Changes in the saliva proteome analysed by gel-proteomics in horses diagnosed with equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) at diagnosis and after successful treatment

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is currently one of the more frequent diseases in horses. We aimed to identify changes in the salivary proteome in horses with EGUS at diagnosis and after successful treatment by using gel proteomics. Saliva samples were collected from nine horses with EGUS before and after treatment and nine matched healthy controls. SDS-PAGE (1DE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) were performed, and significantly different protein bands and spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Horses with EGUS had increases in proteins such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), triosephosphate isomerase, keratins and immuno-globulin heavy constant mu and decreases in carbonic anhydrase (CA), albumin and prolactin-induced protein. These changes would indicate various physiopathological mechanisms involved in this disease, such as the activation of the immune system, decreased stomach defence mechanisms and inflammation. The treated horses presented lower expression levels of thioredoxin (TRX) after a successful treatment, in proteomics analysis and also measured with a commercially available ELISA kit. Overall, horses with EGUS have protein changes in their saliva when measured with gel proteomics compared with healthy horses, and they also showed changes after successful treatment. These proteins could be potential biomarkers for detection and monitoring treatment response in EGUS.

Changes in saliva biomarkers during a standardized increasing intensity field exercise test in endurance horses

Salivary biomarkers could be useful to evaluate stress, fitness level, and skeletal muscle damage associated to exercise in horses in an easy and non-painful way. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate if cortisol in saliva (sCor), salivary alpha-amylase (sAMY) and butyrylcholinesterase (sBChE) and lactate (sLA) and creatine kinase (sCK) in saliva of horses can show changes during a standardized exercise test, and if they are related to heart rate variability (HRV) parameters related to sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, fitness level or skeletal muscle damage. For this purpose, ten endurance horses were submitted to a standardized exercise test in field conditions. Saliva and blood were obtained at basal time (TB), after the seven bouts of velocity (T + 01 to T + 07), and 5, 15, 30, and 45 min later (T + 5, T + 15, T + 30, and T + 45). Five endurance horses in resting condition (control group) were also enrolled. HRV and fitness level parameters, and plasma CK as a marker of muscle damage were also evaluated. Salivaryalpha-amylase increased at T + 30 (P = 0.03), sBChE at T + 5 (P = 008), and sCK at T + 07 (P = 0.009) after the exercise test, with significant differences between the exercise and control groups' results. The sCor did not show significant changes during the exercise test in the exercise group but higher concentration compared to the control horses (P < 0.001) were observed. sCor, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK showed a positive correlation (r values between 0.47 and 0.64) with the sympathetic tone and a negative correlation (r values between -0.37 and -0.56) with the parasympathetic tone. In conclusion, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK showed significant increases in ten endurance horses after an increasing intensity velocity exercise. Values of sCor, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK were associated with HRV, which is used to evaluate stress, and therefore, they could be potentially used to assess the exercise-related stress after a physical effort.

Endoscopic Endocautery Polypectomy for the Treatment of Duodenal and Gastric Polyps in a Cat

Endoscopic polypectomy is commonly performed in human medicine, with large-scale studies reported. However, few reports have described its use in veterinary medicine and, specifically, the procedure in the case of duodenal polyps in cats has not been reported. A 7 kg 14-year-old cat presented with recurrent vomiting for several months. Gastroduodenoscopy revealed a pedunculated polyp at the pyloric antrum and another in the duodenum, with its head protruding into the pylorus. Endoscopic polypectomy was performed using an electrosurgical snare with no recurrence of clinical signs after six months. Duodenal polypectomy in cats may be difficult because of space limitation but it can be safe, minimally invasive, and successful, thus avoiding more invasive surgical techniques. Endoscopic polypectomy may be a viable alternative to surgery in cats with gastric and duodenal polyps.

An Atypical Case of Leishmaniasis Associated with Chronic Duodenitis in a Dog

We describe an atypical case of duodenal leishmaniasis in a boxer dog presenting with chronic diarrhea and poor general condition. Antidiarrheic therapy was previously administered without success and inflammatory bowel disease localized to the small intestine was suspected, given the chronic clinical signs and by ruling out other known causes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Endoscopic biopsy of duodenum showed a moderate increase in lamina propria lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Basophilic bodies were seen in the cytoplasm of numerous macrophages, suggestive of Leishmania spp, confirmed by immunostaining, and a diagnosis of granulomatous duodenitis associated to Leishmania infection was made. After 7 mo of therapy, a significant clinical improvement and weight gain were observed, and endoscopic histology showed no evidence of Leishmania. A progressive decline of anti-leishmanial antibody titer was also observed during follow-up. This report emphasizes the importance of atypical symptoms and the unusual location of visceral leishmaniasis, suggesting the need to consider leishmaniasis in the differential diagnosis of canine chronic enteritis, especially in endemic areas.

