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Gibbings A, Ray LB, Gagnon S, Collin CA, Robillard R, Fogel SM. The EEG correlates and dangerous behavioral consequences of drowsy driving after a single night of mild sleep deprivation. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113822. [PMID: 35469778 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological impact of mild, acute sleep loss via simultaneously recorded behavioral and electrophysiological measures of vigilance during a "real-world", simulated driving task. METHODS Participants (N = 34) visited the lab for two testing days where their brain activity and vigilance were simultaneously recorded during a driving simulator task. The driving task lasted approximately 70 mins and consisted of tailgating the lead car at high speed, which braked randomly, requiring participants to react quickly to avoid crashing. The night before testing, participants either slept from 12am-9am (Normally Rested), or 1am-6am (Sleep Restriction). RESULTS After a single night of mild sleep restriction, sleepiness was increased, participants took longer to brake, missed more braking events, and crashed more often. Brain activity showed more intense alpha burst activity and significant changes in EEG spectral power frequencies related to arousal (e.g., delta, theta, alpha). Importantly, increases in amplitude and number of alpha bursts predicted delays in reaction time when braking. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that a single night of mild sleep loss has significant, negative consequences on driving performance and vigilance, and a clear impact on the physiology of the brain in ways that reflect reduced arousal. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding neural and cognitive changes associated with sleep loss may lead to important advancements in identifying and preventing potentially dangerous sleep-related lapses in vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gibbings
- Sleep Research Unit, The University of Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - L B Ray
- Sleep Research Unit, The University of Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - S Gagnon
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - C A Collin
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - R Robillard
- Sleep Research Unit, The University of Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - S M Fogel
- Sleep Research Unit, The University of Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Estimating Driver Behavior Measures Related to Traffic Safety by Investigating 2-Dimensional Uncertain Linguistic Data—A Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human behavior has been estimated as a factor too uncertain and complex to investigate road safety issues. By utilizing recent expansions of ordinary fuzzy sets, experts in the field have intended to handle the vagueness of human behavior in sustainable transport systems by using linguistic terms for assessment. Pythagorean Fuzzy sets (PFSs) are considered a superior method that has been developed for multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), which enables assigning of both membership and non-membership functions in a large domain area. A novel Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (PF-AHP) is performed to assess and prioritize critical driver behavior criteria designed into a hierarchical model based on data gathered from observed driver groups in Budapest city. Accordingly, based on the aggregated weights, the criterion ‘lapses’ is prioritized as the most critical factor connected to road safety. The criterion ‘disobey speed limits’ is found to be the least critical factor, followed by ‘disobey overtaking rules’ as the second least. For a comparative analysis, the case of dependent criteria has been considered. Pythagorean Fuzzy DEMATEL method has been applied to determine dependencies between the criteria. Through the dependencies, a network of criteria has been constructed and the Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (ANP) conducted to interpret the results. Moreover, sensitivity analyses have been carried out to examine its robustness by applying different case scenarios.
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Basner M, Smith MG, McCauley P, Van Dongen HPA. Seasonal night-work with extended hours and transmeridian travel: An analysis of global fatigue-related sleigh crash risk. Sleep Health 2021; 8:3-6. [PMID: 34920975 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Michael G Smith
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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Survey and Synthesis of State of the Art in Driver Monitoring. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165558. [PMID: 34450999 PMCID: PMC8402294 DOI: 10.3390/s21165558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Road vehicle accidents are mostly due to human errors, and many such accidents could be avoided by continuously monitoring the driver. Driver monitoring (DM) is a topic of growing interest in the automotive industry, and it will remain relevant for all vehicles that are not fully autonomous, and thus for decades for the average vehicle owner. The present paper focuses on the first step of DM, which consists of characterizing the state of the driver. Since DM will be increasingly linked to driving automation (DA), this paper presents a clear view of the role of DM at each of the six SAE levels of DA. This paper surveys the state of the art of DM, and then synthesizes it, providing a unique, structured, polychotomous view of the many characterization techniques of DM. Informed by the survey, the paper characterizes the driver state along the five main dimensions—called here “(sub)states”—of drowsiness, mental workload, distraction, emotions, and under the influence. The polychotomous view of DM is presented through a pair of interlocked tables that relate these states to their indicators (e.g., the eye-blink rate) and the sensors that can access each of these indicators (e.g., a camera). The tables factor in not only the effects linked directly to the driver, but also those linked to the (driven) vehicle and the (driving) environment. They show, at a glance, to concerned researchers, equipment providers, and vehicle manufacturers (1) most of the options they have to implement various forms of advanced DM systems, and (2) fruitful areas for further research and innovation.
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van der Wall HEC, Doll RJ, van Westen GJP, Koopmans I, Zuiker RG, Burggraaf J, Cohen AF. Using machine learning techniques to characterize sleep-deprived driving behavior. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2021; 22:366-371. [PMID: 33960857 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1914837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep deprivation is known to affect driving behavior and may lead to serious car accidents similar to the effects from e.g., alcohol. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that the use of machine learning techniques allows adequate characterization of abnormal driving behavior after alprazolam and/or alcohol intake. In the present study, we extend this approach to sleep deprivation and test the model for characterization of new interventions. We aimed to classify abnormal driving behavior after sleep deprivation, and, by using a machine learning model, we tested if this model could also pick up abnormal driving behavior resulting from other interventions. METHODS Data were collected during a previous study, in which 24 subjects were tested after being sleep-deprived and after a well-rested night. Features were calculated from several driving parameters, such as the lateral position, speed of the car, and steering speed. In the present study, we used a gradient boosting model to classify sleep deprivation. The model was validated using a 5-fold cross validation technique. Next, probability scores were used to identify the overlap of driving behavior after sleep deprivation and driving behavior affected by other interventions. In the current study alprazolam, alcohol, and placebo are used to test/validate the approach. RESULTS The sleep deprivation model detected abnormal driving behavior in the simulator with an accuracy of 77 ± 9%. Abnormal driving behavior after alprazolam, and to a lesser extent also after alcohol intake, showed remarkably similar characteristics to sleep deprivation. The average probability score for alprazolam and alcohol measurements was 0.79, for alcohol 0.63, and for placebo only 0.27 and 0.30, matching the expected relative drowsiness. CONCLUSION We developed a model detecting abnormal driving induced by sleep deprivation. The model shows the similarities in driving characteristics between sleep deprivation and other interventions, i.e., alcohol and alprazolam. Consequently, our model for sleep deprivation may serve as a next reference point for a driving test battery of newly developed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E C van der Wall
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R J Doll
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G J P van Westen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I Koopmans
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R G Zuiker
