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Castro-Navarro I, McGuire MA, Williams JE, Holdsworth EA, Meehan CL, McGuire MK. Maternal Cannabis Use during Lactation and Potential Effects on Human Milk Composition and Production: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100196. [PMID: 38432590 PMCID: PMC10997876 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use has increased sharply in the last 20 y among adults, including reproductive-aged women. Its recent widespread legalization is associated with a decrease in risk perception of cannabis use during breastfeeding. However, the effect of cannabis use (if any) on milk production and milk composition is not known. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge related to maternal cannabis use during breastfeeding and provides an overview of possible pathways whereby cannabis might affect milk composition and production. Several studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids and their metabolites are detectable in human milk produced by mothers who use cannabis. Due to their physicochemical properties, cannabinoids are stored in adipose tissue, can easily reach the mammary gland, and can be secreted in milk. Moreover, cannabinoid receptors are present in adipocytes and mammary epithelial cells. The activation of these receptors directly modulates fatty acid metabolism, potentially causing changes in milk fatty acid profiles. Additionally, the endocannabinoid system is intimately connected to the endocrine system. As such, it is probable that interactions of exogenous cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system might modify release of critical hormones (e.g., prolactin and dopamine) that regulate milk production and secretion. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated effects of cannabis use (including on milk production and composition) in lactating women. Additional research utilizing robust methodologies are needed to elucidate whether and how cannabis use affects human milk production and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Castro-Navarro
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | | | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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Zufferey F, Buitrago E, Rahban R, Senn A, Stettler E, Rudaz S, Nef S, Donzé N, Thomas A, Rossier MF. Gonadotropin axis and semen quality in young Swiss men after cannabis consumption: Effect of chronicity and modulation by cannabidiol. Andrology 2024; 12:56-67. [PMID: 37042163 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cannabis is the most widely used recreational drug in the world, the effects of phytocannabinoids on semen parameters and reproductive hormones remain controversial. Cannabinoid receptors are activated by these compounds at each level of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadotropic axis. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of the consumption of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on semen parameters, as well as on male reproductive hormone and endocannabinoid levels, in a cohort of young Swiss men. MATERIALS AND METHODS The individuals in a Swiss cohort were divided according to their cannabis consumption. In the cannabis user group, we determined the delay between the last intake of cannabis and sample collection, the chronicity of use and the presence of cannabidiol in the consumed product. Urinary Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites were quantified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and male steroids were determined via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and other hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadotropic axis hormones were determined via immunoassays. Semen parameters such as sperm concentration and motility were recorded using computer-assisted sperm analysis. RESULTS Anandamide, N-palmitoyl ethanolamide, androgens, estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin levels were all higher in cannabis users, particularly in chronic, recent and cannabidiol-positive consumers. Gonadotropin levels were not significantly different in these user subpopulations, whereas prolactin and albumin concentrations were lower. In addition, cannabis users had a more basic semen pH and a higher percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility. However, the two latter observations seem to be related to a shorter period of sexual abstinence in this group rather than to the use of cannabis. CONCLUSIONS Because both cannabidiol and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol are frequently used by men of reproductive age, it is highly relevant to elucidate the potential effects they may have on human reproductive health. This study demonstrates that the mode of cannabis consumption must be considered when evaluating the effect of cannabis on semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Zufferey
- Service of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Elina Buitrago
- Service of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Rita Rahban
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Senn
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Stettler
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universities of Geneva and Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Donzé
- Service of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Thomas
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel F Rossier
- Service of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Central Institute of Hospitals, Hospital of Valais, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hassan FU, Liu C, Mehboob M, Bilal RM, Arain MA, Siddique F, Chen F, Li Y, Zhang J, Shi P, Lv B, Lin Q. Potential of dietary hemp and cannabinoids to modulate immune response to enhance health and performance in animals: opportunities and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285052. [PMID: 38111585 PMCID: PMC10726122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of bioactive compounds abundantly present in Cannabis sativa plant. The active components of cannabis with therapeutic potential are known as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are divided into three groups: plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), and synthetic cannabinoids. These compounds play a crucial role in the regulation various physiological processes including the immune modulation by interacting with the endocannabinoid system (A complex cell-signaling system). Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) stimulates the binding of orexigenic peptides and inhibits the attachment of anorexigenic proteins to hypothalamic neurons in mammals, increasing food intake. Digestibility is unaffected by the presence of any cannabinoids in hemp stubble. Endogenous cannabinoids are also important for the peripheral control of lipid processing in adipose tissue, in addition to their role in the hypothalamus regulation of food intake. Regardless of the kind of synaptic connection or the length of the transmission, endocannabinoids play a crucial role in inhibiting synaptic transmission through a number of mechanisms. Cannabidiol (CBD) mainly influences redox equilibrium through intrinsic mechanisms. Useful effects of cannabinoids in animals have been mentioned e.g., for disorders of the cardiovascular system, pain treatment, disorders of the respiratory system or metabolic disorders. Dietary supplementation of cannabinoids has shown positive effects on health, growth and production performance of small and large animals. Animal fed diet supplemented with hemp seeds (180 g/day) or hemp seed cake (143 g/kg DM) had achieved batter performance without any detrimental effects. But the higher level of hemp or cannabinoid supplementation suppress immune functions and reduce productive performance. With an emphasis on the poultry and ruminants, this review aims to highlight the properties of cannabinoids and their derivatives as well as their significance as a potential feed additive in their diets to improve the immune status and health performance of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-ul Hassan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Maryam Mehboob
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Bilal
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Siddique
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fengming Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jingmeng Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Biguang Lv
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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Lim J, Squire E, Jung KM. Phytocannabinoids, the Endocannabinoid System and Male Reproduction. World J Mens Health 2023; 41:1-10. [PMID: 36578200 PMCID: PMC9826913 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of a set of lipid-derived messengers (the endocannabinoids, ECBs), proteins that control their production and degradation, and cell-surface cannabinoid (CB) receptors that transduce their actions. ECB molecules such as 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide) are produced on demand and deactivated through enzymatic actions tightly regulated both temporally and spatially, serving homeostatic roles in order to respond to various challenges to the body. Key components of the ECS are present in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which plays critical roles in the development and regulation of the reproductive system in both males and females. ECB signaling controls the action at each stage of the HPG axis through CB receptors expressed in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and reproductive organs such as the testis and ovary. It regulates the secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, testosterone, and affects spermatogenesis in males. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa affect a variety of physiological processes by altering, or under certain conditions hijacking, the ECB system. Therefore, phytocannabinoids, in particular THC, may modify the homeostasis of the HPG axis by altering CB receptor signaling and cause deficits in reproductive function. While the ability of phytocannabinoids, THC and/or cannabidiol (CBD), to reduce pain and inflammation provides promising opportunities for therapeutic intervention for genitourinary and degenerative disorders, important questions remain regarding their unwanted long-term effects. It is nevertheless clear that the therapeutic potential of modulating the ECS calls for further scientific and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erica Squire
