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Chen W, Zhao X, Huang Y, Lu K, Li Y, Li X, Ding H, Li X, Sun S. Solamargine acts as an antiviral by interacting to MZF1 and targeting the core promoter of the hepatitis B virus gene. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:11668-11682. [PMID: 39133152 PMCID: PMC11346786 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a serious threat to global health and can lead to a variety of liver diseases, including acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and so on. At present, there are mainly two kinds of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis B at home and abroad: interferon (IFN) and nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NAs). In recent years, natural compounds have been considered an important source for the development of new anti-HBV drugs due to their complex structure, diverse components, high efficiency, and low toxicity. Many studies have demonstrated that Solamargine has significant anticancer activity, but the antiviral effect is rarely studied. This study aimed to verify the anti-HBV effect of Solamargine and to explore the specific mechanism. METHOD The relative expression of HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) was detected by reverse transcription real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Northern blot and western blot were used to detect the relative expression of HBV pgRNA and target protein. PCR was used in the construction of HBV pg-promoter, ENII/BCP, and a series of gene deletion mutant fluorescent reporter vectors. The fluorescence relative expression of each mutant was detected by Renilla luciferase assay. RESULTS By binding to MZF1 (Myeloid zinc finger protein 1, MZF1), Solamargine inhibits HBV core promoter activity, reduces pregenomic RNA level, and inhibits HBV, achieving antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Master of Chinese medicine (studies and applications of internal Chinese medicines), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yingli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medicine College, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Yuan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital Affiliated of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Suofeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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Giraud G, El Achi K, Zoulim F, Testoni B. Co-Transcriptional Regulation of HBV Replication: RNA Quality Also Matters. Viruses 2024; 16:615. [PMID: 38675956 PMCID: PMC11053573 DOI: 10.3390/v16040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is a major public health burden and the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the efficacy of current treatments, hepatitis B virus (HBV) cannot be fully eradicated due to the persistence of its minichromosome, or covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The HBV community is investing large human and financial resources to develop new therapeutic strategies that either silence or ideally degrade cccDNA, to cure HBV completely or functionally. cccDNA transcription is considered to be the key step for HBV replication. Transcription not only influences the levels of viral RNA produced, but also directly impacts their quality, generating multiple variants. Growing evidence advocates for the role of the co-transcriptional regulation of HBV RNAs during CHB and viral replication, paving the way for the development of novel therapies targeting these processes. This review focuses on the mechanisms controlling the different co-transcriptional processes that HBV RNAs undergo, and their contribution to both viral replication and HBV-induced liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Giraud
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France (F.Z.)
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Khadija El Achi
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France (F.Z.)
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France (F.Z.)
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, 69003 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France (F.Z.)
- The Lyon Hepatology Institute EVEREST, 69003 Lyon, France
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He Z, Tang D. Perioperative predictors of outcome of hepatectomy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1230164. [PMID: 37519791 PMCID: PMC10373594 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is identified as a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), resulting in so-called hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC). Hepatectomy for HCC is acknowledged as an efficient treatment strategy, especially for early HCC. Furthermore, patients with advanced HCC can still obtain survival benefits through surgical treatment combined with neoadjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and radiofrequency ablation. Therefore, preoperative and postoperative predictors of HBV-related HCC have crucial indicative functions for the follow-up treatment of patients with feasible hepatectomy. This review covers a variety of research results on preoperative and postoperative predictors of hepatectomy for HBV-related HCC over the past decade and in previous landmark studies. The relevant contents of Hepatitis C virus-related HCC, non-HBV non-HCV HCC, and the artificial intelligence application in this field are briefly addressed in the extended content. Through the integration of this review, a large number of preoperative and postoperative factors can predict the prognosis of HBV-related HCC, while most of the predictors have no standardized thresholds. According to the characteristics, detection methods, and application of predictors, the predictors can be divided into the following categories: 1. serological and hematological predictors, 2. genetic, pathological predictors, 3. imaging predictors, 4. other predictors, 5. analysis models and indexes. Similar results appear in HCV-related HCC, non-HBV non-HCV HCC. Predictions based on AI and big biological data are actively being applied. A reasonable prediction model should be established based on the economic, health, and other levels in specific countries and regions.
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Xing L, Zeng R, Huang K, Xue J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Peng Y, Hu X, Liu C. Fuzheng Huayu Recipe and its active compounds inhibited HBeAg production by promoting TOMM34 gene expression in HBV-infected hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907921. [PMID: 36249820 PMCID: PMC9555080 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: Fuzheng Huayu Recipe (FZHY) is a Chinese patent medicine (approval No. Z20020074) included in the national medical insurance catalogue, which is mainly used for anti-hepatic fibrosis treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. In clinical practice, we discovered that FZHY might also have a direct anti-HBV effect on inhibiting HBeAg production, but the mechanism underlying was unclear. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism of the inhibition effect of FZHY on HBeAg production. Methods: The decrease degree of serum HBeAg titer in FZHY + entecavir (ETV) group patients were analyzed through clinical data. C57BL/6N-Tg (1.28HBV)/Vst HBV transgenic mice were used for in vivo experiments. HepG2. 2.15 cells (wild-type HBV replication cells) were used for in vitro experiments. Results: The clinical study results showed that the decrease degree of serum HBeAg titer in FZHY+ETV group was significantly higher than that in ETV group after 48 weeks treatment. In vivo experiments results showed that FZHY could significantly reduce the serum HBeAg titer in HBV transgenic mice, and promote HBeAg seroconversion. In vitro experiments results showed that FZHY could reduce HBeAg titer dependently, but it did not significantly inhibit the expression of HBsAg and HBV-DNA. Further cell experiments in vitro discovered that TOMM34 might be the key target for FZHY to inhibit HBeAg production. The subsequent pharmacological screening experiment of 20 active compounds in FZHY showed that quercetin, baicalin and cordycepin could promote the expression of TOMM34 gene and reduce the production of HBeAg. Conclusion: In conclusion, FZHY and its active compounds quercetin, baicalin and cordycepin could inhibit HBeAg production by promoting the expression of TOMM34 gene in HBV-infected hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xing
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingbo Xue
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Zhao
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Hu, ; Chenghai Liu,
| | - Chenghai Liu
- Institute of Liver diseases, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Hu, ; Chenghai Liu,
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Yan HZ, Huang ZH, Guo XG, Peng TT, Yang LL, Liu CW, Ou-Yang S. A Study on Pregenomic RNA and Factors Related to Hepatitis B Virus Infection Based on Real World. Front Public Health 2022; 10:856103. [PMID: 35784246 PMCID: PMC9240609 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.856103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis article aims to study the influencing factors of pgRNA and its change magnitude based on the real world.MethodsA total of 421 patients who were tested for pgRNA were selected. According to the baseline data, the subjects were divided into negative and positive groups. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of pgRNA status. Based on the follow-up data, the rank-sum test and linear regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of pgRNA change magnitude.ResultsA total of 153 (36.3%) of the 421 subjects were pgRNA-negative and 268 (63.7%) were pgRNA-positive. Logistic regression analysis showed that positive HBV DNA (OR: 40.51), positive HBeAg (OR: 66.24), tenofovir treatment (OR: 23.47), and entecavir treatment (OR: 14.90) were the independent risk factors for positive pgRNA. Univariate linear regression showed that the pgRNA change magnitude of patients treated with entecavir was higher than that of patients treated with tenofovir. Multivariate linear regression showed that age was an independent factor influencing pgRNA change magnitude.ConclusionsThe pgRNA of patients who were young, female, HBV DNA-positive, high-HBsAg, HBeAg-positive is higher than the detection line. HBV DNA and HBeAg are the independent risk factors of positive pgRNA. Different antiviral regimens and disease stages have significantly different effects on pgRNA status. There was a significant correlation between pgRNA and FIB-4, suggesting that pgRNA is related to liver fibrosis. The decrease in pgRNA was greater in young patients than in non-young patients. The decrease in pgRNA was greater in patients treated with tenofovir than in patients treated with entecavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zhen Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Wen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Ou-Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shi Ou-Yang
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Hepatitis B Virus Variants with Multiple Insertions and/or Deletions in the X Open Reading Frame 3′ End: Common Members of Viral Quasispecies in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051194. [PMID: 35625929 PMCID: PMC9139148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions in the 3′ end region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X open reading frame (HBX) may affect the core promoter (Cp) and have been frequently associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of variants with deletions and/or insertions (Indels) in this region in the quasispecies of 50 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients without HCC. We identified 103 different Indels in 47 (94%) patients, in a median of 3.4% of their reads (IQR, 1.3–8.4%), and 25% (IQR, 13.1–40.7%) of unique sequences identified in each quasispecies (haplotypes). Of those Indels, 101 (98.1%) caused 44 different altered stop codons, the most commonly observed were at positions 128, 129, 135, and 362 (putative position). Moreover, 39 (37.9%) Indels altered the TATA-like box (TA) sequences of Cp; the most commonly observed caused TA2 + TA3 fusion, creating a new putative canonical TATA box. Four (8%) patients developed negative clinical outcomes after a median follow-up of 9.4 (8.7–12) years. In conclusion, we observed variants with Indels in the HBX 3′ end in the vast majority of our CHB patients, some of them encoding alternative versions of HBx with potential functional roles, and/or alterations in the regulation of transcription.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus and an important human pathogen. There are an estimated 296 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, and many of them will develop severe liver diseases including hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV is a small DNA virus that replicates via the reverse transcription pathway. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways that govern the replication of HBV and its interactions with host cells. We also discuss viral and non-viral factors that are associated with HBV-induced carcinogenesis and pathogenesis, as well as the role of host immune responses in HBV persistence and liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Jia W, Xu C, Li SC. Resolving complex structures at oncovirus integration loci with conjugate graph. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6359003. [PMID: 34463709 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncovirus integrations cause copy number variations and complex structural variations (SVs) on host genomes. However, the understanding of how inserted viral DNA impacts the local genome remains limited. The linear structure of the oncovirus integrated local genomic map (LGM) will lay the foundations to understand how oncovirus integrations emerge and compromise the host genome's functioning. We propose a conjugate graph model to reconstruct the rearranged LGM at integrated loci. Simulation tests prove the reliability and credibility of the algorithm. Applications of the algorithm to whole-genome sequencing data of human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected cancer samples gained biological insights on oncovirus integrations. We observed four affection patterns of oncovirus integrations from the HPV and HBV-integrated cancer samples, including the coding-frame truncation, hyper-amplification of tumor gene, the viral cis-regulation inserted at the single intron and at the intergenic region. We found that the focal duplicates and host SVs are frequent in the HPV-integrated LGMs, while the focal deletions are prevalent in HBV-integrated LGMs. Furthermore, with the results yields from our method, we found the enhanced microhomology-mediated end joining might lead to both HPV and HBV integrations and conjectured that the HPV integrations might mainly occur during the DNA replication process. The conjugate graph algorithm code and LGM construction pipeline, available at https://github.com/deepomicslab/FuseSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Jia
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shuai Cheng Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Assessment of hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA in high and low viremic chronic hepatitis B patients. Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 7:85-92. [PMID: 34027120 PMCID: PMC8122096 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2021.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the main cause of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence. Therefore, a noninvasive serum biomarker that can reflect intrahepatic cccDNA is required for evaluation of HBV virological, biochemical activity and therapeutic response. Aim of the study was to assess serum hepatitis B pregenomic RNA in low viremia patients (HBV DNA < 2000 IU/ml) and high viremia (HBV DNA > 2000 IU/ml). Material and methods This study was carried out on two groups of chronic hepatitis B patients: group A - 40 patients with low viremia (HBV DNA < 2000 IU/ml); group B - 40 patients with high viremia (HBV DNA > 2000 IU/ml when diagnosed). They were assessed before treatment and after 6 months of treatment (entecavir 0.5 mg/24 h). Serum HBV pregenomic RNA was quantified using RT-PCR. Results Pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) was significantly lower in group A than in group B (before treatment). Moreover, it was significantly lower after 6 months of treatment than before treatment in group B. A significant positive correlation was observed between pgRNA and HBV DNA in groups A and B (before treatment); however, after 6 months of treatment of group B patients, although 35 patients had undetectable HBV DNA, they showed detectable levels of serum pgRNA and pgRNA > 4000 IU/ml was associated with virological and biochemical activity. Conclusions Serum HBV pregenomic RNA might be a promising marker for assessment of HBV virological, biochemical activity and evaluating therapeutic responses.