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Iwata M, Iwamoto K, Kitajima I, Nogi T, Onishi K, Kajiyama Y, Nishino I, Ando M, Ozaki N. Validity and reliability of a driving simulator for evaluating the influence of medicinal drugs on driving performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:775-786. [PMID: 33236169 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although driving simulators (DS) are receiving increasing attention due to concern over traffic accidents under the influences of drugs, few DS are recognized for their reliability and validity. Therefore, the development of an evaluation system using DS for driving performance is urgently needed. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) increases with blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using a DS with reliability and calculate the SDLP threshold from the difference between BAC levels of 0 and 0.05%. METHODS Twenty healthy Japanese men performed the DS tasks up to 60 min in Study 1 and DS tasks twice at 1-week intervals in Study 2. Twenty-six healthy men conducted the same DS tasks under BAC level (0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.09%) in double-blind, randomized, crossover trial in Study 3. The primary outcome was SDLP in a road-tracking test. The test-retest reliability of DS data was assessed, and the estimated difference in SDLP between BAC levels of 0 and 0.05% was calculated using a linear regression model. RESULTS The cumulative SDLP values at 5-min intervals were stable, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for its values was 0.93. SDLP increased with BAC in a concentration-dependent manner. The predicted ΔSDLP value for the difference between BAC levels of 0 and 0.05% was 9.23 cm. No participants dropped out because of simulator sickness. CONCLUSIONS The new DS used in these studies has reliability, validity, and tolerability and is considered suitable for evaluating the influence of drugs on driving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Iwamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Iwao Kitajima
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan
| | - Takasuke Nogi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan
| | - Koichi Onishi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan
| | - Yu Kajiyama
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishino
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 170-8633, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ando
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
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van der Wall HEC, Doll RJ, van Westen GJP, Koopmans I, Zuiker RG, Burggraaf J, Cohen AF. The use of machine learning improves the assessment of drug-induced driving behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 148:105822. [PMID: 33125924 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Car-driving performance is negatively affected by the intake of alcohol, tranquillizers, sedatives and sleep deprivation. Although several studies have shown that the standard deviation of the lateral position on the road (SDLP) is sensitive to drug-induced changes in simulated and real driving performance tests, this parameter alone might not fully assess and quantify deviant or unsafe driving. OBJECTIVE Using machine learning we investigated if including multiple simulator-derived parameters, rather than the SDLP alone would provide a more accurate assessment of the effect of substances affecting driving performance. We specifically analysed the effects of alcohol and alprazolam. METHODS The data used in the present study were collected during a previous study on driving effects of alcohol and alprazolam in 24 healthy subjects (12 M, 12 F, mean age 26 years, range 20-43 years). Various driving features, such as speed and steering variations, were quantified and the influence of administration of alcohol or alprazolam was assessed to assist in designing a predictive model for abnormal driving behaviour. RESULTS Adding additional features besides the SDLP increased the model performance for prediction of drug-induced abnormal driving behaviour (from an accuracy of 65 %-83 % after alprazolam intake and from 50 % to 76 % after alcohol ingestion). Driving behaviour influenced by alcohol and alprazolam was characterised by different feature importance, indicating that the two interventions influenced driving behaviour in a different way. CONCLUSION Machine learning using multiple driving features in addition to the state-of-the-art SDLP improves the assessment of drug-induced abnormal driving behaviour. The created models may facilitate quantitative description of abnormal driving behaviour in the development and application of psychopharmacological medicines. Our models require further validation using similar and unknown interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E C van der Wall
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - R J Doll
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G J P van Westen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I Koopmans
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R G Zuiker
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Burggraaf
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - A F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Gibbings A, Ray LB, Berberian N, Nguyen T, Shahidi Zandi A, Owen AM, Comeau FJE, Fogel SM. EEG and behavioural correlates of mild sleep deprivation and vigilance. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:45-55. [PMID: 33248433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological impact of mild (only a few hours) and acute (one night) sleep loss via simultaneously recorded behavioural and physiological measures of vigilance. METHODS Participants (N = 23) came into the lab for two testing days where their brain activity and vigilance were recorded and assessed. The night before the testing session, participants either slept from 12am to 9am (Normally Rested), or from 1am to 6am (Sleep Restriction). RESULTS Vigilance was reduced and sleepiness was increased in the Sleep Restricted vs. Normally Rested condition, and this was exacerbated over the course of performing the vigilance task. As well, sleep restriction resulted in more intense alpha bursts. Lastly, EEG spectral power differed in Sleep Restricted vs. Normally Rested conditions as sleep onset progressed, particularly for frequencies reflecting arousal (e.g., delta, alpha, beta). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that only one night of mild sleep loss significantly increases sleepiness and, importantly, reduces vigilance. In addition, this sleep loss has a clear impact on the physiology of the brain in ways that reflect reduced arousal. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the neural correlates and cognitive processes associated with loss of sleep may lead to important advancements in identifying and preventing deleterious or potentially dangerous, sleep-related lapses in vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gibbings
- Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - L B Ray
- Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - N Berberian
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - T Nguyen
- Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - A Shahidi Zandi
- Alcohol Countermeasures Systems Corp (ACS), Toronto M9W 6J2, Canada
| | - A M Owen
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - F J E Comeau
- Alcohol Countermeasures Systems Corp (ACS), Toronto M9W 6J2, Canada
| | - S M Fogel
- Sleep Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London N6A 5B7, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Lowrie J, Brownlow H. The impact of sleep deprivation and alcohol on driving: a comparative study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:980. [PMID: 32571274 PMCID: PMC7310070 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is concern about the detrimental effects of shift-workers’ increasing working hours particularly when driving sleep deprived. The approach to measuring the magnitude of driving impairment caused by sleep deprivation was by comparing it to alcohol. The study compared driving performance after 24-h of wakefulness to performance with a BrAC of just over 22 μg/100mls of breath which is equal to 50 mg of alcohol per 100mls of blood (Scottish drink-drive limit). The effectiveness of coffee as a countermeasure for driver fatigue and the association between subjective impairment and actual performance was also investigated. Methods A study of 30 participants (11 male and 19 female; mean age 21) was conducted. Subjects were tested under three conditions: fully rested, sleep deprived, and alcohol intoxicated – BrAC mean [SD] 25.95 μg [2.78]. Under each condition, subjects were tested before and after coffee ingestion. This involved driving simulation (Lane Change Task and Reaction Test) and subjective Likert scales (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and driver impairment scale). Outcome measures included lane tracking adaptive mean deviation, reaction time, and subjective sleepiness and impairment ratings. Results Compared to alcohol, sleep deprived mean reaction times were slower (2.86 s vs. 2.34 s) and lateral control of the vehicle was reduced (lane tracking adaptive mean deviation: 0.5 vs. 0.3). Coffee did not produce an improvement when sleep deprived, and instead, performance deteriorated. Females were less impaired following sleep deprivation than males. Following prolonged wakefulness, the correlation between subjective impairment and actual performance was significant. Conclusions It was concluded that sleep deprivation has a greater impact on driving performance than a BrAC of 22 μg/100mls of breath, as measured by driving simulation. Coffee is not an effective countermeasure for sleep deprived driving and drivers’ ability to judge this impairment is suggested to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lowrie
- University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland.
