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Callahan PA, Jeglic EL, Calkins C. Sexual Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploratory Comparison Study in an Incarcerated U.S. Sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:1052-1073. [PMID: 34963349 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211066825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are overrepresented among sexual offenders, and that those with ID might differ from those without ID in terms of the etiology of offending behavior. Despite this, few studies have explored ID using incarcerated U.S. samples. The present study sought to identify relevant characteristics of this population by comparing individuals with and without ID who are incarcerated in the U.S. for sexual offenses. Archival records for 3,066 participants were used to determine demographic, historical, and offense-related characteristics. Participants with ID, including those with borderline ID, comprised 19.1% of the sample and displayed elevated rates of adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology. Contrary to previous research, participants with ID were no more likely to offend against children than those without ID. These findings help to elucidate the etiology of offending behavior among those with ID and inform on potential targets for intervention.
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Sakdalan J, Mitchell B. Development of an Evidence-based Violence Rehabilitation Program for Offenders With Intellectual Disability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X231176005. [PMID: 37415459 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231176005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A review of the current literature on evidence-based violence prevention programs developed for individuals with an intellectual disability (ID) reveals a paucity of direct evidence for this population. In addition, the existing offence-specific programs are primarily grounded in adapted cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programs designed for the mainstream offender population, which may not be suitable for offenders with co-morbid mental health and personality disorders. The current paper discusses the development of a violence rehabilitation program for offenders with an ID. The focus of the article is on the exploration of the empirically supported risk factors associated with violent offending and the incorporation of these dynamic risk factors into the program modules. A case study example was utilized to examine the process of VRP-ID and how the modules targeted the offenders' treatment needs. Responsivity issues are addressed by identifying cognitive difficulties experienced by this cohort and the implications for treatment. The Risk/Need/Responsivity (RNR) model and the good lives Model (GLM) are widely used offender rehabilitation models that can be considered the guiding principles in developing this program. Furthermore, it utilizes contemporary therapeutic frameworks such as motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and GLM reconceptualization and skills. The program is grounded in trauma-informed principles, which acknowledge this client group's high prevalence of victimization.
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3
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Kaya A, Yıldız G. "I think they do not know how to lie:" The perceptions of legal support staff about person with intellectual disabilities/autism in Turkish legal system. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:516-528. [PMID: 36750351 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased social integration of individuals with intellectual disabilities or autism could may raise their likelihood of interacting with justice system and legal staff. AIMS The present article aimed to determine the perceptions of the legal support staff about the individuals with intellectual disabilities or autism. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study, conducted with the phenomenological method, the views of 15 legal support staff were obtained. The study reported what participants perceived and examined whether participants had an accurate understanding of the experiences/support needs of people with intellectual disabilities/autism. The data were analysed with content analysis. RESULTS Three themes were determined: (1) Experience of interview with an individual with intellectual disabilities/autism, (2) attitudes of judges, lawyers and other staff, and (3) abuse/trauma. DISCUSSION Findings are consistent with literature. Individuals with intellectual disabilities/autism have problems in expressing themselves, also staff do not know them, do not know their features. Studies show that staff often do not know what to do in these interviews. CONCLUSION Based on the participant perspectives, it was determined that individuals with intellectual disabilities/autism experienced self-expression problems, interviewees did not understand children/individuals with intellectual disabilities or autism and could exhibit negative attitudes, the children could be abused and traumatised during judicial processes, they were more prone to abuse when compared to their peers, they could be involved in certain events more frequently and could be pushed to crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kaya
- Special Education, Faculty of Education, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Yıldız
- Special Education, Faculty of Education, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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4
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A Pictorial Sexual Knowledge Scale for Male High School Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Taiwan. SEXUALITY AND DISABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11195-022-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Vicenzutto A, Joyal CC, Telle É, Pham TH. Risk Factors for Sexual Offenses Committed by Men With or Without a Low IQ: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:820249. [PMID: 35546929 PMCID: PMC9081977 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although risk factors associated with offending and recidivism are relatively well-established for mainstream sexual offenses, much less is known about men with a low IQ who have sexually offended (MIQSO), let alone those with forensic involvement. In this exploratory study, 137 convicted for the commission of at least one sexual offense and found not criminally responsible because a mental disorder were recruited in a maximum-security hospital. They