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Tarazi-Riess H, Shani-Levi C, Lesmes U. Heat-moisture and acid treatments can increase levels of resistant starch in arrowroot starch without adversely affecting its prebiotic activity in human colon microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:5813-5824. [PMID: 38747641 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient whose processing and digestive fate can have numerous beneficial or adverse effects on consumer health. This study investigated the impact of heat-moisture treatments (HMT) and citric acid treatments (CAT) on arrowroot starch (ARS) with a focus on its physicochemical properties, digestibility, and influence on gut microbiota. The results revealed that HMT and CAT did not alter the colloidal characteristics of ARS but significantly affected the balance between amorphous and crystalline regions. Changes in thermal properties, morphology, and particle size were also observed. These can influence ARS shelf life and functional properties in various food applications. Furthermore, certain treatments in both processing methods increased the resistant starch (RS) content of ARS, with HMT for 16 hours at 80 °C and CAT with 0.6 M citric acid, resulting in the most pronounced effects. These changes coincided with reductions in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) levels and improvements in the ratio of slowly digestible starch (SDS) to RDS, which could potentially improve glycemic control. This study also examined the impact of processed ARS on colonic microbiota composition. It found that ARS-derived RS formed under HMT and CAT did not negatively affect the prebiotic potential of the RS fraction. Both treatments were associated with lowering the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B), a marker of gut health, and decreasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, microbes associated with adverse health effects. Additionally, CAT-derived RS showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of Roseburia, a beneficial gut bacterium. In conclusion, processing ARS through HMT and CAT techniques has the potential for enhancing its RS content, improving its glycemic impact, and positively influencing the gut microbiota composition, potentially contributing to gut health and metabolic well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Tarazi-Riess
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Foods and Bioactives, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Carmit Shani-Levi
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Foods and Bioactives, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Uri Lesmes
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Foods and Bioactives, Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
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2
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Cai M, Feng J, Wang J, Chen P, Ge Z, Liu W, Sun P, Wu L, Wu J. Characterization of Various Noncovalent Polyphenol-Starch Complexes and Their Prebiotic Activities during In Vitro Digestion and Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2250-2262. [PMID: 38235718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the structural characterization of six noncovalent polyphenol-starch complexes and their prebiotic activities during in vitro digestion and fermentation. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, isoquercetin, astragalin, and hyperin were complexed with sweet potato starch (SPS). The polyphenols exhibited high binding capacity (>70%) with SPS. A partial release of flavonoids from the complexes was observed via in vitro digestion, while the phenolic acids remained tightly bound. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed that polyphenols altered the spatial configuration of polysaccharides and intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed. Additionally, polyphenol-SPS complexes exerted inhibitory effects on starch digestion compared to gelatinized SPS, owing to the increase in resistant starch fraction. It revealed that the different complexes stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, while inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. Moreover, in vitro fermentation experiments revealed that complexes were utilized by the gut microbiota, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids and a decrease in pH. In addition, the polyphenol-SPS complexes altered the composition of gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and decreasing pathogenic bacteria. Polyphenol-SPS complexes exhibit great potential for use as a prebiotic and exert dual beneficial effects on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicai Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Sun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Liehong Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
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Shen Y, An Z, Huyan Z, Shu X, Wu D, Zhang N, Pellegrini N, Rubert J. Lipid complexation reduces rice starch digestibility and boosts short-chain fatty acid production via gut microbiota. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:56. [PMID: 37853069 PMCID: PMC10584848 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two rice varieties (RS4 and GZ93) with different amylose and lipid contents were studied, and their starch was used to prepare starch-palmitic acid complexes. The RS4 samples showed a significantly higher lipid content in their flour, starch, and complex samples compared to GZ93. The static in vitro digestion highlighted that RS4 samples had significantly lower digestibility than the GZ93 samples. The C∞ of the starch-lipid complex samples was found to be 17.7% and 18.5% lower than that of the starch samples in GZ93 and RS4, respectively. The INFOGEST undigested fractions were subsequently used for in vitro colonic fermentation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, mainly acetate, and propionate were significantly higher in starch-lipid complexes compared to native flour or starch samples. Starch-lipid complexes produced a distinctive microbial composition, which resulted in different gene functions, mainly related to pyruvate, fructose, and mannose metabolism. Using Model-based Integration of Metabolite Observations and Species Abundances 2 (MIMOSA2), SCFA production was predicted and associated with the gut microbiota. These results indicated that incorporating lipids into rice starch promotes SCFA production by modulating the gut microbiota selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zengxu An
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zongyao Huyan
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, PR China
| | - Dianxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya, 572025, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Josep Rubert
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Duncan SH, Conti E, Ricci L, Walker AW. Links between Diet, Intestinal Anaerobes, Microbial Metabolites and Health. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051338. [PMID: 37239009 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A dense microbial community resides in the human colon, with considerable inter-individual variability in composition, although some species are relatively dominant and widespread in healthy individuals. In disease conditions, there is often a reduction in microbial diversity and perturbations in the composition of the microbiota. Dietary complex carbohydrates that reach the large intestine are important modulators of the composition of the microbiota and their primary metabolic outputs. Specialist gut bacteria may also transform plant phenolics to form a spectrum of products possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Consumption of diets high in animal protein and fat may lead to the formation of potentially deleterious microbial products, including nitroso compounds, hydrogen sulphide, and trimethylamine. Gut anaerobes also form a range of secondary metabolites, including polyketides that may possess antimicrobial activity and thus contribute to microbe-microbe interactions within the colon. The overall metabolic outputs of colonic microbes are derived from an intricate network of microbial metabolic pathways and interactions; however, much still needs to be learnt about the subtleties of these complex networks. In this review we consider the multi-faceted relationships between inter-individual microbiota variation, diet, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia H Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Elena Conti
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Liviana Ricci
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan W Walker
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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Gao L, Zhang L, Liu H, Hu J. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of whole grain noodles supplemented with soluble dietary fiber and their effects on children fecal microbiota. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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6
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ma H, Sun M, Wang X, Jin S, Yuan X. Insufficient or excessive dietary carbohydrates affect gut health through change in gut microbiota and regulation of gene expression of gut epithelial cells in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108442. [PMID: 36410648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dietary carbohydrate levels can affect gut health, but the roles played by gut microbiota and gut epithelial cells, and their interactions remain unclear. In this experiment, we investigated gut health, gut microbiota, and the gene expression profiles of gut epithelial cells in grass carp consuming diets with different carbohydrate levels. Compared to the moderate-carbohydrate diet, low-carbohydrate diet significantly increased the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Ralstonia and Elizabethkingia) and decreased the abundance of metabolism in cofactors and vitamins, implying a dysregulated gut microbiota and compromised metabolic function. Moreover, low-carbohydrate diet inhibited the expression levels of key genes in autophagy-related pathways in gut epithelial cells, which might directly lead to reduced clearance of defective organelles and pathogenic microorganisms. These aforementioned factors may be responsible for the imperfect organization of the intestinal tract. High-carbohydrate diet also significantly increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Flavobacterium), which directly contributed to a decrease in the abundance of immune system of the microbiota. Furthermore, the active pathways of staphylococcus aureus infection and complement and coagulation cascades, as well as the inhibition of the glutathione metabolism pathway were observed. Above results implied that high-carbohydrate diet might ultimately cause severe gut damage by affecting immune function of microbiota, mentioned immune-related pathways, and the antioxidant capacity. Finally, the correlation network diagram revealed strong correlations of the differentially immune-related gene major histocompatibility complex class I antigen (MR1) with Enhydrobacter and Ruminococcus_gnavus_group in low-carbohydrate diet group, and Arenimonas in high-carbohydrate diet group, respectively, suggesting that MR1 might be a central target for immune responses in gut epithelial cells induced by gut microbiota at different levels of dietary carbohydrate. All these results provided insight in the development of antagonistic probiotics and target genes to improve the utilization of carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Huan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Manjie Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shengzhen Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