| | - Helen Brownlow
- The Centre for Forensic & Legal Medicine, 2 Park Pl, Dundee, DD1 4HR, Scotland
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Farooq D, Moslem S, Faisal Tufail R, Ghorbanzadeh O, Duleba S, Maqsoom A, Blaschke T. Analyzing the Importance of Driver Behavior Criteria Related to Road Safety for Different Driving Cultures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1893. [PMID: 32183323 PMCID: PMC7143796 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Driver behavior has been considered as the most critical and uncertain criteria in the study of traffic safety issues. Driver behavior identification and categorization by using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) can overcome the uncertainty of driver behavior by capturing the ambiguity of driver thinking style. The main goal of this paper is to examine the significant driver behavior criteria that influence traffic safety for different traffic cultures such as Hungary, Turkey, Pakistan and China. The study utilized the FAHP framework to compare and quantify the driver behavior criteria designed on a three-level hierarchical structure. The FAHP procedure computed the weight factors and ranked the significant driver behavior criteria based on pairwise comparisons (PCs) of driver's responses on the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ). The study results observed "violations" as the most significant driver behavior criteria for level 1 by all nominated regions except Hungary. While for level 2, "aggressive violations" is observed as the most significant driver behavior criteria by all regions except Turkey. Moreover, for level 3, Hungary and Turkey drivers evaluated the "drive with alcohol use" as the most significant driver behavior criteria. While Pakistan and China drivers evaluated the "fail to yield pedestrian" as the most significant driver behavior criteria. Finally, Kendall's agreement test was performed to measure the agreement degree between observed groups for each level in a hierarchical structure. The methodology applied can be easily transferable to other study areas and our results in this study can be helpful for the drivers of each region to focus on highlighted significant driver behavior criteria to reduce fatal and seriously injured traffic accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Farooq
- Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (S.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Sarbast Moslem
- Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (S.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Rana Faisal Tufail
- Department of Civil Engineering, Comsats University Islamabad, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan; (R.F.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Omid Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Szabolcs Duleba
- Department of Transport Technology and Economics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (S.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ahsen Maqsoom
- Department of Civil Engineering, Comsats University Islamabad, Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan; (R.F.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Thomas Blaschke
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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Dwarakanath A, Elliott MW. Assessment of Sleepiness in Drivers: Current Methodology and Future Possibilities. Sleep Med Clin 2019; 14:441-451. [PMID: 31640872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) drive a vehicle both for pleasure and as part of their employment. Some, but not all, patients with OSAS are at increased risk of being involved in road traffic accidents. Clinicians are often asked to make recommendations about an individual's fitness to drive, and these are likely to be inconsistent in the absence of objective criteria. This article discusses the current practice of the assessment of individuals' sleepiness with respect to driving, the limitations of available techniques, and future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Dwarakanath
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sleep and Non-invasive Ventilation Service, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Aberford Road, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF2 9EU, UK
| | - Mark W Elliott
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sleep and Non-invasive Ventilation Service, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
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Gupta CC, Centofanti S, Dorrian J, Coates A, Stepien JM, Kennaway D, Wittert G, Heilbronn L, Catcheside P, Noakes M, Coro D, Chandrakumar D, Banks S. Altering meal timing to improve cognitive performance during simulated nightshifts. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1691-1713. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1676256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Gupta
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephanie Centofanti
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- University of South Australia Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison Coates
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Stepien
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gary Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leonie Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Catcheside
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- Food and Nutrition Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel Coro
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dilushi Chandrakumar
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Evaluation of Driver Behavior Criteria for Evolution of Sustainable Traffic Safety. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driver behavior has been considered as the most influential factor in reducing fatal road accidents and the resulting injuries. Thus, it is important to focus on the significance of driver behavior criteria to solve road safety issues for a sustainable traffic system. The recent study aims to enumerate the most significant driver behavior factors which have a critical impact on road safety. The well-proven Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been applied for 20 examined driver behavior factors in a three-level hierarchical structure. Linguistic judgment data have been collected from three nominated evaluator groups in order to detect the difference of responses on perceived road safety issues. The comparison scales had been averaged prior to computing the weights of driver behavior factors. The AHP ranking results have revealed that most of the drivers are most concerned about the “Errors”, followed by the “Lapses” for the first level. The highest influential sub-criteria for the second level is the “Aggressive violations” and for the third level, the “Drive with alcohol use”. Kendall’s rank correlation has also been applied to detect the agreement degree among the evaluator groups for each level in the hierarchical structure. The estimated results indicate that road management authorities should focus on high-rank significant driver behavior criteria to solve road safety issues for sustainable traffic safety.
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Dorrian J, Hursh S, Waggoner L, Grant C, Pajcin M, Gupta C, Coates A, Kennaway D, Wittert G, Heilbronn L, Vedova CD, Banks S. How much is left in your "sleep tank"? Proof of concept for a simple model for sleep history feedback. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 126:177-183. [PMID: 29402400 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Technology-supported methods for sleep recording are becoming increasingly affordable. Sleep history feedback may help with fatigue-related decision making - Should I drive? Am I fit for work? This study examines a "sleep tank" model (SleepTank™), which is analogous to the fuel tank in a car, refilled by sleep, and depleted during wake. Required inputs are sleep period time and sleep efficiency (provided by many consumer-grade actigraphs). Outputs include suggested hours remaining to "get sleep" and percentage remaining in tank (Tank%). Initial proof of concept analyses were conducted using data from a laboratory-based simulated nightshift study. Ten, healthy males (18-35y) undertook an 8h baseline sleep opportunity and daytime performance testing (BL), followed by four simulated nightshifts (2000 h-0600 h), with daytime sleep opportunities (1000 h-1600 h), then an 8 h night-time sleep opportunity to return to daytime schedule (RTDS), followed by daytime performance testing. Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale were performed at 1200 h on BL and RTDS, and at 1830 h, 2130 h 0000 h and 0400 h each nightshift. A 40-minute York Driving Simulation was performed at 1730 h, 2030 h and 0300 h on each nightshift. Model outputs were calculated using sleep period timing and sleep efficiency (from polysomnography) for each participant. Tank% was a significant predictor of PVT lapses (p < 0.001), and KSS (p < 0.001), such that every 5% reduction resulted in an increase of two lapses, or one point on the KSS. Tank% was also a significant predictor of %time in the Safe Zone from the driving simulator (p = 0.001), such that every 1% increase in the tank resulted in a 0.75% increase in time spent in the Safe Zone. Initial examination of the correspondence between model predictions and performance and sleepiness measures indicated relatively good predictive value. Results provide tentative evidence that this "sleep tank" model may be an informative tool to aid in individual decision-making based on sleep history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Dorrian
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Steven Hursh
- Institutes for Behavior Resources Inc, 2104 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Lauren Waggoner
- Institutes for Behavior Resources Inc, 2104 Maryland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Crystal Grant
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Maja Pajcin
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Charlotte Gupta
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Alison Coates
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - David Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, GPO Box 498, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Gary Wittert
- University of Adelaide, University of Adelaide, GPO Box 498, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Leonie Heilbronn
- University of Adelaide, University of Adelaide, GPO Box 498, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
| | - Chris Della Vedova
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Siobhan Banks
- University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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15
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Dorrian J, Centofanti S, Smith A, McDermott KD. Self-regulation and social behavior during sleep deprivation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:73-110. [PMID: 31072564 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An emerging literature is specifically focusing on the effects of sleep deprivation on aspects of social functioning and underlying neural changes. Two critical facets of social behavior emerge that are negatively impacted by sleep deprivation-self-regulation, which includes behavioral and emotional regulation, and social monitoring, which includes perceiving and interpreting cues relating to self and others. Sleep deprived individuals performing tasks with social components show altered brain activity in areas of the prefrontal cortex implicated in self-control, inhibition, evaluation, and decision-making, in proximity to mesocorticolimbic pathways to reward and emotional processing areas. These cognitive changes lead to increased reward seeking and behaviors that promote negative health outcomes (such as increased consumption of indulgence foods). These changes also lead to emotional disinhibition and increased responses to negative stimuli, leading to reductions in trust, empathy, and humor. Concomitant attentional instability leads to impaired social information processing, impairing individual and team performance and increasing likelihood of error, incident, and injury. Together, changes to reward seeking, the foundational components of social interaction, and interpretation of social cues, can result in unpleasant or deviant behavior. These behaviors are perceived and negatively responded to by others, leading to a cycle of conflict and withdrawal. Further studies are necessary and timely. Educational and behavioral interventions are required to reduce health-damaging behaviors, and to reduce emotionally-laden negative interpretation of sleep-deprived exchanges. This may assist with health, and with team cohesion (and improved performance and safety) in the workplace and the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Dorrian