were all assessed with the SORAG (static risk factors) and the RSVP (dynamic risk factors). Compared with MIQSO (N = 76), men with an average or higher IQ who have sexually offended (MSO, N = 61) obtained significantly higher scores on static factors related with general delinquency (histories of alcohol abuse, non-violent criminality, violent criminality, and sexual offense) and dynamic factors related with sexual delinquency, paraphilia, and recidivism (chronicity, psychological coercion, escalation, sexual deviance, and substance abuse). In contrast, MIQSO obtained significantly higher scores on major mental illness, problems with planning and problems with self-awareness. Logistic regressions revealed that both the SORAG and RSVP were useful to predict group membership. It is concluded that risk factors related with general and sexual delinquency better describe offenses committed by MSO, whereas risk factors related with mental disorder, lack of insight and contextual impulsivity better describe offenses committed by MIQSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Vicenzutto
- Forensic Psychology Department, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Christian C Joyal
- Psychology Department, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,International Center of Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Philippe Pinel National Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Telle
- Forensic Psychology Department, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Thierry H Pham
- Forensic Psychology Department, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium.,Research Center, Philippe Pinel National Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Social Defense Research Center (CRDS), Tournai, Belgium
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6
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Amelink Q, Roozen S, Leistikow I, Weenink JW. Sexual abuse of people with intellectual disabilities in residential settings: a 3-year analysis of incidents reported to the Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053317. [PMID: 34873008 PMCID: PMC8650479 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore characteristics of sexual abuse within residential settings for people with an intellectual disability and to map out measures undertaken and improvement plans made by healthcare organisations after sexual abuse. DESIGN Descriptive analysis of reports about sexual violence against persons with an intellectual disability submitted to the Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate by healthcare organisations. SETTING Residential settings for people with an intellectual disability in The Netherlands. SELECTION 186 incident reports submitted to the Inspectorate between January 2017 and December 2019 were included. RESULTS 125 incident reports concerned sexual abuse by fellow clients and 61 reports concerned sexual abuse by professionals. Client perpetrators were predominantly male whereas almost 30% of the abusing professionals were female. The majority of the perpetrating professionals were unlicensed professionals. Clients who committed sexual abuse were mostly relocated to another residential setting. Most healthcare organisations invested in education and training for employees instead of improving the sexual education programme for clients after an incident of sexual abuse. If there was a strong suspicion of sexual abuse by a professional, resignation followed in most cases. In just two cases, the perpetrating professional was reported to a warning registry. CONCLUSIONS A small amount of the perpetrating professionals held a licensed profession, which makes it challenging to address this form of sexual abuse through healthcare regulation. It raises the question why warning registries are not engaged more often after alleged sexual abuse. Constantly relocating abusing clients might endanger the (sexual) safety of clients in these new environments. Previous literature suggests that adequate sexual education regarding social skills and sexual behaviour is very effective for the majority of clients who commit sexual abuse. Healthcare organisations could take up a more prominent role in this to ensure safety for their own clients and for clients residing elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirine Amelink
- Legal affairs, Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd, Heerlen, Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Selini Roozen
- Mental Healthcare, Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Ian Leistikow
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Risk Detection and Development, Inspectie Gezondheidszorg en Jeugd, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Weenink
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Gil-Llario MD, Ballester-Arnal R, Morell-Mengual V, Caballero-Gascón L, Castro-Calvo J. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Detection of Sexual Abuse Risk Screening Scale (DSARss). SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 32:850-877. [PMID: 31248341 DOI: 10.1177/1079063219858061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
People with intellectual disability (ID) are more vulnerable to being victims of sexual abuse (SA) because, in most cases, they are not able to detect the warning signs that abuse could occur. However, there is a lack of appropriate assessment tools to determine their vulnerability. To address this limitation, the current study tests the psychometric properties of the Detection of Sexual Abuse Risk Screening Scale (DSARss), a new scale developed to assess the ability of individuals with mild or moderate ID to detect the risk of SA. In all, 246 individuals with mild or moderate ID (55.3% males) completed the DSARss, along with other scales assessing related dimensions (e.g., psychopathological symptoms, quality of live). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded a four-factor structure explaining 65.34% of the total variance in the DSARss. Two independent EFAs in males and females were also performed to confirm the suitability of this four-factor structure according to gender. The reliability of the total score and subscales ranged between .70 and .93. Likewise, correlations with other related scales were positive and significant. Temporal stability 6 months after the first application was .47. Finally, we explored the criterion-related validity of the DSARss across different SA indicators. These results, along with the absence of sound questionnaires to assess the risk of SA in people with ID, justify the use of the DSARss to assess this construct in both men and women.