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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5
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De Laurentiis A, Correa F, Fernandez Solari J. Endocannabinoid System in the Neuroendocrine Response to Lipopolysaccharide-induced Immune Challenge. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac120. [PMID: 36042978 PMCID: PMC9419496 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in the intersection of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, regulating not only their functions but also how they interplay with each other. Endogenous ligands, named endocannabinoids, are produced "on demand" to finely regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as to regulate the production of cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators. It is well known that immune challenges, such as exposure to lipopolysaccharide, the main component of the Gram-negative bacteria cell wall, disrupt not only the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but also affects other endocrine systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. Here we explore which actors and molecular mechanisms are involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Laurentiis
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Correa
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UBA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Fernandez Solari
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sayed TS, Balasinor NH, Nishi K. Diverse role of endocannabinoid system in mammalian male reproduction. Life Sci 2021; 286:120035. [PMID: 34637799 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system (ECS) is known for its modulatory role in numerous physiological processes in the body. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous lipid molecules which function both centrally and peripherally. The ECS is best studied in the central nervous system (CNS), immune system as well as in the metabolic system. The role of ECS in male reproductive system is emerging and the presence of a complete enzymatic machinery to synthesize and metabolize eCBs has been demonstrated in male reproductive tract. Endocannabinoid concentrations and alterations in their levels have been reported to affect the functioning of spermatozoa. A dysfunctional ECS has also been linked to the development of prostate cancer, the leading cause of cancer related mortality among male population. This review is an attempt to provide an insight into the significant role of endocannabinoids in male reproduction and further summarize recent findings that demonstrate the manner in which the endocannabinoid system impacts male sexual behavior and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen S Sayed
- Department of Biotechnology, R.D. and S.H. National College and S.W.A Science College, Mumbai 400050, India
| | - Nafisa H Balasinor
- Neuroendocrinology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Kumari Nishi
- Neuroendocrinology Division, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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Roberts CJ, Hillard CJ. Peripherally restricted cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, AM6545, potentiates stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation via a non-CB1R mechanism. Endocrine 2021; 72:297-300. [PMID: 33216305 PMCID: PMC8528513 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- The Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- The Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Maccarrone M, Rapino C, Francavilla F, Barbonetti A. Cannabinoid signalling and effects of cannabis on the male reproductive system. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 18:19-32. [PMID: 33214706 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most widely consumed recreational drug worldwide, which raises concerns for its potential effects on fertility. Many aspects of human male reproduction can be modulated by cannabis-derived extracts (cannabinoids) and their endogenous counterparts, known as endocannabinoids (eCBs). These latter molecules act as critical signals in a variety of physiological processes through receptors, enzymes and transporters collectively termed the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Increasing evidence suggests a role for eCBs, as well as cannabinoids, in various aspects of male sexual and reproductive health. Although preclinical studies have clearly shown that ECS is involved in negative modulation of testosterone secretion by acting both at central and testicular levels in animal models, the effect of in vivo exposure to cannabinoids on spermatogenesis remains a matter of debate. Furthermore, inconclusive clinical evidence does not seem to support the notion that plant-derived cannabinoids have harmful effects on human sexual and reproductive health. An improved understanding of the complex crosstalk between cannabinoids and eCBs is required before targeting of ECS for modulation of human fertility becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Rapino
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Felice Francavilla
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Barbonetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Delta-9 THC can be detected and quantified in the semen of men who are chronic users of inhaled cannabis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1497-1504. [PMID: 32356125 PMCID: PMC7311607 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to determine whether delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and THC metabolites (11-OH THC and THC-COOH) can be detected in semen. METHODS Twelve healthy men aged 18-45 years who identified as chronic and heavy users of inhaled cannabis were recruited. THC and THC metabolite levels were measured in serum, urine, and semen of the participants. Semen analyses were performed. Serum reproductive hormones were measured. RESULTS The median age and BMI of participants were 27.0 years and 24.7 kg/m2, respectively. Over half the participants were daily users of cannabis for over 5 years. Serum reproductive hormones were generally within normal ranges, except prolactin, which was elevated in 6 of 12 participants (mean 13.9 ng/mL). The median sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were 75.5 million/mL, 69.5%, and 5.5%, respectively. Urinary THC-COOH was detected in all 12 participants, and at least one serum THC metabolite was present in 10 of 12 participants. Two semen samples had insufficient volume to be analyzed. THC was above the reporting level of 0.50 ng/mL in the semen of two of the remaining participants. Seminal THC was moderately correlated with serum levels of THC (r = 0.66), serum 11-OH THC (r = 0.57), and serum THC-COOH (r = 0.67). Seminal delta-9 THC was not correlated with urinary cannabinoid levels or semen analysis parameters. CONCLUSION This is the first study to identify and quantify THC in human semen, demonstrating that THC can cross the blood-testis barrier in certain individuals. Seminal THC was found to be moderately correlated with serum THC and THC metabolites.
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Tomaszewska-Zaremba D, Wojtulewicz K, Paczesna K, Tomczyk M, Biernacka K, Bochenek J, Herman AP. The Influence of Anandamide on the Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion in Ewes-Ex Vivo Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040706. [PMID: 32316539 PMCID: PMC7222813 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBs) are involved in the neuroendocrine control of reproductive processes by affecting GnRH and gonadotropins secretion. The presence of cannabinoid receptors (CBR) in the pituitary raises a presumption that anandamide (AEA), the endogenous cannabinoid, may act on gonadotrophic hormones secretion directly at the level of the anterior pituitary (AP). Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of AEA on gonadotropins secretions from AP explants taken from anestrous ewes. It was demonstrated that AEA inhibited GnRH stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion from the AP explants. Anandamide influences both LH and FSH gene expressions as well as their release. AEA also affected gonadoliberin receptor (GnRHR) synthesis and expression. The presence of CB1R transcript in AP explants were also demonstrated. It could be suggested that some known negative effects of cannabinoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity may be caused by the direct action of these compounds at the pituitary level.