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Centofanti
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Smith
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work, and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Demos McDermott
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Providence, RI, United States
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16
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Guo F, Lv W, Liu L, Wang T, Duffy VG. Bibliometric analysis of simulated driving research from 1997 to 2016. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:64-71. [PMID: 30888870 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1511896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the evolution footprints of simulated driving research in the past 20 years through rigorous and systematic bibliometric analysis, to provide insights regarding when and where the research was performed and by whom and how the mainstream content evolved over the years. METHODS The analysis began with data retrieval in Web of Science with defined search terms related to simulated driving. BibExcel and CiteSpace were employed to conduct the performance analysis and co-citation network analysis; that is, probe of the performance of institutes, journals, authors, and research hotspots. RESULTS A total of 3,766 documents were filtered out and presented an exponential growth from 1997 to 2016. The United States contributed the most publications as well as international collaborations followed by Germany and China. In addition, several universities in The Netherlands and the United States dominated the list of contributing institutes. The leading journals were in transportation and ergonomics. The leading researchers were also recognized among the 8,721 contributing authors, such as J. D. Lee, D. L. Fisher, J. H. Kim, and K. A. Brookhuis. Finally, the co-citation analysis illuminated the evolution of simulated driving research that covered the following topics roughly in chronological order: task-induced stress, drivers with neurological disorders, alertness and sleepiness while driving, trust toward driving assistance systems, driver distraction, the effect of drug use, the validity of simulators, and automated driving. CONCLUSIONS This article employed bibliometric tools to probe the contributing countries, institutes, journals, authors, and mainstream hotspots of simulated driving research in the past 20 years. A systematic bibliometric analysis of this field will help researchers realize the panorama of global simulated driving and establish future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Guo
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Wei Lv
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Tianbo Wang
- a School of Business Administration , Northeastern University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Vincent G Duffy
- b School of Industrial Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana
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Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL, Thompson LA, Lieberman HR. Fatigue and its management in the workplace. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 96:272-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Bier L, Wolf P, Hilsenbek H, Abendroth B. How to measure monotony-related fatigue? A systematic review of fatigue measurement methods for use on driving tests. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2018.1529204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bier
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hanna Hilsenbek
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bettina Abendroth
- Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Cognitive impairments by alcohol and sleep deprivation indicate trait characteristics and a potential role for adenosine A 1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8009-8014. [PMID: 30012607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803770115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait-like differences in cognitive performance after sleep loss put some individuals more at risk than others, the basis of such disparities remaining largely unknown. Similarly, interindividual differences in impairment in response to alcohol intake have been observed. We tested whether performance impairments due to either acute or chronic sleep loss can be predicted by an individual's vulnerability to acute alcohol intake. Also, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to test whether acute alcohol infusion results in an up-regulation of cerebral A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs), similar to the changes previously observed following sleep deprivation. Sustained attention in the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) was tested in 49 healthy volunteers (26 ± 5 SD years; 15 females) (i) under baseline conditions: (ii) after ethanol intake, and after either (iii) total sleep deprivation (TSD; 35 hours awake; n = 35) or (iv) partial sleep deprivation (PSD; four nights with 5 hours scheduled sleep; n = 14). Ethanol- versus placebo-induced changes in cerebral A1AR availability were measured in 10 healthy male volunteers (31 ± 9 years) with [18F]8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine (CPFPX) PET. Highly significant correlations between the performance impairments induced by ethanol and sleep deprivation were found for various PVT parameters, including mean speed (TSD, r = 0.62; PSD, r = 0.84). A1AR availability increased up to 26% in several brain regions with ethanol infusion. Our studies revealed individual trait characteristics for being either vulnerable or resilient to both alcohol and to sleep deprivation. Both interventions induce gradual increases in cerebral A1AR availability, pointing to a potential common molecular response mechanism.
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20
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Evangelidis I. The role of restraint omission in alcohol-related traffic fatalities. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:423-426. [PMID: 28988004 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fatal traffic accidents affect thousands of people in the US alone every year. Alcohol consumption has been identified as a strong predictor of traffic fatalities. This result is hardly surprising as drivers who decide to consume alcohol and then drive are more likely to exhibit poor driving performance. In this paper, I argue that alcohol consumption can lead to traffic fatalities by increasing restraint omission. METHODS I analyzed individual-level data about victims (n=488,829) of fatal traffic accidents that occurred in the US between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2015 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System of the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration. RESULTS There is a strong relationship between alcohol consumption and restraint use. Both vehicle drivers and occupants are far less likely to be restrained when inebriated. Additional analyses show that part of the effect of alcohol consumption on traffic fatalities can be attributed to restraint omission. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and restraint omission for both drivers and occupants of vehicles that were involved in fatal traffic accidents in the US between January 1999 and December 2015. Past public health campaigns have focused on preventing traffic fatalities by persuading drivers to refrain from getting behind the wheel after consuming alcohol. My data suggest that public health campaigns should inform both drivers and occupants of vehicles about the relationship between alcohol and restraint omission in order to minimize future casualties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Evangelidis
- Department of Marketing, Bocconi University, Via Roentgen 1, 20136 Milan, Italy.
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21
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Trumbo MC, Jones AP, Robinson CSH, Cole K, Morrow JD. Name that tune: Mitigation of driver fatigue via a song naming game. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 108:275-284. [PMID: 28926804 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatigued driving contributes to a substantial number of motor vehicle accidents each year. Music listening is often employed as a countermeasure during driving in order to mitigate the effects of fatigue. Though music listening has been established as a distractor in the sense that it increases cognitive load during driving, it is possible that increased cognitive load is desirable under particular circumstances. For instance, during situations that typically result in cognitive underload, such as driving in a low-traffic monotonous stretch of highway, it may be beneficial for cognitive load to increase, thereby necessitating allocation of greater cognitive resources to the task of driving and attenuating fatigue. In the current study, we employed a song-naming game as a countermeasure to fatigued driving in a simulated monotonous environment. During the first driving session, we established that driving performance deteriorates in the absence of an intervention following 30min of simulated driving. During the second session, we found that a song-naming game employed at the point of fatigue onset was an effective countermeasure, as reflected by simulated driving performance that met or exceeded fresh driving behavior and was significantly better relative to fatigued performance during the first driving session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Trumbo
- Sandia National Laboratories, USA; Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Aaron P Jones
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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22
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Pilot Testing a Naturalistic Driving Study to Investigate Winter Maintenance Operator Fatigue during Winter Emergencies. SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/safety3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous research studies have investigated the effects of fatigue in commercial motor vehicle drivers, research with winter maintenance (WM) drivers is sparse. This study pilot-tested the feasibility of evaluating WM operator fatigue during winter emergencies using naturalistic driving data. Four WM operators participated in the study and drove two instrumented snow plows for three consecutive winter months. The operators also wore an actigraph device used to measure sleep quantity. As this was a pilot study, the results were limited and only provided an estimation of what may be found in a large-scale naturalistic driving study with WM operators. Results showed the majority of safety-critical events (SCEs) occurred during the night, and approximately half of the SCEs occurred when participants were between 5 and 8 h into their shifts. Fatigue was identified as the critical reason in 33% of the SCEs, and drivers were found to average less sleep during winter emergencies versus winter non-emergencies. However, one participant accounted for all fatigue-related SCEs. Although data were limited to two instrumented trucks and four drivers, results support the approach of using naturalistic driving data to assess fatigue in WM operators. Future on-road research is needed to understand the relationship between fatigue and crash risk in WM operators.