Field Efficacy of a Metarhizium anisopliae-Based Attractant-Contaminant Device to Control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Biological control of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using entomopathogenic fungi is being studied as a viable control strategy. The efficacy of a Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)-based attractant-contaminant device (ACD) to control C. capitata was evaluated in a medium-scale (40 ha) 2-yr field trial using a density of 24 ACD per ha. Results showed that this density was adequate to efficiently reduce fruitfly populations and that the inoculation dishes (IDs) needed replacing mid-season to provide protection for the entire season. In this study, fungal treatment was even more effective than conventional chemical treatment. Population dynamics in fungus-treated fields along with the infectivity study of field-aged IDs in the laboratory found that the ACD remained effective for at least 3 mo. The results suggest M. anisopliae-based ACD can be used to control C. capitata in the field. The implications of its use, especially as a tool in an integrated pest management program, are discussed.

Effect of diet/atorvastatin on atherosclerotic lesions associated to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in chickens

Comparative histological examination of both liver and the supra-aortic arteries have not previously examined the consequences of atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and their response to diet and atorvastatin therapy. This study evaluates the effects of diet alone or in combination with atorvastatin therapy on the progression/regression of atherosclerosis and its correlation with NAFLD. This research was performed on a cohort of chickens on standard (SD) or hyperlipidemic diets (HD), either with or without atorvastatin therapy. The development of atherosclerotic lesions was assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis and correlated with liver histology. The lowest levels of atherosclerotic lesions were found in animals on the HD for 3 months, followed by 3 months of SD in combination with oral atorvastatin. There was a strong association between the histologic findings of atherosclerosis and those of NAFLD. These studies show that standard diet and atorvastatin therapy can positively affect both arterial and hepatic lesions, influencing the regression of the changes. These results support the hypothesis that NAFLD and atherosclerosis may be actually two aspects of a shared disease and suggest the possibility of regression of both disorders with dietary and pharmacologic manipulations.

Cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline serum concentrations in relation to disease and stress in the horse

No detailed comparative data are available on the hormonal parameters of horses suffering from a number of diseases. The aim of our study was to measure concentrations of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline in horses with various diseases and following surgery, to assess the response of the HPA axis and adrenal medulla. Blood samples were obtained from six groups of horses comprising a total of 119 animals as follows: laminitis, acute abdominal syndrome (AAS), castration surgery, acute diseases, chronic diseases and healthy controls. Serum hormonal concentrations were determined for each group for comparison. Statistically significant differences between all groups and controls were found for cortisol, ACTH (except for castration), serotonin and adrenaline concentrations but only in horses with laminitis and AAS for noradrenaline. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females. The largest changes in the pituitary-adrenal axis activity occurred mainly in acute diseases, laminitis and in the AAS group.

Characterization of oral double balloon endoscopy in the dog

Exploration of the canine small intestine using conventional endoscopy is restricted to the duodenum and/or the ileum. Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) is a 'push and pull' technique that has been described in humans and permits a complete exploration of the small intestine. In this study, oral DBE was performed on 12 healthy dogs (10-34kg) to characterize for the first time the efficiency, exploration dynamics and safety of the technique. DBE was successful in 83% of dogs; the average estimated insertion depth of the endoscope was 287±36cm, and the average duration of the exploration was 84±8min. No complications or relevant adverse clinical effects were observed, and there was no indication of post-procedure pancreatitis based on serology of two specific markers of pancreatitis (amylase and lipase) and the immediate nonspecific inflammatory mediator C-reactive protein. The study showed that oral DBE is viable and safe in the dog, allowing for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases deep in the small intestine to an extent that has not previously been possible using conventional endoscopy.

A Case of Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Jejunitis Diagnosed by Double-Balloon Enteroscopy in a Dog

A 3 yr old male English setter dog was presented for evaluation of a 6-wk history of intermittent diarrhea. After standard gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy showed normal mucosa, double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) was used via both oral and anal approaches. Gross changes consistent with inflammation in the jejunum were seen, and biopsy specimens were obtained. Histologic analysis confirmed a diagnosis of lymphocytic-plasmacytic jejunitis. Clinical remission of the disease occurred after 3 mo of therapy with prednisone, metronidazole, and a novel protein diet. Use of DBE has not been previously reported in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease, and isolated lymphocytic-plasmacytic jejunitis has not been described. The described cases of intestinal inflammatory disease diagnosed by conventional endoscopy were related to pathologic changes in the duodenum, ileum or colon, but not the jejunum. The main advantage of the DBE technique allowed examination of portions of the small intestine (jejunum) that were not commonly accessible by standard endoscopic techniques, and permitted a minimally invasive collection of biopsy samples compared with surgical biopsy. This case highlights the need to consider using DBE in animals with gastrointestinal disorders, whose symptoms are not readily explained by routine tests, conventional endoscopy, and dietary or therapeutic trials.