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Ullah H, Sajid M, Yan K, Feng J, He M, Shereen MA, Li Q, Xu T, Hao R, Guo D, Chen Y, Zhou L, Zhou L. Antiviral Activity of Interferon Alpha-Inducible Protein 27 Against Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression and Replication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656353. [PMID: 33868214 PMCID: PMC8044325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccines, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a major health issue, and approximately 350 million people have been chronically infected with HBV throughout the world. Interferons (IFNs) are the key molecules in the innate immune response that restrict several kinds of viral infections via the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The objective of this study was to confirm if interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) as an ISG could inhibit HBV gene expression and DNA replication both in cell culture and in a mouse model. In human hepatoma cells, IFI27 was highly induced by the stimulation of IFN-alpha (IFN-α), and it potentiated the anti-HBV activity. The overexpression of IFI27 inhibited, while its silencing enhanced the HBV replication in HepG2 cell. However, the knocking out of IFI27 in HepG2 cells robustly increases the formation of viral DNA, RNA, and proteins. Detailed mechanistic analysis of the HBV genome showed that a sequence [nucleotide (nt) 1715-1815] of the EnhII/Cp promoter was solely responsible for viral inhibition. Similarly, the hydrodynamic injection of IFI27 expression constructs along with the HBV genome into mice resulted in a significant reduction in viral gene expression and DNA replication. In summary, our studies suggested that IFI27 contributed a vital role in HBV gene expression and replication and IFI27 may be a potential antiviral agent for the treatment of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangpeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, The Infection and Immunity Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianmo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruidong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, The Infection and Immunity Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are approximately 250 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths every year. Many of these patients die from severe liver diseases, including HCC. HBV may induce HCC through the induction of chronic liver inflammation, which can cause oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, many studies also indicated that HBV could induce HCC via the alteration of hepatocellular physiology that may involve genetic and epigenetic changes of the host DNA, the alteration of cellular signaling pathways, and the inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms. This alteration of cellular physiology can lead to the accumulation of DNA damages and the promotion of cell cycles and predispose hepatocytes to oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Mak D, Kramvis A. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus isolated from Black South African cancer patients, with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1815-1825. [PMID: 32504396 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In South Africa (SA), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is strongly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As HBV genotypes/subgenotypes and mutations can influence disease manifestation and progression, our aim was to molecularly characterize HBV in Black cancer patients, with and without HCC. The basal core promoter/precore (BCP/PC) and complete surface (S) regions of HBV isolates were amplified and sequenced from 55 HCC cases and 22 non-HCC cancer controls. Phylogenetic analysis of 43 polymerase/complete S region amplicons showed that the majority (88.4%) clustered with subgenotype A1, 4.7% with A2, and 7% with A3. The following mutations were significantly more frequent in HCC cases than in controls (p < 0.05): in the BCP/PC 1753C/G (22.5% vs. 0%), 1764A (69.4% vs. 38.1%), and T64C (51.5% vs. 20%) in the preS2, which results in a F22L substitution. PreS1 and preS2 start codon mutants were detected only in HCC cases, occurring in two and 16 isolates, respectively. PreS deletion mutants were isolated from 11 HCC cases, which had a HBV viral load > 10,000 IU/mL and were significantly younger than non-HCC controls (34 ± 7.1 vs. 41.2 ± 9.5 years, p = 0.05). The 1762T/1764A double mutation was detected in the majority (90.9%) of the isolates from HCC cases with preS deletions. Black HBV carriers were mainly infected with subgenotype A1, with HCC cases carrying BCP/PC and preS mutant strains that are associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. This is the first study to compare the molecular characteristics of HBV from HCC and non-HCC cancer patients in SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mak
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit (HVDRU), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit (HVDRU), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Yang H, Mo J, Xiang Q, Zhao P, Song Y, Yang G, Wu K, Liu Y, Liu W, Wu J. SOX2 Represses Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Binding to the Viral EnhII/Cp and Inhibiting the Promoter Activation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030273. [PMID: 32121397 PMCID: PMC7150879 DOI: 10.3390/v12030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication is controlled by four promoters (preS1, preS2, Cp, and Xp) and two enhancers (EnhI and EnhII). EnhII stimulates Cp activity to regulate the transcriptions of precore, core, polymerase, and pregenomic RNAs, and therefore, EnhII/Cp is essential for the regulation of HBV replication. This study revealed a distinct mechanism underlying the suppression of EnhII/Cp activation and HBV replication. On the one hand, the sex determining region Y box2 (SOX2), a transcription factor, is induced by HBV. On the other hand, SOX2, in turn, represses the expression levels of HBV RNAs, HBV core-associated DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), thereby playing an inhibitory role during HBV replication. Further studies indicated that SOX2 bound to the EnhII/Cp DNA and repressed the promoter activation. With the deletion of the high mobility group (HMG) domain, SOX2 loses the ability to repress EnhII/Cp activation, viral RNA transcription, HBV core-associated DNA replication, HBsAg and HBeAg production, as well as fails to enter the nucleus, demonstrating that the HMG domain is required for the SOX2-mediated repression of HBV replication. Moreover, SOX2 represses HBsAg and HBeAg secretion in BALB/c mice sera, and attenuates HBV 3.5 kb RNA transcription and hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) production in the liver tissues, demonstrating that SOX2 suppresses HBV replication in mice. Furthermore, the results revealed that the HMG domain was required for SOX2-mediated repression of HBV replication in the mice. Taken together, the above facts indicate that SOX2 acts as a new host restriction factor to repress HBV replication by binding to the viral EnhII/Cp and inhibiting the promoter activation through the HMG domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiayin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Peiyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ge Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-27-68754979 (J.W.)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (Q.X.); (P.Z.); (Y.S.); (G.Y.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-27-68754979 (J.W.)
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Rivière L, Quioc-Salomon B, Fallot G, Halgand B, Féray C, Buendia MA, Neuveut C. Hepatitis B virus replicating in hepatocellular carcinoma encodes HBx variants with preserved ability to antagonize restriction by Smc5/6. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Wang J, Huang H, Liu Y, Chen R, Yan Y, Shi S, Xi J, Zou J, Yu G, Feng X, Lu F. HBV Genome and Life Cycle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:17-37. [PMID: 31741332 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains to be a serious threat to public health and is associated with many liver diseases including chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) and pegylated interferon-α (Peg-IFNα) have been confirmed to be efficient in inhibiting HBV replication, it is difficult to eradicate HBV and achieve the clinical cure of CHB. Therefore, long-term therapy has been recommended to CHB treatment under the current antiviral therapy. In this context, the new antiviral therapy targeting one or multiple critical steps of viral life cycle may be an alternative approach in future. In the last decade, the functional receptor [sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)] of HBV entry into hepatocytes has been discovered, and the immature nucleocapsids containing the non- or partially reverse-transcribed pregenomic RNA, the nucleocapsids containing double-strand linear DNA (dslDNA), and the empty particles devoid of any HBV nucleic acid have been found to be released into circulation, which have supplemented the life cycle of HBV. The understanding of HBV life cycle may offer a new instruction for searching the potential antiviral targets, and the new viral markers used to monitor the efficacy of antiviral therapy for CHB patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shu Shi
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Xi
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guangxin Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Li L, Li Y, Xiong Z, Shu W, Yang Y, Guo Z, Gao B. FoxO4 inhibits HBV core promoter activity through ERK-mediated downregulation of HNF4α. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nucleotide Substitutions in Hepatitis B Viruses Derived from Chronic HBV Patients. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2019; 11:e2019046. [PMID: 31308922 PMCID: PMC6613622 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2019.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the S gene (HBsAg), pre-core (PC), and basic core promoter (BCP) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are correlated with disease progression. This study assessed the frequency of mutations in the S gene, PC, and BCP regions in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods 104 formerly known CHB patients who visited Tehran Hepatitis centers, were included. The viral load of samples was determined based on the TaqMan method. Regions of the S gene, PC and BCP were amplified by the nested PCR. Positive PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. Results 33 successfully sequenced S gene region revealed all the derived strains were genotype D, with the majority (90.9%) belonging to the ayw2 subtype, and the rest (9.1%) to the ayw1 subtype. The prevalence of mutations was found to be 51.0% and 18.0% in the HBsAg and the Major Hydrophilic Region, respectively. 70.0% of amino acid changes within HBsAg occurred in different immune epitopes, of which 27.0% and 72.0% were located in B cell and Th epitopes, respectively. 26 successfully sequenced PC and BCP regions showed at least one mutation in 84.6% of the HBV strains. The PC and BCP mutations were G1896A (61.0%), G1899A (23.0%), A1762T/G1764A (23.0%) and G1764T/C1766G (26.0%). None of the strains with A1762T/G1764A mutation carried the G1764T/C1766G mutant. Conclusions Our results showed common mutations within HBsAg, occurring in immune epitopes, a high rate of G1896A mutations in the PC region, and a negative correlation between the emergence of A1762T/G1764A mutation and the G1764T/C1766G mutant in the BCP region.