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Abstract
PURPOSE With cannabis consumption on the rise and use prominent among males of reproductive age it is essential to understand the potential impact of cannabis on male fertility. We reviewed the literature regarding the effects of cannabis on male fertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed®/MEDLINE® to identify relevant studies of the effects of cannabis on male fertility. Relevant studies were identified and reviewed. RESULTS The strongest evidence of cannabis induced alterations in male fertility is in the category of semen parameters. Research supports a role for cannabis in reducing sperm count and concentration, inducing abnormalities in sperm morphology, reducing sperm motility and viability, and inhibiting capacitation and fertilizing capacity. Animal models demonstrate a role for cannabis in testicular atrophy, and reduced libido and sexual function but to our knowledge these results have not yet been replicated in human studies. Studies of hormonal changes suggest inconclusive effects on testosterone levels, lowered luteinizing hormone levels and unchanged follicle-stimulating hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS Current research suggests that cannabis may negatively impact male fertility. Further studies are needed to validate that robust findings in animal models will carry over into human experience. Clinicians should be aware of these potential effects when prescribing medical marijuana therapies to men of reproductive age, and they should consider the degree of cannabis use as a possible component of a complete male infertility workup.
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Cobellis G, Meccariello R, Chianese R, Chioccarelli T, Fasano S, Pierantoni R. Effects of Neuroendocrine CB1 Activity on Adult Leydig Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27375550 PMCID: PMC4891325 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids control male reproduction acting at central and local level via cannabinoid receptors. The cannabinoid receptor CB1 has been characterized in the testis, in somatic and germ cells of mammalian and non-mammalian animal models, and its activity related to Leydig cell differentiation, steroidogenesis, spermiogenesis, sperm quality, and maturation. In this short review, we provide a summary of the insights concerning neuroendocrine CB1 activity in male reproduction focusing on adult Leydig cell ontogenesis and steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Cobellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosanna Chianese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Teresa Chioccarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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Di Giacomo D, De Domenico E, Sette C, Geremia R, Grimaldi P. Type 2 cannabinoid receptor contributes to the physiological regulation of spermatogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 30:1453-63. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Giacomo
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionSection of AnatomyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
| | - Emanuela De Domenico
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionSection of AnatomyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionSection of AnatomyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
- Laboratory of NeuroembryologyFondazione Santa LuciaRomeItaly
| | - Raffaele Geremia
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionSection of AnatomyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
| | - Paola Grimaldi
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionSection of AnatomyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
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Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1575-88. [PMID: 26277482 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana has the highest consumption rate among all of the illicit drugs used in the USA, and its popularity as both a recreational and medicinal drug is increasing especially among men of reproductive age. Male factor infertility is on the increase, and the exposure to the cannabinoid compounds released by marijuana could be a contributing cause. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is deeply involved in the complex regulation of male reproduction through the endogenous release of endocannabinoids and binding to cannabinoid receptors. Disturbing the delicate balance of the ECS due to marijuana use can negatively impact reproductive potential. Various in vivo and in vitro studies have reported on the empirical role that marijuana plays in disrupting the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, spermatogenesis, and sperm function such as motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. In this review, we highlight the latest evidence regarding the effect of marijuana use on male fertility and also provide a detailed insight into the ECS and its significance in the male reproductive system.
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Bedse G, Colangeli R, Lavecchia AM, Romano A, Altieri F, Cifani C, Cassano T, Gaetani S. Role of the basolateral amygdala in mediating the effects of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 on HPA axis response to stress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1511-23. [PMID: 25106694 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is an important regulator of neuroendocrine and behavioral adaptation in stress related disorders thus representing a novel potential therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 on stress mediators of HPA axis and to study the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in responses to forced swim stress. Systemic administration of URB597 (0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) reduced the forced swim stress-induced activation of HPA axis. More specifically, URB597 decreased stress-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression dose-dependently in pituitary gland without affecting plasma corticosterone levels. URB597 treatment also attenuated stress-induced neuronal activation of the amygdala and PVN, and increased neuronal activation in the locus coeruleus (LC) and nucleus of solitary tract (NTS). Injection of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1ng/side) in the BLA significantly attenuated URB597-mediated effects in the PVN and completely blocked those induced in the BLA. These results suggest that the BLA is a key structure involved in the anti-stress effects of URB597, and support the evidence that enhancement of endogenous cannabinoid signaling by inhibiting FAAH represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Roberto Colangeli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Angelo M Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
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Luce V, Fernandez Solari J, Rettori V, De Laurentiis A. The inhibitory effect of anandamide on oxytocin and vasopressin secretion from neurohypophysis is mediated by nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 188:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Dall'Aglio C, Millán P, Maranesi M, Rebollar PG, Brecchia G, Zerani M, Gobbetti A, Gonzalez-Mariscal G, Boiti C. Expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in the pituitary of rabbits and its role in the control of LH secretion. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 45:171-9. [PMID: 24099736 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible direct regulatory role of the endocannabinoids in the modulation of LH secretion in rabbits, a reflex ovulator species. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) was characterized by RT-PCR techniques in the anterior pituitary of intact and ovariectomized does treated with GnRH and primed with estrogen and CB1 antagonist, rimonabant. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 immune reaction was evidenced by immunohistochemistry in the cytoplasm of approximately 10% of the pituitary cells with a density of 8.5 ± 1.9 (per 0.01 mm(2)), both periodic acid-Schiff positive (30%) and negative (70%). All CB1-immunoreactive cells were also immune reactive for estrogen receptor type 1. Ovariectomy, either alone or combined with estrogen priming, did not modify the relative abundances of pituitary CB1 mRNA, but decreased (P < 0.01) the expression of estrogen receptor type 1 mRNA. Treatment with CB1 antagonist (rimonabant) inhibited (P < 0.01) LH secretory capacity by the pituitary after GnRH injection, and estrogen priming had no effect. The present findings indicate that the endocannabinoid system is a potential candidate for the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in reflex ovulatory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dall'Aglio