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23
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Gupta R, Pandi-Perumal SR, Almeneessier AS, BaHammam AS. Hypersomnolence and Traffic Safety. Sleep Med Clin 2017; 12:489-499. [PMID: 28778244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many people die or become disabled because of motor vehicle accidents. Scientific data suggest that sleepy drivers or those driving at odd hours are more likely to make driving mistakes. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy have been found to exhibit higher rates of falling asleep while driving. Treatment enhances the vigilance of these drivers. Tests measuring the extent of daytime sleepiness or drowsiness while driving can help identify at-risk drivers. There is a need to develop clear regulations governing periodic assessment of drivers' risks of falling asleep at the wheel, especially commercial drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry & Sleep Clinic, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Aljohara S Almeneessier
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Box 225503, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia.
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Irwin C, Iudakhina E, Desbrow B, McCartney D. Effects of acute alcohol consumption on measures of simulated driving: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 102:248-266. [PMID: 28343124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Driving simulators are used in a wide range of research settings to help develop an understanding of driver behavior in complex environments. Acute alcohol impairment is an important research topic for traffic safety and a large number of studies have indicated levels of simulated driving impairment imposed by alcohol across a range of performance outcome variables. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of acute alcohol consumption on simulated driving performance by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence. The online databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (via Thomas Reuters) and Scopus were searched to identify studies that measured simulated car driving performance under control ('no alcohol' or 'placebo alcohol' ingestion) and intervention (acute alcohol ingestion) conditions, using repeated-measures experimental designs. Primary research outcomes were standard deviation of lane position (SDLP) and standard deviation of speed (SDSP); (total number of lane crossings (LC) and average speed (Speed) were secondary research outcomes). Meta-analytic procedures were used to quantify the effect of acute alcohol consumption on vehicle control, and to determine the influence of methodological variables (i.e. the duration of the simulated driving task, the limb of the BAC curve (ascending vs. descending) and the type of driving simulator employed (i.e. car vs. PC-based)) on the magnitude of the performance change due to alcohol consumption. 423 records were screened, and 50 repeated-measures trials (n=962 participants, 62% male) derived from 17 original publications were reviewed. 37 trials (n=721 participants) used a 'placebo alcohol' comparator to determine the effect of alcohol consumption on SDLP (32/37) and SDSP (22/37). Alcohol consumption significantly increased SDLP by 4.0±0.5cm (95% CI: 3.0, 5.1) and SDSP by 0.38±0.10km⋅h-1 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.57). Regression analyses indicate BAC (p=0.004) and driving simulator platform (p<0.001) influence the magnitude of the SDLP change, such that higher BAC levels and the use of PC-based driving simulators were associated with larger performance decrements (R2=0.80). The limb of the BAC curve and the duration of the driving task did not significantly alter the magnitude of the performance change. Eleven trials (n=205 participants) used a 'no alcohol' comparator to measure the effect of alcohol consumption on SDLP (10/11); few trials assessed SDSP (3/11). Alcohol consumption resulted in a small significant increase in SDLP under these conditions (standardized difference in means=0.23, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.39). These results demonstrate that lateral (SDLP and LC) and longitudinal (SDSP) vehicle control measures in a driving simulator are impaired with acute alcohol consumption. However, SDLP appears to be a more sensitive indicator of driving impairment than other driving performance variables and the results of the present study support its use as a performance outcome when examining alcohol-induced simulated driving impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Irwin
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Elizaveta Iudakhina
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Danielle McCartney
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Telles JL, Agarwal S, Monagle J, Stough C, King R, Downey L. Driving Impairment Due to Propofol at Effect-Site Concentrations Relevant after Short Propofol-Only Sedation. Anaesth Intensive Care 2016; 44:696-703. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1604400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Australian guidelines state “Following brief surgery or procedures with short acting anaesthetic drugs, the patient may be fit to drive after a normal night's sleep. After long surgery or procedures requiring longer lasting anaesthesia, it may not be safe to drive for 24 hours or more”. The increasing use of the short-acting anaesthetic drug propofol as a solitary sedative medication for simple endoscopy procedures suggests a need to review this blanket policy. Thirty patients presenting for elective day surgery were recruited as volunteers for a pre-procedure driving simulation study and randomised to propofol or placebo arms. Driving ability was assessed at baseline and then, in the propofol group, at three effect-site concentrations. Driving impairment at these concentrations of propofol was compared to that of a third group of volunteers with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% (g/100 ml). Driving impairment at 0.2 μg/ml propofol effect-site concentration was not statistically different to placebo. Impairment increased with propofol effect-site concentration ( P=0.002) and at 0.4 μg/ml it was similar to that found with a blood alcohol concentration of 50 mg/100 ml (0.05%). Plasma propofol concentrations of 0.2 μg/ml, as might be found approximately an hour after short (<1 hour duration) propofol-only sedation for endoscopy, were not associated with driving impairment in our young cohort of volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Telles
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - S. Agarwal
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - J. Monagle
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - C. Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - R. King
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - L. Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Division on Addiction, Cambridge Health Alliance, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
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Gupta CC, Dorrian J, Grant CL, Pajcin M, Coates AM, Kennaway DJ, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK, Della Vedova CB, Banks S. It’s not just what you eat but when: The impact of eating a meal during simulated shift work on driving performance. Chronobiol Int 2016; 34:66-77. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1237520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C. Gupta
- Centre for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of Australia, Australia
| | - Jill Dorrian
- Centre for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of Australia, Australia
| | - Crystal L. Grant
- Centre for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of Australia, Australia
| | - Maja Pajcin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Australia, Australia
| | - Alison M. Coates
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - David J. Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gary A. Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and South Australia Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Siobhan Banks
- Centre for Sleep Research, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of Australia, Australia
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Watling CN, Armstrong KA, Smith SS, Obst PL. Crash risk perception of sleepy driving and its comparisons with drink driving and speeding: Which behavior is perceived as the riskiest? TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2016; 17:400-405. [PMID: 26508332 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1096350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driver sleepiness is a major crash risk factor but may be underrecognized as a risky driving behavior. Sleepy driving is usually rated as less of a road safety issue than more well-known risky driving behaviors, such as drink driving and speeding. The objective of this study was to compare perception of crash risk of sleepy driving, drink driving, and speeding. METHODS Three hundred Australian drivers completed a questionnaire that assessed crash risk perceptions for sleepy driving, drink driving, and speeding. Additionally, the participants' perceptions of crash risk were assessed for 5 different contextual scenarios that included different levels of sleepiness (low, high), driving duration (short, long), and time of day/circadian influences (afternoon, nighttime) of driving. RESULTS The analysis confirmed that sleepy driving was considered a risky driving behavior but not as risky as high levels of speeding (P < .05). Yet, the risk of crashing at 4 a.m. was considered as equally risky as low levels of speeding (10 km over the limit). The comparisons of the contextual scenarios revealed driving scenarios that would arguably be perceived as quite risky because time of day/circadian influences were not reported as high risk. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a lack of awareness or appreciation of circadian rhythm functioning, particularly the descending phase of circadian rhythm that promotes increased sleepiness in the afternoon and during the early hours of the morning. Yet, the results suggested an appreciation of the danger associated with long-distance driving and driver sleepiness. Further efforts are required to improve the community's awareness of the impairing effects from sleepiness and, in particular, knowledge regarding the human circadian rhythm and the increased sleep propensity during the circadian nadir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Watling