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Lee H, Jeong H, Lee SY, Kim SS, Jang KL. Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Stimulates Virus Replication Via DNA Methylation of the C-1619 in Covalently Closed Circular DNA. Mol Cells 2019; 42:67-78. [PMID: 30518174 PMCID: PMC6354056 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of HBV cccDNA has been detected in vivo and in vitro; however, the mechanism and its effects on HBV replication remain unclear. HBx derived from a 1.2-mer HBV replicon upregulated protein levels and enzyme activities of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), 3a, and 3b, resulting in methylation of the negative regulatory region (NRE) in cccDNA, while none of these effects were observed with an HBx-null mutant. The HBx-positive HBV cccDNA expressed higher levels of HBc and produced about 4-fold higher levels of HBV particles than those from the HBx-null counterpart. For these effects, HBx interrupted the action of NRE binding protein via methylation of the C-1619 within NRE, resulting in activation of the core promoter. Treatment with 5-Aza-2'dC or DNMT1 knock-down drastically impaired the ability of HBx to activate the core promoter and stimulate HBV replication in 1.2-mer HBV replicon and in vitro infection systems, indicating the positive role of HBx-mediated cccDNA methylation in HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehyeon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Hyerin Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Soo Shin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Kyung Lib Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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Kramvis A, Kostaki EG, Hatzakis A, Paraskevis D. Immunomodulatory Function of HBeAg Related to Short-Sighted Evolution, Transmissibility, and Clinical Manifestation of Hepatitis B Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2521. [PMID: 30405578 PMCID: PMC6207641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a global public health problem can be asymptomatic, acute or chronic and can lead to serious consequences of infection, including cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV, a partially double stranded DNA virus, belongs to the family Hepadnaviridae, and replicates via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. This reverse transcription is catalyzed by a virus-encoded polymerase that lacks proof reading ability, which leads to sequence heterogeneity. HBV is classified into nine genotypes and at least 35 subgenotypes, which may be characterized by distinct geographical distributions. This HBV diversification and distinct geographical distribution has been proposed to be the result of the co-expansion of HBV with modern humans, after their out-of-Africa migration. HBeAg is a non-particulate protein of HBV that has immunomodulatory properties as a tolerogen that allows the virus to establish HBV infection in vivo. During the natural course of infection, there is seroconversion from a HBeAg-positive phase to a HBeAg-negative, anti-HBe-positive phase. During this seroconversion, there is loss of tolerance to infection and immune escape-HBeAg-negative mutants can be selected in response to the host immune response. The different genotypes and, in some cases, subgenotypes develop different mutations that can affect HBeAg expression at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The ability to develop mutations, affecting HBeAg expression, can influence the length of the HBeAg-positive phase, which is important in determining both the mode of transmission and the clinical course of HBV infection. Thus, the different genotypes/subgenotypes have evolved in such a way that they exhibit different modes of transmission and clinical manifestation of infection. Loss of HBeAg may be a sign of short-sighted evolution because there is loss of tolerogenic ability of HBeAg and HBeAg-negative virions are less transmissible. Depending on their ability to lead to HBeAg seroconversion, the genotype/subgenotypes exhibit varying degrees of short-sighted evolution. The “arms race” between HBV and the immune response to HBeAg is multifaceted and its elucidation intricate, with transmissibility and persistence being important for the survival of the virus. We attempt to shed some light on this complex interplay between host and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evangelia-Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Khatun M, Mondal RK, Pal S, Baidya A, Bishnu D, Banerjee P, Santra AK, Dhali GK, Banerjee S, Chowdhury A, Datta S. Distinctiveness in virological features and pathogenic potentials of subgenotypes D1, D2, D3 and D5 of Hepatitis B virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8055. [PMID: 29795338 PMCID: PMC5966457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct clinical features of HBV infection have been associated with different viral genotype/subgenotype. HBV Genotype-D comprised of 10 subgenotypes, D1–D10, whose clinical implications still remain elusive. We investigated for the first-time, the virologic characteristics and cytopathic effects of four non-recombinant D-subgenotypes, D1/D2/D3/D5. Expressions of viral/host genes were evaluated in Huh7 cells transfected with full-length, linear-monomers of HBV/D-subgenotypes or pGL3-Basic vector carrying subgenotype-specific HBx. Intracellular HBV-DNA and pregenomic-RNA levels were high in D1/D2 than D3/D5. Expressions of PreC-mRNA and HBx were highest for D2 and D1 respectively, whereas PreS2/S-transcript was significantly reduced in D5. Increased apoptotic cell death and marked upregulation in caspase-3/Bax/TNF-R1/FasR/TRAIL-R1/ROS/MCP-1/IP-10/MIP-1β expression were noticed specifically in D2- and also in D3-transfected cells, while D5 resulted in over-expression of ER-stress-markers. D-subgenotype-transfected Huh7 cells were co-cultured with PBMC of healthy-donors or LX-2 cells and significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in PBMC and fibrogenic-markers in LX-2 were noticed in presence of D2/D3. Further, Huh7 cells transfected with D1, in particular and also D5, displayed remarkable induction of EMT-markers and high proliferative/migratory abilities. Collectively, our results demonstrated that D2/D3 were more associated with hepatic apoptosis/inflammation/fibrosis and D1/D5 with increased risk of hepatocarcinogenesis and emphasize the need for determining HBV-subgenotype in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Khatun
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Mondal
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Sourina Pal
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Ayana Baidya
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Debasree Bishnu
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Amal Kumar Santra
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Gopal Krishna Dhali
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India
| | - Simanti Datta
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (I.P.G.M.E. & R.), Kolkata, India.
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Xu L, Wu Z, Tan S, Wang Z, Lin Q, Li X, Song X, Liu Y, Song Y, Zhang J, Peng J, Gao L, Gong Y, Liang X, Zuo X, Ma C. Tumor suppressor ZHX2 restricts hepatitis B virus replication via epigenetic and non-epigenetic manners. Antiviral Res 2018; 153:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Inhibitory effects of metachromin A on hepatitis B virus production via impairment of the viral promoter activity. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:136-145. [PMID: 28827084 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The currently available antiviral agents for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are pegylated interferon-α and nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, although it has been difficult to completely eliminate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from patients. To identify an antiviral compound targeting HBV core promoter, 15 terpenes originating from marine organisms were screened using a cell line expressing firefly luciferase under the control of the HBV core promoter. Metachromin A, which is a merosesquiterpene isolated from the marine sponge Dactylospongia metachromia, inhibited the viral promoter activity at the highest level among the tested compounds, and suppressed HBV production with an EC50 value of 0.8 μM regardless of interferon signaling and cytotoxicity. The analysis on the structure-activity relationship revealed that the hydroquinone moiety, and the double bonds at carbon numbers-5 and -9 in metachromin A are crucial for anti-HBV activity. Furthermore, metachromin A reduced the protein level but not the RNA level of hepatic nuclear factor 4α, which mainly upregulates the activities of enhancer I/X promoter and enhancer II/core promoter. These results suggest that metachromin A can inhibit HBV production via impairment of the viral promoter activity. Antiviral agents targeting the viral promoter may ameliorate HBV-related disorders regardless of remaining cccDNA.