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7
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Wang H, Huang X, Tan H, Chen X, Chen C, Nie S. Interaction between dietary fiber and bifidobacteria in promoting intestinal health. Food Chem 2022; 393:133407. [PMID: 35696956 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are considered as probiotics due to their role in promoting intestinal health, including regulating intestinal flora, controlling glycolipid metabolism, anti-colitis effects. Dietary fiber is considered as prebiotic favoring gut health. It also can be used as carbon source to support the growth and colonization of probiotics like bifidobacteria. However, because of genetic diversity, different bifidobacterial species differ in their ability to utilize dietary fiber. Meanwhile, dietary fiber with different structural properties has different effects on the bifidobacteria proliferation. The interaction between dietary fiber and bifidobacteria will consequently lead to a synergistic or antagonistic function in promoting intestinal health, therefore affecting the application of combined use of dietary fiber and bifidobacteria. In this case, we summarize the biological function of bifidobacteria, and their interaction with different dietary fiber in promoting gut health, and finally provide several strategies about their combined use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Huizi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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8
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Disaster Risk Management, Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines, and Sanitation Challenges in South Africa. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The current paper provides a review and meta-analysis of the practical implications of disaster risk management related to the ventilated improved latrines in South Africa. This technology is evaluated through its legacy and novel challenges of disaster risk reduction. In the current article, the methodology adopted was a literature review and meta-analyses. The results indicate that the in-situ treatment and breakdown of faecal sludge in the ventilated improved pit latrines is not always taking place and that anaerobic digestion might not always be feasible. New strategies are proposed to manage the sanitation-related risks in South Africa by specifying more exact dimensions for the newly built ventilated improved pit latrines by suggesting the use of novel sanitation additives such as fly ash to enhance on-site and in situ treatment, as well as ex situ treatment of the pit latrine faecal sludge. Regular maintenance can lead to prevention of the dysfunctional character of the ventilated improved pit latrines as a functional sanitation technology and a user-friendly hygiene barrier to the spread of sanitation/WASH-related epidemics or infectious diseases. The implementation of the novel strategies should be enhanced by the application of the (Environmental) Technology Assessment in sanitation service delivery in South Africa.
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9
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Formation, structure and properties of the starch-polyphenol inclusion complex: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Wang R, Li M, Strappe P, Zhou Z. Preparation, structural characteristics and physiological property of resistant starch. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:1-40. [PMID: 33745510 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Starch is of the most important carbohydrates in human diets for maintaining normal body's energy metabolisms. However, due to the increased number of chronic diseases worldwide, the further study of the starch property in the dietary formula becomes essential for revealing its association with preventing or intervening the occurrence of such diseases as diabetes, obesity, intestinal diseases and even cardiovascular diseases. Considering that different starches demonstrate different digestion property based on their individual structural characteristics, in particular, the existence of resistant starch (RS) attracts much more interests recently because of its being a major producer of short-chain fatty acids followed by gut microbial fermentation. Furthermore, the understanding of the interaction between RS and microbiota in the gut and its substantial influence on the regulation of diabetes, kidney, disease hypertension and others is still being under investigated. Therefore, this chapter summarized the fine structure of starch, resistant starch structural characteristics, formation and preparation of resistant starches and their corresponding physiological property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China; ARC Functional Grains Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Zhang Y, Liang XF, He S, Chen X, Wang J, Li J, Zhu Q, Zhang Z, Li L, Alam MS. Effects of High Carbohydrate Diet-Modulated Microbiota on Gut Health in Chinese Perch. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:575102. [PMID: 33042089 PMCID: PMC7523390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High carbohydrate diet-induced damage in gut is linked to changes in gut permeability and microbiota. However, the mechanisms of action are not clear, especially in non-mammals. We performed the gut microbiota profiling in Chinese perch fed with different content of starch diets (0, 10, and 20%) by 16S rRNA sequencing. The gut permeability, metabolites, histological analysis, and inflammatory infiltration were evaluated. We found that gut microbial diversity, beneficial bacteria quantity, and lactic acid content were higher in C10 group than in the other groups. The lower level of gut microbial diversity was observed in C20 group, and mycoplasma was the overwhelmingly dominant species, but the butyric acid-producing bacteria and butyric acid level were significantly reduced. The gut permeability in C20 group was also increased due to the decreased mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins caused by the butyric acid deficiency and gut lipid droplets accumulation. Then a large amount of LPS penetrated into the plasma, resulting in inflammation. These results suggested that high carbohydrate diet-induced damage in gut could be attributed to the endotoxemia, permeability, and gut microbiota, especially the role of mycoplasma and butyric acid-producing bacteria. In addition, predictive functional profiling of microbial communities by PICRUSt showed that C10 group enriched pathway related to membrane transport and down-regulated the pathways related to energy, coenzyme factor and vitamin metabolism, while C20 group exhibited reversed results. These data showed that the high-carbohydrate diet reversed the beneficial changes in gut microbial metabolism resulted from the medium-carbohydrate diet, and further demonstrated that microbiota played a key role in the gut damage caused by the high-carbohydrate diet. Our findings provide a reference for the targeted regulation of gut microbiota to mitigate the damage caused by the increase in starch content in fish feed (cost saving).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiangsheng Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Alam
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Innovation Base for Chinese Perch Breeding, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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12
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Tanaka Y, Kimura S, Ishii Y, Tateda K. Equol inhibits growth and spore formation of Clostridioides difficile. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:932-940. [PMID: 31211883 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Equol is a nonsteroidal oestrogen of the isoflavone class. We investigated the antibacterial ability of equol with respect to the growth rate, toxin production and spore-forming abilities of Clostridioides difficile BI/027/NAP1. METHODS AND RESULTS Isoflavones, or female hormones, were added to bacterial culture, which was grown at 35°C. The absorbance of the culture was measured at various time points for evaluating the growth inhibition. The toxin levels in the media and morphological changes were also assessed. To evaluate the influence of equol on the sporulation of C. difficile, cells were collected at various time points from the equol-supplemented culture and the number of spores was counted. Our results show that equol inhibits bacterial growth in a concentration-dependent manner. However, it does not inhibit the production of toxin by C. difficile. Other isoflavones and female hormones did not inhibit the C. difficile growth. At the 14th day, approximately 600 spores were present in the control medium and only six were seen in the equol-containing medium. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that equol may directly inhibit the C. difficile growth in a concentration-dependent manner and spore formation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on the antimicrobial ability of equol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Vemuri R, Gundamaraju R, Shinde T, Perera AP, Basheer W, Southam B, Gondalia SV, Karpe AV, Beale DJ, Tristram S, Ahuja KDK, Ball M, Martoni CJ, Eri R. Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 Modulates Intestinal-Specific Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Immunological Profiles in Aging Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1297. [PMID: 31181695 PMCID: PMC6627711 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Distribution of the microbiota varies according to the location in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Thus, dysbiosis during aging may not be limited to faecal microbiota and extend to the other parts of the GI tract, especially the cecum and colon. Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1, a probiotic strain, has been shown to modulate faecal microbiota and its associated metabolic phenotype in aging mice. In the present study, we investigated the effect of L. acidophilus DDS-1 supplementation on caecal- and mucosal-associated microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and immunological profiles in young and aging C57BL/6J mice. Besides differences in the young and aging control groups, we observed microbial shifts in caecal and mucosal samples, leading to an alteration in SCFA levels and immune response. DDS-1 treatment increased the abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia spp. and Lactobacillus spp. more effectively in caecal samples than in mucosal samples. DDS-1 also enhanced the levels of butyrate, while downregulating the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-1α, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-12 and IFN-γ) in serum and colonic explants. Our findings suggest distinct patterns of intestinal microbiota, improvements in SCFA and immunological profiles with DDS-1 supplementation in aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandra Vemuri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Tanvi Shinde
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Agampodi Promoda Perera
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Waheedha Basheer
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Benjamin Southam
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Shakuntla V Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
| | - Avinash V Karpe
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - David J Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Stephen Tristram
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Kiran D K Ahuja
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
| | - Madeleine Ball
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3082 Australia.
| | | | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250 Australia.
