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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Khaliq H, Ahmed S, Fan B, Cao J, He Q. Evaluation of Marbofloxacin in Beagle Dogs After Oral Dosing: Preclinical Safety Evaluation and Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Two Different Tablets. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 29692725 PMCID: PMC5903334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluates a tested marbofloxacin tablet (MBT) (Petsen), in terms of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (PK) in a comparison of the commercialized and standard tablet (Marbocyl) in beagle dogs. Four different bacterial species were selected for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against marbofloxacin (MBF). Target animal safety studies were conducted with a wide spectrum of dosages of Petsen. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Petsen were observed after the oral administration of a recommended dosage of 2 mg/kg. The MIC90 of MBF against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus were 2.00, 4.00, 0.25, and 0.50 μg/ml, respectively. These results showed that the MBT has an expected antimicrobial activity in vitro. The main parameters of t1/2β, Clb, AUC0−∞, Cmax, and Ke were 22.14 h, 0.15 L/h, 13.27 μg.h/ml, 0.95 μg/ml, 0.09 h−1, and 16.47 h, 0.14 L/h, 14.10 μg.h/ml, 0.97 μg/ml, 0.11 h−1 after the orally administrated Petsen and Marbocyl, while no biologically significant changes and toxicological significance have been found by their comparison. These findings indicate that the Petsen had a slow elimination, high bioavailability and kinetically similar to the commercialized Marbocyl. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were distinguished on the continuous gradient dosages of 2, 6, and 10 mg/kg in the term of the clinical presentation. The present study results displayed that the tested MBT (Petsen) was safe, with limited toxicity, which was similar to the commercialized tablet (Marbocyl), could provide an alternative MBT as a veterinary medicine in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bowen Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
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Brochmann RP, Helmfrid A, Jana B, Magnowska Z, Guardabassi L. Antimicrobial synergy between carprofen and doxycycline against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ST71. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:126. [PMID: 27342694 PMCID: PMC4921001 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New therapeutic strategies are needed to face the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant staphylococci in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to identify synergies between antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial drugs commonly used in companion animals as a possible strategy to restore antimicrobial susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). Results A total of 216 antimicrobial/non-antimicrobial drug combinations were screened by disk diffusion using a clinical MRSP sequence type (ST) 71 strain resistant to all six antimicrobials tested (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, doxycycline, oxacillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). The most promising drug combination (doxycycline-carprofen) was further assessed by checkerboard testing extended to four additional MRSP strains belonging to ST71 or ST68, and by growth inhibition experiments. Seven non-antimicrobial drugs (bromhexine, acepromazine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, carprofen, fluoxetine and ketoconazole) displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 32 and >4096 mg/L, and enhanced antimicrobial activity of one or more antimicrobials. Secondary screening by checkerboard assay revealed a synergistic antimicrobial effect between carprofen and doxycycline, with the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (ΣFICI) ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 depending on drug concentration. Checkerboard testing of multiple MRSP strains revealed a clear association between synergy and carriage of tetK, which is a typical feature of MRSP ST71. An increased growth inhibition was observed when MRSP ST71 cells in exponential phase were exposed to 0.5/32 mg/L of doxycycline/carprofen compared to individual drug exposure. Conclusions Carprofen restores in vitro susceptibility to doxycycline in S. pseudintermedius strains carrying tetK such as MRSP ST71. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the identified synergy and its linkage to tetK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Prejh Brochmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Helmfrid
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bimal Jana
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Zofia Magnowska
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies.
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3
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Lashev LD, Dimitrova DJ, Milanova A, Moutafchieva RG. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in Japanese quails and common pheasants. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:255-61. [PMID: 25567298 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.998989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin was studied in Japanese quails and common pheasants. Healthy mature birds from both species and both genders were treated intravenously and orally with enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) and marbofloxacin (5 mg/kg). After intravenous administration enrofloxacin was extensively metabolised to ciprofloxacin. Metabolites of marbofloxacin were not detected. Values of volume of distribution were respectively 4.63 l/kg and 3.67 l/kg for enrofloxacin and 1.56 l/kg and 1.43 l/kg for marbofloxacin. In quails, total body clearance values were higher than those in pheasants and other avian species. After oral application enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed in quails, more rapidly than marbofloxacin. Pheasants absorbed both antimicrobials at a lower rate. Higher bioavailability was observed for marbofloxacin (118%). Relatively low bioavailability was established in quails for enrofloxacin (26.4%), accompanied by extensive conversion to ciprofloxacin. Generally, quails absorbed and eliminated both fluoroquinolones more rapidly than pheasants; the latter showed pharmacokinetics similar to poultry. Because of favourable pharmacokinetic properties, marbofloxacin should be preferred for oral administration in Japanese quails and pheasants for treatment of infections caused by equally susceptible pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Lashev
- a Department of Pharmacology, Physiology of Animals and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Trakia University , Stara Zagora , Bulgaria
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Underwood C, Collins SN, van Eps AW, Allavena RE, Medina-Torres CE, Pollitt CC. Ultrafiltration of equine digital lamellar tissue. Vet J 2014; 202:314-22. [PMID: 25439438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are no experimentally validated pharmacological means of preventing laminitis; however, locally acting pharmaceutical agents with the potential to prevent laminitis have been identified. Demonstrating therapeutic drug concentrations in lamellar tissue is essential for evaluating the efficacy of these agents. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental technique for repeatedly sampling lamellar interstitial fluid. A technique for placing ultrafiltration probes was developed in vitro using 15 cadaver limbs. Subsequently, lamellar ultrafiltration probes were placed in one forelimb in six living horses. Interstitial fluid was collected continuously from the probes as ultrafiltrate for 4 (n = 4) or 14 days (n = 2). The rate of ultrafiltrate collection was calculated every 12 h. Biochemical analyses were performed on ultrafiltrate collected on night 1 (12-24 h post-implantation) and night 4 (84-96 h post-implantation). Sections surrounding the probe and control tissue from the contralateral limb were harvested, stained with H&E and Masson's trichrome and scored based on the tissue response to the probe. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in the lamellar tissue in all six horses. Ultrafiltrate was collected from these probes at 55 (30-63) μL/h (median [interquartile range]). Fluid production decreased significantly with time from night 3 onwards (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the constituents of the ultrafiltrate between nights 1 and 4 (P > 0.05). The technique was well tolerated. This study demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be used to sample equine digital lamellar interstitial fluid, and has potential for measuring lamellar drug levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia.