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23
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Castelain S, Descamps V, Brochot E, Helle F, Duverlie G, Nguyen-Khac E, François C. High association of T1858-G1896 precore mutations with impaired base pairing and high hepatitis B virus DNA levels in HBeAg-negative chronically infected patients. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1913-1920. [PMID: 28289975 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The progression of liver disease in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is fostered by active virus replication. Mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) regions of the HBV genome are known to have an impact on viral replication. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation of mutation profiles in the BCP and PC regions with the viral load in HBeAg-negative chronically infected patients. The HBV genotype, BCP/PC mutations, serum HBV DNA levels, and associated serological markers were analyzed in 92 HBeAg-negative chronically infected patients. Sequence analysis of the BCP and PC regions revealed variability of 19% and 24.1%, respectively. This variability was primarily associated with five critical positions (1753, 1762, 1764, 1896 and 1899). An elevated HBV viral load (>20,000 IU/ml) was classically correlated with F2-F4 liver fibrosis, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels, 1762/1764 and 1753 combination mutations, and surprisingly, with an 1858T-1896G double mutation that impairs base pairing at the base of the bulge in the ε encapsidation signal. An analysis of covariance confirmed the independent nature of the relationship between the 1858T-1896G double mutation and the HBV viral load. In conclusion, independently of conventional parameters, this study demonstrates that a high serum HBV DNA level was also associated with PC 1858-1896 mutations. These BCP/PC mutations may have important clinical implications as predictive factors for HBV DNA increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Castelain
- Virology Department, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Amiens Picardie, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France. .,EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| | - Véronique Descamps
- Virology Department, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Amiens Picardie, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.,EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Virology Department, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Amiens Picardie, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.,EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - François Helle
- EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- Virology Department, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Amiens Picardie, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.,EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Eric Nguyen-Khac
- Hepatology Department, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Catherine François
- Virology Department, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Amiens Picardie, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.,EA4294, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Peng Y, Li Y, Hou J, Sun J, Su M, Li Y, Xiang K, Yan L, Zhuang H, Li T. The nucleotide changes within HBV core promoter/precore during the first 12weeks of nucleos(t)ide treatment might be associated with a better virological response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:116-121. [PMID: 28088502 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to study the dynamic changes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core promoter/precore (CP/preC) sequences during antiviral treatment and their associations with virological responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The baseline and 12-week CP/preC sequences (nts 1655-2014) were obtained from 52 chronic hepatitis B patients with positive hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), who received a 104-week lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil combination therapy. The mutations within the CP/preC were analyzed against genotype specific reference sequences. The nucleotide change rates in individuals during therapy were analyzed in a pairwise comparison manner. RESULTS There was no significant difference of the mutation rate at each nucleotide site between baseline and week 12 of treatment (P>0.05). The mutation rates of A1762T/G1764A and G1896A were found to decrease from 46.2% (24/52) at baseline to 36.5% (19/52) at week 12 (P=0.426) and from 28.8% (15/52) to 21.2% (11/52) (P=0.497), respectively. The nucleotide change rates varied from 0.0% - 7.8% in individuals [0.0% in Group 1 (N=26); 0.3% - 7.8% in Group 2 (N=26)] during the first 12-week treatment. HBV DNA levels in Group 2 were significantly lower than those in Group 1 throughout therapy (P<0.01) (e.g., 1.5±1.3log10 IU/ml vs. 2.6±1.0log10 IU/ml at week 104, P=0.001). At week 104 the rates of HBV DNA undetectable and HBeAg loss in Group 2 were significantly higher than those in Group 1 (P<0.05). Along with the increased nucleotide change rates, the rate of HBV DNA undetectable at week 104 tended to increase (odds ratio=0.323, 95% confidence interval=0.138-0.758, P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the nucleotide changes within HBV CP/preC region during the first 12-week treatment might be associated with a better virological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yutang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mingze Su
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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Chen C, Jia H, Zhang F, Qin Y, Zong L, Yuan Q, Wang Y, Xia N, Li J, Wen Y, Tong S. Functional characterization of hepatitis B virus core promoter mutants revealed transcriptional interference among co-terminal viral mRNAs. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2668-2676. [PMID: 27558941 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a 3.2 kb circular DNA genome. It employs four promoters in conjunction with a single polyadenylation signal to generate 3.5, 2.4, 2.1 and 0.7 kb co-terminal RNAs. The 3.5 kb RNA is subdivided into the precore RNA for e-antigen expression and pregenomic RNA for genome replication. When introduced to a genotype A clone, several core promoter mutations markedly enhanced HBV genome replication, but suppressed e-antigen expression through up-regulation of pregenomic RNA at the expense of precore RNA. In this study, we found such mutations also diminished envelope proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen, products of the 2.1 and 2.4 kb subgenomic RNAs. Indeed, Northern blot analysis revealed overall increase in 3.5 kb RNA, but reduction in all subgenomic RNAs. To validate transcriptional interference, we subcloned 1.1×, 0.7× and 0.6× HBV genome, respectively, to a vector with or without a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter at the 5' end, so as to produce the pregenomic RNA, 2.4 kb RNA, and 2.1 kb RNA in large excess or not at all. Parallel transfection of the three pairs of constructs into a human hepatoma cell line confirmed the ability of pregenomic RNA to suppress all subgenomic transcripts and established the ability of the 2.4 and 2.1 kb RNAs to suppress the 0.7 kb RNA. Consistent with our findings, pregenomic RNA of the related duck HBV has been reported to interfere with transcription of the subgenomic RNAs. Transcriptional interference might explain why HBV produces so little 0.7 kb RNA and HBx protein despite a strong X promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haodi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Zong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jisu Li
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuping Tong
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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26
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Nishizawa T, Hoshino T, Naganuma A, Kobayashi T, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Takagi H, Okamoto H. Enhanced pregenomic RNA levels and lowered precore mRNA transcription efficiency in a genotype A hepatitis B virus genome with C1766T and T1768A mutations obtained from a fulminant hepatitis patient. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2643-2656. [PMID: 27473751 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral factors associated with the development of fulminant hepatitis B are not fully understood. We recently found four unique mutations [G to A at nucleotide 1742 (G1742A), C1766T, T1768A and T1809C] in the basal core promoter (BCP) region of a genotype A hepatitis B virus (HBV) strain (FH) obtained from a 53-year-old man with fatal fulminant hepatitis. To elucidate the association of the mutations of the FH genome with the disease, we constructed a 1.3-fold FH genome and its five variants by replacing one or two mutated nucleotides with wild-type nucleotide(s) via site-directed mutagenesis, and transfected human hepatoma cells (HepG2/C3A) with the constructs. There were no discernible differences between FH and two variants (FH_A1742G and FH_C1809T) with regard to viral replication and protein expression. However, in comparison to three other variants (FH_T1766C, FH_A1768T and FH_T1766C/A1768T) with wild-type nucleotide(s) at 1766 and/or 1768, the FH genome exhibited a 2.5-5-fold enhancement of viral replication by heightened pregenomic RNA synthesis and a 1.5-2.5-fold reduction in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) synthesis by the downregulation of the precore mRNA level. An immunofluorescence analysis revealed the increased and predominant cytoplasmic localization of the core protein in the FH genome. The present study demonstrates that the C1766T/T1768A mutations in the BCP region of genotype A HBV enhance viral replication, downregulate HBeAg expression and are responsible for the predominant localization of the core protein in the cytoplasm, which are likely associated with the development of fulminant hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takashi Hoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Gunma 370-0829, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Gunma 370-0829, Japan
| | - Tominari Kobayashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Gunma 370-0829, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kusunoki Hospital, Gunma 375-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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27
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Jiang ZH, Chen QY, Harrison TJ, Li GJ, Wang XY, Li H, Hu LP, Li KW, Yang QL, Tan C, Fang ZL. Hepatitis B Virus Core Promoter Double Mutations (A1762T, G1764A) Are Associated with Lower Levels of Serum Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase. Intervirology 2016; 59:1-7. [PMID: 27303803 PMCID: PMC5079069 DOI: 10.1159/000445319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify serum proteins with differential concentrations between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and HBsAg asymptomatic carriers among individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) with basal core promoter (BCP) double mutations (A1762T, G1764A). METHODS iTRAQ and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify differentially expressed protein, and an ELISA test was used for the validation test. RESULTS The total number of proteins identified was 1,125, of which 239 showed statistically significant differences in their expression. The relative concentrations of serum dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD), which showed the most significant correlation with liver diseases and infection, were significantly lower in HCC patients than asymptomatic HBsAg carriers and individuals negative for HBsAg. However, only the difference between HCC patients with BCP double mutations and HBsAg-negative individuals could be confirmed by ELISA. Meanwhile, we found that the concentrations of serum DLD in those infected with HBV with BCP double mutations were significantly lower than in individuals with the wild-type BCP. However, the difference in the concentrations of serum DLD between individuals with wild-type BCP and those negative for HBsAg was not significant. CONCLUSIONS HBV with BCP double mutations are associated with lower concentrations of serum DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
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28
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Kramvis A. The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotypes and HBeAg in pediatrics. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:285-303. [PMID: 27139263 PMCID: PMC5084815 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a successful vaccine against HBV has been implemented in 184 countries, eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still not on the horizon. There are over 240 million chronic carriers of HBV globally. The risk of developing chronic hepatitis ranges from >90% in newborns of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg)‐positive mothers, 25%–35% in children under 5 years of age and <5% in adults. HBeAg, a non‐particulate viral protein, is a marker of HBV replication. This is the only HBV antigen to cross the placenta, leading to specific unresponsiveness of helper T cells to the capsid protein and HBeAg in newborns. HBeAg is tolerated in utero and acts as a tolerogen after birth. Perinatal transmission is frequent when mothers are HBeAg‐positive, whereas it occurs less frequently when mothers are HBeAg‐negative. Sequence heterogeneity is a feature of HBV. Based on an intergroup divergence >7.5% across the complete genome, HBV is classified phylogenetically into at least nine genotypes. With between ~4% and 8% intergroup nucleotide divergence, genotypes A–D, F, H and I are classified further into subgenotypes. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes may have distinct geographical distribution and can develop different mutations in the regions of the HBV genome that code for HBeAg. These differences can be related to the role of HBV genotypes to the natural history of infection and mode of transmission. Thus genotypes/subgenotypes of HBV can be responsible for the different natural history of infection and modes of transmission in children, found in various regions of the world, where different genotypes/subgenotypes prevail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit (HVDRU), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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29