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland , Australia
- b Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kerry A Armstrong
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland , Australia
| | - Simon S Smith
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland , Australia
| | - Patricia L Obst
- c School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland , Australia
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Jongen S, Vuurman EFPM, Ramaekers JG, Vermeeren A. The sensitivity of laboratory tests assessing driving related skills to dose-related impairment of alcohol: A literature review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 89:31-48. [PMID: 26802474 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory tests assessing driving related skills can be useful as initial screening tools to assess potential drug induced impairment as part of a standardized behavioural assessment. Unfortunately, consensus about which laboratory tests should be included to reliably assess drug induced impairment has not yet been reached. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the sensitivity of laboratory tests to the dose dependent effects of alcohol, as a benchmark, on performance parameters. In total, 179 experimental studies were included. Results show that a cued go/no-go task and a divided attention test with primary tracking and secondary visual search were consistently sensitive to the impairing effects at medium and high blood alcohol concentrations. Driving performance assessed in a simulator was less sensitive to the effects of alcohol as compared to naturalistic, on-the-road driving. In conclusion, replicating results of several potentially useful tests and their predictive validity of actual driving impairment should deserve further research. In addition, driving simulators should be validated and compared head to head to naturalistic driving in order to increase construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jongen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - E F P M Vuurman
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - A Vermeeren
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Jackson ML, Raj S, Croft RJ, Hayley AC, Downey LA, Kennedy GA, Howard ME. Slow eyelid closure as a measure of driver drowsiness and its relationship to performance. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2015; 17:251-257. [PMID: 26065627 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1055327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Slow eyelid closure is recognized as an indicator of sleepiness in sleep-deprived individuals, although automated ocular devices are not well validated. This study aimed to determine whether changes in eyelid closure are evident following acute sleep deprivation as assessed by an automated device and how ocular parameters relate to performance after sleep deprivation. METHODS Twelve healthy professional drivers (45.58 ± 10.93 years) completed 2 randomized sessions: After a normal night of sleep and after 24 h of total sleep deprivation. Slow eye closure (PERCLOS) was measured while drivers performed a simulated driving task. RESULTS Following sleep deprivation, drivers displayed significantly more eyelid closure (P < .05), greater variation in lane position (P < .01) and more attentional lapses (P < .05) compared to after normal sleep. PERCLOS was moderately associated with variability in both vigilance performance (r = 0.68, P < .05) and variation in lane position on the driving task (r = 0.61, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Automated ocular measurement appears to be an effective means of detecting impairment due to sleep loss in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda L Jackson
- a Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health , Melbourne , Australia
- b School of Health Sciences, RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Susan Raj
- c MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center , Washington, DC
| | - Rodney J Croft
- d School of Psychology, University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | - Amie C Hayley
- e Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn , Australia
| | - Luke A Downey
- e Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn , Australia
- f Department of Psychology , Swansea University , Swansea, Wales , UK
| | - Gerard A Kennedy
- g School of Psychology, Counselling & Psychotherapy, Cairnmillar Institute , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Mark E Howard
- a Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health , Melbourne , Australia
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Watling CN, Armstrong KA, Smith SS, Wilson A. The on-road experiences and awareness of sleepiness in a sample of Australian highway drivers: A roadside driver sleepiness study. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2015; 17:24-30. [PMID: 25834934 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1033690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driver sleepiness contributes substantially to road crash incidents. Simulator and on-road studies clearly reveal an impairing effect from sleepiness on driving ability. However, the degree to which drivers appreciate the dangerousness of driving while sleepy is somewhat unclear. This study sought to determine drivers' on-road experiences of sleepiness, their prior sleep habits, and personal awareness of the signs of sleepiness. METHODS Participants were a random selection of 92 drivers traveling on a major highway in the state of Queensland, Australia, who were stopped by police as part of routine drink driving operations. Participants completed a brief questionnaire that included demographic information, sleepy driving experiences (signs of sleepiness and on-road experiences of sleepiness), and prior sleep habits. A modified version of the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) was used to assess subjective sleepiness in the 15 min prior to being stopped by police. RESULTS Participants' ratings of subjective sleepiness were quite low, with 90% reporting being alert to extremely alert on the KSS. Participants were reasonably aware of the signs of sleepiness, with many signs of sleepiness associated with on-road experiences of sleepiness. Additionally, the number of hours spent driving was positively correlated with the drivers' level of sleep debt. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that participants had moderate experiences of driving while sleepy and many were aware of the signs of sleepiness. The relationship between driving long distances and increased sleep debt is a concern for road safety. Increased education regarding the dangers of sleepy driving seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Watling
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
- b Stress Research Institute , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Kerry A Armstrong
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Simon S Smith
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Adrian Wilson
- a Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Is sleep a luxury that college students cannot afford? Sleep Health 2015; 1:13-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Du H, Zhao X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Rong J. Effects of fatigue on driving performance under different roadway geometries: a simulator study. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2015; 16:468-473. [PMID: 25310572 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2014.971155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article examines the effects of fatigue on driving performance under different roadway geometries using a driving simulator. METHODS Twenty-four participants each completed a driving scenario twice: while alert and while experiencing fatigue. The driving scenario was composed of straight road segments and curves; there were 6 curves with 3 radius values (i.e., 200, 500, and 800 m) and 2 turning directions (i.e., left and right). Analysis was conducted on driving performance measures such as longitudinal speed, steering wheel movements, and lateral position. RESULTS RESULTS confirmed that decremental changes in driving performance due to fatigue varied among road conditions. On straight segments, drivers' abilities to steer and maintain lane position were impaired, whereas on curves we found decremental changes in the quality of longitudinal speed as well as steering control and keeping the vehicle in the lane. Moreover, the effects of fatigue on driving performance were relative to the radius and direction of the curve. Fatigue impaired drivers' abilities to control the steering wheel, and the impairment proved more obvious on curves. The degree varied significantly as the curve radius changed. Drivers tended to drive closer to the right side due to fatigue, and the impairment in maintaining lane position became more obvious as the right-turn curve radius decreased. CONCLUSIONS Driver fatigue has detrimental effects on driving performance, and the effects differ under different roadway geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Du
- a Key Lab of Traffic Engineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
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SKINNER N, DORRIAN J. A work-life perspective on sleep and fatigue--looking beyond shift workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2015; 53:417-26. [PMID: 26027709 PMCID: PMC4591134 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examines sleep and fatigue through a work-life lens. Whilst most often thought of as an issue for shift workers, this study observed that self-reported insufficient sleep and fatigue were prevalent for workers on standard daytime schedules. Using a representative sample of 573 daytime workers (51.3% men; 70.7% aged 25-54 yr) from one Australian state, it was observed that 26.4% of daytime workers never or rarely get the seven hours of sleep a night that is recommended for good health. Those with parenting responsibilites (29.4%) or working long (45+) hours (37.4%) were most likely to report insufficient sleep. Whereas mothers in full-time work were most likely to report frequent fatigue (42.5%). This study highlights the common experience of insufficient sleep and fatigue in a daytime workforce, with significant implications for health and safety at work and outside of work. Stronger and more effective legislation addressing safe and 'decent' working time is clearly needed, along with greater awareness and acceptance within workplace cultures of the need to support reasonable workloads and working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie SKINNER
