceptibility of persistent and presumed nonpersistentListeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1667-81. [PMID: 19226386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V G Kastbjerg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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47
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Naïtali M, Dubois-Brissonnet F, Cuvelier G, Bellon-Fontaine MN. Effects of pH and oil-in-water emulsions on growth and physicochemical cell surface properties of Listeria monocytogenes: Impact on tolerance to the bactericidal activity of disinfectants. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chan YC, Wiedmann M. Physiology and Genetics of Listeria Monocytogenes Survival and Growth at Cold Temperatures. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 49:237-53. [PMID: 19093268 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701856272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bidlas E, Lambert RJ. Quantification of hurdles: Predicting the combination of effects — Interaction vs. non-interaction. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 128:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van der Veen S, Moezelaar R, Abee T, Wells-Bennik MHJ. The growth limits of a large number of Listeria monocytogenes strains at combinations of stresses show serotype--and niche-specific traits. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1246-58. [PMID: 18713284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to associate the growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes during exposure to combined stresses with specific serotypes or origins of isolation, and identify potential genetic markers. METHODS AND RESULTS The growth of 138 strains was assessed at different temperatures using combinations of low pH, sodium lactate, and high salt concentrations in brain heart infusion broth. None of the strains was able to grow at pH < or = 4.4, a(w) < or = 0.92, or pH < or = 5.0 combined with a(w) < or = 0.94. In addition, none of the strains grew at pH < or = 5.2 and NaLac > or = 2%. At 30 degrees C, the serotype 4b strains showed the highest tolerance to low pH and high NaCl concentrations at both pH neutral (pH 7.4) and mild acidic conditions (pH 5.5). At 7 degrees C, the serotype 1/2b strains showed the highest tolerance to high NaCl concentrations at both pH 7.4 and 5.5. Serotype 1/2b meat isolates showed the highest tolerance to low pH in the presence of 2% sodium lactate at 7 degrees C. ORF2110 and gadD1T1 were identified as potential biomarkers for phenotypic differences. CONCLUSIONS Differences in growth limits were identified between specific L. monocytogenes strains and serotypes, which could in some cases be associated with specific genetic markers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our data confirm the growth limits of L. monocytogenes as set out by the European Union for ready-to-eat foods and provides an additional criterion. The association of L. monocytogenes serotypes with certain stress responses might explain the abundance of certain serotypes in retail foods while others are common in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van der Veen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Nieuwe Kanaal, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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