| | - Simon N Collins
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Andrew W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Rachel E Allavena
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Carlos E Medina-Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| | - Christopher C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
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Dimitrova DJ, Haritova AM, Dinev TD, Moutafchieva RG, Lashev LD. Comparative pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in common pheasants, guinea fowls and Japanese quails after intravenous and oral administration. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:120-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.871502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Voie KL, Lucas BE, Schaeffer D, Kim D, Campbell KL, Lavergne SN. The effect of 'allergenic' and 'nonallergenic' antibiotics on dog keratinocyte viability in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:501-e119. [PMID: 24025020 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated adverse drug reactions (drug hypersensitivity) are relatively common in veterinary medicine, but their pathogenesis is not well understood. For an unknown reason, delayed drug hypersensitivity often targets the skin. Antibiotics, especially β-lactams and sulfonamides, are commonly associated with these adverse events. The 'danger theory' hypothesizes that 'danger' signals, such as drug-induced cell death, might be part of the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity reactions. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine whether antibiotics that are commonly associated with cutaneous drug hypersensitivity (allergenic) decrease canine keratinocyte viability in vitro more than antibiotics that rarely cause such reactions (nonallergenic). METHODS Immortalized canine keratinocytes (CPEK cells) were exposed to a therapeutic range of drug concentrations of four 'allergenic' antibiotics (two β-lactams, i.e. amoxicillin and cefalexin, and two sulfonamides, i.e. sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine) or two 'nonallergenic' antibiotics (enrofloxacin and amikacin) over 48 h (2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h). The reactive nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole was also tested. RESULTS Cefalexin (2 mmol/L) significantly decreased cell viability after 48 h (28 ± 7%; P = 0.035). The nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole (100 μmol/L) decreased cell viability after 2 h (21 ± 7%; P = 0.049), but cell numbers were increased after 8 h (22 ± 6%; P = 0.018). In addition, enrofloxacin (500 μmol/L) also significantly decreased cell viability by 37% (±6%; P = 0.0035) at 24 h and by 70% (±8%; P < 0.001) at 48 h. CONCLUSION It appears that the effect of drugs on the in vitro viability of dog keratinocytes is not a good predictor of the 'allergenic' potential of an antibiotic. Further work is required to investigate other drug-induced 'danger' signals in dog keratinocytes exposed to 'allergenic' antibiotics in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L Voie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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Sun M, Li J, Gai CL, Chang ZQ, Li JT, Zhao FZ. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at two water temperatures. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:186-91. [PMID: 23742101 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the pharmacokinetics profiles of difloxacin in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated following intravenous and oral administration (10 mg/kg BW) at 14 and 22 °C water temperatures. Plasma and tissue samples (muscle, liver, and kidney) were analyzed using an HPLC method. The results showed that the plasma concentration-time data for difloxacin were described commendably by two-compartment open model at the two water temperatures. The absorption half-life (t(1/2ka)) of difloxacin after oral administration were 2.08 and 1.10 h at 14 and 22 °C, respectively; whereas the elimination half-life (t(1/2β)) was 4.41 and 2.38 h, respectively. The muscle concentration of 1.35 ± 0.19 μg/g was observed at 9 h at 14 °C, and 2.11 ± 0.33 μg/g at 6 h at 22 °C, respectively. For liver, the peak concentration of difloxacin 2.43 ± 0.30 μg/g occurred at 6 h at 14 °C, which was lower than the 3.34 ± 0.24 μg/g peak that occurred at 4 h at 22 °C. The calculated bioavailability of difloxacin was 68.07% at 22 °C, which was higher than the 53.43% calculated for 14 °C. After intravenous administration, the t(1/2β) were 4.79 and 2.81 h at 14 and 22 °C, respectively. The results indicate that the peak concentrations in muscle and liver at 14 °C are approximately half of those achieved at 22 °C. However, the C(max) in kidney at 14 and 22 °C were similar. The Vd values were 1.20 and 1.75 L/kg at 14 and 22 °C, respectively. These data indicated that both temperature and drug administration had significant effects on the elimination of difloxacin, and lower temperature or oral administration resulted in lower elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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8
