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Waller SJ, Tortosa P, Thurley T, O’Donnell CFJ, Jackson R, Dennis G, Grimwood RM, Holmes EC, McInnes K, Geoghegan JL. Virome analysis of New Zealand's bats reveals cross-species viral transmission among the Coronaviridae. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae008. [PMID: 38379777 PMCID: PMC10878368 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) and the long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) are Aotearoa New Zealand's only native extant terrestrial mammals and are believed to have migrated from Australia. Long-tailed bats arrived in New Zealand an estimated two million years ago and are closely related to other Australian bat species. Lesser short-tailed bats, in contrast, are the only extant species within the Mystacinidae and are estimated to have been living in isolation in New Zealand for the past 16-18 million years. Throughout this period of isolation, lesser short-tailed bats have become one of the most terrestrial bats in the world. Through a metatranscriptomic analysis of guano samples from eight locations across New Zealand, we aimed to characterise the viromes of New Zealand's bats and determine whether viruses have jumped between these species over the past two million years. High viral richness was observed among long-tailed bats with viruses spanning seven different viral families. In contrast, no bat-specific viruses were identified in lesser short-tailed bats. Both bat species harboured an abundance of likely dietary- and environment-associated viruses. We also identified alphacoronaviruses in long-tailed bat guano that had previously been identified in lesser short-tailed bats, suggesting that these viruses had jumped the species barrier after long-tailed bats migrated to New Zealand. Of note, an alphacoronavirus species discovered here possessed a complete genome of only 22,416 nucleotides with entire deletions or truncations of several non-structural proteins, thereby representing what may be the shortest genome within the Coronaviridae identified to date. Overall, this study has revealed a diverse range of novel viruses harboured by New Zealand's only native terrestrial mammals, in turn expanding our understanding of bat viral dynamics and evolution globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Waller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- UMR PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme de recherche CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, Ste Clotilde 97490, France
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Tertia Thurley
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Colin F J O’Donnell
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Jackson
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Dennis
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Grimwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | | | - Kate McInnes
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, Wellington 5022, New Zealand
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Level 5, Block K, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Mohd-Yusof NS, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Mohd-Ridwan AR, Badrulisham AS, Othman N, Yaakop S, Md-Nor S, Md-Zain BM. First report on metabarcoding analysis of gut microbiome in Island Flying Fox ( Pteropushypomelanus) in island populations of Malaysia. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e69631. [PMID: 36761502 PMCID: PMC9848629 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e69631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flying fox (Pteropushypomelanus) belongs to the frugivorous bats, which play a crucial role in maintaining proper functioning of an ecosystem and conservation of the environment. Bats are well-known carriers of pathogenic viruses, such as BatCov RaTG13 from the coronavirus family that share 90.55% with SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen causing recent global pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). However, bats' possible role as a carrier of pathogenic bacteria is less explored. Here, using metabarcoding analysis through high-throughput sequencing, we explored the gut microbiome composition of different island populations on the east and west coasts of Peninsula Malaysia. The 16S rRNA gene in samples from Redang Island, Langkawi Island, Pangkor Island and Tinggi Island was amplified. Bacterial community composition and structure were analysed with α and β diversity metrics. A total of 25,658 operational taxonomic units at 97% similarity were assigned to eight phyla, 44 families, 61 genera and 94 species of microbes. The Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all populations. Meanwhile, the genera Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella, isolated in this study, were previously found in the rectum of other fruit bats. Our analyses suggest that Redang Island and Langkawi Island have high bacteria diversity. Thus, we found geographic locality is a strong predictor of microbial community composition and observed a positive correlation between ecological features and bacterial richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syafika Mohd-Yusof
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar Abdul-Latiff
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), KM1 Jalan Panchor 84600, Muar, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), KM1 Jalan Panchor 84600Muar, JohorMalaysia
| | - Abd Rahman Mohd-Ridwan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia,Centre for Pre-University Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, MalaysiaCentre for Pre-University Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300Kota Samarahan, SarawakMalaysia
| | - Aqilah Sakinah Badrulisham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Nursyuhada Othman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), KM1 Jalan Panchor 84600, Muar, Johor, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), KM1 Jalan Panchor 84600Muar, JohorMalaysia
| | - Salmah Yaakop
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Shukor Md-Nor
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
| | - Badrul Munir Md-Zain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600Bangi, SelangorMalaysia
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3
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Edwards SJ, Caruso S, Suen WW, Jackson S, Rowe B, Marsh GA. Evaluation of henipavirus chemical inactivation methods for the safe removal of samples from the high-containment PC4 laboratory. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114287. [PMID: 34530012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Henipaviruses, Hendra (HeV) and Nipah (NiV), are highly pathogenic zoonotic agents that pose a serious health risk to human life, and as such are restricted to physical containment 4 (PC4) laboratories. For further analysis of virus-infected biological specimens, it is necessary to ensure absolute inactivation of any infectious virus present before removal from the PC4 laboratory. To evaluate the inactivation of HeV and NiV within infected samples, two chemical inactivation methods were assessed. Henipavirus-infected cell monolayers treated with 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA) showed the complete inactivation of infectious virus, with an inactivation period of 15 min resulting in more than 8-log decrease in infectious titre. NiV-infected tissue samples treated with 10 % neutral-buffered formalin (NBF) showed a complete reduction of infectious virus in 7/8 ferret organs incubated for 24 h, with the remaining tissue demonstrating complete virus inactivation after 48 h. The chemical inactivation methods described herein evaluated two simple methods of henipavirus inactivation, resulting in the complete inactivation of infectious virus - an essential requirement for the safe removal and handling of biological samples from the PC4 laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Edwards
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia
| | - Sarah Caruso
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia
| | - Willy W Suen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia
| | - Brenton Rowe
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia.