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8
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Langdon PE, Murphy GH, Hastings RP. A special issue and editorial in memory of Professor William R Lindsay. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Langdon
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR) University of Warwick Coventry UK
- Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Partnership Trust Coventry UK
- Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust Worcester UK
| | | | - Richard P. Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR) University of Warwick Coventry UK
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9
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Hammond S, Beail N. The relationship between cognitive variables and offending behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:779-792. [PMID: 32307817 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions for offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) have used cognitive variables as measures of treatment outcome. However, the relevance of cognitive variables to offending in people with intellectual disabilities is unclear. This review aimed to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between cognitive variables and offending in people with intellectual disabilities. METHOD A systematic search identified studies comparing offenders and non-offenders with intellectual disabilities on an aspect of cognition. Seven cognitive variables were found and compared across 15 studies. These were appraised for their quality using an adapted quality appraisal checklist. The reliability and validity of cognitive measures were also considered. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Other than for cognitive distortions, the evidence for a relationship between cognitive variables and offending in people with intellectual disabilities is currently limited due to methodological weaknesses and the small number of studies assessing each variable. Clinicians are advised to focus on cognitive distortions until better evidence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hammond
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nigel Beail
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
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10
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Miodrag N, Richards DA, Fedoroff JP, Watson SL. Sex and genes, part 2: A biopsychosocial approach to assess and treat challenging sexual behavior in persons with intellectual disabilities including fragile X syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2020; 38:152-172. [PMID: 32017177 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) - and specifically those with genetic disorders - are more prone to medical and psychological challenges that affect their sexual development, experiences, and fertility. In this review paper we first provide an overview of the biopsychosocial (BPS) model and then explain how the model can guide and improve the assessment and treatment of challenging sexual behaviors by persons with IDs. We discuss two genetic conditions - fragile X syndrome and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome - in case studies, showing how the BPS model can be used to assess and treat the sexual problems of individuals with various types of ID. We conclude with BPS-formulated treatment considerations in three key domains: biomedical treatment (e.g., medication side effects; stopping or changing medications), psychological treatment (e.g., providing psychological therapies), and socio-environmental interventions (e.g., providing socio-sexual education and staff training). Together, these treatment interventions can aid clinicians to prevent and/or treat problematic sexual behaviors of people with IDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Miodrag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, U.S.A
| | - Deborah A Richards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Fedoroff
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley L Watson
- Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Curtiss SL, Kammes R. Understanding the Risk of Sexual Abuse for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities from an Ecological Framework. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Curtiss
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special EducationMichigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Rebecca Kammes
- Department of Human Development and Family StudiesMichigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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12
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Barron I, Allardyce S, Young H, Levit R. Exploration of the Relationship between Severe and Complex Disabilities and Child Sexual Abuse: A Call for Relevant Research. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2019; 28:759-780. [PMID: 31386603 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1645782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the awareness that children with severe and complex difficulties experience child sexual abuse (CSA), the development of research in this area is still in its infancy. This call for relevant research seeks to identify the main gaps in knowledge in order to inform future debate, potential research questions, and raise issues for practice. Themes are identified relevant to researchers and practitioners globally. These include the complexity and duality of definition: recognition of CSA; barriers to communication with children and between services; diversity of segregated and inclusive settings; interaction of age and gender; adult and peer abuse in institutions; sexuality and disability; and intrusive care and medical practices. Recommendations for future research and practice in creating safe environments are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Barron
- College of Education, University of Massachusetts , MA , USA
| | | | - Hannah Young
- School of Education and Social Work, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Rebecca Levit
- College of Education, University of Massachusetts , MA , USA
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13
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Lofthouse RE, Golding L, Totsika V, Hastings RP, Lindsay WR. Predicting aggression in adults with intellectual disability: A pilot study of the predictive efficacy of the Current Risk of Violence and the Short Dynamic Risk Scale. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 33:702-710. [PMID: 31496038 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structured assessments have been shown to assist professionals to evaluate the risk of aggression in secure services for general offender populations and more recently among adults with intellectual disabilities. There is a need to develop intellectual disability sensitive measures for predicting risk of aggression in community samples, especially tools with a focus on dynamic variables. METHODS The study prospectively followed 28 participants for up to 2 months to test whether the Current Risk of Violence (CuRV) and Short Dynamic Risk Scale (SDRS) were able to predict verbal and physical aggression in a community sample of adults with intellectual disability. RESULTS CuRV and SDRS ratings significantly predicted verbal and physical aggression over a 2-month period. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports the use of the CuRV with adults with intellectual disability living in community settings. The CuRV and SDRS are worthy of future development and evaluation in independent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Lofthouse
- Specialist Learning Disability Services, Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire, UK
| | - Laura Golding
- Clinical Psychology Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vasiliki Totsika
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Richard P Hastings
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,CEDAR and Centre for Education Studies (CES), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - William R Lindsay
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Danshell Group, UK
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14
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Pearlman-Avnion S, Eldan A, Cohen N. Sexuality Among Females and Males with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28833-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Children and adolescents with learning disabilities have high rates of mental health problems and behavioural difficulties. Comorbid disorders such as epilepsy, autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are common. Despite this, many areas in the UK are failing to provide a psychiatric service for these young people and their families. The children suffer as a result and may have to move away from home unnecessarily, at enormous emotional and financial cost. Each area should have a specialised multidisciplinary health team working closely with colleagues from education and social services to assist these complex children and give them the best chance to fulfil their potential.