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Haritova A, Dimitrova D, Dinev T, Moutafchieva R, Lashev L. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin, Danofloxacin, and Marbofloxacin After Intravenous and Oral Administration in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Avian Med Surg 2013; 27:23-31. [DOI: 10.1647/2011-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hauschild G, Rohn K, Engelhardt E, Sager M, Hardes J, Gosheger G. Pharmacokinetic study on pradofloxacin in the dog - comparison of serum analysis, ultrafiltration and tissue sampling after oral administration. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:32. [PMID: 23410255 PMCID: PMC3598979 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pradofloxacin, a newly developed 8-cyano-fluoroquinolone, show enhanced activity against Gram-positive organisms and anaerobes to treat canine and feline bacterial infections. The purpose of this cross-over study was to measure the unbound drug concentration of pradofloxacin in the interstitial fluid (ISF) using ultrafiltration and to compare the kinetics of pradofloxacin in serum, ISF and tissue using enrofloxacin as reference. RESULTS After oral administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg) and pradofloxacin (3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively), serum collection and ultrafiltration in regular intervals over a period of 24 h were performed, followed by tissue sampling at the end of the third dosing protocol (pradofloxacin 6 mg/kg). Peak concentrations of pradofloxacin (3 mg/kg) were 1.55±0.31 μg/ml in the ISF and 1.85±0.23 μg/ml in serum and for pradofloxacin (6 mg/kg) 2.71±0.81 μg/kg in the ISF and 2.77±0.64 μg/kg in serum; both without a statistical difference between ISF and serum. Comparison between all sampling approaches showed no consistent pattern of statistical differences. CONCLUSIONS Despite some technical shortcomings the ultrafiltration approach appears to be the most sensitive sampling technique to estimate pharmacokinetic values of pradofloxacin at the infection site. Pharmacokinetics - Pradofloxacin - Ultrafiltration - Dog - Oral Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hauschild
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumororthopedics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, Münster, 48149, Germany
- LESIA Center for Veterinary Medicine, Hannov, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Engelhardt
- Central Animal Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Sager
- Central Animal Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jendrik Hardes
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumororthopedics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Georg Gosheger
- Department of Orthopedics and Tumororthopedics, University Hospital of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Beco L, Guaguère E, Lorente Méndez C, Noli C, Nuttall T, Vroom M. Suggested guidelines for using systemic antimicrobials in bacterial skin infections: part 2-- antimicrobial choice, treatment regimens and compliance. Vet Rec 2013; 172:156-60. [PMID: 23292948 PMCID: PMC3582090 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Systemic antimicrobials are critically important in veterinary healthcare, and resistance is a major concern. Antimicrobial stewardship will be important in maintaining clinical efficacy by reducing the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial skin infections are one of the most common reasons for using systemic antimicrobials in dogs and cats. Appropriate management of these infections is, therefore, crucial in any policy for responsible antimicrobial use. The goals of therapy are to confirm that an infection is present, identify the causative bacteria, select the most appropriate antimicrobial, ensure that the infection is treated correctly, and to identify and manage any underlying conditions. This is the second of two articles that provide evidence-led guidelines to help practitioners address these issues. Part 1 discussed the use of clinical signs, cytology and culture in diagnosis. This article will cover the rationale for topical and systemic antimicrobial therapy, including choice of first-, second- and third-line drugs, the dose, duration of therapy, compliance and identification of underlying predisposing conditions. In addition, there is guidance on cases of therapeutic failure and environmental hygiene. These guidelines will help veterinarians avoid the development and propagation of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beco
- Cabinet Vétérinaire, Spa, Belgium
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Gebru E, Damte D, Choi MJ, Lee SJ, Kim YH, Park SC. Mutant prevention concentration and phenotypic and molecular basis of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates and in vitro-selected mutants of Escherichia coli from dogs. Vet Microbiol 2012; 154:384-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gebru E, Choi MJ, Lee SJ, Damte D, Park SC. Mutant-prevention concentration and mechanism of resistance in clinical isolates and enrofloxacin/marbofloxacin-selected mutants of Escherichia coli of canine origin. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1512-1522. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.028654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Gebru
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dereje Damte
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chun Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Haritova A, Urumova V, Lutckanov M, Petrov V, Lashev L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic indices of enrofloxacin in Escherichia coli O78/H12 infected chickens. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1530-6. [PMID: 21458518 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of quercetin and enrofloxacin with/without quercetin on elimination of pathogen Escherichia coli O78/H12 in infected chickens. Effect of quercetin on disposition of enrofloxacin was investigated and Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic indices were calculated. Enrofloxacin was absorbed after oral administration in infected animals but with large inter-individual variations. Low concentrations of its main metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were found which could be explained with marked reduction of enrofloxacin transformation in infected animals. Quercetin significantly decreased bioavailability of enrofloxacin and its transformation to ciprofloxacin. Lower formation of metabolite was also found in the studied tissues as spleen, heart, lungs and in liver of group treated in combination with quercetin. Results in infected and quercetin (50 mg/kg) treated group shows lower percentage of re-isolates of the pathogen bacteria in comparison to infected and untreated animals, and close to the low dose (10 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin. High dose of enrofloxacin given in a short time in an infection model with high inoculum size, resulted in better eradication of bacteria although re-isolates could be found in spleen. Additional improvement of the outcome of fluoroquinolone therapy could be searched in early start of drug administration according to the terms of metaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneliya Haritova