- Sezione di Anatomia, Dipartimento di Scienze biopatologiche veterinarie, Università di Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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18
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Cottone E, Pomatto V, Cerri F, Campantico E, Mackie K, Delpero M, Guastalla A, Dati C, Bovolin P, Franzoni MF. Cannabinoid receptors are widely expressed in goldfish: molecular cloning of a CB2-like receptor and evaluation of CB1 and CB2 mRNA expression profiles in different organs. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1287-96. [PMID: 23504102 PMCID: PMC3776019 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids, the bioactive constituents of Cannabis sativa, and endocannabinoids, among which the most important are anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, control various biological processes by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors, namely CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. While a vast amount of information on the mammalian endocannabinoid system does exist, few data have been reported on bony fish. In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, the CB1 receptor has been cloned and its distribution has been analyzed in the retina, brain and gonads, while CB2 had not yet been isolated. In the present paper, we cloned the goldfish CB2 receptor and show that it presents a quite high degree of amino acid identity with zebrafish Danio rerio CB2A and CB2B receptors, while the percentage of identity is lower with the puffer fish Fugu rubripes CB2, as also confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis. The sequence identity becomes much lower when comparing the goldfish and the mammalian CB2 sequences; as for other species, goldfish CB2 and CB1 amino acid sequences share moderate levels of identity. Western-blotting analysis shows the CB2 receptor as two major bands of about 53 and 40 kDa and other faint bands with apparent molecular masses around 70, 57 and 55 kDa. Since the distribution of a receptor could give information on its physiological role, we evaluated and compared CB1 and CB2 mRNA expression in different goldfish organs by means of qReal-Time PCR. Our results show that both CB1 and CB2 receptors are widely expressed in the goldfish, displaying some tissue specificities, thus opening the way for further functional studies on bony fish and other nonmammalian vertebrates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/veterinary
- Goldfish/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/isolation & purification
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary
- Sequence Homology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cottone
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy,
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Crane NA, Schuster RM, Fusar-Poli P, Gonzalez R. Effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functioning: recent advances, neurodevelopmental influences, and sex differences. Neuropsychol Rev 2013; 23:117-37. [PMID: 23129391 PMCID: PMC3593817 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-012-9222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have examined the effects of cannabis on neurocognition. Recent advances in this field provide us with a better understanding of how cannabis use influences neurocognition both acutely (during intoxication) and non-acutely (after acute effects subside). Evidence of problems with episodic memory is one of the most consistent findings reported; however, several other neurocognitive domains appear to be adversely affected by cannabis use under various conditions. There is significant variability in findings across studies, thus a discussion of potential moderators is increasingly relevant. The purpose of this review was to 1) provide an update on research of cannabis' acute and non-acute effects on neurocognition, with a focus on findings since 2007 and 2) suggest and discuss how neurodevelopmental issues and sex differences may influence cannabis effects on neurocognition. Finally we discuss how future investigations may lead to better understanding of the complex interplay among cannabis, stages of neurodevelopment, and sex on neurocognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University
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20
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Cottone E, Pomatto V, Bovolin P. Role of the endocannabinoid system in the central regulation of nonmammalian vertebrate reproduction. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:941237. [PMID: 24101926 PMCID: PMC3786540 DOI: 10.1155/2013/941237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a well-documented pivotal role in the control of mammalian reproductive functions, by acting at multiple levels, that is, central (CNS) and local (gonads) levels. Since studies performed in animal models other than mammals might provide further insight into the biology of these signalling molecules, in the present paper we review the comparative data pointing toward the endocannabinoid involvement in the reproductive control of non-mammalian vertebrates, focussing in particular on the central regulation of teleost and amphibian reproduction. The morphofunctional distribution of brain cannabinoid receptors will be discussed in relation to other crucial signalling molecules involved in the control of reproductive functions, such as GnRH, dopamine, aromatase, and pituitary gonadotropins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cottone
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- *Erika Cottone:
| | - Valentina Pomatto
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bovolin
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
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21
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Kraft B. Is there any clinically relevant cannabinoid-induced analgesia? Pharmacology 2012; 89:237-46. [PMID: 22507873 DOI: 10.1159/000337376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kraft
- Department of Special Anesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Klumpers LE, Cole DM, Khalili-Mahani N, Soeter RP, Te Beek ET, Rombouts SARB, van Gerven JMA. Manipulating brain connectivity with δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol: a pharmacological resting state FMRI study. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1701-11. [PMID: 22885247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting state-functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-FMRI) is a neuroimaging technique that allows repeated assessments of functional connectivity in resting state. While task-related FMRI is limited to indirectly measured drug effects in areas affected by the task, resting state can show direct CNS effects across all brain networks. Hence, RS-FMRI could be an objective measure for compounds affecting the CNS. Several studies on the effects of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB(1))-receptor agonist δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on task-dependent FMRI have been performed. However, no studies on the effects of cannabinoids on resting state networks using RS-FMRI have been published. Therefore, we investigated the effects of THC on functional brain connectivity using RS-FMRI. Twelve healthy volunteers (9 male, 3 female) inhaled 2, 6 and 6 mg THC or placebo with 90-minute intervals in a randomized, double blind, cross-over trial. Eight RS-FMRI scans of 8 min were obtained per occasion. Subjects rated subjective psychedelic effects on a visual analog scale after each scan, as pharmacodynamic effect measures. Drug-induced effects on functional connectivity were examined using dual regression with FSL software (FMRIB Analysis Group, Oxford). Eight maps of voxel-wise connectivity throughout the entire brain were provided per RS-FMRI series with eight predefined resting-state networks of interest. These maps were used in a mixed effects model group analysis to determine brain regions with a statistically significant drug-by-time interaction. Statistical images were cluster-corrected, and results were Bonferroni-corrected across multiple contrasts. THC administration increased functional connectivity in the sensorimotor network, and was associated with dissociable lateralized connectivity changes in the right and left dorsal visual stream networks. The brain regions showing connectivity changes included the cerebellum and dorsal frontal cortical regions. Clear increases were found for feeling high, external perception, heart rate and cortisol, whereas prolactin decreased. This study shows that THC induces both increases and (to a lesser extent) decreases in functional brain connectivity, mainly in brain regions with high densities of CB(1)-receptors. Some of the involved regions could be functionally related to robust THC-induced CNS-effects that have been found in previous studies (Zuurman et al., 2008), such as postural stability, feeling high and altered time perception.