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Koumbi L, Pollicino T, Raimondo G, Stampoulis D, Khakoo S, Karayiannis P. Hepatitis B virus basal core promoter mutations show lower replication fitness associated with cccDNA acetylation status. Virus Res 2016; 220:150-60. [PMID: 27132039 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, variants with mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP) and precore region predominate and associate with more severe disease forms. Studies on their effect on viral replication remain controversial. Increasing evidence shows that epigenetic modifications of cccDNA regulate HBV replication and disease outcome. Here we determined the transcription and viral replication efficiency of well-defined BCP and precore mutations and their effect on cccDNA epigenetic control. HBV monomers bearing BCP mutations A1762T/G1764A and A1762T/G1764A/C1766T, and precore mutations G1896A, G1899A and G1896A/G1899A, were transfected into HepG2 cells using a plasmid-free approach. Viral RNA transcripts were detected by Northern blot hybridization and RT PCR, DNA replicative intermediates by Southern blotting and RT PCR, and viral release was measured by ELISA. Acetylation of cccDNA-bound histones was assessed by Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP) assay and methylation of cccDNA by bisulfite sequencing. BCP mutations resulted in low viral release, mRNA transcription and pgRNA/cccDNA ratios that paralleled the acetylation of cccDNA-bound H4 histone and inversely correlated with the HDAC1 recruitment onto cccDNA. Independently of the mutations, cccDNA was a target for methylation, accompanied by the upregulation of DNMT1 expression and DNMT1 recruitment onto cccDNA. Our results suggest that BCP mutations decrease viral replication capacity possibly by modulating the acetylation and deacetylation of cccDNA-bound histones while precore mutations do not have a significant effect on viral replication. These data provide evidence that epigenetic factors contribute to the regulation of HBV viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonica Koumbi
- Department of Medicine, Hepatology and Gastroenterology Section, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiologic, and Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Salim Khakoo
- Henry Welcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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30
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Hepatocyte Factor JMJD5 Regulates Hepatitis B Virus Replication through Interaction with HBx. J Virol 2016; 90:3530-42. [PMID: 26792738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02776-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a causative agent for chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx protein encoded by the HBV genome plays crucial roles not only in pathogenesis but also in replication of HBV. Although HBx has been shown to bind to a number of host proteins, the molecular mechanisms by which HBx regulates HBV replication are largely unknown. In this study, we identified jumonji C-domain-containing 5 (JMJD5) as a novel binding partner of HBx interacting in the cytoplasm. DNA microarray analysis revealed that JMJD5-knockout (JMJD5KO) Huh7 cells exhibited a significant reduction in the expression of transcriptional factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation, such as HNF4A, CEBPA, and FOXA3. We found that hydroxylase activity of JMJD5 participates in the regulation of these transcriptional factors. Moreover, JMJD5KO Huh7 cells exhibited a severe reduction in HBV replication, and complementation of HBx expression failed to rescue replication of a mutant HBV deficient in HBx, suggesting that JMJD5 participates in HBV replication through an interaction with HBx. We also found that replacing Gly(135) with Glu in JMJD5 abrogates binding with HBx and replication of HBV. Moreover, the hydroxylase activity of JMJD5 was crucial for HBV replication. Collectively, these results suggest that direct interaction of JMJD5 with HBx facilitates HBV replication through the hydroxylase activity of JMJD5. IMPORTANCE HBx protein encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays important roles in pathogenesis and replication of HBV. We identified jumonji C-domain-containing 5 (JMJD5) as a novel binding partner to HBx. JMJD5 was shown to regulate several transcriptional factors to maintain hepatocyte function. Although HBx had been shown to support HBV replication, deficiency of JMJD5 abolished contribution of HBx in HBV replication, suggesting that HBx-mediated HBV replication is largely dependent on JMJD5. We showed that hydroxylase activity of JMJD5 in the C terminus region is crucial for expression of HNF4A and replication of HBV. Furthermore, a mutant JMJD5 with Gly(135) replaced by Glu failed to interact with HBx and to rescue the replication of HBV in JMJD5-knockout cells. Taken together, our data suggest that interaction of JMJD5 with HBx facilitates HBV replication through the hydroxylase activity of JMJD5.
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31
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Caligiuri P, Cerruti R, Icardi G, Bruzzone B. Overview of hepatitis B virus mutations and their implications in the management of infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:145-154. [PMID: 26755866 PMCID: PMC4698481 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects approximately two billion people worldwide and more than 240 million people in the world are currently chronic carrier that could develop serious complications in the future, like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although an extended HBV immunization program is being carried out since the early ‘80s, representing effective preventive measure, leading to a dramatic reduction of HBV hepatitis incidence, globally HBV infection still represents a major public health problem. The HBV virus is a DNA virus belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. The HBV-DNA is a circular, partial double strand genome. All coding information is on the minus DNA strand and it is organized into four open reading frames. Despite hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus, it has a high mutation rate due to its replicative strategy, that leads to the production of many non-identical variants at each cycle of replication. In fact, it contains a polymerase without the proofreading activity, and uses an RNA intermediate (pgRNA) during its replication, so error frequencies are comparable to those seen in retroviruses and other RNA viruses rather than in more stable DNA viruses. Due to the low fidelity of the polymerase, the high replication rate and the overlapping reading frames, mutations occur throughout the genome and they have been identified both in the structural and not structural gene. The arise of mutations being to develop of a whole of viral variants called “quasi-species” and the prevalent population, which favors virus replication, was selected by viral fitness, host’s immune pressure and external pressure, i.e., vaccination or antiviral therapy. Naturally occurring mutations were found both in acute and chronic subjects. In the present review we examine and discuss the most recent available data about HBV genetic variability and its significance.
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32
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Jones LR, Sede M, Manrique JM, Quarleri J. Virus evolution during chronic hepatitis B virus infection as revealed by ultradeep sequencing data. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:435-444. [PMID: 26581478 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB) being a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer, HBV evolution during CHB is not fully understood. Recent studies have indicated that virus diversity progressively increases along the course of CHB and that some virus mutations correlate with severe liver conditions such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using ultradeep sequencing (UDS) data from an intrafamilial case, we detected such mutations at low frequencies among three immunotolerant patients and at high frequencies in an inactive carrier. Furthermore, our analyses indicated that the HBV population from the seroconverter patient underwent many genetic changes in response to virus clearance. Together, these data indicate a potential use of UDS for developing non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring disease changes over time or in response to specific therapies. In addition, our analyses revealed that virus clearance seemed not to require the virus effective population size to decline. A detailed genetic analysis of the viral lineages arising during and after the clearance suggested that mutations at or close to critical elements of the core promoter (enhancer II, epsilon encapsidation signal, TA2, TA3 and direct repeat 1-hormone response element) might be responsible for a sustained replication. This hypothesis requires the decline in virus load to be explained by constant clearance of virus-producing hepatocytes, consistent with the sustained progress towards serious liver conditions experienced by many CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro R Jones
- Laboratorio de Virología y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales sede Trelew, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9 de Julio y Begrano S/N (9100) Trelew, Chubut, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1083ACA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sede
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1083ACA) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155-Piso 11 (C1121ABG) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta M Manrique
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1083ACA) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Virología y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales sede Trelew, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9 de Julio y Begrano S/N (9100) Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155-Piso 11 (C1121ABG) Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1083ACA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Yamashita A, Fujimoto Y, Tamaki M, Setiawan A, Tanaka T, Okuyama-Dobashi K, Kasai H, Watashi K, Wakita T, Toyama M, Baba M, de Voogd NJ, Maekawa S, Enomoto N, Tanaka J, Moriishi K. Identification of Antiviral Agents Targeting Hepatitis B Virus Promoter from Extracts of Indonesian Marine Organisms by a Novel Cell-Based Screening Assay. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6759-73. [PMID: 26561821 PMCID: PMC4663552 DOI: 10.3390/md13116759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) face a limited choice of vaccine, antibody and antiviral agents. The development of additional antiviral agents is still needed for improvement of CHB therapy. In this study, we established a screening system in order to identify compounds inhibiting the core promoter activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV). We prepared 80 extracts of marine organisms from the coral reefs of Indonesia and screened them by using this system. Eventually, two extracts showed high inhibitory activity (>95%) and low cytotoxicity (66% to 77%). Solvent fractionation, column chromatography and NMR analysis revealed that 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)-phenol (compound 1) and 3,4,5-tribromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)-phenol (compound 2), which are classified as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were identified as anti-HBV agents in the extracts. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited HBV core promoter activity as well as HBV production from HepG2.2.15.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The EC50 values of compounds 1 and 2 were 0.23 and 0.80 µM, respectively, while selectivity indexes of compound 1 and 2 were 18.2 and 12.8, respectively. These results suggest that our cell-based HBV core promoter assay system is useful to determine anti-HBV compounds, and that two PBDE compounds are expected to be candidates of lead compounds for the development of anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Yamashita
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yuusuke Fujimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Tamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Andi Setiawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lampung University, Jl. Sumantri Brodjonegoro No. 1, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia.
| | - Tomohisa Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Kaori Okuyama-Dobashi
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Hirotake Kasai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Toyama
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy Center for Chronic Viral Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Masanori Baba
- Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy Center for Chronic Viral Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Nicole J de Voogd
- Naturalis, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 9517, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
| | - Shinya Maekawa
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Enomoto
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Wang XY, Harrison TJ, Chen QY, Li H, Li GJ, Liu MH, Hu LP, Tan C, Yang QL, Fang ZL. The incidence rate over 10 years of naturally occurring, cancer related mutations in the basal core promoter of hepatitis B virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:75-80. [PMID: 26192376 PMCID: PMC4666899 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The annual incidence rate of the basal core promoter (BCP) double mutations is 3.8%. The incidence rate tends to decrease with age and the peak appeared early in the life. Nucleotide (nt) 1762 is the favoured site of the first mutation. Viruses with a single mutation at nt 1762 or 1764 are more prone to develop double mutations.