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
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Govendir M, Hansen T, Kimble B, Norris J, Baral R, Wigney D, Gottlieb S, Malik R. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from cats and dogs, to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Anadón A, Suárez FH, Martínez MA, Castellano V, Martínez M, Ares I, Ramos E, Gamboa F, Martínez-Larrañaga MR. Plasma disposition and tissue depletion of difloxacin and its metabolite sarafloxacin in the food producing animals, chickens for fattening. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:441-9. [PMID: 21108984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chickens were used to investigate plasma disposition of difloxacin after single intravenous (IV) and oral dose (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and to study residue depletion of difloxacin and its major metabolite sarafloxacin after multiple oral doses (10 mg difloxacin/kg BW, daily for 5 days). Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed using a HPLC method. After IV and oral administration, plasma drug concentration-time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model. Mean (± SD) elimination half-lives (t(½)β) of difloxacin were 9.53±1.00 and 12.23±1.81 h after IV and oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration was 2.34±0.50 μg/ml and interval from oral administration until maximal concentration was 1.34±0.03 h. Oral bioavailability was found to be 68.89±15.21%. Difloxacin was converted to sarafloxacin. After multiple oral dose (10mg difloxacin/kg BW, daily for 5 days), mean kidney, liver, muscle and skin + fat tissue concentrations of difloxacin and sarafloxacin ranging between 604.8±132.5 and 368.1±52.5 μg/kg and 136.4±18.3 and 10.4±1.2 μg/kg, respectively, were measured 1 day after administration of the final dose of difloxacin. A withdrawal time of 5 days was necessary to ensure that the residues of difloxacin were less than the maximal residue limits (MRL) or tolerance established by the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Silva JD, Hollenbach C. FLUOROQUINOLONAS X RESISTÊNCIA BACTERIANA NA MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v77p3632010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO As fluoroquinolonas são um grupo de substâncias químicas sintéticas com atividade antimicrobiana, com extensiva aplicação tanto na medicina humana como também na medicina veterinária, consideradas importantes armas no combate a organismos Gram-negativos, Grampositivos e as últimas gerações destes agentes antimicrobianos chegam a ser ativas contra as bactérias anaeróbias. Atualmente é uma das maiores classes de agentes antimicrobianos sendo utilizadas, mundialmente, no tratamento de infecções de origem bacteriana. As suas indicações terapêuticas evoluíram da aplicação em infecções urinárias a aplicações nas mais variadas infecções. Este grupo de fármacos foi se desenvolvendo de forma a ultrapassar grande parte das suas adversidades, possuindo hoje um espectro de ação bastante abrangente, boa disponibilidade oral, melhor difusão para os tecidos, uma meia vida maior e uma toxicidade consideravelmente reduzida. Esta revisão reúne informações atuais sobre as propriedades físico-químicas, farmacocinética, metabolismos de ação e de resistência das fluoroquinolonas de uso veterinário.
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Haritova AM, Fink-Gremmels J. A simulation model for the prediction of tissue:plasma partition coefficients for drug residues in natural casings. Vet J 2009; 185:278-84. [PMID: 19709908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue residues arise from the exposure of animals to undesirable substances in animal feed materials and drinking water and to the therapeutic or zootechnical use of veterinary medicinal products. In the framework of this study, an advanced toxicokinetic model was developed to predict the likelihood of residue disposition of licensed veterinary products in natural casings used as envelope for a variety of meat products, such as sausages. The model proved suitable for the calculation of drug concentrations in the muscles of pigs, cattle and sheep, the major species of which intestines are used. On the basis of drug concentrations in muscle tissue, the model allowed a prediction of intestinal concentrations and residues in the intestines that remained equal to or below the concentrations in muscle tissue, the major consumable product of slaughter animals. Subsequently, residues in intestines were found to be below the maximum residue limit value for muscle tissue when drugs were used according to prescribed procedures, including the application of appropriate withdrawal times. Considering the low consumption of natural casings (which represents only about 1-2% of the weight of a normal sausage), it was concluded that the exposure to drug residues from casings is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneliya Milanova Haritova
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Bulgaria
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18
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Abstract
Methods for the analysis of ten selected fluoroquinolone antibiotics in biological fluids are reviewed. Approaches for sample preparation, detection methods, limits of detection and quantitation, and recovery information are provided for both single analyte and multi-analyte fluoroquinolone methods.