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McEvoy JF, Kishbaugh JC, Valitutto MT, Aung O, Tun KYN, Win YT, Maw MT, Thein WZ, Win HH, Chit AM, Vodzak ME, Murray S. Movements of Indian Flying Fox in Myanmar as a Guide to Human-Bat Interface Sites. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:204-216. [PMID: 34448977 PMCID: PMC8390844 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frugivorous bats play a vital role in tropical ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers but are also important vectors of zoonotic diseases. Myanmar sits at the intersection of numerous bioregions and contains habitats that are important for many endangered and endemic species. This rapidly developing country also forms a connection between hotspots of emerging human diseases. We deployed Global Positioning System collars to track the movements of 10 Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in the agricultural landscapes of central Myanmar. We used clustering analysis to identify foraging sites and high-utilization areas. As part of a larger viral surveillance study in bats of Myanmar, we also collected oral and rectal swab samples from 29 bats to test for key emerging viral diseases in this colony. There were no positive results detected for our chosen viruses. We analyzed their foraging movement behavior and evaluated selected foraging sites for their potential as human-wildlife interface sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F McEvoy
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Kishbaugh
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Marc T Valitutto
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Ohnmar Aung
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Kyaw Yan Naing Tun
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Ye Tun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Min Thein Maw
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Wai Zin Thein
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Htay Htay Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Myo Chit
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Megan E Vodzak
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
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Prada D, Boyd V, Baker ML, O’Dea M, Jackson B. Viral Diversity of Microbats within the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia. Viruses 2019; 11:E1157. [PMID: 31847282 PMCID: PMC6950384 DOI: 10.3390/v11121157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are known reservoirs of a wide variety of viruses that rarely result in overt clinical disease in the bat host. However, anthropogenic influences on the landscape and climate can change species assemblages and interactions, as well as undermine host-resilience. The cumulative result is a disturbance of bat-pathogen dynamics, which facilitate spillover events to sympatric species, and may threaten bat communities already facing synergistic stressors through ecological change. Therefore, characterisation of viral pathogens in bat communities provides important basal information to monitor and predict the emergence of diseases relevant to conservation and public health. This study used targeted molecular techniques, serological assays and next generation sequencing to characterise adenoviruses, coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses from 11 species of insectivorous bats within the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia. Phylogenetic analysis indicated complex ecological interactions including virus-host associations, cross-species infections, and multiple viral strains circulating concurrently within selected bat populations. Additionally, we describe the entire coding sequences for five alphacoronaviruses (representing four putative new species), and one novel adenovirus. Results indicate that viral burden (both prevalence and richness) is not homogeneous among species, with Chalinolobus gouldii identified as a key epidemiological element within the studied communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Victoria Boyd
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (V.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (V.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Mark O’Dea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Bethany Jackson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (M.O.); (B.J.)
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6
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Haplotype and network analysis of island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) using D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA to confirm subspecies designation. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Skirmuntt EC, Katzourakis A. The evolution of endogenous retroviral envelope genes in bats and their potential contribution to host biology. Virus Res 2019; 270:197645. [PMID: 31271763 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bats are the primary reservoirs and carriers of a wide range of viruses of unknown infectivity and pathogenic potential. Some of those if transmitted to other species can cause enormous economic losses in agriculture, and mortality in humans. Bats can be persistently infected with viruses while not showing any symptoms of disease, despite having high virus titre levels in their tissues and shedding virions for months or years after primary infection. It has been suggested that the lack of symptoms of viral infections and low mortality rate in bats might be due to immune adaptations that result from their long-term co-evolution with viruses. In this study, we screened all publicly available bat genomes from six bat families within which we have identified several envelope sequences of retroviral origin (gammaretroviruses). We analysed the identified sequences with Bayesian methods and maximum-likelihood inference to generate a phylogenetic tree with additional reference sequences of known endogenous and exogenous viral envelope genes. We also identified groups of orthologous viral envelopes and analysed them to determine if any of them might be an EVE (endogenous virus element) with an EDI (EVE- derived immunity) function or a candidate for a bat syncytin gene, which is an endogenized viral envelope, mostly known from its function in placentation in animals. Our study shows that bat genomes contain a substantial number of large, intact envelopes with open reading frames, which were found clustering closely on a phylogenetic tree reconstruction with syncytin sequences of other species. That might indicate that such sequences are good candidates for further bat-syncytin/EDI search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Cecylia Skirmuntt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Aris Katzourakis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
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8
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Abstract
In the past, viruses were considered nonliving infectious particles, little more than genetic material wrapped in a protein capsid. Today, virologists are beginning to think of viruses as living organisms that can be classified phylogenetically into defined species, much like any other living organism. The primary reasons for this shift in attitude can be partially attributed to the discovery of giant viruses, having large genomes and complex regulatory systems. Aside from that, it has become obvious that viruses lead complex lives; they evolve, speciate, and participate in the evolution of all classes of living organisms. In this chapter, we will discuss the early attempts to classify viruses, and review the biologic properties of the classes of virus that contain human pathogens.
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9
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MacDonald J. History and Promise of Plant-Made Vaccines for Animals. PROSPECTS OF PLANT-BASED VACCINES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122757 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90137-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shete AM, Yadav P, Kumar V, Nikam T, Mehershahi K, Kokate P, Patil D, Mourya DT. Development of polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tests for detection of Malsoor virus & adenovirus isolated from Rousettus species of bats in Maharashtra, India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:90-96. [PMID: 28574020 PMCID: PMC5460580 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1447_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Bats are recognized as important reservoirs for emerging infectious disease and some unknown viral diseases. Two novel viruses, Malsoor virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus, Phlebovirus) and a novel adenovirus (AdV) (family, Adenoviridae genus, Mastadenovirus), were identified from Rousettus bats in the Maharashtra State of India. This study was done to develop and optimize real time reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for Malsoor virus and real time and nested PCR for adenovirus from Rousettus bats. Methods: For rapid and accurate screening of Malsoor virus and adenovirus a nested polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan-based real-time PCR were developed. Highly conserved region of nucleoprotein gene of phleboviruses and polymerase gene sequence from the Indian bat AdV isolate polyprotein gene were selected respectively for diagnostic assay development of Malsoor virus and AdV. Sensitivity and specificity of assays were calculated and optimized assays were used to screen bat samples. Results: Molecular diagnostic assays were developed for screening of Malsoor virus and AdV and those were found to be specific. Based on the experiments performed with different parameters, nested PCR was found to be more sensitive than real-time PCR; however, for rapid screening, real-time PCR can be used and further nested PCR can be used for final confirmation or in those laboratories where real-time facility/expertise is not existing. Interpretation & conclusions: This study reports the development and optimization of nested RT-PCR and a TaqMan-based real-time PCR for Malsoor virus and AdV. The diagnostic assays can be used for rapid detection of these novel viruses to understand their prevalence among bat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Vimal Kumar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Tushar Nikam
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kurosh Mehershahi
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Kokate
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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11