Assessment of liver steatosis in chicken by using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: preliminary results

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging as a non-invasive tool for quantification of the grades of liver steatosis in chickens.

METHODS

We used two different diets: a standard diet (SD group) and a hyperlipidaemic diet (HD group). The ARFI technique was performed in all the animals in the right hepatic lobe and shear wave velocity (SWV) was measured and expressed in metres per second (m/s). Plasma lipid levels were analysed. Steatosis was quantified by using semiquantitative analysis. Statistical analysis was used and Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated.

RESULTS

Mean SWV was 0.94 ± 0.16 m/s (range 0.8-1.3 m/s) in the SD group and 1.91 ± 0.25 m/s (range 1.3-2.2 m/s) in the HD group (p < 0.001). The lowest SWVs (≤1.3 m/s) corresponded to the chickens in the SD group, with 100% of the animals returning a score of 0, whereas the range of SWV in the HD group chickens was between 1.6 and 2.2 m/s. A substantial correlation was observed between SWVs with histological semiquantitative analysis of steatosis (r = 0.85, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

ARFI imaging is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that allows discrimination between the grades of liver steatosis in chickens.

Postanesthetic brachial triceps myonecrosis in a Spanish-bred horse

This report describes a case of postanesthetic brachial triceps myonecrosis affecting only the left forelimb of a horse. A fatal unilateral postanesthetic myonecrosis has not been previously reported in the horse. This article describes the factors in the horse's history, the anesthetic protocol, and the treatment that may have led to this condition.

Effects of atorvastatin on progression-regression of renal injury in hyperlipidemic chickens

Complex interrelationships exist between hyperlipidemia and the progression of renal injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of high plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels on renal structure and the effects of atorvastatin on progression-regression of renal injury. One-hundred chickens were divided into five groups: Group A: Standard diet (SD) for 6 months; Group B: Hyperlipidemic diet (HD) for 6 months; Group C: HD for three months and SD during the next 3 months; Group D: HD for 3 months and SD during the next 3 months, when they received oral atorvastatin (3 mg/kg/d); Group E: HD for the whole 6 months, and atorvastatin (3 mg/kg/d) during the last 3 months. Increased alpha-actine immunostaining was found in glomeruli of groups B and C. An important decrease of immunostaining was observed in glomeruli of atorvastatin treated groups. Group D showed the lowest value for presence of lipids, and significant differences were found with respect to the rest of the groups. The glomeruli of group B presented the highest damage grades and those of group D showed the lowest grades and presented significant differences from the rest of the groups. The combination of atorvastatin therapy and proper diet proved to be effective in promoting renal disease regression. However, the study of several parameters indicates that neither only diet nor atorvastatin in the progression group resulted completely effective in decreasing the progression of the disease.

Combined NMR and computational study for azide binding to human manganese superoxide dismutase

Human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) labeled with 3-fluorotyrosine (Tyf) was complexed with the (15)N-labeled inhibitor azide ([(15)N(3)(-)]). The sample was characterized by solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy ((19)F-MAS and (15)N-CPMAS). Employing (19)F-(15)N-REDOR spectroscopy, we determined the distances between the fluorine label in Tyrosine-34 and the three (15)N-nuclei of the azide and the relative orientation of the azide in the binding pocket of the MnSOD. A distance of R(1)=4.85A between the (19)F-label of Tyf34 and the nearest (15)N of the azide and an azide-fluorotyrosine Tyf34 angle of 90 degrees were determined. These geometry data are employed as input for molecular modeling of the location of the inhibitor in the active site of the enzyme. In the computations, several possible binding geometries of the azide near the Mn-complex were assumed. Only when the azide replaces the water ligand at the Mn-complex we obtained a geometry of the azide-Mn-complex, which is consistent with the present NMR data. This indicates that the water molecule ligating to the Mn-complex is removed and the azide is placed at this position. As a consequence the azide forms an H bond with Gln143 instead with Tyf34, in contrast to non-(19)F-labeled MnSOD, where the azide is hydrogen bonded to the hydroxy group of Tyr34.

AqquaScan: design and implementation of an internet-based service for the remote monitoring and management of decentralised WWTPs

This paper describes the design and implementation of AqquaScan, an Internet-based service for remote monitoring and integrated management of decentralised WWTPs. AqquaScan is a multi-user and multi-WWTP service. It has been built according to criteria such as flexibility, scalability and interoperability with the idea of providing an open environment suited to quickly accommodate future scenarios (e.g. incorporation of new plants or upgrading of existing installations). Both, the management of plant information and users interfaces have been implemented in distributed software components that communicate with one another via web services. The implemented web services can be exploited to develop customised user interfaces for visualising the monitored data. By default, a customised web-based client module has been programmed in order for users to be able to exploit the facilities offered within AqquaScan: (1) real-time monitoring of on-line signals; (2) visualisation of historical data; (3) changing operational parameters; (4) notification of time-event information; and (5) storage of measurements from laboratory analysis. At present, AqquaScan is fully operative and is offering supervision services to eleven industrial WWTPs distributed around Northern Spain.