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14
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Ricaud K, Even M, Lavigne F, Davail S, Arroyo J. Evolution of intestinal microbiota and body compartments during spontaneous hyperphagia in the Greylag goose. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1390-1402. [PMID: 30285149 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effects of spontaneous hyperphagia on the evolution of intestinal microbiota and body compartments in old goose. From October 25th to November 26th, 5-yr-old breeding Greylag Landaise geese (106 males and 106 females) were fed with grass during 1 mo (G period). From November 26th (0 d) the birds had ad libitum access to pellets (AMEn: 10.5 MJ/kg, CP: 18.9 g/kg; spontaneous fattening (SF) period). Some birds were killed at -31 d (n = 24; 50/50 sex ratio), 0 d (n = 48), 14 (n = 46), 22 d (n = 46), and 70 d (n = 48) after the start of G period to measure body traits. For microbial analysis, 10 of the samples per sex at 0 d, 14 d, and 70 d were selected to be representative of body traits. Between 0 and 22 d, liver weight increased from 98 g to 194 g in males and from 89 g to 199 g in females (P < 0.001). Liver weight decreased between 22 and 70 d from 194 to 174 g in males and from 199 to 163 g in females (P < 0.001). Irrespective of the diet (G or SF period) and the sex of the bird, the two major phyla were Proteobacteria (49%) and Firmicutes (48%). Bacteroidetes represented around 3.0% of the sequences. At order level, Firmicutes were dominated by Clostridiales (33% of total sequences) and Lactobacillales (13% of total sequences) and Proteobacteria were dominated by Campylobacteriales (34% of total sequences). Finally, Bacteroidetes were dominated by Bacteroidales. SF and sex did not change the microbial diversity but sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis allowed us to highlight discriminant operational taxonomic unit between experimental groups. In conclusion, our result showed that changes in the body compartments of old geese during spontaneous hyperphagia depend on the sex of the birds, but not so much in gut microbial composition. Further investigations are necessary to understand the functional microbiota and highlight the role of gut microbiota in hepatic steatosis induced with hyperphagia in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ricaud
- INRA, Univ Pau and Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France
| | - M Even
- INRA, Univ Pau and Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France.,ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, F-24420 Coulaures, France
| | - F Lavigne
- ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, F-24420 Coulaures, France
| | - S Davail
- INRA, Univ Pau and Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR 1419 Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture, Saint Pée sur Nivelle F-64310, France
| | - J Arroyo
- ASSELDOR, Station d'expérimentation appliquée et de démonstration sur l'oie et le canard, La Tour de Glane, F-24420 Coulaures, France
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15
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Snelson M, Kellow NJ, Coughlan MT. Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Resistant Starch as a Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases: Evidence of Efficacy and Mechanistic Insights. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:303-320. [PMID: 30668615 PMCID: PMC6416045 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with changes in gut microbial ecology, or "dysbiosis," which may contribute to disease progression. Recent studies have focused on dietary approaches to favorably alter the composition of the gut microbial communities as a treatment method in CKD. Resistant starch (RS), a prebiotic that promotes proliferation of gut bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, increases the production of metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, which confer a number of health-promoting benefits. However, there is a lack of mechanistic insight into how these metabolites can positively influence renal health. Emerging evidence shows that microbiota-derived metabolites can regulate the incretin axis and mitigate inflammation via expansion of regulatory T cells. Studies from animal models and patients with CKD show that RS supplementation attenuates the concentrations of uremic retention solutes, including indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. Here, we present the current state of knowledge linking the microbiome to CKD, we explore the efficacy of RS in animal models of CKD and in humans with the condition, and we discuss how RS supplementation could be a promising dietary approach for slowing CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Sorndech W, Rodtong S, Blennow A, Tongta S. Impact of Resistant Maltodextrins and Resistant Starch on Human Gut Microbiota and Organic Acids Production. STARCH-STARKE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201800231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waraporn Sorndech
- School of Food Technology; Institute of Agricultural Technology; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Sureelak Rodtong
- School of Preclinic; Institute of Science; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Sciences; University of Copenhagen; C 1871 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Sunanta Tongta
- School of Food Technology; Institute of Agricultural Technology; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
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17
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Even M, Davail S, Rey M, Tavernier A, Houssier M, Bernadet MD, Gontier K, Pascal G, Ricaud K. Probiotics Strains Modulate Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Mule Ducks. Open Microbiol J 2018; 12:71-93. [PMID: 29755604 PMCID: PMC5925865 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801812010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Livestock production should respond to societal, environmental and economic changes. Since 2006 and the ban on antibiotics as growth factors in European Union, the use of probiotics has become widespread and has demonstrated the effect of intestinal microbiota on the performance of farm animals. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with Lactobacillus salivarius (as a probiotics strain or combined with other strains) on zootechnical performance, metabolic and immune gene expression and intestinal microbiota diversity in mule ducks using high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR. Method: The mule ducks were reared for 79 days and overfed for 12 days with or without probiotics. Samples were collected at 14 (starting period) and 91 days (end of overfeeding period), 3 hours post feeding. Results: Irrespective of digestive content, age, level of feed intake or supplementation with probiotics, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the bacterial community in mule ducks. At 14 days, both the ileal and cecal samples were dominated by Firmicutes (in particular the Clostridiales order). Overfeeding induced a shift between Clostridiales and Lactobacillales in the ileal samples whereas in the cecal samples, the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased. Overfeeding also induced hepatic over-expression of Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) and of the lipid transporter gene Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4). This increase in lipid metabolism genes is associated with a decrease in inflammatory response. Conclusion: Finally, probiotic supplementation had only a slight impact on gene expression and microbiota diversity, both at 14 days and after overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Even
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Stéphane Davail
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Mikael Rey
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France
| | - Annabelle Tavernier
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Marianne Houssier
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Marie Dominique Bernadet
- UEPFG INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, (Unité Expérimentale Palmipèdes à Foie Gras), Domaine d'Artiguères 1076, route de Haut Mauco, F-40280 Benquet, France
| | - Karine Gontier
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Karine Ricaud
- UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, 371 rue du ruisseau, 40000 Mont de Marsan, France.,UMR 1419 INRA UPPA NuMéA, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
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18
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Wattananapakasem I, Costabile A, Suwannaporn P. Slow digestible colored rice flour as wall material for microencapsulation: Its impacts on gut bacterial population and metabolic activities. Food Res Int 2018; 103:182-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Basson AR, Lam M, Cominelli F. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Strategies for Therapeutic Gut Microbiota Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and their Next-Generation Approaches. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:689-729. [PMID: 29173517 PMCID: PMC5909826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome exerts a major impact on human health and disease, and therapeutic gut microbiota modulation is now a well-advocated strategy in the management of many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Scientific and clinical evidence in support of complementary and alternative medicine, in targeting intestinal dysbiosis among patients with IBD, or other disorders, has increased dramatically over the past years. Delivery of "artificial" stool replacements for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could provide an effective, safer alternative to that of human donor stool. Nevertheless, optimum timing of FMT administration in IBD remains unexplored, and future investigations are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Minh Lam
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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20
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Barczynska R, Jurgoński A, Slizewska K, Juśkiewicz J, Kapusniak J. Effects of potato dextrin on the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota in rats fed standard and high-fat diets. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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21