- School of Management, University of South Australia,
Australia
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Jill DORRIAN
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy,
University of South Australia, Australia
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Radun I, Ohisalo J, Rajalin S, Radun JE, Wahde M, Lajunen T. Alcohol ignition interlocks in all new vehicles: a broader perspective. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2014; 15:335-342. [PMID: 24471356 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2013.825042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the implications of widespread implementation of alcohol ignition interlocks. METHOD We base our discussion on data from Finland including crash statistics and surveys collected from criminal justice professionals and general driving population. RESULTS Alcohol ignition interlocks are an effective preventive measure against drunk driving when installed in the vehicles of convicted drunk drivers. However, once they are removed from the vehicles, drivers typically return to their habit of drinking and driving. Furthermore, for a number of reasons, the proportion of convicted drunk drivers that install an interlock in their vehicles is quite small. Therefore, many stakeholders believe that the solution to the drunk driving problem will come when interlocks become standard equipment in all new vehicles. However, drunk driving is a complex sociopsychological problem, and technology can rarely offer a solution to such complex problems. Consequently, many aspects of such interventions might be difficult to identify and include in cost-benefit analysis. CONCLUSION We express caution about requiring an interlock as standard equipment in all new vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Radun
- a Human Factors and Safety Behavior Group, Institute of Behavioral Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Hallvig D, Anund A, Fors C, Kecklund G, Karlsson JG, Wahde M, Akerstedt T. Sleepy driving on the real road and in the simulator--A comparison. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 50:44-50. [PMID: 23149323 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sleepiness has been identified as one of the most important factors contributing to road crashes. However, almost all work on the detailed changes in behavior and physiology leading up to sleep related crashes has been carried out in driving simulators. It is not clear, however, to what extent simulator results can be generalized to real driving. This study compared real driving with driving in a high fidelity, moving base, driving simulator with respect to driving performance, sleep related physiology (using electroencephalography and electrooculography) and subjective sleepiness during night and day driving for 10 participants. The real road was emulated in the simulator. The results show that the simulator was associated with higher levels of subjective and physiological sleepiness than real driving. However, both for real and simulated driving, the response to night driving appears to be rather similar for subjective sleepiness and sleep physiology. Lateral variability was more responsive to night driving in the simulator, while real driving at night involved a movement to the left in the lane and a reduction of speed, both of which effects were absent in the simulator. It was concluded that the relative validity of simulators is acceptable for many variables, but that in absolute terms simulators cause higher sleepiness levels than real driving. Thus, generalizations from simulators to real driving must be made with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hallvig
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Further development of a commercial driving simulation for research in occupational medicine. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:949-65. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Merat N, Jamson AH. The effect of three low-cost engineering treatments on driver fatigue: A driving simulator study. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 50:8-15. [PMID: 23131473 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three engineering treatments were implemented in a driving simulator study to assess the effect of road-based measures on alleviating the symptoms of fatigue. Using results from previous research on the effect of circadian rhythms on fatigue-related crashes, two groups of male drivers were recruited for this study: young shift workers under the age of 35, who attended immediately after their night shift, and older drivers over the age of 45, who completed the study during the 'post lunch dip' period, after consuming lunch. Eye tracking (PERCLOS) and lateral driver performance measures were used to assess whether baseline measures of fatigue changed after drivers experienced each of the three treatments, which included variable message signs, chevrons and rumble strips. Results showed a marked difference in these measures between drivers' baseline (not fatigued) and experimental (fatigued) visits. There were also some reductions in lateral deviation and eye closure (as measured by PERCLOS) when the treatments were encountered, but no marked difference between the three treatments. These results suggest that in addition to driver- and vehicle-based methods currently employed to mitigate the effects of fatigue, the inclusion of such engineering measures may help alleviate fatigue-related impairments in driving, particularly if such treatments are implemented during long stretches of straight monotonous roads which are known to be associated with fatigue-related crashes. However, positive effects of the treatments were short lived, prompting the need for further investigations on their optimal frequency of presentation and combination to achieve maximum impact from these low-cost, road-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Merat
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Williams LR, Davies DR, Thiele K, Davidson JR, MacLean AW. Young drivers' perceptions of culpability of sleep-deprived versus drinking drivers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2012; 43:115-122. [PMID: 22709996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleep-deprived driving can be as dangerous as alcohol-impaired driving, however, little is known about attitudes toward sleep-deprived drivers. This study examined the extent to which young drivers regard sleep-deprived compared to drinking drivers as culpable for a crash, and how their perceptions of driving while in these conditions differ. METHOD University student participants (N=295; M=20.4years, SD=1.3; 81% women) were randomly assigned to read one of five fatal motor-vehicle crash scenarios, which differed by aspects of the driver's condition. Culpability ratings for the drinking driver were higher than those for the sleep-deprived driver. RESULTS Qualitative findings revealed that driving while sleep-deprived was viewed as understandable, and driving after drinking was viewed as definitely wrong. The dangers of sleep-deprived driving remain under-recognized.
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Sandberg D, Anund A, Fors C, Kecklund G, Karlsson JG, Wahde M, Åkerstedt T. The characteristics of sleepiness during real driving at night--a study of driving performance, physiology and subjective experience. Sleep 2011; 34:1317-25. [PMID: 21966063 PMCID: PMC3174834 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Most studies of sleepy driving have been carried out in driving simulators. A few studies of real driving are available, but these have used only a few sleepiness indicators. The purpose of the present study was to characterize sleepiness in several indicators during real driving at night, compared with daytime driving. DESIGN Participants drove 55 km (at 90 km/h) on a 9-m-wide rural highway in southern Sweden. Daytime driving started at 09:00 or 11:00 (2 groups) and night driving at 01:00 or 03:00 (balanced design). SETTING Instrumented car on a real road in normal traffic. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen participants drawn from the local driving license register. INTERVENTIONS Daytime and nighttime drives. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS The vehicle was an instrumented car with video monitoring of the edge of the road and recording of the lateral position and speed. Electroencephalography and electrooculography were recorded, together with ratings of sleepiness every 5 minutes. Pronounced effects of night driving were seen for subjective sleepiness, electroencephalographic indicators of sleepiness, blink duration, and speed. Also, time on task showed significant effects for subjective sleepiness, blink duration, lane position, and speed. Sleepiness was highest toward the end of the nighttime drive. Night driving caused a leftward shift in lateral position and a reduction of speed. The latter two findings, as well as the overall pattern of sleepiness indicators, provide new insights into the effects of night driving. CONCLUSION Night driving is associated with high levels of subjective, electrophysiologic, and behavioral sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sandberg
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Anund
- The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)
| | - Carina Fors
- The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mattias Wahde