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16
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Jones E, Chaplin E. A systematic review of the effectiveness of psychological approaches in the treatment of sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 33:79-100. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jones
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences Kings College London London UK
| | - Eddie Chaplin
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences Kings College London London UK
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17
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Marotta PL. A Systematic Review of Behavioral Health Interventions for Sex Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2017; 29:148-185. [PMID: 25667227 PMCID: PMC4530095 DOI: 10.1177/1079063215569546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews evaluation studies of programs designed to treat sex offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) published in peer-reviewed journals between 1994 and 2014. The design of this study is mirrored after PRISMA (Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations for conducting a systematic literature review. The study design, study setting, characteristics of participants, type of treatment, and intervention procedures comprise areas of focus for evaluating the implementation of treatment programs. Therapeutic outcomes include changes in attitudes consistent with sex offending, victim empathy, sexual knowledge, cognitive distortions, and problem sexual behaviors. Eighteen treatment evaluation studies were identified from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Cognitive-behavioral treatments were the most commonly delivered treatment modality to sex offenders with IDD. Other less common treatments were dialectical behavioral therapy, problem solving therapy, mindfulness, and relapse prevention. No randomized controlled trials were identified. The most common designs were multiple case studies and pre- and post-treatment assessments with no control and repeated measures follow-up. Small sample sizes, no control groups, and wide variation in treatment length and follow-up time complicate the qualitative synthesis of study findings. Short follow-up times introduce the potential for bias in conclusions surrounding treatment efficacy for many of the studies reviewed in this analysis. The overall quality of studies examining treatments for sex offenders with IDD is poor and requires further development before rendering firm conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions for this population.
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18
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Embregts PJCM, Heestermans M, van den Bogaard KJHM. A Training Course for Psychologists: Learning to Assess (Alleged) Sexual Abuse Among Victims and Perpetrators Who Have Intellectual Disabilities. SEXUALITY AND DISABILITY 2017; 35:39-44. [PMID: 28250542 PMCID: PMC5306306 DOI: 10.1007/s11195-017-9476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
People with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at greater risk of being a victim of sexual abuse and may also be more predisposed to perpetrating sexual abuse. Although the prevalence of sexual abuse among people with ID is difficult to determine, it is clear that there are serious consequences for both victims and perpetrators, and professional support is needed. Psychologists play an important role in the assessment of sexual abuse in both victims and perpetrators and require specific knowledge and skills to execute the assessments. We therefore developed a training course for psychologists aimed at increasing their (applied) knowledge of sexual abuse and the related assessment process in people with ID. In a five-day training course, sessions focusing on theories about diagnostic models were combined with sessions focusing on the assessment of sexual abuse of victims and perpetrators. The effectiveness of the training course was determined in terms of (applied) knowledge via the administration of a study-specific questionnaire including a hypothetical case vignette before, immediately after, and six months after completion of the course. The results show that the knowledge of the psychologists related to sexual abuse and the assessment process for sexual abuse increased significantly, and remained above pre-test level at six-month follow-up. These results are promising, but more research is needed to see if the increased (applied) knowledge in turn leads to application in practice and better care for both victims and perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri J C M Embregts
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037AB Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Dichterbij Science and Innovation, Gennep, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kim J H M van den Bogaard
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037AB Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Dichterbij Science and Innovation, Gennep, The Netherlands
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19
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Malovic A, Murphy G, Coulton S. Finding the Right Assessment Measures for Young People with Intellectual Disabilities Who Display Harmful Sexual Behaviour. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 33:101-110. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Malovic
- Tizard Centre University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - G. Murphy
- Tizard Centre University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - S. Coulton
- Tizard Centre University of Kent Canterbury UK
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20
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Fedoroff JP, Richards D, Ranger R, Curry S. The predictive validity of common risk assessment tools in men with intellectual disabilities and problematic sexual behaviors. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 57:29-38. [PMID: 27372881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This CIHR-funded study examined whether certain current risk assessment tools were effective in appraising risk of recidivism in a sample of sex offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID). Fifty men with ID who had engaged in problematic sexual behavior (PSB) were followed for an average of 2.5 years. Recidivism was defined and measured as any illegal or problematic behavior, as well as any problematic but not necessarily illegal behavior. At the beginning of the study, each participant was rated on two risk assessment tools: the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG). During each month of follow-up, participants were also rated on the Short-Dynamic Risk Scale (SDRS), an assessment tool intended to measure the risk of future problematic behaviors. Data was analyzed using t-tests, Cohen's d and area under the curve (AUC) to test predictive validity of the assessment tools. Using the AUC, results showed that the VRAG was predictive of sexual (AUC=0.74), sexual and/or violent (AUC=0.71) and of any criminally chargeable event (AUC=0.69). The SORAG was only significantly predictive of sexual events (AUC=0.70) and the SDRS was predictive of violent events (AUC=0.71). The t-test and Cohen's d analyses, which are less robust to deviations from the assumptions of normal and continuous distribution than AUC, did not yield significant results in each category, and therefore, while the results of this study suggest that the VRAG and the SORAG may be effective tools in measuring the short term risk of sexual recidivism; and the VRAG and SDRS may be effective tools in appraising long term risk of sexual and/or violent recidivism in this population, it should be used with caution. Regardless of the assessment tool used, risk assessments should take into account the differences between sex offenders with and without ID to ensure effective measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Fedoroff
- Sexual Behaviours Clinic, Integrated Forensics Program, The Royal, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada.
| | | | - Rebekah Ranger
- Sexual Behaviours Clinic, Integrated Forensics Program, The Royal, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada.