Fatal brodifacoum poisoning in a pony

Fatal brodifacoum poisoning in a pony is described; this condition has not previously been reported in ponies. Discussion of what factors in the pony's history and treatment may have predisposed to the severity and ultimate death is provided.

Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric administration to horses

OBJECTIVE

To study the pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (5 mg/kg) following IV, IM, and intragastric (IG) administration to healthy horses.

ANIMALS

6 healthy mature horses.

PROCEDURES

A crossover study design with 3 phases was used (15-day washout periods between treatments). An injectable formulation of difloxacin (5%) was administered IV and IM in single doses (5 mg/kg); for IG administration, an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected before and at intervals after each administration. A high-performance liquid chromatography assay with fluorescence detection was used to determine plasma difloxacin concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters of difloxacin were analyzed. Plasma creatine kinase activity was monitored to assess tissue damage.

RESULTS

Difloxacin plasma concentration versus time data after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of difloxacin following IM or IG administration was best described by a 1-compartment model. Mean half-life for difloxacin administered IV, IM, and IG was 2.66, 5.72, and 10.75 hours, respectively. Clearance after IV administration was 0.28 L/kg.h. After IM administration, the absolute mean +/- SD bioavailability was 95.81 +/- 3.11% and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.48 +/- 0.12 mg/L. After IG administration, the absolute bioavailability was 68.62 +/- 10.60% and Cmax was 0.732 +/- 0.05 mg/L. At 12 hours after IM administration, plasma creatine kinase activity had increased 7-fold, compared with the preinjection value.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Data suggest that difloxacin is likely to be effective for treating susceptible bacterial infections in horses.

Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and intragastric administration

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY

Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine showing an excellent activity. However, danofloxacin pharmacokinetics profile have not been studied in horses previously.

OBJECTIVE

To study the pharmacokinetics following i.v., i.m. and intragastric (i.g.) administration of 1.25 mg/kg bwt danofloxacin to 6 healthy horses.

METHODS

A cross-over design was used in 3 phases (2 x 2 x 2), with 2 washout periods of 15 days (n = 6). Danofloxacin (18%) was administered by i.v. and i.m. routes at single doses of 1.25 mg/kg bwt. For i.g. administration an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Danofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with fluorescence detection. Tolerability at the the site of i.m. injection was monitored by creatine kinase (CK) activity.

RESULTS

Danofloxacin plasma concentration vs. time data after i.v. and i.g. administration could best be described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of i.m. administered danofloxacin was best described by a one-compartment model. The terminal half-lives for i.v., i.m. and i.g. routes were 6.31, 5.36 and 4.74 h, respectively. Clearance value after i.v. dosing was 0.34 l/kg bwt/h. After i.m. administration, absolute bioavailability was mean +/- s.d. 88.48 +/- 11.10% and Cmax was 0.35 +/- 0.05 mg/l. After i.g. administration, absolute bioavailability was 22.36 +/- 6.84% and Cmax 0.21 +/- 0.07 mg/l. CK activity following i.m. dosing increased 3-fold over pre-injection levels 12 h after dosing and subsequently approached (but did not reach) normal values at 72 h post dose.

CONCLUSIONS

Systemic danofloxacin exposure achieved in horses following i.m. administration was consistent with the predicted blood levels needed for a positive therapeutic outcome for many equine infections. Conversely, danofloxacin utility by the i.g. route was limited by low bioavailability. Tolerability associated with i.m. administration was high.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE

Pharmacokinetics, blood levels and good tolerability of i.v. and i.m. administration of danofloxacin in horses indicates that it is likely to be effective for treating sensitive bacterial infections.

Intracellular retention of hepatic serpins caused by severe hyperlipidemia

BACKGROUND

High levels of circulating lipids contribute to both the development of non-alcoholic liver steatosis (NALS) and peripheral arterial disease, leading to increased thrombotic risk. However, the effects of hyperlipidemia on hepatic proteins have barely been studied. Antithrombin is a hepatic serpin with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory roles. The conformational flexibility of antithrombin renders it susceptible to both, genetic and posttranslational modifications. Thus, mutations and environmental factors have been shown to alter this molecule.

METHODS

We used a chick model to assess the effects of hyperlipidemic diets (HD) on this conformationally sensitive molecule. We determined antithrombin activity in plasma and evaluated the histological and immunohistological features of livers from these animals.

