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Teixeira MCA, Pacheco FTF, Souza JN, Silva MLS, Inês EJ, Soares NM. Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Alcoholic Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4872473. [PMID: 28105424 PMCID: PMC5220430 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4872473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The course of Strongyloides stercoralis infection is usually asymptomatic with a low discharge of rhabditoid larva in feces. However, the deleterious effects of alcohol consumption seem to enhance the susceptibility to infection, as shown by a fivefold higher strongyloidiasis frequency in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics. Moreover, the association between S. stercoralis infection and alcoholism presents a risk for hyperinfection and severe strongyloidiasis. There are several possible mechanisms for the disruption of the host-parasite equilibrium in ethanol-addicted patients with chronic strongyloidiasis. One explanation is that chronic ethanol intake stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to produce excessive levels of endogenous cortisol, which in turn can lead to a deficiency in type 2 T helper cells (Th2) protective response, and also to mimic the parasite hormone ecdysone, which promotes the transformation of rhabditiform larvae to filariform larvae, leading to autoinfection. Therefore, when untreated, alcoholic patients are continuously infected by this autoinfection mechanism. Thus, the early diagnosis of strongyloidiasis and treatment can prevent serious forms of hyperinfection in ethanol abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia C. A. Teixeira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
- *Marcia C. A. Teixeira:
| | - Flavia T. F. Pacheco
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Joelma N. Souza
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Mônica L. S. Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Elizabete J. Inês
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Neci M. Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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de Rezende MC, Araújo ES, Moreira JMP, Rodrigues VF, Rodrigues JL, Pereira CADJ, Negrão-Corrêa D. Effect of different stages of Schistosoma mansoni infection on the parasite burden and immune response to Strongyloides venezuelensis in co-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:4601-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chu KB, Kim SS, Lee SH, Lee HS, Joo KH, Lee JH, Lee YS, Zheng S, Quan FS. Enhanced protection against Clonorchis sinensis induced by co-infection with Trichinella spiralis in rats. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:522-30. [PMID: 24958325 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although co-infection with multiple parasites is a frequent occurrence, changes in the humoral immune response against a pre-existing parasite induced as a result of a subsequent parasitic infection remain undetermined. Here, we utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate antibody responses, cytokine production and enhanced resistance in Clonorchis sinensis-infected rats (Sprague-Dawley) upon Trichinella spiralis infection. Higher levels of C. sinensis-specific IgG and IgA were elicited upon T. spiralis infection, and these levels remained higher than in rats infected with C. sinensis alone. Upon subsequent infection with T. spiralis, IgG antibodies against C. sinensis appeared to be rapidly boosted at day 3, and IgA antibodies were boosted at day 7. Challenge infection of C. sinensis-infected rats with T. spiralis induced substantial mucosal IgG and IgA responses in the liver and intestine and increases in antibody-secreting plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow. Subsequent infection also appeared to confer effective control of liver C. sinensis loads, resulting in enhanced resistance. Memory B cells generated in response to C. sinensis infection were rapidly amplified into antibody-secreting cells upon T. spiralis infection. These results indicate that enhanced C. sinensis clearance induced by co-infection is associated with systemic and mucosal IgG and IgA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-B Chu