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An Extracellular Cell-Attached Pullulanase Confers Branched α-Glucan Utilization in Human Gut Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00402-17. [PMID: 28411221 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00402-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the few predicted extracellular glycan-active enzymes, glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 14 (GH13_14) pullulanases are the most common in human gut lactobacilli. These enzymes share a unique modular organization, not observed in other bacteria, featuring a catalytic module, two starch binding modules, a domain of unknown function, and a C-terminal surface layer association protein (SLAP) domain. Here, we explore the specificity of a representative of this group of pullulanases, Lactobacillus acidophilus Pul13_14 (LaPul13_14), and its role in branched α-glucan metabolism in the well-characterized Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which is widely used as a probiotic. Growth experiments with L. acidophilus NCFM on starch-derived branched substrates revealed a preference for α-glucans with short branches of about two to three glucosyl moieties over amylopectin with longer branches. Cell-attached debranching activity was measurable in the presence of α-glucans but was repressed by glucose. The debranching activity is conferred exclusively by LaPul13_14 and is abolished in a mutant strain lacking a functional LaPul13_14 gene. Hydrolysis kinetics of recombinant LaPul13_14 confirmed the preference for short-branched α-glucan oligomers consistent with the growth data. Curiously, this enzyme displayed the highest catalytic efficiency and the lowest Km reported for a pullulanase. Inhibition kinetics revealed mixed inhibition by β-cyclodextrin, suggesting the presence of additional glucan binding sites besides the active site of the enzyme, which may contribute to the unprecedented substrate affinity. The enzyme also displays high thermostability and higher activity in the acidic pH range, reflecting adaptation to the physiologically challenging conditions in the human gut.IMPORTANCE Starch is one of the most abundant glycans in the human diet. Branched α-1,6-glucans in dietary starch and glycogen are nondegradable by human enzymes and constitute a metabolic resource for the gut microbiota. The role of health-beneficial lactobacilli prevalent in the human small intestine in starch metabolism remains unexplored in contrast to colonic bacterial residents. This study highlights the pivotal role of debranching enzymes in the breakdown of starchy branched α-glucan oligomers (α-limit dextrins) by human gut lactobacilli exemplified by Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, which is one of the best-characterized strains used as probiotics. Our data bring novel insight into the metabolic preference of L. acidophilus for α-glucans with short α-1,6-branches. The unprecedented affinity of the debranching enzyme that confers growth on these substrates reflects its adaptation to the nutrient-competitive gut ecological niche and constitutes a potential advantage in cross-feeding from human and bacterial dietary starch metabolism.
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22
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Baruzzi F, de Candia S, Quintieri L, Caputo L, De Leo F. Development of a Synbiotic Beverage Enriched with Bifidobacteria Strains and Fortified with Whey Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:640. [PMID: 28469606 PMCID: PMC5395566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a new synbiotic beverage evaluating the ability of some bifidobacteria strains to grow in this beverage which was fortified with whey proteins up to 20 g L-1, and enriched with 10 g L-1 of prebiotic inulin or resistant starch. The ability of Bifidobacterium strains to survive for 30 days at 4°C was evaluated in two synbiotic whey protein fortified beverages formulated with 2% of whey proteins and 1% of inulin or resistant starch. Microbial growth was significantly affected by the whey protein amount as well as by the kind of prebiotic fiber. Resistant starch promoted the growth of the Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum strain and its viability under cold storage, also conferring higher sensory scores. The development of this new functional beverage will allow to carry out in vivo trials in order to validate its pre- and probiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia de Candia
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Quintieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caputo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR)Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca De Leo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetic and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council of Italy (IBIOM-CNR)Bari, Italy
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23
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Nagara Y, Takada T, Nagata Y, Kado S, Kushiro A. Microscale spatial analysis provides evidence for adhesive monopolization of dietary nutrients by specific intestinal bacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175497. [PMID: 28394924 PMCID: PMC5386278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Each species of intestinal bacteria requires a nutritional source to maintain its population in the intestine. Dietary factors are considered to be major nutrients; however, evidence directly explaining the in situ utilization of dietary factors is limited. Microscale bacterial distribution would provide clues to understand bacterial lifestyle and nutrient utilization. However, the detailed bacterial localization around dietary factors in the intestine remains uninvestigated. Therefore, we explored microscale habitats in the murine intestine by using histology and fluorescent in situ hybridization, focusing on dietary factors. This approach successfully revealed several types of bacterial colonization. In particular, bifidobacterial colonization and adhesion on granular starch was frequently and commonly observed in the jejunum and distal colon. To identify the bacterial composition of areas around starch granules and areas without starch, laser microdissection and next-generation sequencing-based 16S rRNA microbial profiling was performed. It was found that Bifidobacteriaceae were significantly enriched by 4.7 fold in peri-starch areas compared to ex-starch areas. This family solely consisted of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum. In contrast, there was no significant enrichment among the other major families. This murine intestinal B. pseudolongum had starch-degrading activity, confirmed by isolation from the mouse feces and in vitro analysis. Collectively, our results demonstrate the significance of starch granules as a major habitat and potential nutritional niche for murine intestinal B. pseudolongum. Moreover, our results suggest that colonizing bifidobacteria effectively utilize starch from the closest location and maintain the location. This may be a bacterial strategy to monopolize solid dietary nutrients. We believe that our analytical approach could possibly be applied to other nutritional factors, and can be a powerful tool to investigate in vivo relationships between bacteria and environmental factors in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nagara
- Microbiological Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshihiko Takada
- Microbiological Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nagata
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kado
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kushiro
- Microbiological Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Kieffer DA, Piccolo BD, Marco ML, Kim EB, Goodson ML, Keenan MJ, Dunn TN, Knudsen KEB, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Resistant Starch Display Marked Shifts in the Liver Metabolome Concurrent with Altered Gut Bacteria. J Nutr 2016; 146:2476-2490. [PMID: 27807042 PMCID: PMC5118768 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-amylose-maize resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) is a fermentable dietary fiber known to alter the gut milieu, including the gut microbiota, which may explain the reported effects of resistant starch to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Our working hypothesis was that HAMRS2-induced microbiome changes alter gut-derived signals (i.e., xenometabolites) reaching the liver via the portal circulation, in turn altering liver metabolism by regulating gene expression and other pathways. METHODS We used a multi-omics systems biology approach to characterize HAMRS2-driven shifts to the cecal microbiome, liver metabolome, and transcriptome, identifying correlates between microbial changes and liver metabolites under obesogenic conditions that, to our knowledge, have not previously been recognized. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed an energy-dense 45% lard-based-fat diet for 10 wk supplemented with either 20% HAMRS2 by weight (n = 14) or rapidly digestible starch (control diet; n = 15). RESULTS Despite no differences in food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance, fasting plasma insulin, or liver triglycerides, the HAMRS2 mice showed a 15-58% reduction in all measured liver amino acids, except for Gln, compared with control mice. These metabolites were equivalent in the plasma of HAMRS2 mice compared with controls, and transcripts encoding key amino acid transporters were not different in the small intestine or liver, suggesting that HAMRS2 effects were not simply due to lower hepatocyte exposure to systemic amino acids. Instead, alterations in gut microbial metabolism could have affected host nitrogen and amino acid homeostasis: HAMRS2 mice showed a 62% increase (P < 0.0001) in 48-h fecal output and a 41% increase (P < 0.0001) in fecal nitrogen compared with control mice. Beyond amino acid metabolism, liver transcriptomics revealed pathways related to lipid and xenobiotic metabolism; and pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth were affected by HAMRS2 feeding. CONCLUSION Together, these differences indicate that HAMRS2 dramatically alters hepatic metabolism and gene expression concurrent with shifts in specific gut bacteria in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Eun Bae Kim
- Food Science and Technology Department, and
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Tamara N Dunn