RESULTS

A HD for 6 months led to a significant intrahepatic retention and aggregation of antithrombin, which correlated with hepatic steatosis, as revealed by immunohistological analysis. Accordingly, a decrease in circulating antithrombin activity (48.71 +/- 6.35%) was observed. Other hepatic proteins, including heparin cofactor II, another anticoagulant serpin, also accumulated intracellularly. Atorvastatin and reversion to a normal diet after 3 months partially protected livers from these deleterious effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support that hyperlipidemia-induced NALS causes a significant intracellular aggregation of hemostatic serpins in liver, which determines a decrease in their circulating levels.

The normal electrocardiogram of the unanaesthetized competition "Spanish Pouler" pigeon (Columba livia gutturosa)

This investigation was carried out on 64 healthy adult competition pigeons (Spanish Poulers) to determine reference values of electrocardiographic parameters in standard lead II; a comparative study between males and females was also performed to find changes in the electrocardiographic patterns related to sex. P wave was positive and monophasic; PR segment depression was present in 64% of records; the QRS pattern obtained was in most cases of the rS type, followed by the QS configuration. ST slurring (absence of ST) was observed in 47% of records and the mean electrical axis was in all cases negative. Statistically significant differences related to sex were found for P-wave, R-wave and T-wave amplitudes, showing the males have greater amplitudes than females, associated with the increase of cardiac tissue mass. No sex-related differences were found in heart rate and mean electrical axis.

Effects of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on serum biochemical parameters and aortic composition of atherosclerotic chickens

Calcium appears to be involved in many of the cellular events, which are thought to be important in atherogenesis. In this study, we examine the effects of three calcium entry blockers (nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem at clinical and higher doses) on serum biochemical parameters and aortic calcium, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of atherosclerotic egg-fed chickens. All egg-fed chickens (treated and non-treated) showed an increase in serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides without significant effect when calcium entry blockers were used. Increased HDL values were observed in clinical and high-dose nifedipine and clinical dose verapamil groups. The high-dose diltiazem group presented increased zinc values with respect to the clinical dose diltiazem and control groups. The sodium concentrations were significantly decreased in all the groups of animals treated with calcium entry blockers at high-doses and nifedipine at clinical doses. Measurements of aortic calcium concentration showed a significant decrease in the high-dose nifedipine and verapamil groups. Calcium channel blockers had a tendency to decrease total cholesterol in aortas. The values were statistically significant for the high-dose verapamil, and nifedipine groups. Only nifedipine showed a significant decrease for this parameter at clinical dosages. Triglyceride concentrations in aortas were significantly low in animals fed an atherogenic diet and treated with calcium channel blockers, without differences between drugs or dosages used in the experiment. In addition, the chicken atherosclerosis model has proved itself useful and very suitable for in vivo drug intervention studies.

Nonfatal splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in an ass

This report describes a case of nonfatal idiopathic splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in a female ass, a condition that has not been previously reported in this species. A 12-year-old female ass weighing 225 kg was presented with signs of anorexia, depression and prominent abdominal distension. At the onset of clinical signs there was evidence of anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. A large mass was palpated per rectum. The mass was confluent with the spleen and extended across the entire width of the abdomen. Percutaneous transabdominal ultrasonography and laparoscopy under general anaesthesia confirmed the diagnosis of splenic haematoma. The ass was treated initially with intravenous polyionic fluids; vitamins, trace elements and aminoacids; clanobutin; and penicillin and gentamicin, and was transfused with whole blood. After 5 days of hospitalisation the ass appeared brighter, and after 10 days the animal was discharged to recuperate at pasture. Six months later the animal's demeanour and appetite had improved. Repeat ultrasonographic examination showed persistence of the mass, but its thickness had decreased by 2 to 3 cm. A small mineralised area suggesting organisation of the haematoma was also detected. The haematological parameters had returned to normal values and the ass was clinically normal.

The Normal Electrocardiogram of the Unanesthetized Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus brookei)

The mean duration and amplitudes of the lead II electrocardiogram were determined in the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus brookei) using 10 birds ranging in age from 1 to 5 yr. Electrocardiograms were performed on unanesthetized falcons in order to avoid the anesthesia effect on the electrocardiogram, by a method which seems to induce a tonic immobility-like reaction. All the falcons had a normal sinus rhythm, with a mean heart rate of 268 beats per minute. Mean durations of PR, ST, QT, and RR intervals were higher (but not statistically significant) in females than in males, except for the ST segment, with similar values in both sexes. P-wave deflections were positive in I, II, III, aVL, and aVF and negative in aVR. The normal patterns of wave forms of the QRS complexes in all leads were of QS and rS types, except for aVR and aVL, which presented an R configuration. The mean electrical axis was negative, with an average of -99.9 degrees. T-wave deflections were positive in I, II, III, and aVF leads II and negative in aVR and aVL. The data collected in this study may serve as a guide for electrocardiographic monitoring of peregrine falcons.