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Henry R, Galbraith P, Coutts S, Prosser T, Boyce J, McCarthy DT. What's the risk? Identifying potential human pathogens within grey-headed flying foxes faeces. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191301. [PMID: 29360880 PMCID: PMC5779653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropus poliocephalus (grey-headed flying foxes) are recognised vectors for a range of potentially fatal human pathogens. However, to date research has primarily focused on viral disease carriage, overlooking bacterial pathogens, which also represent a significant human disease risk. The current study applied 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, community analysis and a multi-tiered database OTU picking approach to identify faecal-derived zoonotic bacteria within two colonies of P. poliocephalus from Victoria, Australia. Our data show that sequences associated with Enterobacteriaceae (62.8% ± 24.7%), Pasteurellaceae (19.9% ± 25.7%) and Moraxellaceae (9.4% ± 11.8%) dominate flying fox faeces. Further colony specific differences in bacterial faecal colonisation patterns were also identified. In total, 34 potential pathogens, representing 15 genera, were identified. However, species level definition was only possible for Clostridium perfringens, which likely represents a low infectious risk due to the low proportion observed within the faeces and high infectious dose required for transmission. In contrast, sequences associated with other pathogenic species clusters such as Haemophilus haemolyticus-H. influenzae and Salmonella bongori-S. enterica, were present at high proportions in the faeces, and due to their relatively low infectious doses and modes of transmissions, represent a greater potential human disease risk. These analyses of the microbial community composition of Pteropus poliocephalus have significantly advanced our understanding of the potential bacterial disease risk associated with flying foxes and should direct future epidemiological and quantitative microbial risk assessments to further define the health risks presented by these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penelope Galbraith
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Coutts
- Micromon, Dept. of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - John Boyce
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David T. McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The One Health initiative is increasingly becoming a prominent discussion topic in animal and human health, with its focus on prevention of spread of zoonotic diseases, both in animals, and from animals to humans. An important part of One Health is that diagnostics and vaccines for diseases may be the same thing - and be used for both humans and animals. One potential problem standing in the way of wider adoption of One Health principles, though, is that use of conventional cell fermentation systems for production of the recombinant proteins that could be used as diagnostics or vaccines is often expensive and is not easily scalable. A solution to this may be the use of plants or plant cells as bioreactors: molecular farming, or the production of biologics in plants, is now a well-established science with many proofs of principle and important proofs of efficacy for especially animal vaccines. This review discusses how molecular farming could enable important advances in One Health, using as examples plant-made vacccines, reagents and therapeutics for influenza viruses, ebolaviruses, rabies virus, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Peter Rybicki
- a Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology , University of Cape Town; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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13
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Aziz SA, Clements GR, Giam X, Forget PM, Campos-Arceiz A. Coexistence and Conflict between the Island Flying fox ( Pteropus hypomelanus) and Humans on Tioman Island, Peninsular Malaysia. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2017; 45:377-389. [PMID: 28680192 PMCID: PMC5487769 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-017-9905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As tropical landscapes become increasingly human-dominated, conflicts between people and wildlife threaten ecological processes. Old World fruit bats such as flying foxes are especially susceptible to extinction risk because there is low interest in their conservation, particularly when they are considered pests. In order to arrest fruit bat declines, there is an urgent need to understand human-bat conflict and its implications. On a tropical island in Peninsular Malaysia, we conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate coexistence between people and the island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus). Among 119 respondents, knowledge of ecosystem services provided by flying foxes was extremely low. Most respondents held negative attitudes towards the bats, and older male locals were more likely to support killing them. This was also true for older owners of fruit trees who derived income from selling fruit, and experienced flying fox raids. Our results can be used to design appropriate interventions to support conservation efforts, and has important implications for managing conflicts between humans and synanthropic wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Abdul Aziz
- Rimba, 22-3A Casa Kiara II, Jalan Kiara 5, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- UMR 7179 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 1 av du Petit Château, F-91800 Brunoy, France
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BG UK
| | - Gopalasamy Reuben Clements
- Rimba, 22-3A Casa Kiara II, Jalan Kiara 5, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Kenyir Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Xingli Giam
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Pierre-Michel Forget
- UMR 7179 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 1 av du Petit Château, F-91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
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Enchéry F, Horvat B. Understanding the interaction between henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats: Paving the way toward control of highly lethal infection in humans. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:108-121. [PMID: 28060559 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1255883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses, from henipavirus genus, that have emerged in late 1990s in Australia and South-East Asia, respectively. Since their initial identification, numerous outbreaks have been reported, affecting both domestic animals and humans, and multiple rounds of person-to-person NiV transmission were observed. Widely distributed fruit bats from Pteropodidae family were found to be henipavirus natural reservoir. Numerous studies have reported henipavirus seropositivity in pteropid bats, including bats in Africa, thus expanding notably the geographic distribution of these viruses. Interestingly, henipavirus infection in bats seems to be asymptomatic, in contrast to severe disease induced in numerous other mammals. Unique among the mammals by their ability to fly, these intriguing animals are natural reservoir for many other emerging and remerging viruses highly pathogenic for humans. This feature, combined with absence of clinical symptoms, has attracted the interest of scientific community to virus-bat interactions. Therefore, several bat genomes were sequenced and particularities of the bat immune system have been intensively analyzed during the last decade to understand their coexistence with viruses in the absence of disease. The peculiarities in inflammasome activation, a constitutive expression of interferon alpha, and some differences in adaptive immunity have been recently reported in fruit bats. Studies on virus-bat interactions have thus emerged as an exciting novel area of research that should shed new light on the mechanisms that regulate viral infection and may allow development of novel therapeutic approaches to control this highly lethal emerging infectious disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Enchéry
- a CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research (Immunobiology of Viral Infections Team), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France, Laboratoire d'Excellence ECOFECT , Lyon , France
| | - Branka Horvat
- a CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research (Immunobiology of Viral Infections Team), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France, Laboratoire d'Excellence ECOFECT , Lyon , France
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15
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Yadav P, Sarkale P, Patil D, Shete A, Kokate P, Kumar V, Jain R, Jadhav S, Basu A, Pawar S, Sudeep A, Gokhale M, Lakra R, Mourya D. Isolation of Tioman virus from Pteropus giganteus bat in North-East region of India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:224-229. [PMID: 27619056 PMCID: PMC7106170 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bat-borne viral diseases are a major public health concern among newly emerging infectious diseases which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome, Nipah, Marburg and Ebola virus disease. During the survey for Nipah virus among bats at North-East region of India; Tioman virus (TioV), a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family was isolated from tissues of Pteropus giganteus bats for the first time in India. This isolate was identified and confirmed by RT-PCR, sequence analysis and electron microscopy. A range of vertebrate cell lines were shown to be susceptible to Tioman virus. Negative electron microscopy study revealed the "herringbone" morphology of the nucleocapsid filaments and enveloped particles with distinct envelope projections a characteristic of the Paramyxoviridae family. Sequence analysis of Nucleocapsid gene of TioV demonstrated sequence identity of 99.87% and 99.99% nucleotide and amino acid respectively with of TioV strain isolated in Malaysia, 2001. This report demonstrates the first isolation of Tioman virus from a region where Nipah virus activity has been noticed in the past and recent years. Bat-borne viruses have become serious concern world-wide. A Survey of bats for novel viruses in this region would help in recognizing emerging viruses and combating diseases caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Yadav
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Deepak Patil
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Anita Shete
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Prasad Kokate
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Vimal Kumar
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Atanu Basu
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Shailesh Pawar
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Anakkathil Sudeep
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Mangesh Gokhale
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Rajen Lakra
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India
| | - Devendra Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin 411001, India.