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23
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Battista N, Meccariello R, Cobellis G, Fasano S, Di Tommaso M, Pirazzi V, Konje JC, Pierantoni R, Maccarrone M. The role of endocannabinoids in gonadal function and fertility along the evolutionary axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:1-14. [PMID: 22305972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are natural lipids able to bind to cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors. Their biological actions at the central and peripheral level are under the tight control of the proteins responsible for their synthesis, transport and degradation. In the last few years, several reports have pointed out these lipid mediators as critical signals, together with sex hormones and cytokines, in various aspects of animal and human reproduction. The identification of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in reproductive cells and tissues of invertebrates, vertebrates and mammals highlights the key role played by these endogenous compounds along the evolutionary axis. Here, we review the main actions of endocannabinoids on female and male reproductive events, and discuss the interplay between them, steroid hormones and cytokines in regulating fertility. In addition, we discuss the involvement of endocannabinoid signalling in ensuring a correct chromatin remodeling, and hence a good DNA quality, in sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, Università di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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24
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Dall'Aglio C, Mercati F, Pascucci L, Boiti C, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P. Immunohistochemical localization of CB1 receptor in canine salivary glands. Vet Res Commun 2011; 34 Suppl 1:S9-12. [PMID: 20437096 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CB1 is a member of the G-protein-linked receptor superfamily that is present in the central nervous system as well as in certain peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Recently, the presence of CB1 was found in the ductal system of the major salivary glands of laboratory animals, but no data are available for domestic mammals. Thus, in the present study, we examined the presence and distribution of CB1 in the major salivary glands of dogs using immunohistochemical techniques. CB1 was found in the parotid and mandibular glands of adult dogs; positive immunoreaction was localized to the cells of the striated ducts, with a peculiar localization on or near the apical membrane. This particular localization may be explained by the characteristics of this receptor as membrane-associated. The acinar structures were completely negative for CB1. We conclude that CB1 is involved in the control of dog salivary secretion via endogenous substances, likely endocannabinoids. The localization of CB1 highlights that endocannabinoids promote qualitative and/or quantitative changes of the primary saliva in the ductal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dall'Aglio
- Department of Biopathological Science and Hygiene of Animal and Alimentary Productions, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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25
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Inverse agonism of cannabinoid CB1 receptor blocks the adhesion of encephalitogenic T cells in inflamed brain venules by a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 233:97-105. [PMID: 21216016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the cannabinoid system has a significant role in the regulation of the immune responses. Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are expressed on T lymphocytes and mediate the immunomodulatory effects of cannabinoids on T cell functions. Here we show that the treatment of proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151-specific T cells with SR141716A, a CB1 inverse agonist and prototype of the diarylpyrazoles series, induced a strong inhibition of firm adhesion in inflamed brain venules in intravital microscopy experiments. In contrast, SR144528, a potent CB2 inverse agonist, had no significant effect on both rolling and arrest of activated T cells. In addition, two analogs of SR141716A and CB1 inverse agonists, AM251 and AM281 inhibited encephalitogenic T cell adhesion suggesting that selective CB1 inverse agonism interfere with lymphocyte trafficking in the CNS. Flow cytometry experiments showed that CB1 inverse agonists have no effect on adhesion molecule expression suggesting that CB1 blockade interferes with signal transduction pathways controlling T cell adhesion in inflamed brain venules. In addition, integrin clustering was not altered after treatment with CB1 inverse agonists suggesting that adhesion blockade is not due to the modulation of integrin valency. Notably, the inhibitory effect exerted by AM251 and AM281 on the adhesive interactions was completely reverted in the presence of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89, suggesting that cAMP and PKA activation play a key role in the adhesion blockade mediated by CB1 inverse agonists. To further strengthen these results and unveil a previously unknown inhibitory role of cAMP on activated T cell adhesion in vivo in the context of CNS inflammation, we showed that intracellular increase of cAMP induced by treatment with Bt2cAMP, a permeable analog of cAMP, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor theophylline efficiently blocked the arrest of encephalitogenic T cells in inflamed brain venules. Our data show that modulation of CB1 function has anti-inflammatory effects and suggests that inverse agonism of CB1 block signal transduction mechanisms controlling encephalitogenic T cells adhesion in inflamed brain venules by a PKA-dependent mechanism.
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Abstract
Starting from an historical overview of lasting Cannabis use over the centuries, we will focus on a description of the cannabinergic system, with a comprehensive analysis of chemical and pharmacological properties of endogenous and synthetic cannabimimetic analogues. The metabolic pathways and the signal transduction mechanisms, activated by cannabinoid receptors stimulation, will also be discussed. In particular, we will point out the action of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids on the different neuronal networks involved in reproductive axis, and locally, on male and female reproductive tracts, by emphasizing the pivotal role played by this system in the control of fertility.
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27
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Localization of an endocannabinoid system in the hypophysial pars tuberalis and pars distalis of man. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:273-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Endocannabinoid-mediated modulation of stress responses: Physiological and pathophysiological significance. Immunobiology 2010; 215:629-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Rettori V, De Laurentiis A, Fernandez-Solari J. Alcohol and endocannabinoids: Neuroendocrine interactions in the reproductive axis. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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30
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López HH. Cannabinoid-hormone interactions in the regulation of motivational processes. Horm Behav 2010; 58:100-10. [PMID: 19819241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is a bi-directionality in hormone-cannabinoid interactions: cannabinoids affect prominent endocrine axes (such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal), and gonadal hormones modulate cannabinoid effects. This review will summarize recent research on these interactions, with a specific focus upon their implications for motivated behavior. Sexual behavior will serve as a "case study." I will explore the hypothesis that ovarian hormones, in particular estradiol, may serve to release estrous behavior from endocannabinoid inhibition. Hormonal regulation of the endogenous cannabinoid system also affects processes that underlie drug abuse. This review will briefly discuss sex differences in behavioral responses to cannabinoids and explore potential mechanisms by which gonadal hormones alter cannabinoid reward. An examination of this research informs our perspective on how hormones and endocannabinoids may affect drug-seeking behavior as a whole and the development of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H López
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
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31
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Taylor AH, Amoako AA, Bambang K, Karasu T, Gebeh A, Lam PMW, Marzcylo TH, Konje JC. Endocannabinoids and pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:921-30. [PMID: 20302856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acylethanolamides such as anandamide (AEA), and monoacylglycerols like 2-arachidonoylglycerol are endocannabinoids that bind to cannabinoid, vanilloid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. These compounds, their various receptors, the purported membrane transporter(s), and related enzymes that synthesize and degrade them are collectively referred to as the "endocannabinoid system (ECS)". Poorly defined cellular and molecular mechanisms control the biological actions of the ECS. Over the last decade evidence has been emerging to suggest that the ECS plays a significant role in various aspects of human reproduction. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this role especially the involvement of AEA and related ECS elements in regulating oogenesis, embryo oviductal transport, blastocyst implantation, placental development and pregnancy outcomes, and sperm survival, motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction. Additionally, the possibility that plasma and tissue AEA and other cannabinoids may represent reliable diagnostic markers of natural and assisted reproduction and pregnancy outcomes in women will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Taylor