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chai JY, Park YJ, Park JH, Jung BK, Shin EH. Mucosal immune responses of mice experimentally infected with Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:27-33. [PMID: 24623878 PMCID: PMC3948990 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses against Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) infection were studied in ICR mice. Experimental groups consisted of group 1 (uninfected controls), group 2 (infection with 200 metacercariae), and group 3 (immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol and infection with 200 metacercariae). Worms were recovered in the small intestine at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-infection (PI). Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), mast cells, and goblet cells were counted in intestinal tissue sections stained with Giemsa, astra-blue, and periodic acid-Schiff, respectively. Mucosal IgA levels were measured by ELISA. Expulsion of P. summa from the mouse intestine began to occur from days 3-5 PI which sustained until day 7 PI. The worm expulsion was positively correlated with proliferation of IEL, mast cells, goblet cells, and increase of IgA, although in the case of mast cells significant increase was seen only at day 7 PI. Immunosuppression suppressed all these immune effectors and inhibited worm reduction in the intestine until day 7 PI. The results suggested that various immune effectors which include IEL, goblet cells, mast cells, and IgA play roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity of ICR mice against P. summa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
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Coinfection of Schistosoma (Trematoda) with bacteria, protozoa and helminths. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2012; 77:1-85. [PMID: 22137582 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391429-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review examines coinfection of selected species of Schistosoma with bacteria, protozoa and helminths and focuses on the effects of the coinfection on the hosts. The review is based mainly on tables that contain the salient information on the coinfecting organisms in vertebrate hosts. Further explanation and clarification of the tables are given in the text. A table is also provided that gives synoptic information on the 37 species in the 19 genera considered in this review. Coinfection studies with Schistosoma species and the other organisms were considered in six tables plus the accompanying text. Considerations of the Schistosoma interactions with another species of organism include studies on coinfection with Plasmodium, with protozoa other than Plasmodium; with Salmonella, with bacteria other than Salmonella; and with Fasciola, with helminths other than Fasciola. Numerous factors were found to influence the effects of coinfection on the vertebrate host, including organisms and hosts used in the studies, order and time interval between the first and the second infection, studies on natural versus experimental hosts, dosage of the infectious agents, strains and pedigrees of the parasites, age of hosts at time of exposure to the infectious agents and age of hosts at the time of necropsy. Overall, a prior infection with Schistosoma, particularly a patent infection, often has an effect on the subsequent infection by a protozoan, bacterium or other helminth. In relatively few cases, a prior infection with Schistosoma decreased the severity of the subsequent infection as with Helicobacter pylori, Fasciola hepatica, Echinostoma or Plasmodium, the latter only exhibiting this behaviour when coinfected with Schistosoma haematobium. More often, however, a prior infection with Schistosoma increased the severity of the second infection as with Leishmania, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella. In some of these coinfection studies, the increased severity of the subsequent infection was associated with a specific, prolonged form of the disease in humans, which has implications for patient treatment and recovery. Additional research is needed, particularly on Schistosoma coinfections which currently have a small body of research and are current problems in human populations. Examples of such Schistosoma interactions include the genera of Mycobacteria, Leishmania, Staphylococcus, Necator and Strongyloides. Hopefully, future studies will elucidate valuable new information on the interesting subject of coinfection of Schistosoma with other organisms.
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Schistosome: its benefit and harm in patients suffering from concomitant diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:264173. [PMID: 22131800 PMCID: PMC3216407 DOI: 10.1155/2011/264173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an important tropical disease affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. Because of its chronicity and robust immunomodulatory activity, the effects of schistosomes on other diseases, such as allergies, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases, have been studied extensively in both epidemiological and experimental settings. In this paper, we summarize the beneficial and harmful effects of schistosomes. The importance of controlling schistosomiasis is also discussed.