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16
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Sánchez CA, Baker ML. Disease Risk Perception and Safety Practices: A Survey of Australian Flying Fox Rehabilitators. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004411. [PMID: 26829399 PMCID: PMC4734781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions with flying foxes pose disease transmission risks to volunteer rehabilitators (carers) who treat injured, ill, and orphaned bats. In particular, Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) can be transmitted directly from flying foxes to humans in Australia. Personal protective equipment (PPE) and rabies vaccination can be used to protect against lyssavirus infection. During May and June 2014, active Australian flying fox carers participated in an online survey (SOAR: Survey Of Australian flying fox Rehabilitators) designed to gather demographic data, assess perceptions of disease risk, and explore safety practices. Responses to open-ended questions were analysed thematically. A logistic regression was performed to assess whether rehabilitators’ gender, use of PPE, threat perception, and years of experience predicted variation in their odds of being bitten or scratched. Eligible responses were received from 122 rehabilitators located predominantly on the eastern coast of Australia. Eighty-four percent of respondents were female. Years of experience ranged from <1 to 30 years (median 5 years). Respondents were highly educated. All rehabilitators were vaccinated against rabies and 94% received a rabies titre check at least every two years. Sixty-three percent of carers did not perceive viruses in flying foxes as a potential threat to their health, yet 74% of carers reported using PPE when handling flying foxes. Eighty-three percent of rehabilitators had received a flying fox bite or scratch at some point during their career. Carers provide an important community service by rescuing and rehabilitating flying foxes. While rehabilitators in this study have many excellent safety practices, including a 100% vaccination rate against rabies, there is room for improvement in PPE use. We recommend 1) the establishment of an Australia-wide set of guidelines for safety when caring for bats and 2) that the responsible government agencies in Australia support carers who rescue potentially ABLV-infected bats by offering compensation for PPE. Wildlife rehabilitators can encounter risks when handling animals, such as physical harm and exposure to infectious diseases. In Australia, rehabilitators that care for fruit bats may be exposed to Australian bat lyssavirus if bitten or scratched, which is fatal to people not vaccinated against rabies. We initiated a survey to assess rehabilitators’ perceptions of disease risk associated with fruit bats as well as rehabilitators’ safety practices. Despite an excellent rabies vaccination rate (100%), we found room for improvement in use of personal protective equipment. Supporting this, our regression analysis showed that use of protective equipment is associated with less chance of being bitten or scratched. Rehabilitators that are able to safely handle fruit bats can reduce risk to themselves, model good behaviour for onlookers, and protect animals from euthanasia. We recommend that carers develop Australia-wide guidelines for safety when rehabilitating bats and that the responsible government agencies in Australia support carers who rescue potentially lyssavirus-infected bats by offering compensation for costly protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A. Sánchez
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Recent studies have clearly shown that bats are the reservoir hosts of a wide diversity of novel viruses with representatives from most of the known animal virus families. In many respects bats make ideal reservoir hosts for viruses: they are the only mammals that fly, thus assisting in virus dispersal; they roost in large numbers, thus aiding transmission cycles; some bats hibernate over winter, thus providing a mechanism for viruses to persist between seasons; and genetic factors may play a role in the ability of bats to host viruses without resulting in clinical disease. Within the broad diversity of viruses found in bats are some important neurological pathogens, including rabies and other lyssaviruses, and Hendra and Nipah viruses, two recently described viruses that have been placed in a new genus, Henipaviruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. In addition, bats can also act as alternative hosts for the flaviviruses Japanese encephalitis and St Louis encephalitis viruses, two important mosquito-borne encephalitogenic viruses, and bats can assist in the dispersal and over-wintering of these viruses. Bats are also the reservoir hosts of progenitors of SARS and MERS coronaviruses, although other animals act as spillover hosts. This chapter presents the physiological and ecological factors affecting the ability of bats to act as reservoirs of neurotropic viruses, and describes the major transmission cycles leading to human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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18
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Spencer R, Milligan B, Esmonde J, Sellars D. Public health order helps protect the public from Australian Bat Lyssavirus. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:203-5. [PMID: 25903263 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Spencer
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland.,University of South Australia
| | - Brad Milligan
- Environmental Health Services, Tropical Public Health Services (Cairns), Queensland Health
| | - Juliet Esmonde
- Tropical Public Health Services (Cairns), Queensland Health
| | - David Sellars
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland
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19
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Gay N, Olival KJ, Bumrungsri S, Siriaroonrat B, Bourgarel M, Morand S. Parasite and viral species richness of Southeast Asian bats: Fragmentation of area distribution matters. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2014; 3:161-70. [PMID: 25161915 PMCID: PMC4142259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in bat-borne diseases and parasites has grown in the past decade over concerns for human health. However, the drivers of parasite diversity among bat host species are understudied as are the links between parasite richness and emerging risks. Thus, we aimed at exploring factors that explain macro and microparasite species richness in bats from Southeast Asia, a hotspot of emerging infectious diseases. First, we identified bat species that need increased sampling effort for pathogen discovery. Our approach highlights pathogen investigation disparities among species within the same genus, such as Rhinolophus and Pteropus. Secondly, comparative analysis using independent contrasts method allowed the identification of likely factors explaining parasite and viral diversity of bats. Our results showed a key role of bat distribution shape, an index of the fragmentation of bat distribution, on parasite diversity, linked to a decrease for both viral and endoparasite species richness. We discuss how our study may contribute to a better understanding of the link between parasite species richness and emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noellie Gay
- CNRS – CIRAD AGIRs, Centre d’Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People’s Republic
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065, Université de Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Bureau of Conservation, Research & Education Zoological Park Organization 71 Rama 5 Road, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065, Université de Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Morand
- CNRS – CIRAD AGIRs, Centre d’Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos, Vientiane, Lao Democratic People’s Republic
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065, Université de Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd, Bangkok, Thailand
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
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20
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Basu A, Shete A, Patil DY, Zawar D, Majumdar TD, Kokate P, Sarkale P, Raut CG, Jadhav SM. Malsoor virus, a novel bat phlebovirus, is closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and heartland virus. J Virol 2014; 88:3605-9. [PMID: 24390329 PMCID: PMC3957954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02617-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During a survey in the year 2010, a novel phlebovirus was isolated from the Rousettus leschenaultii species of bats in western India. The virus was identified by electron microscopy from infected Vero E6 cells. Phylogenic analysis of the complete genome showed its close relation to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and Heartland viruses, which makes it imperative to further study its natural ecology and potential as a novel emerging zoonotic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, India
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21