- Reproductive Sciences Section, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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32
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Fasano S, Meccariello R, Cobellis G, Chianese R, Cacciola G, Chioccarelli T, Pierantoni R. The Endocannabinoid System: An Ancient Signaling Involved in the Control of Male Fertility. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:112-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Malcher-Lopes R, Buzzi M. Glucocorticoid-regulated crosstalk between arachidonic acid and endocannabinoid biochemical pathways coordinates cognitive-, neuroimmune-, and energy homeostasis-related adaptations to stress. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:263-313. [PMID: 19647116 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and its derivatives constitute the major group of signaling molecules involved in the innate immune response and its communication with all cellular and systemic aspects involved on homeostasis maintenance. Glucocorticoids spread throughout the organism their influences over key enzymatic steps of the arachidonic acid biochemical pathways, leading, in the central nervous system, to a shift favoring the synthesis of anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids over proinflammatory metabolites, such as prostaglandins. This shift modifies local immune-inflammatory response and neuronal activity to ultimately coordinate cognitive, behavioral, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, physiological, and metabolic adjustments to basal and stress conditions. In the hypothalamus, a reciprocal feedback between glucocorticoids and arachidonate-containing molecules provides a mechanism for homeostatic control. This neurochemical switch is susceptible to fine-tuning by neuropeptides, cytokines, and hormones, such as leptin and interleukin-1beta, assuring functional integration between energy homeostasis control and the immune/stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Malcher-Lopes
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, EMBRAPA-Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Pierantoni R, Cobellis G, Meccariello R, Cacciola G, Chianese R, Chioccarelli T, Fasano S. CB1 activity in male reproduction: mammalian and nonmammalian animal models. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:367-87. [PMID: 19647119 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the endocannabinoid system (ECBS) and its involvement in several physiological processes is still increasing. Since the isolation of the main active compound of Cannabis sativa, Delta(9)-THC, several lines of research have evidenced the basic roles of this signaling system mainly considering its high conservation during evolution. In this chapter the attention is focussed on the involvement of the ECBS in the control of male reproductive aspects at both central and local levels which are both considered from a comparative point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli, Napoli, Italy
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Integration of endocannabinoid signaling into the neural network regulating stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2009; 1:289-306. [PMID: 21104389 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The evidence that has been gathered to date strongly argues for an inhibitory role of endocannabinoid (ECB) signaling in regulating HPA axis activity. Under basal conditions, ECB signaling appears to be a driving force in the maintenance of low HPA axis activity, as disruption of CB₁ receptor activity results in basal hyperactivity of the HPA axis. Under conditions of acute stress, ECB signaling likewise appears to constrain activation of the HPA axis, possibly via both distal regulation of incoming amygdalar inputs and local regulation of excitatory input to CRF neurosecretory cells in the PVN. ECB neurotransmission is, in turn, modulated by stress, possibly acting as either a "gatekeeper" of the HPA axis, or a recovery system aimed at limiting HPA axis activity. Consistently, pharmacological enhancement of ECB signaling attenuates stress-induced HPA axis activity while impairment of CB₁ receptor signaling results in an exaggerated cellular and neuroendocrine response to stress. Additionally, under conditions of repeated stress, a progressive increase in limbic 2AG/CB₁ receptor signaling contributes to the development and expression of neuroendocrine habituation.Ultimately, these data demonstrate that the ECB system is likely to be an integral player in the neuronal response and plasticity to stress. The relevance of this relationship has not been fully explored with respect to both normal homeostasis and pathological states characterized by alterations in HPA axis function, but will be a focus of future research.
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Abstract
Cannabinoids, the main active components of marijuana, have been shown to exert different adverse effects on male reproduction both in vertebrates and invertebrates. In vivo, cannabinoids exert negative effects on hypothalamic-hypophyseal reproductive hormone secretion and testicular endocrine and exocrine functions. Furthermore, a large amount of experimental data obtained in vitro have clearly shown that cannabinoids negatively influence important sperm functions, including motility and acrosome reaction, two fundamental processes necessary for oocyte fertilisation. These inhibitory effects are mediated by the direct action of cannabinoids on sperm through the activation of the cannabinoid receptor subtype CNR1 that has been shown to be expressed in mature sperm. In the present paper, we briefly review the effects of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids, a particular group of endogenously produced cannabinoids, on male reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rossato
- Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Battista N, Rapino C, Di Tommaso M, Bari M, Pasquariello N, Maccarrone M. Regulation of male fertility by the endocannabinoid system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:S17-23. [PMID: 18328619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian conception is a complex process regulated by both sexual behavior and reproductive performance. Alcohol, marijuana and tobacco are among the main factors which affect negatively fertility in women and men. Several studies have demonstrated that marijuana impairs the male copulatory activity, and that smokers of this illegal drug show reduced fertility due, for instance, to decrease in sperm concentration, defective sperm function or alteration of sperm morphology. The discovery of endocannabinoids and all components responsible for their metabolism has allowed to collect valuable information on the effects of these endogenous lipids, able to mimic the actions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in reproductive functions. The purpose of this review is to describe the actions of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids on the control of procreation and hormonal release during the fertilization process in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Chianese R, Cobellis G, Pierantoni R, Fasano S, Meccariello R. Non-mammalian vertebrate models and the endocannabinoid system: relationships with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:S46-51. [PMID: 18325658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, via cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), affect reproductive functions at both local and central level. Due to the high complexity of the endocannabinoid system, to the widespread distribution outside the nervous system and to the high degree of evolutionary conservation, a deep CB1 molecular characterization among species may be useful to elucidate the activity of endocannabinoids at multiple levels. In this review we report CB1 characterization in non-mammalian animal models and, in particular, in the anuran amphibian, the frog, Rana esculenta; we also describe its expression during the annual sexual cycle. Moreover, since reproductive functions are under control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), cb1 mRNA and protein expression profile in the forebrain has been compared to those of GnRH-I, the mammalian form primarily involved in gonadotropin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Chianese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sez. "F. Bottazzi", II Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Oláh M, Milloh H, Wenger T. The role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release. Differences between the effects of AEA and 2AG. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:S36-40. [PMID: 18308464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the endocannabinoids inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion. When the effects of the two well-known endocannabinoids arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA, anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2AG) have been compared it became evident that AEA caused inhibition was higher than that one of 2AG. AEA also diminished the two investigated hormonal levels in CB1 receptor inactivated mice. AEA, being an endogenous ligand of vanilloid type 1 (TPRV1) receptor, while activating TPRV1 receptor has an effect on both LH and PRL levels decrease because these later were abolished when capsazepin, antagonist of TPRV1 receptor was previously administered to the CB1 KO animals. We postulate that the difference between the effects of AEA and 2AG on the serum levels of LH and PRL is due to the difference in receptor activation of these two compounds, namely AEA can activate both CB1 and TRPV1 receptor but 2AG acts only on CB1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márk Oláh