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Sukul P, Lamshöft M, Kusari S, Zühlke S, Spiteller M. Metabolism and excretion kinetics of 14C-labeled and non-labeled difloxacin in pigs after oral administration, and antimicrobial activity of manure containing difloxacin and its metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:225-231. [PMID: 19181312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are amongst the most important antibiotics used in veterinary medicine. On this account the behavior of difloxacin (DIF) and its metabolites was investigated by administering the (14)C-labeled and non-labeled veterinary drug to fattening pigs. The excretion kinetics were determined after daily collection of manure. Sarafloxacin (SAR) was found to be the major metabolite, three further trace metabolites were also recovered, applying high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometric technique. The identification of DIF and SAR was confirmed by comparison with the spectroscopic and chromatographic data of the authentic references. The identification of the three trace metabolites was performed by HR-MS/MS. Only 8.1% of the administered radioactivity remained in the pig after 10 days and DIF accounted for 95.9% of the radioactivity excreted. More than 99% of the labeled compounds were detected and identified in the manure. The mean recoveries for all single electrolytes were 94%. Linearity was established over concentration range 10-10,000 microg/kg manure with a correlation coefficient 0.99. By using in vitro antimicrobial activity tests against a group of standard pathogenic control strains, the results showed that the residual antibiotic concentrations in the manure of pigs are high enough to exhibit antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premasis Sukul
- Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strabetae 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Carpenter JW, Pollock CG, Koch DE, Hunter RP. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration to rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:522-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of marbofloxacin administered alone and in combination with tolfenamic acid in goats. Vet J 2009; 184:219-29. [PMID: 19299172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a four-period cross-over study, the fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug marbofloxacin (MB) was administered to goats intramuscularly (IM) at a dose rate of 2 mg/kg, both alone and in combination with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug tolfenamic acid (TA), also administered IM at a dose rate of 2 mg/kg. Using a tissue cage model of inflammation, based on the irritant actions of carrageenan, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of MB and MB in combination with TA were determined. MB mean values of area under concentration-time curve (AUC) were similar for serum (5.60 microg h/mL), inflamed tissue cage fluid (exudate; 5.32 microg h/mL) and non-inflamed tissue cage fluid (transudate; 4.82 microg h/mL). Values of mean residence time (MRT) of MB in exudate (15.5 h) and transudate (15.8 h) differed significantly from serum MRT (4.23 h). Co-administration of TA did not affect the PK profile of MB. The pharmacodynamics of MB were investigated using a caprine strain of Mannheimia haemolytica. Integration of PK data with ex vivo bacterial time-kill curve data for serum, exudate and transudate provided AUC(24h)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratios of 160, 133 and 121 h, respectively, for the strain of organism used. Modelling of the ex vivo time-kill data to the sigmoid E(max) equation provided AUC(24h)/MIC values required for bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions of MB and for virtual eradication of the organism of 27.6, 96.2 and 147.3 h, respectively. Corresponding values for MB+TA were 20.5, 66.5 and 103.0 h. These data were used to predict once daily dosage schedules of MB for subsequent clinical evaluation.
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23
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Abo-El-Sooud K, Goudah A. Pharmacokinetics and intramuscular bioavailability of difloxacin in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet J 2008; 179:282-6. [PMID: 18603456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-dose disposition kinetics of difloxacin (5mg/kg bodyweight) were determined in clinically normal male dromedary camels (n=6) following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration. Difloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental and non-compartmental kinetic methods. Following a single IV injection, the plasma difloxacin concentration-time curve was best described by a two-compartment open model, with a distribution half-life (t(1/2alpha)) of 0.22+/-0.02h and an elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) of 2.97+/-0.31h. Steady-state volume of distribution (V(dss)) and total body clearance (Cl(tot)) were 1.02+/-0.21L/kg and 0.24+/-0.07L/kg/h, respectively. Following IM administration, the absorption half-life (t(1)(/)(2ab)) and the mean absorption time (MAT) were 0.44+/-0.03h and 1.53+/-0.22h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration (C(max)) of 2.84+/-0.34microg/mL was achieved at 1.42+/-0.21h. The elimination half-life (t(1/2el)) and the mean residence time (MRT) was 3.46+/-0.42h and 5.61+/-0.23h, respectively. The in vitro plasma protein binding of difloxacin ranged from 28-43% and the absolute bioavailability following IM administration was 93.51+/-11.63%. Difloxacin could be useful for the treatment of bacterial infections in camels that are sensitive to this drug.
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24
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FU LX, JIANG ZG, DING HZ, LIU YH. Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in ill cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:240-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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DING HZ, YANG GX, HUANG XH, CHEN ZL, ZENG ZL. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:200-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Fernández-varón E, Cárceles CM, Marín P, Vancraeynest D, Montes A, Sotillo J, García-Martínez JD. Disposition kinetics and pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamic integration of difloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:90-4. [PMID: 17573085 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of difloxacin were studied following intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of 5mg/kg to healthy white New Zealand rabbits (n = 6). Difloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with fluorescence detection. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) assay of difloxacin against different strains of S. aureus from different european countries was performed in order to compute the main pharmacodynamic surrogate markers. The plasma difloxacin clearance (Cl) for the IV route was (mean +/- SD) 0.41 +/- 0.05 L/h kg. The steady-state volume of distribution (V(ss)) was 1.95 +/- 0.17 L/kg. The terminal half-life [Formula: see text] was (mean+/-SD) 4.19+/-0.34 h, 7.53 +/- 1.32 h and 8.00 +/- 0.45 h after IV, IM and oral, respectively. From this data, it seems that a 5 mg/kg dose difloxacin would be effective by SC and oral routes in rabbits against bacterial isolates with MIC0.1 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernández-varón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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27