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Tousen Y, Matsumoto Y, Matsumoto C, Nishide Y, Nagahata Y, Kobayashi I, Ishimi Y. The combined effects of soya isoflavones and resistant starch on equol production and trabecular bone loss in ovariectomised mice. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:247-57. [PMID: 27197747 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Equol is a metabolite of the soya isoflavone (ISO) daidzein that is produced by intestinal microbiota. Equol has greater oestrogenic activity compared with other ISO, and it prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Resistant starch (RS), which has a prebiotic activity and is a dietary fibre, was reported to promote equol production. Conversely, the intestinal microbiota is reported to directly regulate bone health by reducing inflammatory cytokine levels and T-lymphocytes in bone. The present study evaluated the combined effects of diet supplemented with ISO and RS on intestinal microbiota, equol production, bone mineral density (BMD) and inflammatory gene expression in the bone marrow of ovariectomised (OVX) mice. Female ddY strain mice, aged 8 weeks, were either sham-operated (Sham, n 7) or OVX. OVX mice were randomly divided into the following four groups (seven per group): OVX control (OVX); OVX fed 0·05 % ISO diet (OVX+ISO); OVX fed 9 % RS diet (OVX+RS); and OVX fed 0·05 % ISO- and 9 % RS diet (OVX+ISO+RS). After 6 weeks, treatment with the combination of ISO and RS increased equol production, prevented the OVX-induced decline in trabecular BMD in the distal femur by modulating the enteric environment and altered OVX-induced inflammation-related gene expression in the bone marrow. However, there were no significant differences in bone parameters between the ISO+RS and ISO-alone groups in OVX mice. Our findings suggest that the combination of ISO and RS might alter intestinal microbiota and immune status in the bone marrow, resulting in attenuated bone resorption in OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Chiho Matsumoto
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Yoriko Nishide
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Yuya Nagahata
- 3Product Development Laboratory,J-OIL MILLS,Inc.,11 Kagetoricho,Totsuka-ku,Yokohama,Kanagawa 245-0064,Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- 3Product Development Laboratory,J-OIL MILLS,Inc.,11 Kagetoricho,Totsuka-ku,Yokohama,Kanagawa 245-0064,Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
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26
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Philip AK, Zingales SK. Targeted Delivery of Drugs to the Colon. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Gentile CL, Ward E, Holst JJ, Astrup A, Ormsbee MJ, Connelly S, Arciero PJ. Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women. Nutr J 2015; 14:113. [PMID: 26514213 PMCID: PMC4627411 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diets high in either resistant starch or protein have been shown to aid in weight management. We examined the effects of meals high in non-resistant or resistant starch with and without elevated protein intake on substrate utilization, energy expenditure, and satiety in lean and overweight/obese women. Methods Women of varying levels of adiposity consumed one of four pancake test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: 1) waxy maize (control) starch (WMS); 2) waxy maize starch and whey protein (WMS+WP); 3) resistant starch (RS); or 4) RS and whey protein (RS+WP). Results Total post-prandial energy expenditure did not differ following any of the four test meals (WMS = 197.9 ± 8.9; WMS+WP = 188 ± 8.1; RS = 191.9 ± 8.9; RS+WP = 195.8 ± 8.7, kcals/180 min), although the combination of RS+WP, but not either intervention alone, significantly increased (P <0.01) fat oxidation (WMS = 89.5 ± 5.4; WMS+WP = 84.5 ± 7.2; RS = 97.4 ± 5.4; RS+WP = 107.8 ± 5.4, kcals/180 min). Measures of fullness increased (125 % vs. 45 %) and hunger decreased (55 % vs. 16 %) following WP supplemented versus non-whey conditions (WMS+WP, RS+WP vs. WMS, RS), whereas circulating hunger and satiety factors were not different among any of the test meals. However, peptide YY (PYY) was significantly elevated at 180 min following RS+WP meal. Conclusions The combined consumption of dietary resistant starch and protein increases fat oxidation, PYY, and enhances feelings of satiety and fullness to levels that may be clinically relevant if maintained under chronic conditions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02418429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Emery Ward
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise & Leisure Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | | | - Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
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Simpson HL, Campbell BJ. Review article: dietary fibre-microbiota interactions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:158-79. [PMID: 26011307 PMCID: PMC4949558 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of modern rapid DNA sequencing technology has transformed our understanding of the gut microbiota. Diet, in particular plant-based fibre, appears critical in influencing the composition and metabolic activity of the microbiome, determining levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) important for intestinal health. AIM To assess current epidemiological, experimental and clinical evidence of how long-term and short-term alterations in dietary fibre intake impact on the microbiome and metabolome. METHODS A Medline search including items 'intestinal microbiota', 'nutrition', 'diet', 'dietary fibre', 'SCFAs' and 'prebiotic effect' was performed. RESULTS Studies found evidence of fibre-influenced differences in the microbiome and metabolome as a consequence of habitual diet, and of long-term or short-term intervention (in both animals and humans). CONCLUSIONS Agrarian diets high in fruit/legume fibre are associated with greater microbial diversity and a predominance of Prevotella over Bacteroides. 'Western'-style diets, high in fat/sugar, low in fibre, decrease beneficial Firmicutes that metabolise dietary plant-derived polysaccharides to SCFAs and increase mucosa-associated Proteobacteria (including enteric pathogens). Short-term diets can also have major effects, particularly those exclusively animal-based, and those high-protein, low-fermentable carbohydrate/fibre 'weight-loss' diets, increasing the abundance of Bacteroides and lowering Firmicutes, with long-term adherence to such diets likely increasing risk of colonic disease. Interventions to prevent intestinal inflammation may be achieved with fermentable prebiotic fibres that enhance beneficial Bifidobacteria or with soluble fibres that block bacterial-epithelial adherence (contrabiotics). These mechanisms may explain many of the differences in microbiota associated with long-term ingestion of a diet rich in fruit and vegetable fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. L. Simpson
- Department of GastroenterologyInstitute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - B. J. Campbell
- Department of GastroenterologyInstitute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Ashwar BA, Gani A, Shah A, Wani IA, Masoodi FA. Preparation, health benefits and applications of resistant starch-a review. STARCH-STARKE 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Ashwar
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - Adil Gani
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - Asima Shah
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - Idrees Ahmed Wani
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Kashmir; Srinagar India
| | - Farooq Ahmad Masoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Kashmir; Srinagar India
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30
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Aryana K, Greenway F, Dhurandhar N, Tulley R, Finley J, Keenan M, Martin R, Pelkman C, Olson D, Zheng J. A resistant-starch enriched yogurt: fermentability, sensory characteristics, and a pilot study in children. F1000Res 2015; 4:139. [PMID: 26925221 PMCID: PMC4712773 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6451.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity and the vulnerability of the pediatric age group have highlighted the critical need for a careful consideration of effective, safe, remedial and preventive dietary interventions. Amylose starch (RS2) from high-amylose maize (HAM) ferments in the gut and affects body weight. One hundred and ten children, of 7-8 (n=91) or 13-14 (n=19) years of age scored the sensory qualities of a yogurt supplemented with either HAM-RS2 or an amylopectin starch. The amylopectin starch yogurt was preferred to the HAM-RS2-enriched yogurt by 7-8 year old panelists (
P<0.0001). Appearance, taste, and sandiness scores given by 13- to 14-year-old panelists were more favorable for the amylopectin starch yogurt than for HAM-RS2-enriched yogurt (
P<0.05). HAM-RS2 supplementation resulted in acceptable (≥6 on a 1-9 scale) sensory and hedonic ratings of the yogurt in 74% of subjects. Four children consumed a HAM-RS2-enriched yogurt for four weeks to test its fermentability in a clinical trial. Three adolescents, but not the single pre-pubertal child, had reduced stool pH (
P=0.1) and increased stool short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (
P<0.05) including increased fecal acetate (
P=0.02), and butyrate (
P=0.089) from resistant starch (RS) fermentation and isobutyrate (
P=0.01) from protein fermentation post-treatment suggesting a favorable change to the gut microbiota. HAM-RS2 was not modified by pasteurization of the yogurt, and may be a palatable way to increase fiber intake and stimulate colonic fermentation in adolescents. Future studies are planned to determine the concentration of HAM-RS2 that offers the optimal safe and effective strategy to prevent excessive fat gain in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayanush Aryana
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Frank Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Nikhil Dhurandhar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Richard Tulley
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - John Finley
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Michael Keenan
- School of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Roy Martin
- University of California, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Douglas Olson
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Jolene Zheng
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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31