Planimetric and histological study of the aortae in atherosclerotic chickens treated with nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem

Calcium appears to be involved in many of the cellular events which are thought to be important in atherogenesis. Calcium channel blockers have been shown to reduce arterial lipid accumulation in animals without altering serum cholesterol. Avian models of atherosclerosis offer economic and technical advantages over mammalian models. In this study, we examine the effects of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem at clinical and higher doses, on the extent of atherosclerosis of egg-fed chickens. In order to assess the extent of atherosclerosis quantitatively, the aortic lesions of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, aortic arch and supraaortic regions were measured by planimetry. Atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated histologically. Statistically significant reductions in the lipid deposition of the aorta were found in all the treated groups. The extent and distribution of atherosclerotic lesions were decreased in a significant way by verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. The higher the dosage used, the higher the regression of the atherosclerotic lesions. At clinical dosage, nifedipine showed the highest decrease of the lesions. In addition, the chicken atherosclerosis model has proved itself useful and very suitable for in vivo drug intervention studies.

Protein kinase D regulates the fission of cell surface destined transport carriers from the trans-Golgi network

When a kinase inactive form of Protein Kinase D (PKD-K618N) was expressed in HeLa cells, it localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and caused extensive tubulation. Cargo that was destined for the plasma membrane was found in PKD-K618N-containing tubes but the tubes did not detach from the TGN. As a result, the transfer of cargo from TGN to the plasma membrane was inhibited. We have also demonstrated the formation and subsequent detachment of cargo-containing tubes from the TGN in cells stably expressing low levels of PKD-K618N. Our results suggest that PKD regulates the fission from the TGN of transport carriers that are en route to the cell surface.

Morphology and amplitude values of the electrocardiogram of Spanish-bred horses of different ages in the Dubois leads system

The aim of this work was to record the modifications of the form and amplitude of the electrocardiographic tracings during growth using the Dubois system and to study its sensibility to these physiological changes. This work was carried out on 179 healthy, young and adult Spanish-bred horses (98 females and 81 males). One electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained from each horse using the Dubois leads system. The bifid shape deflection of the P wave was generally more frequent than the simple one in animals at 4 months of age or older. Amplitudes of the P2 component and of the simple positive wave presented significant differences (p < 0.01) between the age groups studied: animals up to 3 months in age and older than 2 years of age (highest amplitudes), and the rest of the animals (lowest amplitudes). Significant variations (p < 0.05) were found for the QS amplitude between animals of 1 month of age, and all the other groups. The multiple range analysis did not define a clear distribution of age groups for the amplitude of the T wave. It may therefore be concluded, that in the Spanish-bred horse up to 1 month of age, the form and amplitude of the QRS complex in the Dubois leads system differ from those of older animals. Thus, this study shows the sensibility of the Dubois leads system for detecting the electrocardiographic changes related to the growing process in the Spanish-bred horse. In addition, it provides standard values of electrocardiographic parameters in the Spanish-bred horse at different stages of growth.

A Difference Fourier transform infrared study of tyrosyl radical Z* decay in photosystem II

Photosystem II (PSII) contains a redox-active tyrosine, Z* Difference Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can be used to obtain structural information about this species, which is a neutral radical, Z*, in the photooxidized form. Previously, we have used isotopic labeling, inhibitors, and site-directed mutagenesis to assign a vibrational line at 1478 cm(-1) to Z*; these studies were performed on highly resolved PSII preparations at pH 7.5, under conditions where Q(A)(-) and Q(B)(-) make no detectable contribution to the vibrational spectrum (Kim, Ayala, Steenhuis, Gonzalez, Razeghifard, and Barry. 1998. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1366:330-354). Here, time-resolved infrared data associated with the reduction of tyrosyl radical Z* were acquired from spinach core PSII preparations at pH 6.0. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and fluorescence control experiments were employed to measure the rate of Q(A)(-) and Z* decay. Q(B)(-) did not recombine with Z* under these conditions. Difference FTIR spectra, acquired over this time regime, exhibited time-dependent decreases in the amplitude of a 1478 cm(-1) line. Quantitative comparison of the rates of Q(A)(-) and Z* decay with the decay of the 1478 cm(-1) line supported the assignment of a 1478 cm(-1) component to Z*. Comparison with difference FTIR spectra obtained from PSII samples, in which tyrosine is labeled, supported this conclusion and identified other spectral components assignable to Z* and Z. To our knowledge, this is the first kinetic study to use quantitative comparison of kinetic constants in order to assign spectral features to Z*.