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Fernández-Varón E, Cárceles CM, Marín P, Martos N, Escudero E, Ayala I. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric administration to horses. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:1076-81. [PMID: 16740105 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (5 mg/kg) following IV, IM, and intragastric (IG) administration to healthy horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy mature horses. PROCEDURES A crossover study design with 3 phases was used (15-day washout periods between treatments). An injectable formulation of difloxacin (5%) was administered IV and IM in single doses (5 mg/kg); for IG administration, an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected before and at intervals after each administration. A high-performance liquid chromatography assay with fluorescence detection was used to determine plasma difloxacin concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters of difloxacin were analyzed. Plasma creatine kinase activity was monitored to assess tissue damage. RESULTS Difloxacin plasma concentration versus time data after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of difloxacin following IM or IG administration was best described by a 1-compartment model. Mean half-life for difloxacin administered IV, IM, and IG was 2.66, 5.72, and 10.75 hours, respectively. Clearance after IV administration was 0.28 L/kg.h. After IM administration, the absolute mean +/- SD bioavailability was 95.81 +/- 3.11% and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.48 +/- 0.12 mg/L. After IG administration, the absolute bioavailability was 68.62 +/- 10.60% and Cmax was 0.732 +/- 0.05 mg/L. At 12 hours after IM administration, plasma creatine kinase activity had increased 7-fold, compared with the preinjection value. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Data suggest that difloxacin is likely to be effective for treating susceptible bacterial infections in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernández-Varón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30.071-Murcia, Spain
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28
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KuKanich B, Huff D, Riviere JE, Papich MG. Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:390-5. [PMID: 17269873 DOI: 10.2460/javma.230.3.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after oral administration in juvenile harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at a dose of 5 mg/kg (2.3 mg/lb) and to compare pharmacokinetic variables after pharmacokinetic analysis by naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. DESIGN Original study. Animals-33 male and 22 female juvenile seals being treated for various conditions. PROCEDURES Blood collection was limited to < or = 3 samples/seal. Plasma marbofloxacin concentrations were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. RESULTS Mean +/- SE dose of marbofloxacin administered was 5.3 +/- 0.1 mg/kg (2.4 +/- 0.05 mg/lb). The terminal half-life, volume of distribution (per bioavailability), and clearance (per bioavailability) were approximately 5 hours, approximately 1.4 L/kg, and approximately 3 mL/min/kg, respectively (values varied slightly with the method of calculation). Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma-time concentration curve were approximately 3 microg/mL and 30 h x microg/mL, respectively. Naïve averaged and naïve pooled analysis appeared to yield a better fit to the population, but nonlinear mixed-effects modeling yielded a better fit for individual seals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Values of pharmacokinetic variables were similar regardless of the analytic method used. Pharmacokinetic variability can be assessed with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, but not with naïve averaged or naïve pooled analysis. Visual observation by experienced trainers revealed no adverse effects in treated seals. Plasma concentrations attained with a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours would be expected to be efficacious for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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ismail M. Disposition Kinetics of Difloxacin After Intravenous, Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration in Calves. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:467-76. [PMID: 17216308 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (Dicural) was studied in a crossover study using three groups (n = 4) of male and female Friesian calves after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight. Drug concentration in plasma was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. The plasma concentration-time data following i.v. administration were best fitted to a two-compartment open model and those following i.m. and s.c. routes were best fitted using one-compartment open model. The collected data were subjected to a computerized kinetic analysis. The mean i.v., i.m. and s.c. elimination half-lives (t(1/2beta)) were 5.56 +/- 0.33 h, 6.12 +/- 0.42 h and 7.26 +/- 0.6 h, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (V(dss)) was 1.12 +/- 0.09 L/kg and total body clearance (Cl(B)) was 2.19 +/- 0.1 ml/(min x kg). The absorption half lives (t(1/2ab)) were 0.38 +/- 0.027 h and 2.1 +/- 0.09 h, with systemic bioavailabilities (F) of 96.5% +/- 6.4% and 84% +/- 5.5% after i.m. and s.c. administration, respectively. After i.m. and s.c. dosing, peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 3.38 +/- 0.13 microg/ml and 2.18 +/- 0.12 microg/ml were attained after (t(max)) 1.22 +/- 0.20 h and 3.7 +/- 0.52 h. The MIC90 of difloxacin for Mannheimia haemolytica was 0.29 +/- 0.04 microg/ml. The AUC/MIC90 and C(max)/MIC90 ratios for difloxacin following i.m. administration were 120 and 11.65, respectively and following s.c. administration were 97.58 and 7.51, respectively. Difloxacin was 31.7-36.8% bound to calf plasma protein. Since fluoroquinolones display concentration-dependent activities, the doses of difloxacin used in this study are likely to involve better pharmacodynamic characteristics that are associated with greater clinical efficacy following i.m. administration than following s.c. administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Voermans M, van Soest JM, van Duijkeren E, Ensink JM. Clinical efficacy of intravenous administration of marbofloxacin in a Staphylococcus aureus infection in tissue cages in ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:555-60. [PMID: 17083460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue cages (TC), implanted subcutaneously in the neck in eight ponies, were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to determine the clinical efficacy of marbofloxacin in the treatment of this infection. From 21 h after inoculation, marbofloxacin (6 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (i.v.) once daily for 7 days. Samples of the tissue cage fluid (TCF) were taken to determine marbofloxacin concentrations (days 1, 3 and 7), using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and numbers of viable bacteria [colony forming units (CFU)] (days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21). Statistical analysis was used to compare CFU before and after treatment. Clinical signs and CFU were used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment. Although, there was a slight decrease in CFU in all TC initially, the infection was not eliminated by marbofloxacin treatment in any of the ponies and abscesses formed. As the MIC (0.25 microg/mL) did not change during treatment and the concentration of marbofloxacin during treatment (mean concentration in TCF was 0.89 microg/mL on day 1, 0.80 microg/mL on day 3 and 2.77 microg/mL on day 7) was above MIC, we consider that the treatment failure might be attributable to the formation of a biofilm by S. aureus. Based on the present results, i.v. administration of marbofloxacin alone is not suitable for the elimination of S. aureus infections from secluded sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Voermans
- Dierenkliniek de Morette, Asse, Belgium.