| | - Susan Curry
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada
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Shenk C, Brown A. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of an Adolescent Sexual Offender With an Intellectual Disability. Clin Case Stud 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1534650106288235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Very little data exist on the treatment of adolescent sexual offenders with an intellectual disability despite evidence suggesting that intellectual deficits play a significant role in sexual offending. This case study describes use of cognitive-behavior therapy with an adolescent sexual offender diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Sexual offenders with an intellectual disability often present with certain skill deficits that require an adaptation of traditional treatments. This case study used a novel application of exposure and response prevention for the purpose of building skills that allow for effective control of sexual arousal and sexually offensive behavior. Results of this case study suggest that exposure and response prevention, as part of traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy, may be a useful treatment strategy for adolescent sexual offenders with a noted intellectual disability. Implications of the case are discussed and recommendations to clinicians working with this population are made.
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Keller J. Improving Practices of Risk Assessment and Intervention Planning for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities Who Sexually Offend. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fosdick C, Mohiuddin S. Case Report: Resolution of Severe Sexual Aggression in a Developmentally Disabled Adolescent During Leuprolide Acetate Use. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:2267-2269. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Stinson JD, Becker JV. Pedophilic Disorder. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Blasingame GD. Assessment, Diagnosis, and Risk Management of Sexual Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. SEXUAL OFFENDING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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A national survey of offending behaviour amongst intellectually disabled users of mental health services in Ireland. Ir J Psychol Med 2015; 33:207-215. [PMID: 30115152 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offenders with an intellectual disability pose a major challenge to Intellectual Disability Service providers in the Republic of Ireland. This is especially so as no national Forensic Intellectual Disability Service currently exists. The Forensic Intellectual Disability Working Group of the Irish College of Psychiatrists was established in order to take steps to address this issue by establishing the level of need for a Forensic Intellectual Disability Service in Ireland and developing a college position paper. No previous study has been carried out to measure offending behaviour amongst persons with an intellectual disability attending mental health services in Ireland. METHODS A postal survey was undertaken targeting the lead clinicians of all Intellectual Disability Psychiatry, General Adult Psychiatry and Forensic Psychiatry Services in the Republic of Ireland. This survey requested anonymous data regarding service users with an intellectual disability and offending behaviour in this population. RESULTS Data relating to 431 service users was returned. Those reported to engage in offending behaviour were predominantly young males. Assault was the most common offence type. A significant number of serious offences such as unlawful killing, sexual assault and arson were reported. CONCLUSIONS There is an urgent need for the development of a Forensic Intellectual Disability Service in the Republic of Ireland. The current efforts of the National Forensic Mental Health Service to establish such a service by the creation of a post of Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist (special interest in intellectual disability) are to be welcomed.
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Hockley OJ, Langdon PE. Men with intellectual disabilities with a history of sexual offending: empathy for victims of sexual and non-sexual crimes. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:332-341. [PMID: 24761788 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives were (a) to compare the general empathy abilities of men with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who had a history of sexual offending to men with IDs who had no known history of illegal behaviour; and (b) to determine whether men with IDs who had a history of sexual offending had different levels of specific victim empathy towards their own victim, in comparison with an unknown victim of sexual crime, and a victim of non-sexual crime, and make comparisons with non-offenders. METHODS Men with mild IDs (n=35) were asked to complete a measure of general empathy and a measure of specific victim empathy. All participants completed the victim empathy measure in relation to a hypothetical victim of a sexual offence, and a non-sexual crime, while additionally, men with a history of sexual offending were asked to complete this measure in relation to their own most recent victim. RESULTS Men with a history of sexual offending had significantly lower general empathy, and specific victim empathy towards an unknown sexual offence victim, than men with no known history of illegal behaviour. Men with a history of sexual offending had significantly lower victim empathy for their own victim than for an unknown sexual offence victim. Victim empathy towards an unknown victim of a non-sexual crime did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that it is important include interventions within treatment programmes that attempt to improve empathy and perspective-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Hockley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
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Evaluation of Effectiveness of Parent Health Education About the Sexual Developments of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities. SEXUALITY AND DISABILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11195-015-9400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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van der Put CE, Asscher JJ, Wissink IB, Stams GJJM. The relationship between maltreatment victimisation and sexual and violent offending: differences between adolescent offenders with and without intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:979-991. [PMID: 23464899 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juveniles with intellectual disabilities (ID) are more often victims of maltreatment and more often perpetrators of abuse than juveniles without ID. Because previous research on the relationship between maltreatment victimisation and subsequent offending behaviour was primarily performed in non-disabled samples, the present study aimed to examine differences between juvenile offenders with and without ID in the relationship between maltreatment victimisation and sexual and violent offending. METHOD The sample consisted of juvenile offenders with ID (n = 102) and without ID (n = 526) who appeared before the courts for a criminal act and for whom the Washington State Juvenile Court Assessment (WSJCA) was completed. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the strength of the relationship between maltreatment and offending, Fisher's z tests were calculated to assess the significance of the differences between the two groups in the strength of the correlations, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the unique contribution of maltreatment victimisation to the prediction of violent and sexual offending. RESULTS Seventy per cent of the juvenile offenders with ID and 42% of the juvenile offenders without ID had experienced abuse and/or neglect. Both sexual and violent offending were more common in juvenile offenders with ID than in juvenile offenders without ID. Moreover, the relationship between different forms of maltreatment and sexual offending was stronger in juvenile offenders with ID than in juvenile offenders without ID. CONCLUSIONS Given the high rates of abuse and neglect victimisation and the strength of the association between victimisation and sexual offending, especially in juvenile offenders with ID, treatment should focus on potential trauma and other problems associated with the abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E van der Put
- Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
AbstractThe association between intellectual disability and offending is complex. Recent evidence would suggest that the received wisdom of intellectually disabled persons being more prone to offending is either incorrect or only tells part of the story. Those within the ‘borderline’ intellectual disability range may be more prone to committing sexual and criminal damage offences but those with an IQ less than 50 rarely offend.The offender with intellectual disability shares characteristics with his counterpart from the general population. As with the general population as a whole, offending in this group is often unreported and its recognition is complicated by issues of competence. The lack of validated forensic assessment schedules for this population poses a further challenge. Some general approaches to assessment in this population are discussed. This case report illustrates the difficulties of assessing and managing offending behaviour in an individual with moderate intellectual disability. The challenge of treating offenders with an intellectual disability is immense and requires specialist expertise. Managing such cases in a generic setting is inappropriate and the need for a forensic learning disability service in Ireland is highlighted.
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Hollomotz A. Sex offenders with intellectual disabilities and their academic observers: popular methodologies and research interests. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2014; 58:189-197. [PMID: 23082774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, disability activists and scholars have developed research paradigms that aim to place (some of the) control over the research process in the hands of disabled people. This paper discusses the appropriateness of applying such paradigms to sex offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID). It exposes to what extent current research about this population is affected by these developments. METHODS A content analysis of a sample of 80 articles across 20 academic journals was carried out. This recorded the data collection methods used, to what extent the views of people with ID were represented, subject affiliations of the authors and the subject matter discussed. RESULTS Few studies make sense of the personal accounts of this population. Social scientists have mostly not engaged in this area of research, which results in significant gaps in knowledge. CONCLUSIONS We currently know little about the subjectivity of sex offenders with ID. Research that seeks to explore this may enhance our understanding of this population and thus contribute towards the effectiveness of preventative work and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hollomotz
- Centre for Disability Studies: School of Sociology and Social Policy, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Rea JA, Dixon MR, Zettle RD. Assessing the generalization of relapse-prevention behaviors of sexual offenders diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Behav Modif 2013; 38:25-44. [PMID: 24052545 DOI: 10.1177/0145445513505109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The generalization of relapse-prevention skills of 10 males residing at a state facility for sexual offenders diagnosed with an intellectual disability was assessed in the community using three different experimental probes: (a) treatment staff (TS), (b) nontreatment staff (NTS), and (c) community adults (CAs). Results indicated a decrease in compliance from the TS to NTS and CAs, with the lowest levels of generalization displayed by offenders who were older and displayed a wider range of paraphilias. The degree of generalization also varied as a function of the contingencies for prevention-plan noncompliance, with higher rates of generalization occurring for violations that were more severely consequated. The implications of the findings for future research in promoting the generalization of relapse-prevention skills of sexual offenders, in general, and those who also exhibit intellectual disabilities, in particular, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry A Rea
- Parsons State Hospital and Training Center, KS, USA
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Nicoll M, Beail N. A Comparison of Anger in Offenders and Non-Offenders Who have Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2013; 26:466-70. [PMID: 23925968 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nicoll
- Men's Personality Disorder Service; Rampton Hospital; Nottinghamshire Healthcare Trust; Retford UK
| | - Nigel Beail
- Barnsley Adult Specialist Learning Disability Health Service; South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust & University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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Rose J, Cutler C, Tresize K, Novak D, Rose D. Individuals with an Intellectual Disability Who Offend. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/096979508799103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Nicoll M, Beail N, Saxon D. Cognitive Behavioural Treatment for Anger in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2012; 26:47-62. [PMID: 23255378 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nicoll
- Men's Personality Disorder Service; Rampton Hospital; Nottinghamshire Healthcare Trust; Retford UK
| | - Nigel Beail
- South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Psychology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - David Saxon
- Centre for Psychological Services Research; ScHARR; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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Livesey A, Dodd K, Pote H, Marlow E. Exploring the reliability and validity of the social-moral awareness test. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2012; 25:553-70. [PMID: 23055289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2012.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to explore the validity of the social-moral awareness test (SMAT) a measure designed for assessing socio-moral rule knowledge and reasoning in people with learning disabilities. Comparisons between Theory of Mind and socio-moral reasoning allowed the exploration of construct validity of the tool. Factor structure, reliability and discriminant validity were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-one participants with mild-moderate learning disabilities completed the two scales of the SMAT and two False Belief Tasks for Theory of Mind. RESULTS Reliability of the SMAT was very good, and the scales were shown to be uni-dimensional in factor structure. There was a significant positive relationship between Theory of Mind and both SMAT scales. CONCLUSIONS There is early evidence of the construct validity and reliability of the SMAT. Further assessment of the validity of the SMAT will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Livesey
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Royal Holloway College, University of London, London, UK.