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Higgins JA. Resistant starch and energy balance: impact on weight loss and maintenance. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1158-66. [PMID: 24499148 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.629352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has prompted researchers to find effective weight-loss and maintenance tools. Weight loss and subsequent maintenance are reliant on energy balance--the net difference between energy intake and energy expenditure. Negative energy balance, lower intake than expenditure, results in weight loss whereas positive energy balance, greater intake than expenditure, results in weight gain. Resistant starch has many attributes, which could promote weight loss and/or maintenance including reduced postprandial insulinemia, increased release of gut satiety peptides, increased fat oxidation, lower fat storage in adipocytes, and preservation of lean body mass. Retention of lean body mass during weight loss or maintenance would prevent the decrease in basal metabolic rate and, therefore, the decrease in total energy expenditure, that occurs with weight loss. In addition, the fiber-like properties of resistant starch may increase the thermic effect of food, thereby increasing total energy expenditure. Due to its ability to increase fat oxidation and reduce fat storage in adipocytes, resistant starch has recently been promoted in the popular press as a "weight loss wonder food". This review focuses on data describing the effects of resistant starch on body weight, energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition to determine if there is sufficient evidence to warrant these claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine A Higgins
- a Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver , Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , 80045 , USA
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32
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Vasaï F, Ricaud KB, Cauquil L, Daniel P, Peillod C, Gontier K, Tizaoui A, Bouchez O, Combes S, Davail S. Lactobacillus sakei modulates mule duck microbiota in ileum and ceca during overfeeding. Poult Sci 2014; 93:916-25. [PMID: 24706969 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The supplementation with Lactobacillus sakei as probiotic on the ileal and cecal microbiota of mule ducks during overfeeding was investigated using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing and real-time PCR. The ducks were overfed with or without L. sakei for 12 d with 56% ground corn and 42% whole corn. Samples were collected before the overfeeding period (at 12 wk), at 13 wk (meal 12 of overfeeding), and at 14 wk (meal 24), 3 h postfeeding. Whatever the digestive segment and the level of intake, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla in the bacterial community of mule ducks (at least 90%). Before overfeeding, ileal samples were dominated by Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Gammaproteobacteria (80% and up), and cecal samples by Bacteroidia and Clostridia (around 85%). The richness and diversity decreased in the ileum and increased in the ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and especially the Lactobacillus group in ileal samples. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling profiles separated the bacterial communities with respect to overfeeding only in cecal samples. Richness indicators decreased after L. sakei has been added at mid-overfeeding only in the ileum. In the ceca, the decrease of these indexes only occurred at the end of overfeeding. The addition of L. sakei triggers major changes in the ileum, whereas the ceca are not affected. Lactobacillus sakei decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides at mid-overfeeding and the relative abundance of Enterobacteria at the end of overfeeding in the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vasaï
- Institut pluridisciplinaire de recherche sur l'environnement et les matériaux-Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie UMR5254, IUT des Pays de l'Adour, Rue du Ruisseau, BP 201, 40004 Mont de Marsan, France
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33
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Esterification of high amylose starch with short chain fatty acids modulates degradation by Bifidobacterium spp. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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34
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Nakanishi S, Kataoka K, Kuwahara T, Ohnishi Y. Effects of High Amylose Maize Starch andClostridium butyricumon Metabolism in Colonic Microbiota and Formation of Azoxymethane-Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci in the Rat Colon. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:951-8. [PMID: 14695445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High amylose maize starch (HAS) is not digested in the small intestine and most of it reaches the large intestine. In the large intestine, HAS is fermented by intestinal bacteria, resulting in production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), particularly butyrate. Clostridium butyricum can utilize HAS and produce butyrate and acetate. It has been proposed that butyrate inhibits carcinogenesis in the colon. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of HAS and C. butyricum strain MIYAIRI588 (CBM588) on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in rats. In the group of rats administered only CBM588 spores, the concentration of butyrate in the cecum increased, but there was no decrease in the number of ACF. In the group of rats fed an HAS diet, a decrease in the number of ACF was observed, and in the group of rats administered HAS and CBM588, the number of ACF decreased significantly. In these two groups, the concentrations of acetate and propionate in intestinal contents significantly increased, but the concentration of butyrate did not change. It was found that the beta-glucuronidase activity level of colonic contents decreased significantly in the two groups of rats fed HAS. This study showed that HAS and CBM588 changed the metabolism of colonic microbiota and decreased the level of beta-glucuronidase activity, phenomena that may play a role in the inhibition of ACF formation in the rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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35
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Bae CH, Park MS, Ji GE, Park HD. Effects of phosphorylated cross-linked resistant corn starch on the intestinal microflora and short chain fatty acid formation during in vitro human fecal batch culture. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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36
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Vasaï F, Brugirard Ricaud K, Bernadet MD, Cauquil L, Bouchez O, Combes S, Davail S. Overfeeding and genetics affect the composition of intestinal microbiota in Anas platyrhynchos (Pekin) and Cairina moschata (Muscovy) ducks. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:204-16. [PMID: 24102552 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of overfeeding on the ileal and cecal microbiota of two genotypes of ducks (Pekin and Muscovy), high-throughput 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing was used. The ducks were overfed for 12 days with 58% maize flour and 42% maize grain. Samples were collected before the overfeeding period (at 12 weeks), at 13 weeks, at 14 weeks, and 3 h after feeding. In parallel, ducks fed ad libitum were killed at the same ages. Whatever the digestive segment, the genotype, and the level of intake, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the dominant phyla in the bacterial community of ducks (at least 80%). Before overfeeding, ileal samples were dominated by Bacilli, Clostridia, and Bacteroidia classes (≥ 70%), and cecal samples, by Bacteroidia and Clostridia classes (around 90%) in both Pekin and Muscovy ducks. The richness and diversity decreased in the ileum and increased in the ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding triggers major changes in the ileum, whereas the ceca are less affected. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Enterococcaceae families in the ileum, whereas genotype affects particularly three families: Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae in the ceca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Vasaï
- IUT des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM-EEM UMR 5254, Mont de Marsan, France
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37
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Kalmokoff M, Zwicker B, O'Hara M, Matias F, Green J, Shastri P, Green-Johnson J, Brooks SPJ. Temporal change in the gut community of rats fed high amylose cornstarch is driven by endogenous urea rather than strictly on carbohydrate availability. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1516-28. [PMID: 23383759 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine change in the gut community of rats fed high amylose maize starch (HAMS). METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were fed AIN93G diets containing HAMS (5% resistant starch type 2) or alphacell (control). HAMS increased faecal short-chain fatty acid output, faecal propionate and total bacteria output but reduced gut pH and blood urea concentrations compared with rats ingesting the control diet. Feeding HAMS resulted in a gut community dominated by four phylotypes homologous with Ruminococcus bromii, Bacteroides uniformis and with yet to be cultivated organisms aligning into the Family Porphyromonadaceae. Enrichment of phylotypes aligning within the Bacteroidetes occurred primarily in the caecum, whereas those homologous with R. bromii were found primarily in the faeces. HAMS altered community structure such that the phylum Bacteroidetes represented the dominant gut lineage and progressively reduced faecal community phylotype richness over the duration of feeding. CONCLUSIONS Feeding HAMS resulted in a caecal and faecal community dominated by organisms that require ammonia as a primary nitrogen source. Gut ammonia derived from endogenous urea represents an important factor contributing to caecal community composition in addition to the ability to utilize HAMS. Increases in faecal propionate, rather than butyrate as is often observed following resistant starch feeding, reflected a gut community dominated by the Bacteroidetes. SIGNIFICANCE Diet-mediated change is often viewed strictly in terms of available carbohydrate. Here, we have shown that ammonia derived from endogenous urea is an important factor contributing to gut community composition and structure in rats fed this substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalmokoff
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada.