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31
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Boothe DM, Boeckh AI, Simpson RB, Dubose K. Comparison of Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Indices of Efficacy for 5 Fluoroquinolones toward Pathogens of Dogs and Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Carpenter JW, Hunter RP, Olsen JH, Henry H, Isaza R, Koch DE. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna). Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:947-50. [PMID: 16740085 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.6.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single IV and orally administered doses in blue and gold macaws. ANIMALS 10 healthy blue and gold macaws. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, marbofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered orally (via crop gavage) to 5 birds and IV to 5 birds. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after marbofloxacin administration. After a 4-week washout period, the study was repeated, with the first 5 birds receiving the dose IV and the second 5 birds receiving the dose orally. Serum marbofloxacin concentrations were quantitated by use of a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. RESULTS After oral administration, mean +/- SD area under the curve was 7.94 +/- 2.08 microg.h/mL, maximum plasma concentration was 1.08 +/- 0.316 microg/mL, and bioavailability was 90.0 +/- 31%. After IV administration of marbofloxacin, the apparent volume of distribution was 1.3 +/- 0.32 L/kg, plasma clearance was 0.29 +/- 0.078 L/h/kg, area under the curve was 9.41 +/- 2.84 microg.h/mL, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 4.3 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Single IV and orally administered doses of marbofloxacin were well tolerated by blue and gold macaws. The orally administered dose was well absorbed. Administration of marbofloxacin at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours may be appropriate to control bacterial infections susceptible to marbofloxacin in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Bruner
- Greater Cincinnati Veterinary Specialists, 11 Beacon Drive, Wilder, KY 41076, USA.
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Albarellos GA, Montoya L, Landoni MF. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single intravenous and repeat oral administration to cats. Vet J 2005; 170:222-9. [PMID: 16129342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin, a third generation fluoroquinolone, were investigated in six cats after single intravenous (IV) and repeat oral (PO) administration at a daily dose of 2 mg/kg. Marbofloxacin serum concentration was analysed by microbiological assay using Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 as micro-organism test. Serum marbofloxacin disposition was best described by bicompartmental and mono-compartmental open models with first-order elimination after IV and oral dosing respectively. After IV administration, distribution was rapid (T(1/2(d)) 0.23+/-0.24 h) and wide, as reflected by the steady-state volume of distribution of 1.01+/-0.15 L/kg. Elimination from the body was slow with a body clearance of 0.09+/-0.02 L/h kg and a T(1/2) of 7.98+/-0.57 h. After repeat oral administration, absorption half-life was 0.86+/-1.59 h and T(max) of 1.94+/-2.11 h. Bioavailability was almost complete (99+/-29%) with a peak plasma concentration at the steady-state of 1.97+/-0.61 mug/mL. Drug accumulation was not significant after six oral administrations. Calculation of efficacy predictors showed that marbofloxacin has good therapeutic profile against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with a MIC(50) value <0.25 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Albarellos
- Area de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología y Etiopatogenia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Chorroarín 280 (1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bidgood TL, Papich MG. Plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin, its metabolite ciprofloxacin, and marbofloxacin after oral administration and a constant rate intravenous infusion in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:329-41. [PMID: 16050812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin were administered to six healthy dogs in separate crossover experiments as a single oral dose (5 mg/kg) and as a constant rate IV infusion (1.24 and 0.12 mg/h.kg, respectively) following a loading dose (4.47 and 2 mg/kg, respectively) to achieve a steady-state concentration of approximately 1 microg/mL for 8 h. Interstitial fluid (ISF) was collected with an in vivo ultrafiltration device at the same time period as plasma to measure protein unbound drug concentrations at the tissue site and assess the dynamics of drug distribution. Plasma and ISF were analyzed for enrofloxacin, its active metabolite ciprofloxacin, and for marbofloxacin by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lipophilicity and protein binding of enrofloxacin were higher than for marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Compared to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin had a longer half-life, higher Cmax, and larger AUC(0-infinity) in plasma and ISF after oral administration. Establishing steady state allowed an assessment of the dynamics of drug concentrations between plasma and ISF. The ISF and plasma-unbound concentrations were similar during the steady-state period despite differences in lipophilicity and pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Bidgood
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Horspool LJI, van Laar P, van den Bos R, Mawhinney I. Treatment of canine pyoderma with ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin - fluoroquinolones with different pharmacokinetic profiles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:147-53. [PMID: 15189300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with superficial or deep pyoderma (n = 228) presented to first opinion veterinarians (n = 20) were treated orally with either ibafloxacin, at a dosage of 15 mg/kg, or marbofloxacin, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, once daily for 3-16 weeks. On initial presentation, 35% of the cases were classified as having recurrent pyoderma and 40% as having deep pyoderma. Staphylococci (mainly Staphylococcus intermedius) were isolated from over 90% of the cases. The average treatment periods were 41 +/- 26 and 38 +/- 21 days in the ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin groups, respectively. One week after the cessation of treatment, 74 and 81% of dogs (P > 0.05) in the ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin groups, respectively, were classified as having responded to treatment. One month after the cessation of treatment, 70% of the dogs in each group were still classified as cured or improved, and 3 and 11% (P < 0.05) in the ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin groups, respectively, were classified as having relapsed. Despite having different pharmacokinetic profiles, ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin produced similar results when used under field conditions at the recommended dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J I Horspool