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Wang HH, Kung NY, Grant WE, Scanlan JC, Field HE. Recrudescent infection supports Hendra virus persistence in Australian flying-fox populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80430. [PMID: 24312221 PMCID: PMC3842926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses from wildlife threaten global public health. Hendra virus is one of several zoonotic viral diseases that have recently emerged from Pteropus species fruit-bats (flying-foxes). Most hypotheses regarding persistence of Hendra virus within flying-fox populations emphasize horizontal transmission within local populations (colonies) via urine and other secretions, and transmission among colonies via migration. As an alternative hypothesis, we explore the role of recrudescence in persistence of Hendra virus in flying-fox populations via computer simulation using a model that integrates published information on the ecology of flying-foxes, and the ecology and epidemiology of Hendra virus. Simulated infection patterns agree with infection patterns observed in the field and suggest that Hendra virus could be maintained in an isolated flying-fox population indefinitely via periodic recrudescence in a manner indistinguishable from maintenance via periodic immigration of infected individuals. Further, post-recrudescence pulses of infectious flying-foxes provide a plausible basis for the observed seasonal clustering of equine cases. Correct understanding of the infection dynamics of Hendra virus in flying-foxes is fundamental to effectively managing risk of infection in horses and humans. Given the lack of clear empirical evidence on how the virus is maintained within populations, the role of recrudescence merits increased attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nina Y. Kung
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Archerfield BC, Queensland, Australia
| | - William E. Grant
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joe C. Scanlan
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hume E. Field
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Archerfield BC, Queensland, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
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22
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Mackie JT, Lacasse C, Spratt DM. PatentAngiostrongylus mackerrasaeinfection in a black flying fox (Pteropus alecto). Aust Vet J 2013; 91:366-7. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JT Mackie
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology; 20/2404 Logan Road; Eight Mile Plains; Queensland; 4113; Australia
| | - C Lacasse
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital; Beerwah; Queensland; Australia
| | - DM Spratt
- Australian National Wildlife Collection; CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences; Canberra; Australian Capital Territory; Australia
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23
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Breed AC, Meers J, Sendow I, Bossart KN, Barr JA, Smith I, Wacharapluesadee S, Wang L, Field HE. The distribution of henipaviruses in Southeast Asia and Australasia: is Wallace's line a barrier to Nipah virus? PLoS One 2013; 8:e61316. [PMID: 23637812 PMCID: PMC3634832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) (Genus Henipavirus) is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans and has been found in bats of the genus Pteropus. Whilst NiV has not been detected in Australia, evidence for NiV-infection has been found in pteropid bats in some of Australia's closest neighbours. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of henipaviruses in fruit bat (Family Pteropodidae) populations to the north of Australia. In particular we tested the hypothesis that Nipah virus is restricted to west of Wallace's Line. Fruit bats from Australia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Indonesia were tested for the presence of antibodies to Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus, and tested for the presence of HeV, NiV or henipavirus RNA by PCR. Evidence was found for the presence of Nipah virus in both Pteropus vampyrus and Rousettus amplexicaudatus populations from East Timor. Serology and PCR also suggested the presence of a henipavirus that was neither HeV nor NiV in Pteropus alecto and Acerodon celebensis. The results demonstrate the presence of NiV in the fruit bat populations on the eastern side of Wallace's Line and within 500 km of Australia. They indicate the presence of non-NiV, non-HeV henipaviruses in fruit bat populations of Sulawesi and Sumba and possibly in Papua New Guinea. It appears that NiV is present where P. vampyrus occurs, such as in the fruit bat populations of Timor, but where this bat species is absent other henipaviruses may be present, as on Sulawesi and Sumba. Evidence was obtained for the presence henipaviruses in the non-Pteropid species R. amplexicaudatus and in A. celebensis. The findings of this work fill some gaps in knowledge in geographical and species distribution of henipaviruses in Australasia which will contribute to planning of risk management and surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Breed
- Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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24
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Clayton BA, Wang LF, Marsh GA. Henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir and features of transmission. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:69-83. [PMID: 22709528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The henipaviruses, Hendra virus and Nipah virus, are pathogens that have emerged from flying foxes in Australia and South-east Asia to infect both livestock and humans, often fatally. Since the emergence of Hendra virus in Australia in 1994 and the identification of Australian flying foxes as hosts to this virus, our appreciation of bats as reservoir hosts of henipaviruses has expanded globally to include much of Asia and areas of Africa. Despite this, little is currently known of the mechanisms by which bats harbour viruses capable of causing such severe disease in other terrestrial mammals. Pteropid bat ecology, henipavirus virology, therapeutic developments and features of henipavirus infection, pathology and disease in humans and other mammals are reviewed elsewhere in detail. This review focuses on bats as reservoir hosts to henipaviruses and features of transmission of Hendra virus and Nipah virus following spillover from these reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Clayton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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25
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Smith CS, Epstein JH, Breed AC, Plowright RK, Olival KJ, de Jong C, Daszak P, Field HE. Satellite telemetry and long-range bat movements. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14696. [PMID: 21358823 PMCID: PMC3040175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the long-distance movement of bats has direct relevance to studies of population dynamics, ecology, disease emergence, and conservation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We developed and trialed several collar and platform terminal transmitter (PTT) combinations on both free-living and captive fruit bats (Family Pteropodidae: Genus Pteropus). We examined transmitter weight, size, profile and comfort as key determinants of maximized transmitter activity. We then tested the importance of bat-related variables (species size/weight, roosting habitat and behavior) and environmental variables (day-length, rainfall pattern) in determining optimal collar/PTT configuration. We compared battery- and solar-powered PTT performance in various field situations, and found the latter more successful in maintaining voltage on species that roosted higher in the tree canopy, and at lower density, than those that roost more densely and lower in trees. Finally, we trialed transmitter accuracy, and found that actual distance errors and Argos location class error estimates were in broad agreement. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that no single collar or transmitter design is optimal for all bat species, and that species size/weight, species ecology and study objectives are key design considerations. Our study provides a strategy for collar and platform choice that will be applicable to a larger number of bat species as transmitter size and weight continue to decrease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Smith
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Employment, Biosecurity Queensland, Economic Development & Innovation, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Andrew C. Breed
- Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Carol de Jong
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Employment, Biosecurity Queensland, Economic Development & Innovation, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Hume E. Field
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Employment, Biosecurity Queensland, Economic Development & Innovation, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Zosky GR. Emerging issues in the Pacific Basin. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2011; 26:39-44. [PMID: 21714380 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2011.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a snapshot of some key environmental health issues that will provide ongoing challenges for the Pacific Basin region in the coming decades. It is clear that climate change as well as the rapidly increasing production of environmental pollutants are significant emerging environmental health issues. To date, research in these areas is limited, and the consequences of potential changes in disease vector distribution, disease outbreaks associated with climate change-induced severe weather events, and the consequences of chronic exposure to engineered nanoparticles and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), particularly in children, remain to be determined. Clearly, any progress in (i) predicting the outcomes of potential environmental health issues in the future, (ii) identifying subpopulations (at local, national, and international levels) that are at risk, and (iii) establishing measures to limit the impact of these issues in terms of public health, will require a coordinated effort from scientists, epidemiologists, monitoring agencies, governments, and aid agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme R Zosky
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.