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38
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In vitro production of short-chain fatty acids from resistant starch by pig faecal inoculum. Animal 2013; 7:1446-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Gibson GR, Probert HM, Loo JV, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 17:259-75. [PMID: 19079930 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1314] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible (by the host) food ingredients that have a beneficial effect through their selective metabolism in the intestinal tract. Key to this is the specificity of microbial changes. The present paper reviews the concept in terms of three criteria: (a) resistance to gastric acidity, hydrolysis by mammalian enzymes and gastrointestinal absorption; (b) fermentation by intestinal microflora; (c) selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health and wellbeing. The conclusion is that prebiotics that currently fulfil these three criteria are fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides and lactulose, although promise does exist with several other dietary carbohydrates. Given the range of food vehicles that may be fortified by prebiotics, their ability to confer positive microflora changes and the health aspects that may accrue, it is important that robust technologies to assay functionality are used. This would include a molecular-based approach to determine flora changes. The future use of prebiotics may allow species-level changes in the microbiota, an extrapolation into genera other than the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and allow preferential use in disease-prone areas of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Gibson
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Scarminio V, Fruet AC, Witaicenis A, Rall VL, Di Stasi LC. Dietary intervention with green dwarf banana flour (Musa sp AAA) prevents intestinal inflammation in a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid model of rat colitis. Nutr Res 2012; 32:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tousen Y, Abe F, Ishida T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y. Resistant starch promotes equol production and inhibits tibial bone loss in ovariectomized mice treated with daidzein. Metabolism 2011; 60:1425-32. [PMID: 21550090 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Daidzein is metabolized to equol in the gastrointestinal tract by gut microflora. Equol has greater estrogenic activity than genistein and daidzein, with its production shown to be promoted by dietary fiber. It is known that resistant starch (RS) is not absorbed in the proximal intestine and acts as dietary fiber in the colon. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of daidzein and RS intake on equol production, bone mineral density, and intestinal microflora in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Female mice of the ddY strain, aged 8 weeks, were either sham operated (n = 6) or OVX. The OVX mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: OVX control (n = 6), OVX fed 0.1% daidzein-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz, n = 8), OVX fed 0.1% daidzein- and 12% RS-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz + RS, n = 8), OVX fed 12% RS-supplemented diet (OVX + RS, n = 8), and OVX who received daily subcutaneous administration of 17 β-estradiol (n = 6). After 6 weeks, urinary equol concentration was significantly higher in the OVX + Dz + RS group than in the OVX + Dz group. The bone mineral density of the whole tibia was higher in the OVX + Dz +RS group compared with the OVX + Dz group. The occupation ratios of Bifidobacterium spp in the cecal microflora in groups fed RS were significantly higher than those in the other groups. The present study demonstrated that RS may increase the bioavailability of daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Food Function and Labeling Program, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
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Regmi PR, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Gänzle MG, van Kempen TATG, Zijlstra RT. Starch with high amylose content and low in vitro digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. J Nutr 2011; 141:1273-80. [PMID: 21628635 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.140509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets containing different starch types can affect enzymatic digestion of starch and thereby starch availability for microbial fermentation in the gut. However, the role of starch chemistry in nutrient digestion and flow and microbial profile has been poorly explained. Eight ileal-cannulated pigs (29.4 ± 0.9 kg body weight) were fed 4 diets containing 70% purified starch (amylose content, <5, 20, 28, and 63%; reflected by in vitro maximal digestion rate; 1.06, 0.73, 0.38, and 0.22%/min, respectively) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Ileal and fecal starch output, postileal crude protein yield, fecal total SCFA and total butyrate content, and gene copies of Bifidobacterium spp. in feces were higher (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the slowly digestible starch diet than the remaining 3 starch diets. The in vitro starch digestion rate had a negative, nonlinear relationship with ileal starch flow (R(2) = 0.98; P < 0.001). Ileal starch flow was positively related to Bifidobacterium spp. (R(2) = 0.27; P < 0.01), Lactobacillus group (R(2) = 0.22; P < 0.01), and total butyrate content (R(2) = 0.46; P < 0.01) but was not related to Enterobacteriaceae (R(2) < 0.00; P = 0.92). In conclusion, starch with high amylose content and low in vitro digestibility increased postileal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and selectively promoted Bifidobacterium spp. in the distal gut.
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Regmi PR, van Kempen TATG, Matte JJ, Zijlstra RT. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro digestibility increases short-chain fatty acid absorption, reduces peak insulin secretion, and modulates incretin secretion in pigs. J Nutr 2011; 141:398-405. [PMID: 21248198 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.132449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets containing different starch types affect peripheral glucose and insulin responses. However, the role of starch chemistry in kinetics of nutrient absorption and insulin and incretin secretion is poorly understood. Four portal vein-catheterized pigs (35.0 ± 0.2 kg body weight) consumed 4 diets containing 70% purified starch [0-63.2% amylose content and 0.22 (slowly) to 1.06%/min (rapidly) maximum rate of in vitro digestion] for 7-d periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square. On d 7, blood was collected for 12 h postprandial with simultaneous blood flow measurement for determining the net portal appearance (NPA) of nutrients and hormones. The NPA of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) during 0-4 h postprandial were lower (P < 0.05) and those of butyrate and total SCFA were higher (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the diet containing slowly digestible compared with rapidly digestible starch. The peak NPA of insulin occurred prior to that of glucose when pigs consumed diets containing rapidly digestible starch. The kinetics of insulin secretion had a linear positive relation with kinetics of NPA of glucose (R(2) = 0.50; P < 0.01). In conclusion, starch with high amylose and low in vitro digestibility decreases the kinetics of glucose absorption and insulin and GIP secretion and increases SCFA absorption and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. In conclusion, starch with high amylose content and a lower rate and extent of in vitro digestion decreased glucose absorption and insulin secretion and increased SCFA absorption.