Cross-sectional analyses showed that the prevalence of basal core promoter (BCP) double mutations (nt 1762T, 1764A) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) gradually increases with age. We aimed to determine the incidence rate of the mutations over 10 years. Study subjects were selected from the Long An cohort established in 2004, including 59 with HBV with single mutations at nt 1762 or 1764 in the BCP and 342 with wild type BCP sequences at baseline. Their serum samples for analysis were obtained at the 3rd and 10th annual visits, respectively. The results showed that the annual incidence rate of BCP double mutations is 3.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–6.2) and tends to decrease with age. The peak incidence is in the 30–34 years age-group. The incidence rate in HBeAg positive individuals (5.5%) is significantly higher than in those without HBeAg (3.4%) (P < 0.05). The incidence rate is significantly higher in genotype C (4.8%) than in genotype B (2.8%) or I (3.1%). The incidence rate of the mutations (6.8%) developing from a single mutation at nt 1762 or 1764 is significantly higher than that (3.8%) from the wild type sequence (P < 0.005). The difference in incidence of single mutations between nt 1762 (0.7%) and 1764 (0.03%) is significant (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the incidence rate of BCP double mutations tends to decrease with age after the age of 35 years. Viruses with a single mutation at nt 1762 or 1764 are more prone to develop double mutations. Nt 1762 is the more common site of the first mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China
| | | | - Qin-Yan Chen
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China
| | - Hai Li
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China
| | - Guo-Jian Li
- Department of Public Health of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 35 TaoYuan Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mo-Han Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China; School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 ShuangYong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Li-Ping Hu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China; School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 ShuangYong Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China
| | - Qing-Li Yang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China
| | - Zhong-Liao Fang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis, Nanning, Guangxi 530028, China.
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Pondé RAA. Molecular mechanisms underlying HBsAg negativity in occult HBV infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1709-31. [PMID: 26105620 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although genomic detection is considered the gold standard test on HBV infection identification, the HBsAg investigation is still the most frequent clinical laboratory request to diagnose HBV infection in activity. However, the non-detection of HBsAg in the bloodstream of chronic or acutely infected individuals has been a phenomenon often observed in clinical practice, despite the high sensitivity and specificity of screening assays standardized commercially and adopted in routine. The expansion of knowledge about the hepatitis B virus biology (replication/life cycle, genetic variability/mutability/heterogeneity), their biochemical and immunological properties (antigenicity and immunogenicity), in turn, has allowed to elucidate some mechanisms that may explain the occurrence of this phenomenon. Therefore, the negativity for HBsAg during the acute or chronic infection course may become a fragile or at least questionable result. This manuscript discusses some mechanisms that could explain the negativity for HBsAg in a serological profile of individuals with HBV infection in activity, or factors that could compromise its detection in the bloodstream during HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A A Pondé
- Laboratory of Human Virology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil,
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36
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Impact of HBV genotypes A and D genetic variability on infection evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:281-7. [PMID: 25989376 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HBV is characterized by a high genetic variability, which is the basis of its classification into eight genotypes (A-H). HBV infection is associated with different outcomes, from self-limiting acute hepatitis to active chronic hepatitis, asymptomatic carriage, and occult infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of HBV genotypes A and D isolates from 79 cases of self-limiting acute hepatitis and chronic hepatitis, in order to identify HBV variants associated with resolution or chronicity of acute HBV infection. The entire preS-S sequence and a fragment of 346 bp of the preC-C region, containing Enhancer II and Basal Core Promoter sequences, were analyzed. A phylogenetic analysis of preS/S region showed that the 45.45% (15/33) of isolates from acute hepatitis cases were genotype A compared to 8.69% (4/46) of chronic hepatitis cases. (p = 0.0002). Mutations associated with immune-escape (T131N, D144A/E, G145K), amino acid polymorphisms in "a determinant" domain of S protein and mutations/deletions in preC/C region were found in isolates from acute and chronic hepatitis B cases. In this study mutations/deletions in preS-S and preC-C regions, usually associated with fulminant acute hepatitis, advanced forms of liver disease and increased risk for HCC, were identified in HBV strains of genotype A and D obtained both from patients with self-limiting acute HBV infection and from persistent infected patients. This founding probably is due to the natural viral evolution under host immune response and to the circulation of a wide variety of HBV strains in our geographic area because of the ancient introduction of genotype D and the migrant fluxes from North Africa. Moreover, the analysis of circulation of new HBV antigenic variants is fundamental for the epidemiological surveys and for the evaluation of the impact of viral evolution on vaccine prophylaxis strategies.
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Yan J, Yao Z, Hu K, Zhong Y, Li M, Xiong Z, Deng M. Hepatitis B Virus Core Promoter A1762T/G1764A (TA)/T1753A/T1768A Mutations Contribute to Hepatocarcinogenesis by Deregulating Skp2 and P53. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1315-24. [PMID: 25567052 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatitis B virus core promoter (CP) mutations can increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The CP region overlaps with the HBV X (HBx) gene, which has been associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. The cyclin kinase inhibitor P53 is an important regulator of cell cycle progression. We determined whether HBx mutants that result from mutations in the CP deregulate P53. METHODS A HBx combination (combo) mutant with changes in the CP region that corresponded to A1762T/G1764A (TA), T1753A, and T1768A was constructed and expressed in L-02 and Hep3B cells. The effects of CP mutations on expression and degradation of P53, and the effects on cell cycle progression and proliferation were analyzed. RESULTS The combo mutant decreased levels of P53 and increased cyclin D1 expression, accelerated P53 degradation in L-02 cells, accelerated cell cycle progression, and increased expression of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) in L-02 and Hep3B cells. Silencing of Skp2 abrogated the effects of CP mutations on P53 expression. The kinetics of P53 expression correlated with changes in cell cycle distribution. CONCLUSIONS The HBx mutant with a combination of CP mutations can up-regulate Skp2, which then down-regulates P53 via ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yan
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, TianHe Road, TianHe District, Guangzhou City, 510630, China
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38
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Charuworn P, Hengen PN, Aguilar Schall R, Dinh P, Ge D, Corsa A, Reesink HW, Zoulim F, Kitrinos KM. Baseline interpatient hepatitis B viral diversity differentiates HBsAg outcomes in patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1033-9. [PMID: 25514556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS HBsAg loss is a desired, but rare, treatment-induced clinical endpoint in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Few studies have evaluated viral factors contributing to HBsAg loss. METHODS This study evaluated baseline interpatient sequence diversity across the HBV genome in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-treated patients who lost HBsAg and compared it to that of control patients with high HBsAg levels throughout therapy. Twenty-one HBeAg+ patients (14 genotype (GT) A and 7 GT D) who achieved HBsAg loss and 27 controls (17 GT A and 10 GT D), were analyzed. Population sequencing was performed on baseline samples and pairwise genetic distances were calculated for 17 overlapping regions across the HBV genome as a measure of interpatient viral diversity. RESULTS Overall, viral diversity was up to 10-fold higher across GT D patients compared to GT A patients throughout the HBV genome. Within the pol/RT and HBs genes, interpatient viral diversity was significantly lower among HBsAg loss patients for both GT A and D, with the difference driven largely by a reduction in diversity in the small S gene. Conversely, interpatient viral diversity was generally higher in HBsAg loss patients across the HBx gene regulatory elements and precore region. CONCLUSION In HBsAg loss patients, less interpatient viral diversity was observed within structural-coding regions while specific regions across the HBx and precore genes encoding nonstructural regulatory elements generally displayed higher interpatient viral diversity. These distinct patterns may reflect different responses to adaptive pressure for HBV genomic structural and nonstructural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hendrik W Reesink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon University, Lyon, France
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Qu LS, Zhu J, Liu TT, Shen XZ, Chen TY, Ni ZP, Ni RZ, Lu CH. Effect of combined mutations in the enhancer II and basal core promoter of hepatitis B virus on development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong, China. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:1186-95. [PMID: 24341484 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the roles of mutations in enhancer II (Enh II), basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) regions of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Qidong, China. METHODS We conducted a case-control study within a cohort of 2387 male HBV carriers who were recruited between August and September 1996. The HBV DNA sequence was determined in 152 HCC and 131 chronic hepatitis patients. Mutation exchanges during follow up in 115 cases were compared with 108 controls with serum samples taken during a similar length of follow up. In addition, a longitudinal study was conducted in 22 cases in which serial serum samples were available before HCC. RESULTS After adjustment for age, history of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, hepatitis B e-antigen positivity, T1653, V1753 and T1762/A1764 double mutations were associated with risk of HCC. Multivariate analysis showed that T1653, V1753 and T1762/A1764 double mutations were independent risk factors of HCC. Moreover, a significant biological gradient of HCC risk by number of mutations in Enh II/BCP regions was observed. Paired samples analysis indicated that the increased HCC risk for at-risk sequence mutations were attributable to the persistence of these mutations, but not a single time point mutation. The longitudinal observation demonstrated a gradual combination of mutations in Enh II/BCP regions accumulated during the development of HCC. CONCLUSION T1653, V1753 and T1762/A1764 double mutations were independent risk factors of HCC. The effect of combined mutations in Enh II/BCP regions increased the risk and persistence of at-risk sequence mutations and was critical for HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shuai Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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40
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Huang FY, Wong DKH, Seto WK, Zhang AY, Lee CK, Lin CK, Fung J, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Sequence variations of full-length hepatitis B virus genomes in Chinese patients with HBsAg-negative hepatitis B infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99028. [PMID: 24901840 PMCID: PMC4047052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanism of HBsAg-negative hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is notoriously difficult to elucidate because of the extremely low DNA levels which define the condition. We used a highly efficient amplification method to overcome this obstacle and achieved our aim which was to identify specific mutations or sequence variations associated with this entity. METHODS A total of 185 sera and 60 liver biopsies from HBsAg-negative, HBV DNA-positive subjects or known chronic hepatitis B (CHB) subjects with HBsAg seroclearance were amplified by rolling circle amplification followed by full-length HBV genome sequencing. Eleven HBsAg-positive CHB subjects were included as controls. The effects of pivotal mutations identified on regulatory regions on promoter activities were analyzed. RESULTS 22 and 11 full-length HBV genomes were amplified from HBsAg-negative and control subjects respectively. HBV genotype C was the dominant strain. A higher mutation frequency was observed in HBsAg-negative subjects than controls, irrespective of genotype. The nucleotide diversity over the entire HBV genome was significantly higher in HBsAg-negative subjects compared with controls (p = 0.008) and compared with 49 reference sequences from CHB patients (p = 0.025). In addition, HBsAg-negative subjects had significantly higher amino acid substitutions in the four viral genes than controls (all p<0.001). Many mutations were uniquely found in HBsAg-negative subjects, including deletions in promoter regions (13.6%), abolishment of pre-S2/S start codon (18.2%), disruption of pre-S2/S mRNA splicing site (4.5%), nucleotide duplications (9.1%), and missense mutations in "α" determinant region, contributing to defects in HBsAg production. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an accumulation of multiple mutations constraining viral transcriptional activities contribute to HBsAg-negativity in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung-Yu Huang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Ka-Ho Wong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - An-Ye Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk-Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - Che-Kit Lin