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27
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Stephen C, Ninghui L, Yeh F, Zhang L. Animal health policy principles for highly pathogenic avian influenza: shared experience from China and Canada. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:334-42. [PMID: 20819200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal health policy for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) must, for the time being, be based on expert opinion and shared international experience. We used the intellectual capital and knowledge of experienced Chinese and Canadian practitioners and policy makers to inform policy options for China and find shared policy elements applicable to both countries. No peer-reviewed comprehensive evaluations or systematic regulatory impact assessments of animal health policies were found. Sixteen guiding policy principles emerged from our thematic analysis of Chinese and Canadian policies. We provide a list of shared policy goals, targets and elements for HPAI preparedness, response and recovery. Policy elements clustered in a manner consistent with core public health competencies. Complex situations like HPAI require complex and adaptive policies, yet policies that cross jurisdictions and are fully integrated across agencies are rare. We encourage countries to develop or deploy capacity to undertake and publish regulatory impact assessments and policy evaluation to identify policy needs and provide a basis for evidence-based policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stephen
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Novel Nipah virus immune-antagonism strategy revealed by experimental and computational study. J Virol 2010; 84:10965-73. [PMID: 20739535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01335-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus is an emerging pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. It expresses several antagonist proteins that subvert the immune response and that may contribute to its pathogenicity. Studies of its biology are difficult due to its high pathogenicity and requirement for biosafety level 4 containment. We integrated experimental and computational methods to elucidate the effects of Nipah virus immune antagonists. Individual Nipah virus immune antagonists (phosphoprotein and V and W proteins) were expressed from recombinant Newcastle disease viruses, and the responses of infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were determined. We developed an ordinary differential equation model of the infectious process that that produced results with a high degree of correlation with these experimental results. In order to simulate the effects of wild-type virus, the model was extended to incorporate published experimental data on the time trajectories of immune-antagonist production. These data showed that the RNA-editing mechanism utilized by the wild-type Nipah virus to produce immune antagonists leads to a delay in the production of the most effective immune antagonists, V and W. Model simulations indicated that this delay caused a disconnection between attenuation of the antiviral response and suppression of inflammation. While the antiviral cytokines were efficiently suppressed at early time points, some early inflammatory cytokine production occurred, which would be expected to increase vascular permeability and promote virus spread and pathogenesis. These results suggest that Nipah virus has evolved a unique immune-antagonist strategy that benefits from controlled expression of multiple antagonist proteins with various potencies.
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Fujii H, Watanabe S, Yamane D, Ueda N, Iha K, Taniguchi S, Kato K, Tohya Y, Kyuwa S, Yoshikawa Y, Akashi H. Functional analysis of Rousettus aegyptiacus "signal transducer and activator of transcription 1" (STAT1). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:598-602. [PMID: 20067804 PMCID: PMC7103214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bats are now known as the source of several diseases in humans, but few studies regarding immune responses and factors associated with bats have so far been reported. In this study, we focused on STAT1, one of the critical components in interferon (IFN)-signaling and antiviral activity, which is often targeted by viral proteins to reduce antiviral activity and increase viral replication. We found that Rousettus aegyptiacus STAT1 (bat STAT1) is phosphorylatable and translocates to the nucleus when stimulated with human IFN-alpha (hIFN-alpha). Furthermore, phosphorylation of bat STAT1 and inhibition of nuclear translocation was observed in IFN-stimulated cells infected with the HEP-Flury strain of rabies virus, in the same manner as in other mammals. Additionally, quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that bat STAT1 mRNA was highly expressed in the liver, while low in muscle and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Fujii
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shumpei Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoya Ueda
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichiro Iha
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith CS, Daszak P, McLaughlin AB, Meehan G, Field HE, Cunningham AA. Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1309-11. [PMID: 18680665 PMCID: PMC2600370 DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.071492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested 41 bats for antibodies against Nipah and Hendra viruses to determine whether henipaviruses circulate in pteropid fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus) in northern India. Twenty bats were seropositive for Nipah virus, which suggests circulation in this species, thereby extending the known distribution of henipaviruses in Asia westward by >1,000 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Epstein
- The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York 10001, USA.
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Inhibition of Henipavirus infection by RNA interference. Antiviral Res 2008; 80:324-31. [PMID: 18687361 PMCID: PMC7125758 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses exclusively grouped within a new genus, Henipavirus. These viruses cause fatal disease in a wide range of species, including humans. Both NiV and HeV have continued to re-emerge sporadically in Bangladesh and Australia, respectively. There are currently no therapeutics or vaccines available to treat Henipavirus infection and both are classified as BSL4 pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi) is a process by which double-stranded RNA directs sequence-specific degradation of messenger RNA in animal and plant cells. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) mediate RNAi by inhibiting gene expression of homologous mRNA and our preliminary studies suggest RNAi may be a useful approach to developing novel therapies for these highly lethal pathogens. Eight NiV siRNA molecules (four L and four N gene specific), two HeV N gene specific, and two non-specific control siRNA molecules were designed and tested for their ability to inhibit a henipavirus minigenome replication system (which does not require the use of live virus) in addition to live virus infections in vitro. In the minigenome assay three out of the four siRNAs that targeted the L gene of NiV effectively inhibited replication. In contrast, only NiV N gene siRNAs were effective in reducing live NiV replication, suggesting inhibition of early, abundantly expressed gene transcripts may be more effective than later, less abundant transcripts. Additionally, some of the siRNAs effective against NiV infection were only partially effective inhibitors of HeV infection. An inverse correlation between the number of nucleotide mismatches and the efficacy of siRNA inhibition was observed. The demonstration that RNAi effectively inhibits henipavirus replication in vitro, is a novel approach and may provide an effective therapy for these highly lethal, zoonotic pathogens.
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Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, Divljan A, Palmer C, Tabor G, Daszak P, Foley JE. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:861-9. [PMID: 18198149 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a lethal paramyxovirus which emerged in humans in 1994. Poor understanding of HeV dynamics in Pteropus spp. (flying fox or fruit bat) reservoir hosts has limited our ability to determine factors driving its emergence. We initiated a longitudinal field study of HeV in little red flying foxes (LRFF; Pteropus scapulatus) and examined individual and population risk factors for infection, to determine probable modes of intraspecific transmission. We also investigated whether seasonal changes in host behaviour, physiology and demography affect host-pathogen dynamics. Data showed that pregnant and lactating females had significantly higher risk of infection, which may explain previously observed temporal associations between HeV outbreaks and flying fox birthing periods. Age-specific seroprevalence curves generated from field data imply that HeV is transmitted horizontally via faeces, urine or saliva. Rapidly declining seroprevalence between two field seasons suggests that immunity wanes faster in LRFF than in other flying fox species, and highlights the potentially critical role of this species in interspecific viral persistence. The highest seroprevalence was observed when animals showed evidence of nutritional stress, suggesting that environmental processes that alter flying fox food sources, such as habitat loss and climate change, may increase HeV infection and transmission. These insights into the ecology of HeV in flying fox populations suggest causal links between anthropogenic environmental change and HeV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina K Plowright
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Detection of specific antibody responses to vaccination in variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 32:379-94. [PMID: 18242703 PMCID: PMC7172824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Megachiropteran bats are biologically important both as endangered species and reservoirs for emerging human pathogens. Reliable detection of antibodies to specific pathogens in bats is thus epidemiologically critical. Eight variable flying foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) were immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA). Each bat received monthly inoculations for 2 months. Affinity-purified IgG was used for production of polyclonal and monoclonal anti-variable flying fox IgG antibodies. ELISA and western blot analysis were used to monitor immune responses and for assessment of polyclonal and monoclonal antibody species cross-reactivity. Protein G, polyclonal antibodies, and monoclonal antibodies detected specific anti-DNP antibody responses in immunized variable flying foxes, with protein G being the most sensitive, followed by monoclonal antibodies and then polyclonal antibodies. While the polyclonal antibody was found to cross-react well against IgG of all bat species tested, some non-specific background was observed. The monoclonal antibody was found to cross-react well against IgG of six other species in the genus Pteropus and to cross-react less strongly against IgG from Eidolon helvum or Phyllostomus hastatus. Protein G distinguished best between vaccinated and unvaccinated bats, and these results validate the use of protein G for detection of bat IgG. Monoclonal antibodies developed in this study recognized immunoglobulins from other members of the genus Pteropus well, and may be useful in applications where specific detection of Pteropus IgG is needed.