Morphological and biochemical analysis of the secretory pathway in melanoma cells with distinct metastatic potential

In this report, we have investigated whether alterations of the morphological and functional aspects of the biosecretory membrane system are associated with the metastatic potential of tumor cells. To this end, we have analyzed the morphology of the Golgi complex, the cytoskeleton organization and membrane trafficking steps of the secretory pathway in two human melanoma A375 cell line variants with low (A375-P) and high metastatic (A375-MM) potential. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that in A375-P cells, the Golgi complex showed a collapsed morphology. Conversely, in A375-MM cells, the Golgi complex presented a reticular and extended morphology. At the ultrastructural level, the Golgi complex of A375-P cells was fragmented and cisternae were swollen. When the cytoskeleton was analyzed, the microtubular network appeared normal in both cell variants, whereas actin stress fibers were largely absent in A375-P, but not in A375-MM cells. In addition, the F-actin content in A375-P cells was significantly lower than in A375-MM cells. These morphological differences in A375-P cells were accompanied by acceleration and an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and the trans-Golgi network to cell surface membrane transport, respectively. Our results indicate that in human A375 melanoma cells, metastatic potential correlates with a well-structured morphofunctional organization of the Golgi complex and actin cytoskeleton.

Morphology and amplitude values of the P and T waves in the electrocardiograms of Spanish-bred horses of different ages

This investigation was undertaken to determine values of electrocardiographic parameters in Spanish-bred horses at different stages of growth. The study was carried out on 179 healthy Spanish-bred (Andalusian) horses (98 females and 81 males), which were aged between 1 month and 17 years. The ECGs showed P waves of different configurations. The bifid shape deflection of the P wave was generally more frequent than the simple one in animals from 6 months of age. The first component of bifid P waves (P1) did not vary in a statistically significant way with increasing age, showing a mean value of 0.105 mV. The amplitudes of the P2 (the second component of the bifid P waves) and simple P waves showed statistically significant differences between the age groups. The highest values were found in animals up to 3 months and over 2 years of age. Several configurations of the T wave were observed in the different age groups: a negative shape was generally present for the youngest animals (foals up to 2 years old); the biphasic (/+) pattern became more frequent in animals 3 and 4 years old. In adult horses the positive configuration was the most frequent. No statistically significant differences according to age were found for the amplitude values of the different T-wave configurations.

N-Ras induces alterations in Golgi complex architecture and in constitutive protein transport

Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids is a common feature of many tumor cell types, and is often accompanied by alterations in membrane traffic and an anomalous localization of Golgi-resident proteins and glycans. These observations suggest that the Golgi complex is a key organelle for at least some of the functional changes associated with malignant transformation. To gain insight into this possibility, we have analyzed changes in the structure and function of the Golgi complex induced by the conditional expression of the transforming N-Ras(K61) mutant in the NRK cell line. A remarkable and specific effect associated with this N-Ras-induced transformation was a conspicuous rearrangement of the Golgi complex into a collapsed morphology. Ultrastructural and stereological analyses demonstrated that the Golgi complex was extensively fragmented. The collapse of the Golgi complex was also accompanied by a disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Functionally, N-Ras-transformed KT8 cells showed an increase in the constitutive protein transport from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface, and did not induce the appearance of aberrant cell surface glycans. The Golgi complex collapse, the actin disassembly, and the increased constitutive secretion were all partially inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor 4-bromophenylacyl bromide. The results thus suggest the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in the shape of the Golgi complex, and intracellular phospholipase A2 in its architecture and secretory function.

The influence of reproductive stage on the selenium status of sheep in a low-selenium region

The selenium status of sheep was evaluated during the reproductive stage in a region of low selenium level. Serum selenium concentration, whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), which is a good indicator of protection against oxidative damage, as well as the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the plasma indicators of muscle damage, were evaluated in a group of ewes during gestation and lactation and in their lambs. The selenium requirements of ewes were found to increase during lactation. There were no differences in GSH-Px activity between the experimental and the control groups throughout the reproductive stage. In the second half of pregnancy GSH-Px activity was subnormal. In spite of this, no evidence of existing pathologic conditions associated with selenium deficiency was found, since the muscle markers CK and AST were within the normal range. In the same way, no distinct symptoms of nutritional myopathy were observed in the lambs, suggesting that the low selenium level found in the ewes did not cause alterations in their development.

Modifications of the form and amplitude of the electrocardiographic QRS complex during growth in the Spanish-bred Horse

Configuration and amplitude values of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram were studied with standard Einthoven leads in 173 healthy Spanish-bred (Andalusian) horses, aged between 1 month and 17 years. Animals which were 1 month old had a predominantly negative QRS complex, whereas a predominantly positive complex direction was found in the rest of the animals. Statistically significant variations were found for the Q-wave and QRS main vector between the different age groups, with highest values for the Q-wave and most negative values for the direction of the QRS main vector in animals up to 2 months of age. The effect of age on the form and amplitude values of the QRS complex could be related to the changes in size and position of the heart in the thorax during growth. This study provides standard electrocardiographic values for the Andalusian horse at different ages.