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Niveles de alcohol en sangre y somnolencia en conductores estudiados en simuladores: un metaanálisis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhao X, Zhang X, Rong J, Ma J. Identifying Method of Drunk Driving Based on Driving Behavior. INT J COMPUT INT SYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/18756891.2011.9727794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Howland J, Rohsenow DJ, Arnedt JT, Bliss CA, Hunt SK, Calise TV, Heeren T, Winter M, Littlefield C, Gottlieb DJ. The acute effects of caffeinated versus non-caffeinated alcoholic beverage on driving performance and attention/reaction time. Addiction 2011; 106:335-41. [PMID: 21134017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Marketing that promotes mixing caffeinated 'energy' drinks with alcoholic beverages (e.g. Red Bull with vodka) targets young drinkers and conveys the expectation that caffeine will offset the sedating effects of alcohol and enhance alertness. Such beliefs could result in unwarranted risk taking (e.g. driving while intoxicated). The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of caffeinated versus non-caffeinated alcoholic beverages on a simulated driving task and attention/reaction time. DESIGN We conducted a 2 × 2 between-groups randomized trial in which participants were randomized to one of four conditions: beer and non-alcoholic beer, with and without caffeine added. Caffeine was added in the same proportion as found in a commercially available caffeinated beer (69 mg/12 oz of beer at 4.8% alc. by vol). PARTICIPANTS Participants were 127 non-dependent, heavy episodic, young adult drinkers (age 21-30) who were college students or recent graduates. The target breath alcohol level was 0.12 g%. MEASURES Driving performance was assessed with a driving simulator; sustained attention/reaction with the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). FINDINGS Across the driving and attention/reaction time we found main effects for alcohol, with alcohol significantly impairing driving and sustained attention/reaction time, with mainly large statistical effects; however, the addition of caffeine had no main or interaction effects on performance. CONCLUSION The addition of caffeine to alcohol does not appear to enhance driving or sustained attention/reaction time performance relative to alcohol alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Howland
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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PHIPPS-NELSON JO, REDMAN JENNIFERR, RAJARATNAM SHANTHAMW. Temporal profile of prolonged, night-time driving performance: breaks from driving temporarily reduce time-on-task fatigue but not sleepiness. J Sleep Res 2010; 20:404-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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DORRIAN J, SWEENEY M, DAWSON D. Modeling fatigue-related truck accidents: Prior sleep duration, recency and continuity. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grace PM, Stanford T, Gentgall M, Rolan PE. Utility of saccadic eye movement analysis as an objective biomarker to detect the sedative interaction between opioids and sleep deprivation in opioid-naive and opioid-tolerant populations. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1631-40. [PMID: 20142307 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109352704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of saccadic eye movements (SEMs) has previously been used to detect drug- and sleep-deprivation-induced sedation, but never in combination. We compared the effects of sleep deprivation and opioids on 10 opioid-naive with nine opioid-tolerant participants. The naive-participant study evaluated the effects of sleep deprivation alone, morphine alone and the combination; the tolerant-participant study compared day-to-day effects of alternate-daily-dosed buprenorphine and the combination of buprenorphine on the dosing day with sleep deprivation. Psychomotor impairment was measured using SEMs, a 5-minute pupil adaptation test (PAT), pupil light reflex (PLR) and alertness visual analogue scale (AVAS). The PAT and PLR did not detect sleep deprivation, in contrast to previous studies. Whilst consistently detecting sleep deprivation, the AVAS also detected buprenorphine in the tolerant study, but not morphine in the naive study. SEMs detected morphine alone and sleep deprivation alone as well as an additive interaction in the naive study and the effect of sleep deprivation in the tolerant study. The alternate-day buprenorphine dosing did not alter SEMs. The current study revealed greater SEMs, but not AVAS impairment in tolerant versus naive participants. The current study demonstrates that objective measures provide additional information to subjective measures and thus should be used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Grace
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Akerstedt T, Ingre M, Kecklund G, Anund A, Sandberg D, Wahde M, Philip P, Kronberg P. Reaction of sleepiness indicators to partial sleep deprivation, time of day and time on task in a driving simulator--the DROWSI project. J Sleep Res 2009; 19:298-309. [PMID: 20050992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of driving and sleepiness indicators have mainly focused on prior sleep reduction. The present study sought to identify sleepiness indicators responsive to several potential regulators of sleepiness: sleep loss, time of day (TOD) and time on task (TOT) during simulator driving. Thirteen subjects drove a high-fidelity moving base simulator in six 1-h sessions across a 24-h period, after normal sleep duration (8 h) and after partial sleep deprivation (PSD; 4 h). The results showed clear main effects of TOD (night) and TOT but not for PSD, although the latter strongly interacted with TOD. The most sensitive variable was subjective sleepiness, the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLAT) and measures of eye closure [duration, speed (slow), amplitude (low)]. Measures of electroencephalography and line crossings (LCs) showed only modest responses. For most variables individual differences vastly exceeded those of the fixed effects, except for subjective sleepiness and SDLAT. In a multiple regression analysis, SDLAT, amplitude/peak eye-lid closing velocity and blink duration predicted subjective sleepiness bouts with a sensitivity and specificity of about 70%, but were mutually redundant. The prediction of LCs gave considerably weaker, but similar results. In summary, SDLAT and eye closure variables could be candidates for use in sleepiness-monitoring devices. However, individual differences are considerable and there is need for research on how to identify and predict individual differences in susceptibility to sleepiness.
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Liu CC, Hosking SG, Lenné MG. Predicting driver drowsiness using vehicle measures: recent insights and future challenges. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2009; 40:239-245. [PMID: 19778647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Driver drowsiness is a significant contributing factor to road crashes. One approach to tackling this issue is to develop technological countermeasures for detecting driver drowsiness, so that a driver can be warned before a crash occurs. METHOD The goal of this review is to assess, given the current state of knowledge, whether vehicle measures can be used to reliably predict drowsiness in real time. RESULTS Several behavioral experiments have shown that drowsiness can have a serious impact on driving performance in controlled, experimental settings. However, most of those studies have investigated simple functions of performance (such as standard deviation of lane position) and results are often reported as averages across drivers, and across time. CONCLUSIONS Further research is necessary to examine more complex functions, as well as individual differences between drivers. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY A successful countermeasure for predicting driver drowsiness will probably require the setting of multiple criteria, and the use of multiple measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Liu
- Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Building 70, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Jones CB, Dorrian J, Jay SM, Lamond N, Ferguson S, Dawson D. Self‐Awareness of Impairment and the Decision to Drive after an Extended Period of Wakefulness. Chronobiol Int 2009; 23:1253-63. [PMID: 17190710 DOI: 10.1080/07420520601083391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is an increasingly noted factor in road accidents. The ability to predict and be aware of impairment in terms of driving capability is important for potential legal liability and road safety. However, to date, there have been few studies that have investigated the accuracy of individuals in predicting how safely they could drive during conditions of sleep loss. Research has demonstrated that individuals rate themselves as better than the population average in a number of domains, including driving-related skills. Therefore, this study also aimed to investigate self-ratings of predicted driving ability during extended wakefulness and compare them to ratings made of a hypothetical other person under the same conditions. Thirty-two participants remained awake for a period of 40 h. Every 2 h, they completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and rated on a seven-point scale how well they thought they could drive safely, react quickly in an emergency, and stay in their own lane. They were also asked to assess how they thought someone else in their own position could drive. The participants rated their driving ability as becoming significantly poorer at the same time that their PVT performance became significantly slower. Self-ratings indicating a qualitative assessment of poorer than neutral driving occurred at 03:00 h for both the "drive safely" and "react quickly" questions, after 19 h of continuous wakefulness (starting at 08:00 h). This occurred at 05:00 h for the "keep in my lane" question. Previous studies with a similar protocol demonstrated that under these conditions, individuals exhibit a performance decrements equivalent to someone with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% (the legal driving limit in Australia). Participants consistently rated the ability of others to drive as poorer than their own. The main implication from this study for road safety and legal liability is that it is reasonable to focus on a person's perception of the situation, as it does align with objective reality to a certain extent. A concern in terms of road safety is potential overconfidence, indicated by rating others consistently poorer than themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Jones
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Ji Hyun Yang, Zhi-Hong Mao, Tijerina L, Pilutti T, Coughlin J, Feron E. Detection of Driver Fatigue Caused by Sleep Deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1109/tsmca.2009.2018634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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