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Wilson NJ, Shuttleworth R, Stancliffe R, Parmenter T. Masculinity theory in applied research with men and boys with intellectual disability. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 50:261-272. [PMID: 22731975 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-50.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Researchers in intellectual disability have had limited theoretical engagement with mainstream theories of masculinity. In this article, the authors consider what mainstream theories of masculinity may offer to applied research on, and hence to therapeutic interventions with, men and boys with intellectual disability. An example from one research project that explored male sexual health illustrates how using masculinity theory provided greater insight into gendered data. Finally, we discuss the following five topics to illustrate how researchers might use theories of masculinity: (a) fathering, (b) male physical expression, (c) sexual expression, (d) men's health, and (e) underweight and obesity. Theories of masculinity offer an additional framework to analyze and conceptualize gendered data; we challenge researchers to engage with this body of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan John Wilson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, 75 East Street, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, New South Wales 1825, Australia.
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Craig LA, Stringer I, Sanders CE. Treating sexual offenders with intellectual limitations in the community. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/14636641211204423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hutchinson J, Lovell A, Mason T. Managing risk: a qualitative study of community-based professionals working with learning-disabled sex offenders. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2012; 19:53-61. [PMID: 22070414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on research conducted to examine how community practitioners manage the difficulties of risk assessment in relation to people with a learning disability and a history of sexually offensive or abusive behaviour. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a number of key professionals from various disciplines, all currently involved in the assessment process with the aim of determining potential referral to community settings. Data analysis revolved around a thematic exposition of factors influencing the relationship between the objective science of psychiatric investigation and the subjective interpretation of real-world practicalities in working with this group. Findings surrounded three major themes, frame conflict, relating to the difficulties of decision making in this area, therapeutic performance, whereby professionals were expected to engage in some form of active intervention, and safety outcomes, involving consideration of the problematic nature of judging the likelihood of re-offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hutchinson
- Department of Mental Health and Learning Disabilities, Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Riverside Campus, UK
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Uzieblo K, Winter J, Vanderfaeillie J, Rossi G, Magez W. Intelligent diagnosing of intellectual disabilities in offenders: food for thought. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:28-48. [PMID: 22241548 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on offenders with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in the criminal justice arena is on the rise, reflected by a growing number of relevant publications each year. However, there is a long recognized methodological problem that hampers the comparability of empirical studies and that raises doubts about the accuracy of prevalence rates, comorbidities, and various correlates and characteristics. In this paper we will argue that the crux of the problem can, on the one hand, be found in the plurality of assessment methods for intelligence and adaptive functioning, which are not all sufficiently reliable and valid. On the other hand, assessment of IQ in criminal justice and mental health-related areas appears to be informed more by practical aspects and needs rather than grounded in a solid theoretical model. Hence, we suggest that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence has potential value in this regard, and deserves a closer look. Finally, we will discuss its incorporation into, and possible implications for, criminal justice practice and future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uzieblo
- Lessius - University College, Department of Applied Psychology, Antwerp.
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van Vugt E, Asscher J, Stams GJ, Hendriks J, Bijleveld C, van der Laan P. Moral judgment of young sex offenders with and without intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:2841-2846. [PMID: 21689903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined differences in moral judgment between juvenile sex offenders with and without intellectual disabilities. The Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form (SRM-SF) was used to assess moral judgment, and was extended with questions referring to general sexual situations and to the offenders' abuse victim(s). Juvenile sex offenders with and without ID significantly differed in moral judgment stage regarding general life, sexual and own abuse victim situations. Juvenile sex offenders with ID generally showed stage 2 moral reasoning, which indicated that their justifications for moral decisions were dominated by instrumental and pragmatic reciprocity, whereas juvenile sex offenders without ID used reasons and justifications representing transitional moral stage 2/3 moral judgment, indicating that the maintenance of interpersonal relationships was considered to a certain extent in their justifications for moral decisions. Future research should examine to what extent moral judgment of offenders with ID should be targeted in treatment.