- Intervet International BV, PO Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
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Aliabadi FS, Lees P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin in calf serum, exudate and transudate. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2002; 25:161-74. [PMID: 12081611 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Marbofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug used in cattle for the treatment of respiratory infections. In this investigation the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin were determined after intravenous and intramuscular dosing at a dosage of 2 mg/kg. In addition the ex vivo pharmacodynamics (PD) of the drug were determined in serum and three types of tissue cage fluid (transudate, inflammatory exudate generated by carrageenan and exudate generated by lipopolysaccharide). Marbofloxacin PK was characterized by a high volume of distribution after dosing by both routes (1.28 L/kg intravenous and 1.25 L/kg intramuscular). Corresponding area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)el) values were 9.99 and 10.11 microg h/mL and 4.23 and 4.33 h, respectively. Values of AUC for carrageenan-induced exudate, lipopolysaccharide-induced exudate and transudate were, respectively, 8.28, 7.83 and 7.75 microg h/mL after intravenous and 8.84, 8.53 and 8.52 microg h/mL after intramuscular dosing. Maximum concentration (Cmax) values were similar for the three tissue cage fluids after intravenous and intramuscular dosing. For in vivo PK data values of AUC: minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (AUIC) ratio for serum were 250 and 253, respectively, after intravenous and intramuscular dosing of marbofloxacin against a pathogenic strain of Mannheimia haemolytica (MIC=0.04 microg/mL). For all tissue cage fluids AUIC values were >194 and >213 after intravenous and intramuscular dosing, and Cmax/MIC ratios were 9 or greater, indicating a likely high level of effectiveness in clinical infections caused by M. haemolytica of MIC 0.04 microg/mL or less. This was confirmed by both in vitro (serum) and ex vivo (serum, exudate and transudate) measurements, which demonstrated a concentration-dependent killing profile for marbofloxacin against M. haemolytica. Ex vivo, after 24-h incubation, virtually all bacteria were killed (<10 cfu/mL) in all samples collected up to 9 h (serum), 24 h (carrageenan-induced exudate and transudate) and 36 h (lipopolysaccharide-induced exudate). Application of the sigmoid Emax equation to the ex vivo antibacterial data provided, for serum, AUIC24 h values of 37.1 for bacteriostasis, 46.3 for bactericidal activity and 119.6 for elimination of bacteria. These data may be used as a rational basis for setting dosing schedules which optimize clinical efficacy and minimize the opportunities for emergence of resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shojaee Aliabadi
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
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Seol B, Naglić T, Madić J, Bedeković M. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 183 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs to selected antipseudomonal agents. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2002; 49:188-92. [PMID: 12069272 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the years from 1993 to 2000, 183 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from different pathological specimens originating from dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against 10 antipseudomonal agents were obtained on 183 P. aeruginosa strains. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles showed that among beta-lactam antibiotics, imipenem was the most active compound. Out of the 183 strains tested, 96.7% were sensitive to imipenem. Cefoperazone showed good in vitro activity against 86.9% of the tested strains. Against ceftazidime, 77.0% of strains showed sensitivity. An old penicillin, carbenicillin, gave only 71.6% sensitive strains. Sensitivity to amikacin was 87.4% and it was 83.1% to gentamicin. Pipimedic acid, a first-generation quinolone, was the least active compound of all those tested, 47.0% were resistant. The in vitro sensitivity against enrofloxacin showed that 71.0% strains were sensitive and 26.2% showed resistance. Almost all strains tested, 93.4%, were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin. Besides imipenem, the quinolone antibiotics, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against P. aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Seol
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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Heinen E. Comparative serum pharmacokinetics of the fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, and orbifloxacin in dogs after single oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2002; 25:1-5. [PMID: 11874520 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics after oral application of the fluoroquinolones (FQs), enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin and orbifloxacin were compared in independent crossover studies in Beagle dogs. Commercially available tablet formulations were given at common dosage recommended by the manufacturers which were 2.0 mg/kg body weight (bw) for marbofloxacin, 2.5 mg/kg bw for orbifloxacin and 5.0 mg/kg bw for enrofloxacin and difloxacin. Analysis was performed by an agar diffusion assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. All FQs were rapidly absorbed and achieved average peak serum concentrations of 1.41, 1.11, 1.47 and 1.37 mug/mL for enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin and orbifloxacin, respectively. Enrofloxacin was eliminated at a terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of 4.1 h, difloxacin at 6.9 h, orbifloxacin at 7.1 h and marbofloxacin at 9.1 h. While the area under the serum concentration-time curve of the 24-h dosing interval (AUC0--24) for marbofloxacin and orbifloxacin were similar (approximately 13 microg x h/mL), enrofloxacin attained an AUC(0-24) of 8.7 and difloxacin of 9.3 microg x h/mL. Because of its favourable pharmacokinetics combined with excellent in vitro activity, enrofloxacin exhibited superior pharmacodynamic predictors of in vivo antimicrobial activity as C(max)/MIC (maximum serum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration) and AUC(0-24)/MIC (area under the 24-h serum concentration--time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration) compared with other FQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Heinen
- Bayer AG, Animal Health, Research and Development, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
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