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Paramyxoviruses in Bats. ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL MEDICINE 2008. [PMCID: PMC7152176 DOI: 10.1016/b978-141604047-7.50031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lu Y, Essex M, Roberts B. Disease Outbreaks Caused by Emerging Paramyxoviruses of Bat Origin. EMERGING INFECTIONS IN ASIA 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122158 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75722-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Newly emerging and re-emerging infections are recognized as a global problem and 75% of these are potentially zoonotic (Woolhouse & Gowtage-Sequeria, 2005). Emergence of a new “killer” disease in any part of the world is likely to be a threat world wide in today’s society with very rapid means of transportation of both human and animal/animal products. Recent examples include the global outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H5N1 avian influenza, and the outbreaks of West Nile virus in United States. The rapid economic development in the Asian region during the last few decades was accompanied by massive urbanization and environmental changes, which are believed to be one of the triggers leading to the emergence of new zoonotic diseases. Wildlife animals play an ever-increasing role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and bats have been identified as natural reservoir host of several lethal zoonotic viruses that emerged in recent times. This review will focus on the disease outbreaks caused by emerging bat viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Lu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Essex
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA USA
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Omatsu T, Watanabe S, Akashi H, Yoshikawa Y. Biological characters of bats in relation to natural reservoir of emerging viruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:357-74. [PMID: 17706776 PMCID: PMC7112585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many investigators focused on bats (Chiroptera) for their specific character, i.e. echolocation system, phylogenic tree, food practice and unique reproduction. However, most of basic information about the vital functions related to anti-viral activity has been unclear. For evaluating some animals as a natural reservoir or host of infectious pathogens, it is necessary that not only their immune system but also their biology, the environment of their living, food habits and physiological features should be clarified and they should be analyzed from these multi-view points. The majority of current studies on infectious diseases have been conducted for the elucidation of viral virulence using experimental animals or viral gene function in vitro, but in a few case, researchers focused on wild animal itself. In this paper, we described basic information about bats as follows; genetic background, character of the immunological factors, histological character of immune organs, the physiological function and sensitivity of bat cells to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Omatsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Iehlé C, Razafitrimo G, Razainirina J, Goodman SM, Faure C, Georges-Courbot MC, Rousset D, Reynes JM. Henipavirus and Tioman virus antibodies in pteropodid bats, Madagascar. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:159-61. [PMID: 17370536 PMCID: PMC2725826 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specimens were obtained from the 3 Malagasy fruit bats, Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, and Rousettus madagascariensis. Antibodies against Nipah, Hendra, and Tioman viruses were detected by immunoassay in 23 and by serum neutralization tests in 3 of 427 serum samples, which suggests that related viruses have circulated in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominique Rousset
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Abstract
Two related, novel, zoonotic paramyxoviruses have been described recently. Hendra virus was first reported in horses and thence humans in Australia in 1994; Nipah virus was first reported in pigs and thence humans in Malaysia in 1998. Human cases of Nipah virus infection, apparently unassociated with infection in livestock, have been reported in Bangladesh since 2001. Species of fruit bats (genus Pteropus) have been identified as natural hosts of both agents. Anthropogenic changes (habitat loss, hunting) that have impacted the population dynamics of Pteropus species across much of their range are hypothesised to have facilitated emergence. Current strategies for the management of henipaviruses are directed at minimising contact with the natural hosts, monitoring identified intermediate hosts, improving biosecurity on farms, and better disease recognition and diagnosis. Investigation of the emergence and ecology of henipaviruses warrants a broad, cross-disciplinary ecosystem health approach that recognises the critical linkages between human activity, ecological change, and livestock and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Eco-Epidemiolog, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College St, 208034, 06520-8034 New Haven, CT USA
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, U1987, 6845 Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave Ames, 50010 IA USA
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Harris S, Brookes S, Jones G, Hutson A, Racey P, Aegerter J, Smith G, McElhinney L, Fooks A. European bat lyssaviruses: Distribution, prevalence and implications for conservation. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2006; 131:193-210. [PMID: 32226078 PMCID: PMC7096730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, there are more than 1100 species of the Order Chiroptera, 45 of which are present in Europe, and 16 in the UK. Bats are reservoirs of, or can be infected by, several viral diseases, including rabies virus strains (in the Lyssavirus genus). Within this genus are bat variants that have been recorded in Europe; European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1), European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2) and, four currently unclassified isolates. Since 1977, 783 cases of EBLVs (by isolation of viral RNA) have been recorded in Europe. EBLV-1 or EBLV-2 has been identified in 12 bat species, with over 95% of EBLV-1 infections identified in Eptesicus serotinus. EBLV-2 is associated with Myotis species (Myotis daubentonii and Myotis dasycneme). A programme of passive surveillance in the United Kingdom between 1987 and 2004 tested 4871 bats for lyssaviruses. Of these, four M. daubentonii (3.57% of submitted M. daubentonii) were positive for EBLV-2. Potential bias in the passive surveillance includes possible over-representation of synanthropic species and regional biases caused by varying bat submission numbers from different parts of the UK. In 2003, active surveillance in the UK began, and has detected an antibody prevalence level of 1-5% of EBLV-2 in M. daubentonii (n = 350), and one bat with antibodies to EBLV-1 in E. serotinus (n = 52). No cases of live lyssavirus infection or lyssavirus viral RNA have been detected through active surveillance. Further research and monitoring regarding prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis and immunity is required to ensure that integrated bat conservation continues throughout Europe, whilst enabling informed policy decision regarding both human and wildlife health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S.M. Brookes
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - G. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - A.M. Hutson
- Winkfield, Station Road, Plumpton Green, East Sussex, BN7 3BU, UK
| | - P.A. Racey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - J. Aegerter
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - G.C. Smith
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - L.M. McElhinney
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - A.R. Fooks
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Breed AC, Field HE, Epstein JH, Daszak P. Emerging henipaviruses and flying foxes - Conservation and management perspectives. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2006; 131:211-220. [PMID: 32226079 PMCID: PMC7096729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife populations are affected by a series of emerging diseases, some of which pose a significant threat to their conservation. They can also be reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health. In this paper, we review the ecology of two viruses that have caused significant disease in domestic animals and humans and are carried by wild fruit bats in Asia and Australia. The first, Hendra virus, has caused disease in horses and/or humans in Australia every five years since it first emerged in 1994. Nipah virus has caused a major outbreak of disease in pigs and humans in Malaysia in the late 1990s and has also caused human mortalities in Bangladesh annually since 2001. Increased knowledge of fruit bat population dynamics and disease ecology will help improve our understanding of processes driving the emergence of diseases from bats. For this, a transdisciplinary approach is required to develop appropriate host management strategies that both maximise the conservation of bat populations as well as minimise the risk of disease outbreaks in domestic animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Breed
- School of Veterinary Science, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Hume E Field
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Queensland, LMB4, Moorooka 4105, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Epstein
- The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