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Fung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Yousif M, Bell TG, Mudawi H, Glebe D, Kramvis A. Analysis of ultra-deep pyrosequencing and cloning based sequencing of the basic core promoter/precore/core region of hepatitis B virus using newly developed bioinformatics tools. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95377. [PMID: 24740330 PMCID: PMC3989311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aims of this study were to develop bioinformatics tools to explore ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) data, to test these tools, and to use them to determine the optimum error threshold, and to compare results from UDPS and cloning based sequencing (CBS). Methods Four serum samples, infected with either genotype D or E, from HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients were randomly selected. UDPS and CBS were used to sequence the basic core promoter/precore region of HBV. Two online bioinformatics tools, the “Deep Threshold Tool” and the “Rosetta Tool” (http://hvdr.bioinf.wits.ac.za/tools/), were built to test and analyze the generated data. Results A total of 10952 reads were generated by UDPS on the 454 GS Junior platform. In the four samples, substitutions, detected at 0.5% threshold or above, were identified at 39 unique positions, 25 of which were non-synonymous mutations. Sample #2 (HBeAg-negative, genotype D) had substitutions in 26 positions, followed by sample #1 (HBeAg-negative, genotype E) in 12 positions, sample #3 (HBeAg-positive, genotype D) in 7 positions and sample #4 (HBeAg-positive, genotype E) in only four positions. The ratio of nucleotide substitutions between isolates from HBeAg-negative and HBeAg-positive patients was 3.5∶1. Compared to genotype E isolates, genotype D isolates showed greater variation in the X, basic core promoter/precore and core regions. Only 18 of the 39 positions identified by UDPS were detected by CBS, which detected 14 of the 25 non-synonymous mutations detected by UDPS. Conclusion UDPS data should be approached with caution. Appropriate curation of read data is required prior to analysis, in order to clean the data and eliminate artefacts. CBS detected fewer than 50% of the substitutions detected by UDPS. Furthermore it is important that the appropriate consensus (reference) sequence is used in order to identify variants correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhlid Yousif
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Programme, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Trevor G. Bell
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Programme, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Hatim Mudawi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Khartoum State, Sudan
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre of Hepatitis B and D, Justus, Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Programme, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Lesmana CRA, Jackson K, Lim SG, Sulaiman A, Pakasi LS, Gani RA, Hasan I, Sulaiman AS, Lesmana LA, Hammond R, Revill P, Locarnini S, Bowden SD. Clinical significance of hepatitis B virion and SVP productivity: relationships between intrahepatic and serum markers in chronic hepatitis B patients. United European Gastroenterol J 2014; 2:99-107. [PMID: 24918014 PMCID: PMC4040813 DOI: 10.1177/2050640614525151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical use of hepatitis B viral (HBV) quantitative seromarker\s remains questionable since it is not precisely known whether they represent intrahepatic viral replication. Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA), and pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) are more likely to represent active HBV replication and their measurement can be used to derive virion productivity (VP; rcDNA/cccDNA), subviral particle (SVP) productivity (quantitative HBsAg/cccDNA), and replicative activity (RA; pgRNA/cccDNA). These can be used to compare relative HBV replication between HBeAg-negative and -positive patients. OBJECTIVE To study the clinical significance of intrahepatic HBV replication phenomenon between HBeAg-negative and -positive patients and its correlation with quantitative HBV seromarkers. METHOD This was a prospective study between January 2010 and December 2011. Study subjects were naive chronic hepatitis B patients from Cipto Mangunkusumo and Medistra Hospitals. All patient samples underwent liver biochemistry and HBV seromarkers testing (HBeAg, quantitative HBsAg and HBV DNA levels), and patients underwent liver biopsy. Stored liver specimens were analysed for intrahepatic rcDNA, cccDNA, and pgRNA with quantification performed by real-time PCR. Comparison of HBV markers between HBsAg-positive and -negative patients was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Pearson's correlation test was performed among HBV intrahepatic and seromarkers using their log-transformed values. RESULTS A total of 104 patients were enrolled in this study; 54 (51.9%) were male. Patients' mean age was 41.9 ± 11.63 years (range 19-70 years). Sixty-one patients (58.7%) were HBeAg-negative. All HBV markers were significantly higher in HBeAg-positive than HBeAg-negative patients, except for SVP productivity and RA. Serum HBV DNA was strongly correlated with intrahepatic total HBV DNA (r = 0.771), cccDNA (r = 0.774), and rcDNA (r = 0.780) while serum quantitative HBsAg showed only moderate correlation with intrahepatic total DNA (r = 0.671), cccDNA (r = 0.632), rcDNA (r = 0.675), and SVP productivity (r = 0.557). CONCLUSIONS Serum HBV DNA concentration and quantitative HBsAg might not accurately predict intrahepatic viral activity. Virion and SVP production do not occur in parallel with replicative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana
- Hepatology, Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Digestive Disease and GI Oncology Center, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kathy Jackson
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ali Sulaiman
- Hepatology, Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Levina S Pakasi
- Digestive Disease and GI Oncology Center, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rino A Gani
- Hepatology, Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Irsan Hasan
- Hepatology, Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Laurentius A Lesmana
- Hepatology, Medicine, University of Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Digestive Disease and GI Oncology Center, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rachel Hammond
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Revill
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
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Saha D, Pal A, Biswas A, Panigrahi R, Sarkar N, Das D, Sarkar J, Guha SK, Saha B, Chakrabarti S, Chakravarty R. Molecular characterization of HBV strains circulating among the treatment-naive HIV/HBV co-infected patients of eastern India. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90432. [PMID: 24587360 PMCID: PMC3938687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that the exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection serves as a major threat among the treatment naive HIV infected population of eastern India. Hence, molecular characterization of these strains is of utmost importance in order to identify clinically significant HBV mutations. A total of 85 treatment naive HIV/HBV co-infected participants were included of whom the complete basal core promoter/precore region, the core and the whole envelope gene could be successfully sequenced for 59, 57 and 39 isolates respectively. Following phylogenetic analysis, it was found that HBV/D was the predominant genotype with HBV/D2 (38.5%) being the most prevalent subgenotype followed by HBV/A1. The major mutations affecting HBeAg expression includes the A1762T/G1764A (13.6%), G1896A (22%) and G1862T mutation (33.9%) which was predominantly associated with HBV/A1. Moreover, the prevalence of G1896A was considerably high among the HBeAg negative HIV/HBV co-infected subjects compared to HBV mono-infection. The main amino acid substitutions within the MHC class II restricted T-cell epitope of HBcAg includes the T12S (15.8%) and T67N (12.3%) mutation and the V27I (10.5%) mutation in the MHC class I restricted T-cell epitope. PreS1/S2 deletion was detected in 3 isolates with all harboring the BCP double mutation. Furthermore, the frequently occurring mutations in the major hydrophilic loop of the S gene include the T125M, A128V and M133I/L. Therefore, this study is the first from India to report useful information on the molecular heterogeneity of the HBV strains circulating among the treatment naive HIV/HBV co-infected population and is thus clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Saha
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Pal
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Avik Biswas
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh Panigrahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Neelakshi Sarkar
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanwita Das
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayeeta Sarkar
- Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Bibhuti Saha
- Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sekhar Chakrabarti
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Runu Chakravarty
- ICMR Virus Unit, Kolkata, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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44
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Kessler HH. Comparison of currently available assays for detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in the routine diagnostic laboratory. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:531-6. [PMID: 16013971 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges worldwide. Today, many routine diagnostic laboratories have implemented assays based on molecular techniques for the detection of HBV DNA. However, the standard algorithm for specific diagnosis of HBV infection still relies on serologic testing. Molecular assays are employed for pretreatment evaluation, clinical staging and monitoring of antiviral therapy. Furthermore, molecular methods are essential for identification of mutations in the HBV genome. Although a continuous improvement of assay performance has been observed during recent years, lack of comparability of different molecular assays remains a problem to be resolved in the future. The limited range of linearity when employing conventional PCR will be overcome by using real-time assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Kessler
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory and National Reference Laboratory for Hepatitis A, B, C, Institute of Hygiene, Medical University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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45
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Sede M, Lopez-Ledesma M, Frider B, Pozzati M, Campos RH, Flichman D, Quarleri J. Hepatitis B virus depicts a high degree of conservation during the immune-tolerant phase in familiarly transmitted chronic hepatitis B infection: deep-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. J Viral Hepat 2013; 21:650-61. [PMID: 25244642 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) occurs, a virus with the same characteristics interacts with diverse hosts' immune systems and may thus result in different mutations to escape immune pressure. In this study, the HBV genomic characterization was assessed longitudinally after intrafamilial transmission using nucleotide sequence data of phylogenetic and mutational analyses, including those obtained by deep-sequencing for the first time. Furthermore, HBeAg-anti-HBe profile and variability of HBV core-derived epitopes were also evaluated. Strong evidence was obtained from intrafamilial transmission of HBV genotype D1 by phylogenetic inferences. HBV isolates exhibited high degree (~99%) of genomic conservation for almost 20 years, when patients were persistently HBeAg positive with normal amino transferase levels. This identity remained high among immune-tolerant siblings. In contrast, it diminished significantly (P = 0.02) when the mother cleared HBeAg (immune clearance phase). By deep-sequencing, the quantitative analysis of the dynamics of basal core promoter (BCP) (A1762T, G1764A; A1766C; T1773C; 8-bp deletion; and other) and precore (G1896A) variants among HBV isolates from family members exhibited differences during the follow-up. However, only those from the mother showed amino acid variations at core protein that would impair their MHC-II binding. Hence, when intrafamilial transmission occurs, HBV was highly conserved under the immune-tolerant phase, but it exhibited mutations more frequently during the immune clearance phase. The analysis of the HBV BCP and precore mutants after intrafamilial HBV transmission contributes to a better understanding of how they evolve over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sede
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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46
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HLA-DP polymorphisms affect the outcomes of chronic hepatitis B virus infections, possibly through interacting with viral mutations. J Virol 2013; 87:12176-86. [PMID: 24006435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02073-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms of HLA-DP have been associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence. We aimed to determine the effect of HLA-DP polymorphisms on the generation of HBV mutations and their interactions on the outcomes of HBV infection. rs3077, rs3135021, rs9277535, and rs2281388 were genotyped in 1,342 healthy controls, 327 HBV clearance subjects, and 2,736 HBV-positive subjects, including 1,108 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, using quantitative PCR. HBV mutations were determined by sequencing. Multiplicative interactions of HLA-DP polymorphisms and viral mutations were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. rs3077 (from subjects with genotype CT combined with those from subjects with genotype TT [CT+TT] versus CC), rs3135021 (GA+AA versus GG), rs9277535 (GA+AA versus GG), and rs2281388 (CC versus CT+TT) significantly decreased HBV persistence. This effect was found only in genotype B HBV-infected subjects compared to HBV clearance subjects. HLA-DP polymorphisms promoting HBV clearance were associated with a lower prevalence of mutations increasing HCC risk (C1653T, T1674C/G, A1846T, G1896A and pre-S2 mutations and pre-S deletion in genotype C) and a higher prevalence of mutations decreasing HCC risk (G1652A, T1673C, T1674C, G1719T, G1730C, and G1799C in genotype B and A1727T in genotype C). Significant effects of viral mutations on cirrhosis and HCC were selectively evident in those with HLA-DP polymorphisms promoting HBV persistence. The interactions of C1653T, T1674C/G, and G1896A mutations with HLA-DP polymorphisms promoting HBV clearance significantly decreased cirrhosis risk. The interaction of rs9277535 AA with the T1674C/G or G1719T mutation in genotype C significantly decreased HCC risk. In conclusion, HLA-DP polymorphisms affect genotype B HBV clearance, regulate immune selection of viral mutations, and influence cirrhosis and HCC risks contributed by HBV mutations.