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Chan LG, Saluja B. Sexual offending and improvement in autistic characteristics after acquired brain injury: a case report. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2011; 45:902-3. [PMID: 21714774 DOI: 10.3109/00048674.2011.589371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lai Gwen Chan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Bharat Saluja
- Department of General and Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
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Ralfs S, Beail N. Assessing Components of Empathy in Sex- Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2011; 25:50-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2011.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Large J, Thomas C. Redesigning and evaluating an adapted sex offender treatment programme for offenders with an intellectual disability in a secure setting: preliminary findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/20420921111152450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Boyle MJ, Williams B, Brown T, Molloy A, McKenna L, Molloy E, Lewis B. Attitudes of undergraduate health science students towards patients with intellectual disability, substance abuse, and acute mental illness: a cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2010; 10:71. [PMID: 20964840 PMCID: PMC2972293 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-10-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a long history of certain medical conditions being associated with stigma, stereotypes, and negative attitudes. Research has shown that such attitudes can have a detrimental effect on patients presenting with stigmatised medical conditions and can even flow on to impact their family. The objective of this study was to measure the attitudes of undergraduate students enrolled in six different health-related courses at Monash University toward patients with intellectual disability, substance abuse, and acute mental illness. METHODS A convenience sample of undergraduate students enrolled in six health-related courses in first, second and third years at Monash University were surveyed. The Medical Condition Regard Scale--a valid and reliable, self-report measure of attitudes--was administered to students along with a brief demographic form. Mean scores, t-tests, and ANOVA were used to analyse student attitudes. Ethics approval was granted. RESULTS 548 students participated. Statistically significant differences were found between the courses (p = 0.05), year of the course (p = 0.09), and gender (p = 0.04) for the medical condition of intellectual disability. There was no statistically significant difference between the courses, year of the course, gender, and age group for substance abuse or acute mental illness conditions. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that students in undergraduate health-related courses, as a group, have a strong regard for patients with intellectual disability and some regard for patients with acute mental illness, but not for patients presenting with substance abuse problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Boyle
- Monash University, Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice, P.O. Box 527, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Monash University, Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice, P.O. Box 527, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ted Brown
- Monash University, Department of Occupational Therapy, P.O. Box 527, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Molloy
- Monash University, Department of Occupational Therapy, P.O. Box 527, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa McKenna
- Monash University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, P.O. Box 527, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Molloy
- Monash University, Centre for Medical Health Science Education, Building 2, 270 Ferntree Gully Rd, Notting Hill 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Lewis
- Monash University, School of Primary Health Care, P.O. Box 527, Frankston 3199, Victoria, Australia
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Männynsalo L, Putkonen H, Lindberg N, Kotilainen I. Forensic psychiatric perspective on criminality associated with intellectual disability: a nationwide register-based study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2009; 53:279-288. [PMID: 19250388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrasting views exist over the association of intellectual disability (ID) and criminal offending. This nationwide study attempts to shed further light to expand understanding to substantiate the relation between socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric co-morbidity and criminal behaviour among the Finnish forensic population with ID. METHOD We reviewed all forensic psychiatric examination reports of individuals with ID who underwent a pre-trial forensic psychiatric evaluation in Finland during an 11-year period (1996-2006). RESULTS One-third of the offenders had been regularly and sufficiently treated as outpatients. Half of the offenders had previous criminality, and the single most common crime was arson. Almost half of the offenders were diagnosed with alcohol abuse/dependence and two-thirds with any substance abuse/dependence. Furthermore, almost half were intoxicated during the index crime. Antisocial personality disorder was diagnosed in 25% of the offenders. Almost half of the offenders were placed in involuntary special care for the ID, which lasted ca 2 years. Among the last-mentioned, two-thirds of the nursing care plans lacked recommended structure. CONCLUSIONS The offenders with so-called triple diagnosis - substance abuse, mental illness and ID - form a small subgroup of criminal offenders with complex needs. The results of the present study underline the importance of close, long-term cooperation among specialists in the field of ID, addiction service, mental health services and forensic psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Männynsalo
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hayes S. The Relationship Between Childhood Abuse, Psychological Symptoms and Subsequent Sex Offending. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sajith SG, Morgan C, Clarke D. Pharmacological management of inappropriate sexual behaviours: a review of its evidence, rationale and scope in relation to men with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2008; 52:1078-1090. [PMID: 18557968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of inappropriate sexual behaviours (ISB) including sexual offending is difficult, especially when the person treated has intellectual disabilities (ID). Psychological therapies are the accepted first line of treatment. Pharmacological treatments have also been advocated, particularly for people who have committed serious sexual offences. There is limited information on available drugs and evidence of their efficacy in the treatment of ISBs, in particular for people with ID. METHODS A literature search of electronic databases was undertaken. Pharmaceutical companies were contacted for unpublished information. Trials that included people with ID were systematically reviewed for the benefits and outcome in that population. RESULTS Androgen depleting drugs (cyproterone acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and luteinising hormone releasing hormone agonists) and psychotropic drugs (serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors and antipsychotics) are the two major categories of medications used in the treatment of ISBs. The majority of studies identified were open trials and most relied on self-report measures. Trials that included people with ID were few in number. Most trials indicated beneficial effects including reduction in sexually deviant fantasies and behaviours. CONCLUSION The quality of evidence base for the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of ISBs is inadequate to justify their use in routine clinical practice. If used, they should only be a part of a comprehensive treatment programme and closely monitored. In addition, there are several clinical, ethical and legal issues to be addressed before considering pharmacological treatment of ISBs in people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sajith
- Olive Mount Mansion, Merseycare NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK.
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