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Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), first identified in 1996, has been associated with two human fatalities. ABLV is genetically and serologically distinct from, but is closely related to, classical rabies. It has a bullet-shaped morphology by electron microscopy. There are two strains of ABLV known: one circulates in frugivorous bats, sub-order Megachiroptera, and the other circulates in the smaller, mainly insectivorous bats, sub-order Microchiroptera. Each strain has been associated with one human fatality. Surveillance indicates infected bats are widespread at a low frequency on the Australian mainland. It is unclear how long ABLV has been present in Australia, although molecular clock studies suggest the two strains separated 950 or 1,700 years ago based on synonymous or non-synonymous nucleotide changes, respectively. Recent serological surveys suggest a closely related virus may exist in the Philippines. Due to demonstrated cross-protection in mice, rabies vaccine is used to prevent infection. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) protocols have been adopted for when a human is scratched or bitten by a suspect bat. A long-term commitment to public health programs that test bats that have been involved in scratch or bite incidents, followed by PEP if appropriate, will be necessary to minimise further human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Queensland Health Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Rd, 4108 Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
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Davis PL, Holmes EC, Larrous F, Van der Poel WHM, Tjørnehøj K, Alonso WJ, Bourhy H. Phylogeography, population dynamics, and molecular evolution of European bat lyssaviruses. J Virol 2005; 79:10487-97. [PMID: 16051841 PMCID: PMC1182613 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10487-10497.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
European bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2) are widespread in Europe, although little is known of their evolutionary history. We undertook a comprehensive sequence analysis to infer the selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, age of genetic diversity, geographical origin, and population growth rates of EBLV-1. Our study encompassed data from 12 countries collected over a time span of 35 years and focused on the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes. We show that although the two subtypes of EBLV-1--EBLV-1a and EBLV-1b--have both grown at a low exponential rate since their introduction into Europe, they have differing population structures and dispersal patterns. Furthermore, there were strong constraints against amino acid change in both EBLV-1 and EBLV-2, as reflected in a low ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site, particularly in EBLV-1b. Our inferred rate of nucleotide substitution in EBLV-1, approximately 5 x 10(-5) substitutions per site per year, was also one of the lowest recorded for RNA viruses and implied that the current genetic diversity in the virus arose 500 to 750 years ago. We propose that the slow evolution of EBLVs reflects their distinctive epidemiology in bats, where they occupy a relatively stable fitness peak.
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Abstract
The numbers of microbial species that can infect human beings are shown to be 1415, of which 868 species (61%) are zoonotic. Since most of the emerging pathogens (75%) are originated from other animals, public health sectors should be vigilant against the emergence of new zoonotic diseases. Only 33% of zoonoses can spread from human to human after introduction into human population. Various factors such as human demography, ecological change, global transportation and climate change are responsible for the emergence of zoonoses. Even a slight change in the ecological niche where pathogenic organisms thrive would result in the increase of the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Abstract
It is well recognized that most emerging diseases of humans are zoonotic, and that the forces working to create emerging diseases in humans are also operating in animal populations. However, what is often overlooked is that emerging human diseases are usually preceded by the emergence of the same pathogen in an animal population. In fact, the developing disease in animals acts as a link allowing the disease to take hold and wreck havoc in public health. Numerous examples--Rift Valley fever, monkeypox, Nipah, and Ebola--serve to underscore this linkage and to highlight the increasing interconnectedness of animal and human health.
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Reynes JM, Molia S, Audry L, Hout S, Ngin S, Walston J, Bourhy H. Serologic evidence of lyssavirus infection in bats, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:2231-4. [PMID: 15663870 PMCID: PMC3323374 DOI: 10.3201/eid1012.040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cambodia, 1,303 bats of 16 species were tested for lyssavirus. No lyssavirus nucleocapsid was detected in 1,283 brains tested by immunofluorescence assay. Antibodies against lyssaviruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 144 (14.7%) of 981 serum samples. Thirty of 187 serum samples contained neutralizing antibodies against different lyssaviruses.
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by 'wet markets' in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. Hospitals and international travel proved to be 'amplifiers' that permitted a local outbreak to achieve global dimensions. In this review we will discuss the substantial scientific progress that has been made towards understanding the virus-SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-and the disease. We will also highlight the progress that has been made towards developing vaccines and therapies The concerted and coordinated response that contained SARS is a triumph for global public health and provides a new paradigm for the detection and control of future emerging infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S M Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfualm, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Field H, Mackenzie J, Daszak P. Novel viral encephalitides associated with bats (Chiroptera)--host management strategies. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2004:113-21. [PMID: 15119766 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0572-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Several novel viruses recently described in bats of the genus Pteropus (sub-order Megachiroptera) in Australia and southeast Asia cause encephalitic disease in animals and humans. These viruses include Hendra virus and Nipah virus (genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae) and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV; genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae). Broadly, strategies for disease prevention and control in the spillover host are directed at minimising direct or indirect contact with the natural host, improving farm-gate and on-farm biosecurity, and better disease recognition and diagnosis. Additional strategies for ABLV include the use of rabies vaccine for effective pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. Effective management strategies in the natural host are predicated on an understanding of the ecology of the disease in the natural host, and the identification and avoidance of factors putatively associated with emergence, such as habitat loss, land use change and demographic shifts. A possible future management strategy for ABLV in reservoir populations is immunisation using bait or plant-derived vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Field
- Animal Research Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Yeerongpilly, Queensland, Australia.
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Mackenzie JS, Field HE. Emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 2004:97-111. [PMID: 15119765 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0572-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus Pteropus (order Chiroptera, suborder Megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. These are: Hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in Brisbane, Australia, in 1994; Australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and Nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and pulmonary disease in domestic pigs and people in peninsula Malaysia in 1999. Hendra and Nipah viruses have been shown to be the first two members of a new genus, Henipavirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, whereas Australian bat lyssavirus is closely related antigenically to classical rabies virus in the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, although it can be distinguished on genetic grounds. Hendra and Nipah viruses have neurological and pneumonic tropisms. The first humans and equids with Hendra virus infections died from acute respiratory disease, whereas the second human patient died from an encephalitis. With Nipah virus, the predominant clinical syndrome in humans was encephalitic rather than respiratory, whereas in pigs, the infection was characterised by acute fever with respiratory involvement with or without neurological signs. Two human infections with Australian bat lyssavirus have been reported, the clinical signs of which were consistent with classical rabies infection and included a diffuse, non-suppurative encephalitis. Many important questions remain to be answered regarding modes of transmission, pathogenesis, and geographic range of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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