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Steiner MA, Marsicano G, Nestler EJ, Holsboer F, Lutz B, Wotjak CT. Antidepressant-like behavioral effects of impaired cannabinoid receptor type 1 signaling coincide with exaggerated corticosterone secretion in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:54-67. [PMID: 17976922 PMCID: PMC2267923 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis hyperactivity is associated with major depressive disorders, and treatment with classical antidepressants ameliorates not only psychopathological symptoms, but also the dysregulation of the HPA axis. Here, we further elucidated the role of impaired cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) signaling for neuroendocrine and behavioral stress coping in the mouse forced swim test (FST). We demonstrate that the genetic inactivation of CB1 is accompanied by increased plasma corticosterone levels both under basal conditions and at different time points following exposure to the FST. The latter effect could be mimicked in C57BL/6N mice by acute, subchronic, and chronic administration of the selective CB1 antagonist SR141716. Further experiments confirmed the specificity of corticosterone-elevating SR141716 actions for CB1 in CB1-deficient mice. Subchronic and chronic pharmacological blockade of CB1, but not its genetic deletion, induced antidepressant-like behavioral responses in the FST that were characterized by decreased floating and/or increased struggling behavior. The antidepressant-like behavioral effects of acute desipramine treatment in the FST were absent in CB1-deficient mice, but the dampening effects of desipramine on FST stress-induced corticosterone secretion were not compromised by CB1 deficiency. However, antidepressant-like behavioral desipramine effects were intact in C57BL/6N mice pre-treated with SR141716, indicating potential developmental deficits in CB1-deficient mice. We conclude that pharmacological blockade of CB1 signaling shares antidepressant-like behavioral effects with desipramine, but reveals opposite effects on HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Steiner
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany, U 862 Centre de Recherche INSERM François Magendie, Equipe AVENIR 4, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Department of Psychiatry and Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Lastra-Lastra G, Lastra-Gonzalez G, Manrique C. The endocannabinoid network: insight into the regulation of the neuroendocrine and metabolic systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:53-8. [PMID: 17684453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4564.2007.06258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide represents one of the most important challenges of modern medicine, owing to its myriad related complications-in particular cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Originating from early studies with Cannabis sativa, the active compound of marijuana, there has been an impressive progress in the knowledge about the endocannabinoid network, leading to the identification of specific pathways that modulate feeding behavior. The effects of endocannabinoids are not limited to the central nervous system, but also include peripheral tissues. Experimental and clinic trials have demonstrated the efficacy of endocannabinoid antagonists in the management of obesity and the cardiometabolic syndrome. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying obesity will lead to development of more active and specific agents, which surely will enlarge the role of this efficacious alternative for management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lastra-Lastra
- Endocrinology Service, Internal Medicine Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
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Pagotto U, Marsicano G, Cota D, Lutz B, Pasquali R. The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in endocrine regulation and energy balance. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:73-100. [PMID: 16306385 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a highly relevant topic in the scientific community. Many different regulatory actions have been attributed to endocannabinoids, and their involvement in several pathophysiological conditions is under intense scrutiny. Cannabinoid receptors, named CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor, first discovered as the molecular targets of the psychotropic component of the plant Cannabis sativa, participate in the physiological modulation of many central and peripheral functions. CB2 receptor is mainly expressed in immune cells, whereas CB1 receptor is the most abundant G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the brain. CB1 receptor is expressed in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, and its activation is known to modulate all the endocrine hypothalamic-peripheral endocrine axes. An increasing amount of data highlights the role of the system in the stress response by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and in the control of reproduction by modifying gonadotropin release, fertility, and sexual behavior. The ability of the endocannabinoid system to control appetite, food intake, and energy balance has recently received great attention, particularly in the light of the different modes of action underlying these functions. The endocannabinoid system modulates rewarding properties of food by acting at specific mesolimbic areas in the brain. In the hypothalamus, CB1 receptor and endocannabinoids are integrated components of the networks controlling appetite and food intake. Interestingly, the endocannabinoid system was recently shown to control metabolic functions by acting on peripheral tissues, such as adipocytes, hepatocytes, the gastrointestinal tract, and, possibly, skeletal muscle. The relevance of the system is further strenghtened by the notion that drugs interfering with the activity of the endocannabinoid system are considered as promising candidates for the treatment of various diseases, including obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Sant' Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy, and Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
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43
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Abstract
Marijuana and cannabinoids have been shown to exert profound effects on hypothalamic regulatory functions and reproduction in both experimental animals and humans. Here we review the role of (endo)cannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and food intake. There is converging evidence that the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system changes after leptin treatment. Cannabinoid administration decreases heat production by altering hypothalamic neurotransmitter production. Experimental and human data have also shown that the endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of reproductive function at both central and peripheral levels. We discuss also the role of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in gestation, and in particular the regulation of the activity of FAAH by progesterone and leptin. We show that endocannabinoids inhibit the release of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) from peripheral T lymphocytes. Taken together, endocannabinoids not only help to maintain neuroendocrine homeostasis, but also take part in immunological changes occurring during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maccarrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza A. Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Cottone E, Forno S, Campantico E, Guastalla A, Viltono L, Mackie K, Franzoni MF. Expression and distribution of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system of the African cichlid fishPelvicachromis pulcher. J Comp Neurol 2005; 485:293-303. [PMID: 15803507 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical investigation of the cannabinoid system in a lower vertebrate group such as teleost fishes might improve our understanding of the physiological role of such a signaling system. In the present study, the expression of a CB1 cannabinoid receptor has been demonstrated in the CNS of a teleost fish, the cichlid Pelvicachromis pulcher. Moreover, CB1-like immunoreactivity has been analyzed by using a purified antibody against the CB1 receptor amino-terminus. Immunostained neurons and varicosities were found through the telencephalon as well as in the preoptic area and lateral infundibular lobes of the hypothalamus. Stained cells were observed in the pituitary gland. Several cell bodies and nerve terminals containing an intense CB1-like immunoreactivity were found in the pretectal central nucleus and posterior tuberculum, both lying in a transitional region between diencephalon and mesencephalon. In the brainstem, the CB1 immunopositivity was more restricted than in the prosencephalon, with the exception of some large, intensely immunopositive nerve cells within the dorsal mesencephalic tegmentum, possibly motor neurons of the third cranial nerve. In the cerebellum, among a majority of immunonegative granule cells, a subset of them was immunostained. Some positive Purkinje cells were also observed. In the spinal cord, ventral gray matter, several alpha-motoneurons were stained. Similarities to and discrepancies from the CB1 receptor distributions in other vertebrate CNS are discussed, paying particular attention to the abundant CB1 immunoreactivity observed in the area encompassing the pretectum and glomerular nucleus, which is characterized by a peculiar differentiation in bony fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cottone
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