Eleven years experience with the Medtronic Hall Valve

We are reporting our experience of eleven years with the Medtronic Hall Valve. Four hundred twenty two patients received the valve with a mortality of 7.9%.

Actin microfilaments are essential for the cytological positioning and morphology of the Golgi complex

The organization and function of the Golgi complex was studied in normal rat kidney cells following disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induced by cytochalasin D. In cells treated with these reagents, the reticular and perinuclear Golgi morphology acquired a cluster shape restricted to the centrosome region. Golgi complex alteration affected all Golgi subcompartments as revealed by double fluorescence staining with antibodies to the cis/middle Mannosidase II and the trans-Golgi network TGN38 proteins or vital staining with the lipid derivate C6-NBD-ceramide. The ultrastructural and stereological analysis showed that the Golgi cisternae remained attached in a stacked conformation, but they were swollen and contained electron-dense intra-cisternal bodies. The Golgi complex cluster remained linked to microtubules since it was fragmented and dispersed after treatment with nocodazole. Moreover, the reassembly of Golgi fragments after the disruption of the microtubuli with nocodazole does not utilize the actin microfilaments. The actin microfilament requirement for the disassembly and reassembly of the Golgi complex and for the ER-Golgi vesicular transport were also studied. The results show that actin microfilaments are not needed for either the retrograde fusion of the Golgi complex with the endoplasmic reticulum promoted by brefeldin A or the anterograde reassembly after the removal of the drug, or the ER-Golgi transport of VSV-G glycoprotein. However, actin microfilaments are directly involved in the subcellular localization and the morphology of the Golgi complex.

Prophylactic intravenous ondansetron in patients undergoing cataract extraction under general anesthesia

During the past decade the demand for outpatient surgery has grown rapidly. Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the more common undesirable consequences of surgery, which may significantly delay the patient's discharge from the ambulatory surgery center. None of the currently used antiemetic drugs is considered totally effective in abolishing nausea or vomiting. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of ondansetron, a highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype-3 receptor antagonist, with that of metoclopramide for the prevention of postoperative emesis in patients undergoing cataract surgery. The incidence of postoperative nausea was significantly less in the ondansetron group than that in the metoclopramide group (p = 0.046). Although the incidence of vomiting was clinically less frequent in the ondansetron group, there were no significant differences between both treatment groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that ondansetron is effective to prevent postoperative emesis after extracapsular cataract extraction.

[Histochemical and morphometric study of the fibrillar population in the diaphragm muscle. I. Horse and dog]

By using m-ATPase techniques, under alkaline and acid pre-incubations, as well as metabolic techniques (alpha-MGPDH and NADH-TR), sections from the lumbar and costal portions of diaphragm muscle in horse and dog were analysed. Fibre samples were exposed to image-analysis observations in order to determine the lowest fibre diameter and obtain statistical data. The findings revealed that the lumbar portion of horse diaphragm consists of fibre types I, IIA and IIB; in the costal portion, the fibre type I and IIA were present. In the dog, the lumbar and costal portions consisted of fibre types I, IIA and IIC, which showed some specific histochemical characteristics. Some data concerning both morphometrical and statistical fibre-type analysis are presented.

Electrocardiographic values in Spanish-bred horses of different ages

The duration of electrocardiograph wave forms and intervals were determined in 179 Spanish-bred (Andalusian) horses aged from 1 month to 17 years. The values were compared with those of other breeds, and the relationship between electrocardiographic data and age was examined. High correlation coefficients were found between PR, ST and QT intervals and the age of the horses, and an inverted relation between heart rate and age was found. A multiple range analysis was made and the results suggest that significant changes in duration values and heart rate occurred at the age of 6 months and in the second year of life.

Cocaine induced myocardial ischemia

We report a case of myocardial ischemia induced by cocaine. The ischemia probably induced by coronary artery spasm was reversed by nitroglycerin and calcium blocking agents.

Magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of residual masses after treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Eight patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who were in clinical remission but showed residual masses after therapy were examined with magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T at the end of therapy, with the sequences TR/TE:500/35,500/70,2000/35 and 2000/70. Residual masses were found in lymphoid areas (7), spleen (3) and kidney (1). In three patients, T2 showed high signal intensity. Disease progressed in the following 1-3 months and active lymphoma was histologically identified. In the other five patients, T2 showed a very low signal intensity. One of them had a distant relapse in lymphoid areas but the remaining four patients are asymptomatic after a mean follow-up time of 13 months, suggesting that the lymphoma is cured and the mass inactive. We conclude that magnetic resonance imaging seems to distinguish active from non-active residual masses after treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients otherwise in clinical remission.