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Greer JB, O'Keefe SJ. Microbial induction of immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Front Physiol 2011; 1:168. [PMID: 21423403 PMCID: PMC3059938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2010.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota presents a highly active metabolic that influences the state of health of our gastrointestinal tracts as well as our susceptibility to disease. Although much of our initial microbiota is adopted from our mothers, its final composition and diversity is determined by environmental factors. Westernization has significantly altered our microbial function. Extensive experimental and clinical evidence indicates that the westernized diet, rich in animal products and low in complex carbohydrates, plus the overuse of antibiotics and underuse of breastfeeding, leads to a heightened inflammatory potential of the microbiota. Chronic inflammation leads to the expression of certain diseases in genetically predisposed individuals. Antibiotics and a “clean” environment, termed the “hygiene hypothesis,” has been linked to the rise in allergy and inflammatory bowel disease, due to impaired beneficial bacterial exposure and education of the gut immune system, which comprises the largest immune organ within the body. The elevated risk of colon cancer is associated with the suppression of microbial fermentation and butyrate production, as butyrate provides fuel for the mucosa and is anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative. This article will summarize the work to date highlighting the complicated and dynamic relationship between the gut microbiota and immunity, inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Greer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Martínez I, Kim J, Duffy PR, Schlegel VL, Walter J. Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15046. [PMID: 21151493 PMCID: PMC2993935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To systematically develop dietary strategies based on resistant starch (RS) that modulate the human gut microbiome, detailed in vivo studies that evaluate the effects of different forms of RS on the community structure and population dynamics of the gut microbiota are necessary. The aim of the present study was to gain a community wide perspective of the effects of RS types 2 (RS2) and 4 (RS4) on the fecal microbiota in human individuals. METHODS AND FINDINGS Ten human subjects consumed crackers for three weeks each containing either RS2, RS4, or native starch in a double-blind, crossover design. Multiplex sequencing of 16S rRNA tags revealed that both types of RS induced several significant compositional alterations in the fecal microbial populations, with differential effects on community structure. RS4 but not RS2 induced phylum-level changes, significantly increasing Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes while decreasing Firmicutes. At the species level, the changes evoked by RS4 were increases in Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Parabacteroides distasonis, while RS2 significantly raised the proportions of Ruminococcus bromii and Eubacterium rectale when compared to RS4. The population shifts caused by RS4 were numerically substantial for several taxa, leading for example, to a ten-fold increase in bifidobacteria in three of the subjects, enriching them to 18-30% of the fecal microbial community. The responses to RS and their magnitudes varied between individuals, and they were reversible and tightly associated with the consumption of RS. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that RS2 and RS4 show functional differences in their effect on human fecal microbiota composition, indicating that the chemical structure of RS determines its accessibility by groups of colonic bacteria. The findings imply that specific bacterial populations could be selectively targeted by well designed functional carbohydrates, but the inter-subject variations in the response to RS indicates that such strategies might benefit from more personalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Martínez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jaehyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Duffy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Schlegel
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907‐1160
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907‐1160
- Corresponding author. E‐mail:
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Huda-Faujan N, Abdulamir AS, Fatimah AB, Anas OM, Shuhaimi M, Yazid AM, Loong YY. The impact of the level of the intestinal short chain Fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease patients versus healthy subjects. Open Biochem J 2010; 4:53-8. [PMID: 20563285 PMCID: PMC2887640 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01004010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the changes of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in faeces of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients compared to healthy subjects. SCFAs such as pyruvic, lactic, formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric and butyric acids were analyzed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study showed that the level of acetic, 162.0 µmol/g wet faeces, butyric, 86.9 µmol/g wet faeces, and propionic acids, 65.6 µmol/g wet faeces, decreased remarkably in IBD faecal samples when compared with that of healthy individuals, 209.7, 176.0, and 93.3 µmol/g wet faeces respectively. On the contrary, lactic and pyruvic acids showed higher levels in faecal samples of IBD than in healthy subjects. In the context of butyric acid level, this study also found that the molar ratio of butyric acid was higher than propionic acid in both faecal samples. This might be due to the high intake of starch from rice among Malaysian population. It was concluded that the level of SCFAs differ remarkably between faecal samples in healthy subjects and that in IBD patients providing evidence that SCFAs more likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Huda-Faujan
- Food Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Gibson GR, Scott KP, Rastall RA, Tuohy KM, Hotchkiss A, Dubert-Ferrandon A, Gareau M, Murphy EF, Saulnier D, Loh G, Macfarlane S, Delzenne N, Ringel Y, Kozianowski G, Dickmann R, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Walker C, Buddington R. Dietary prebiotics: current status and new definition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.15880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zheng J, Enright F, Keenan M, Finley J, Zhou J, Ye J, Greenway F, Senevirathne RN, Gissendanner CR, Manaois R, Prudente A, King JM, Martin R. Resistant starch, fermented resistant starch, and short-chain fatty acids reduce intestinal fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4744-4748. [PMID: 20353151 DOI: 10.1021/jf904583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global public health dilemma. The objective of this project is to develop and validate a screening mechanism for bioactive compounds that may reduce body fat and promote health. Resistant starch (RS) reduces body fat in rodents. Amylose starch that has a high content of RS, endogenous compounds obtained from the ceca of amylose starch fed mice (fermented RS), and individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were tested. The Caenorhabditis elegans model and Nile red staining were selected to determine the intestinal fat deposition response to bioactive components. The fluorescence intensity of Nile red was reduced to 76.5% (amylose starch), 78.8% (fermented RS), 63.6% (butyrate), or 28-80% (SCFAs) of controls, respectively (P < 0.001). The reduced intestinal fat deposition suggests reduced food intake or increased energy expenditure. C. elegans is a practical animal model to screen for bioactive compounds that may prevent or treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Zheng
- Veterinary Science Department, LSU AgCenter, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Le Leu RK, Hu Y, Brown IL, Woodman RJ, Young GP. Synbiotic intervention of Bifidobacterium lactis and resistant starch protects against colorectal cancer development in rats. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:246-51. [PMID: 19696163 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a probiotic bacteria 'Bifidobacterium lactis', the carbohydrate 'resistant starch' (RS) and their combination (synbiotic), on their ability to protect against colorectal cancer (CRC). Bifidobacterium lactis has been shown previously to utilize RS as a substrate and up-regulate the acute apoptotic response to a carcinogen in the colon [Le Leu et al. (2005) J. Nutr., 135, 996-1001]. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six equal groups and fed semi-purified diets for 30 weeks. Colonic neoplasms were induced by 2 weekly injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body wt). The experimental groups were as follows: control-no added dietary fibre or RS; RS in two forms-Hi-maize 958 or Hi-maize 260; B.lactis (lyophilized)-added to control and RS diets (six treatment groups in all). Rats fed RS in combination with B.lactis showed significantly lowered incidence and multiplicity of colonic neoplasms (P < 0.01) by >50% compared with the control group. There was a trend for protection by RS alone (P = 0.07), whereas no protection against cancer was seen in the group supplemented with only B.lactis. Fermentation events [short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), pH] were altered by the inclusion of RS into the diet, whereas the inclusion of B.lactis into the diet had no significant effect on the fermentation parameters. The synbiotic combination of RS and B.lactis significantly protects against the development of CRC in the rat-azoxymethane model. Synbiotic combination of prebiotic and probiotic seems likely to be a superior preventive strategy to prebiotic alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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