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47
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Ko HL, Ng HJ, Goh EH, Ren EC. Reduced ADP-ribosylation by PARP1 natural polymorphism V762A and by PARP1 inhibitors enhance Hepatitis B virus replication. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:658-65. [PMID: 23910651 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines are frequently used as models to study viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, they exhibit significantly different capacities in their ability to support hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. To investigate the basis for this, transcription factor-binding motifs at the HBV core promoter (HBVCP) were tested in luciferase reporter constructs to identify the possible role of host factors. Among the transcription factors screened: PARP1, SP1, HNF4α, HNF3, hB1F and HNF1, deletion of the PARP1 binding motif abrogated transcriptional activity at the HBVCP in HepG2 but not Huh7 cells. Sequencing of the PARP1 gene revealed that HepG2 cells carried an Ala762 allele which has low ADP-ribosylation activity, which was shown to have increased PARP1 binding affinity to its cognate motif thus resulting in higher transcriptional activity. PARP1 inhibitors that are being developed as broad cancer therapeutics also target PARP1 ADP-ribosylation enzymatic function. Four PARP1 inhibitors: PJ-34, ABT888, AZD2281 and AG014699 were tested for their effect on HBV replication. All four small molecules effectively enhanced HBV replication in vitro, confirming the role of PARP1 in HBV replication and that alteration of ADP-ribosylation by mutation or drugs can affect HBV replication. Our data demonstrate that natural polymorphisms in the host affecting proteins such as PARP1 can have a significant effect on HBV replication. Hence, patients who are infected with HBV and are on clinical trials involving PARP1 inhibitors may be at risk from unintended side-effects such as exacerbation of HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Ko
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore
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48
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Abstract
Viral diseases are leading cause of deaths worldwide as WHO report suggests that hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects more than 80 % of the population of many developing countries. Viral hepatitis B (HBV) affects an estimated 360 million people, whereas hepatitis C affects 123 million people worldwide, and last but not least, at current, India has an HIV/AIDS population of approximately 2.4 million people and more than 30 million in whole world and now it has become a reason for 1.8 million death globally; thus, millions of people still struggle for their lives. The progress in medical science has made it possible in overcoming the various fatal diseases such as small pox, chicken pox, dengue, etc., but human immunodeficiency viruses, influenza, and hepatitis virus have renewed challenge surprisingly. The obstacles and challenges in therapy include existence of antibiotic resistance strains of common organisms due to overuse of antibiotics, lack of vaccines, adverse drug reaction, and last but not least the susceptibility concerns. Emergence of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has shown some promises to take challenges. The discovery of human genome project has opened new vistas to understand the behaviors of genetic makeup in development and progression of diseases and treatment in various viral diseases. Current and previous decade have been engaged in making repositories of polymorphisms (SNPs) of various genes including drug-metabolizing enzymes, receptors, inflammatory cells related with immunity, and antigen-presenting cells, along with the prediction of risks. The genetic makeup alone is most likely an adequate way to handle the therapeutic decision-making process for previous regimen failure. With the introduction of new antiviral therapeutic agents, a significant improvement in progression and overall survival has been achieved, but these drugs have shown several adverse responses in some individuals, so the success is not up to the expectations. Research and acquisition of new knowledge of pharmacogenomics may help in overcoming the prevailing burden of viral diseases. So it will definitely help in selecting the most effective therapeutic agents, effective doses, and drug response for the individuals. Thus, it will be able to transform the laboratory research into the clinical bench side and will also help in understanding the pathogenesis of viral diseases with drug action, so the patients will be managed more properly and finally become able to fulfill the promise of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics & Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, West Bengal India
| | - Dipali Dhawan
- Institute of Life Sciences, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Policy Centre for Biomedical Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (Department of Biotechnology Institute, Government of India), Office @ National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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49
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Compri AP, Miura I, Porta G, Lemos MF, Saraceni CP, Moreira RC. Hepatitis B virus infection in children, adolescents, and their relatives: genotype distribution and precore and core gene mutations. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:301-4. [PMID: 22760125 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were evaluate hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers in children and adolescents followed up at the Child Institute of the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo; identify chronic HBV carriers and susceptible individuals in the intrafamilial environment; characterize HBV genotypes; and identify mutations in the patients and household contacts. METHODS Ninety-five hepatitis B surface antigen-positive children aged <19 years and 118 household contacts were enrolled in this study. Commercial kits were used for the detection of serological markers, and PCR was used for genotyping. RESULTS Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was detected in 66.3% (63/95) of cases. Three of the 30 HBeAg-negative and anti-HBeAg-positive patients presented with precore mutations and 11 presented with mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP). Genotype A was identified in 39 (43.8%) patients, genotype D in 45 (50.6%), and genotype C in 5 (5.6%). Of the 118 relatives, 40 were chronic HBV carriers, 52 presented with the anti-HBc marker, 19 were vaccinated, and 7 were susceptible. Among the relatives, genotypes A, D, and C were the most frequent. One parent presented with a precore mutation and 4 presented with BCP mutations. CONCLUSIONS Genotypes A and D were the most frequent among children, adolescents, and their relatives. The high prevalence of HBV in the families showed the possibility of its intrafamilial transmission.
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50
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Datta S, Chatterjee S, Veer V, Chakravarty R. Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus for clinicians. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:353-65. [PMID: 25755457 PMCID: PMC3940099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global health problems, especially in economically under-developed or developing countries. HBV infection can lead to a number of clinical outcomes including chronic infection, cirrhosis and liver cancer. It ranks among the top 10 causes of death, being responsible for around 1 million deaths every year. Despite the availability of a highly efficient vaccine and potent antiviral agents, HBV infection still remains a significant clinical problem, particularly in those high endemicity areas where vaccination of large populations has not been possible due to economic reasons. Although HBV is among the smallest viruses in terms of virion and genome size, it has numerous unique features that make it completely distinct from other DNA viruses. It has a partially double stranded DNA with highly complex genome organization, life cycle and natural history. Remarkably distinct from other DNA viruses, it uses an RNA intermediate called pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and reverse transcriptase for its genome replication. Genome replication is accomplished by a complex mechanism of primer shifting facilitated by direct repeat sequences encoded in the genome. Further, the genome has evolved in such a manner that every single nucleotide of the genome is used for either coding viral proteins or used as regulatory regions or both. Moreover, it utilizes internal in-frame translation initiation codons, as well as different reading frames from the same RNA to generate different proteins with diverse functions. HBV also shows considerable genetic variability which has been related with clinical outcomes, replication potential, therapeutic response etc. This review aims at reviewing fundamental events of the viral life cycle including viral replication, transcription and translation, from the molecular standpoint, as well as, highlights the clinical relevance of genetic variability of HBV.
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Key Words
- AUG, translation start codon
- BCP, basal core promoter
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B infection
- DR, direct repeat
- EBP, enhancer binding protein
- EN, enhancer
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBsAg
- HCC, hepatocellular cancer
- Hepadnavirus
- IL, interleukin
- LEF, liver enriched factors
- LHB, large envelope protein
- MHBs, middle hepatitis B surface antigen
- MHR, major hydrophilic region
- ORF, open reading frames
- PC, precore
- RT, reverse transcriptase
- SHBs, small hepatitis B surface antigen
- TGF-α, transforming growth factor-α
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TP, terminal protein
- WHV, woodchuck hepatitis virus
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular
- dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate
- genotype
- pHSA, poly-human serum albumin
- pgRNA
- pgRNA, pregenomic RNA
- rcDNA
- rcDNA, relaxed circular DNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay Veer
- Defence Research Laboratory Tezpur, Tezpur, Assam, India
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