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Scorticati C, Fernández-Solari J, De Laurentiis A, Mohn C, Prestifilippo JP, Lasaga M, Seilicovich A, Billi S, Franchi A, McCann SM, Rettori V. The inhibitory effect of anandamide on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion is reversed by estrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11891-6. [PMID: 15280536 PMCID: PMC511070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404366101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibited luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in male rats, we hypothesized that the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), would act similarly. AEA microinjected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) decreased plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) at 30 min in comparison to values in controls (P < 0.001). The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1-r)-specific antagonist, [N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] (AM251), produced a significant elevation in plasma LH (P < 0.01). AEA (10(-9) M) decreased LHRH release from medial basal hypothalami incubated in vitro. These results support the concept that endogenous AEA inhibits LHRH followed by decreased LH release in male rats. In ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, AEA i.c.v. also inhibited LH release, but in this case AM251 had an even greater inhibitory effect than AEA. In vitro, AEA had no effect on LHRH in OVX rats. It seems that endogenous AEA inhibits LHRH followed by decreased LH release in OVX rats but that AM251 has an inhibitory action in this case. In striking contrast, in OVX, estrogen-primed (OVX-E) rats, AEA i.c.v. instead of decreasing LH, increased its release. This effect was completely blocked by previous injection of AM251. When medial basal hypothalami of OVX-E rats were incubated, AEA increased LHRH release. The synthesized AEA was higher in OVX-E rats than in OVX and males, indicating that estrogen modifies endocannabinoid levels and effects. The results are interpreted to mean that sex steroids have profound effects to modify the response to AEA. It inhibits LHRH and consequently diminishes LH release in males and OVX females, but stimulates LHRH followed by increased LH release in OVX-E-primed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Scorticati
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Serrano 669, 1414 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Newton CA, Lu T, Nazian SJ, Perkins I, Friedman H, Klein TW. The THC-induced suppression of Th1 polarization in response to Legionella pneumophila infection is not mediated by increases in corticosterone and PGE2. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:854-61. [PMID: 15258190 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0304184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-polarizing cytokines are induced by Legionella pneumophila infection and are suppressed by pretreatment with marijuana cannabinoids (CB). Glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) are also reported to suppress Th1 polarization and are induced by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), so their role in the suppression of polarizing cytokines was examined. Injection of L. pneumophila or THC alone into BALB/c mice induced a rapid and transient rise in serum corticosterone (CS), and the injection of both agents significantly augmented the CS response, demonstrating that THC increased CS in Legionella-infected mice. Pretreatment with the CB receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716A had no effect on the THC-induced CS response, but CB2 antagonist (SR144528) treatment increased the CS response. To see if increased CS contributed to the down-regulation of Th1 cytokines, mice were pretreated with the steroid antagonist RU486 before THC injection and Legionella infection. The results showed that RU486 did not attenuate the THC-induced suppression of serum interleukin (IL)-12 or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In addition to CS, THC injection increased urinary PGE2 metabolites, and the CB1 antagonist attenuated this increase. Although L. pneumophila infection increased urinary PGE2, THC pretreatment did not enhance this response; in addition, treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, did not block the THC-induced suppression of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. These results suggest that the elevation of CS and PGE2 does not account for the THC-induced attenuation of the Th1 cytokine response, and it is concluded that other suppressive mediators are induced by THC or that the drug acts directly on immune cells to suppress cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Newton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Abstract
In most countries Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug. Its use during pregnancy in developed nations is estimated to be approximately 10%. Recent evidence suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system, now consisting of two receptors and multiple endocannabinoid ligands, may also play an important role in the maintenance and regulation of early pregnancy and fertility. The purpose of this review is therefore twofold, to examine the impact that cannabis use may have on fertility and reproduction, and to review the potential role of the endocannabinoid system in hormonal regulation, embryo implantation and maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wenger T, Ledent C, Tramu G. The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 78:294-300. [PMID: 14688442 DOI: 10.1159/000074882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, anandamide (AEA), on the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in cannabinoid receptor (CB(1) receptor) inactivated (KO) mice. A low dose (0.01 mg/kg i.p.) of AEA significantly increased plasma corticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone concentrations in both wild-type (+/+) and in mutant (-/-) animals. In each case, hormone levels reached their peaks at 90 min after AEA administration. In a parallel experiment, AEA administration was preceded by the injection of SR 141716A (1.0 mg/kg), a selective and potent CB(1) receptor antagonist, or of capsazepine (5.0 mg/kg), a potent vanilloid receptor of type 1 (VR1) antagonist. The latter drugs did not prevent the effects of AEA on the HPA axis. Using Fos protein immunohistochemistry, we observed that the parvocellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was activated as early as 45 min after AEA injection and reached peak levels after 60 min in both +/+ and -/- mice. Furthermore, the CB(1) and VR1 receptor antagonists did not block the effects of AEA on Fos immunoreactivity. The results strongly support the view that activation of the HPA axis produced by AEA possibly occurs via a currently unknown (CB(x)) cannabinoid receptor present in PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Wenger
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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49
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Abstract
The expression of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) containing neurones was demonstrated. Co-localisation was present in different brain areas responsible for reward-related mechanisms. The immunohistochemical investigations have shown that co-localisation is present in parts of mesolimbic-mesocortical dopaminergic system like nucleus accumbens (Nacb), ventral tegmental area (VTA), in the striatum, pyriform cortex, respectively. The results suggest a functional role of CB1 receptors in cannabis addiction by acting directly on reward-related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Wenger
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto u. 58, PO Box 95, Budapest, Hungary.
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50
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Wenger T, Moldrich G. The role of endocannabinoids in the hypothalamic regulation of visceral function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 66:301-7. [PMID: 12052044 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2001.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays an important role in the regulation of several visceral processes, including food intake, thermoregulation and control of anterior pituitary secretion. Endogenous cannabinoids and CB(1) cannabinoid receptors have been found in the hypothalamus. In the present review, we would like to clarify the role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of the above-mentioned visceral functions. There is historical support for the role of marihuana (i.e. exogenous cannabinoids) in the regulation of appetite. Endocannabinoids also stimulate food intake. Furthermore, the specific CB(1) receptor antagonist SR141716 reduces food intake. Leptin treatment decreases endocannabinoid levels in normal rats and ob/ob mice. These findings provide evidence for the role of the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system in food intake and appetite regulation. Cannabinoids can change body temperature in a dose-dependent manner. High doses cause hypothermia while low doses cause hyperthermia. Cannabinoid administration decreases heat production. It seems that the effects of can- nabinoids on thermoregulation is exerted by altering some neurochemical mediator effects at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic level.THC and endocannabinoids have mainly inhibitory effects on the regulation of reproduction. Administration of anandamide (AEA) decreases serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) levels. AEA causes a prolongation of pregnancy in rats and temporarily inhibits the postnatal development of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in offspring. The action of AEA on the reproductory parameters occurs at both the hypothalamic and pituitary level. CB(1) receptors have also been found in the anterior pituitary. Further, LH levels in CB(1) receptor-inactivated mice were decreased compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, all these observations suggest that the endocannabinoid system is playing an important part in the regulation of the mentioned visceral functions and it provides the bases for further applications of cannabinoid receptor agonists and/or antagonists in visceral diseases regulated by the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wenger
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Embryology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Tüzoltó u.58, PO Box 95, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.
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