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Ferreira CM, Pereira ATM, de Souza RS, Coelho FM, Poole S, Teixeira MM, Negrão-Corrêa D. Role of IL-13 in a model of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in rats. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:409-14. [PMID: 20116445 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 is a cytokine known to play a role in several pulmonary diseases, including asthma and fibrosis. The role of IL-13 in the context of pulmonary changes induced by helminth infection is unclear. Rats experimentally infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis and treated with anti-IL-13 neutralizing antibody were used to evaluate the role of IL-13 on functional and inflammatory changes of host lungs, and on parasite control. S. venezuelensis-induced airway hyperreactivity was IL-13-independent, but IL-13 played an essential role in driving airway mucus production and eosinophil infiltration. IL-13 was important for the control of egg production but not establishment in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Ferreira
- Department of Bioquímica e Immunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Webb RA, Hoque T, Dimas S. Expulsion of the gastrointestinal cestode, Hymenolepis diminuta by tolerant rats: evidence for mediation by a Th2 type immune enhanced goblet cell hyperplasia, increased mucin production and secretion. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:11-21. [PMID: 17187651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The processes underlying expulsion of Hymenolepis diminuta in rats are not known. Expression levels of mRNAs of several cytokines revealed a Th2 response that differed between worm infection levels. IL-4 protein levels decreased while IL-13 levels increased in a 50-worm infection by 30 dpi; the converse was seen with a five-worm infection. A negative correlation was found between IL-4 or IL-13 mRNA expression and worm biomass, between IL-13 protein levels and worm number or worm biomass, and between IL-4 protein levels and worm biomass in 50-worm infections. A negative correlation between IL-4 mRNA or protein expression and worm biomass was observed with five-worm infections. A strong correlation between Muc2 mRNA expression and decreased worm number or biomass in a 50-worm infection was observed. Muc2 protein, goblet cell numbers and mucin decreased in a 50-worm infection by 20 days post-infection. These changes were not seen with five-worm infections where worms are not expelled. The data show that rats infected with 50 H. diminuta mount a Th2 response leading to high levels of IL-13, increased goblet cell numbers and increased mucin2 production and release. The mucus traps the worms, which are progressively expelled from the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Webb
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Vadlamudi RS, Chi DS, Krishnaswamy G. Intestinal strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome. Clin Mol Allergy 2006; 4:8. [PMID: 16734908 PMCID: PMC1538622 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of recent advances with experiments on animal models, strongyloidiasis, an infection caused by the nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis, has still been an elusive disease. Though endemic in some developing countries, strongyloidiasis still poses a threat to the developed world. Due to the peculiar but characteristic features of autoinfection, hyperinfection syndrome involving only pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems, and disseminated infection with involvement of other organs, strongyloidiasis needs special attention by the physician, especially one serving patients in areas endemic for strongyloidiasis. Strongyloidiasis can occur without any symptoms, or as a potentially fatal hyperinfection or disseminated infection. Th2 cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity and mucosal immunity have been shown to have protective effects against this parasitic infection especially in animal models. Any factors that suppress these mechanisms (such as intercurrent immune suppression or glucocorticoid therapy) could potentially trigger hyperinfection or disseminated infection which could be fatal. Even with the recent advances in laboratory tests, strongyloidiasis is still difficult to diagnose. But once diagnosed, the disease can be treated effectively with antihelminthic drugs like Ivermectin. This review article summarizes a case of strongyloidiasis and various aspects of strongyloidiasis, with emphasis on epidemiology, life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis, clinical manifestations of the disease, corticosteroids and strongyloidiasis, diagnostic aspects of the disease, various host defense pathways against strongyloidiasis, and available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja S Vadlamudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, VA Building 1, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - David S Chi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, VA Building 1, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guha Krishnaswamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, VA Building 1, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Machado ER, Ueta MT, Lourenço EV, Anibal FF, Sorgi CA, Soares EG, Roque-Barreira MC, Medeiros AI, Faccioli LH. Leukotrienes play a role in the control of parasite burden in murine strongyloidiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3892-9. [PMID: 16148135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that leukotrienes mediate inflammatory response; new aspects of leukotriene function have recently been described. In this study, we demonstrate that leukotrienes are key chemical mediators in the control of parasite burdens in mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. High leukotriene levels were detected in the lungs and small intestines of Swiss mice. In infected Swiss mice treated with MK886, a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor, numbers of adult worms, and eggs/g/feces were greater than in infected-only animals. The MK886 treatment inhibited leukotriene B(4) production in the lungs and small intestines, albeit on different postinfection days. Similarly, parasite burdens and eggs/g/feces were greater in 5-lipoxygenase(-/-) mice than in wild-type animals. These observation were confirmed by histopathological study of the duodena. We subsequently observed significant lower numbers of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Swiss mice treated with MK886. In the lung parenchyma of infected animals, MK886 significantly inhibited synthesis of IL-5 at the beginning of infection, whereas levels of IL-12 increased progressively throughout the postinfection period. However, levels of leukotriene C(4), PGE(2), TNF-alpha, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 were comparable between the treated and untreated groups. Nevertheless, IgE and IgG1 (but not IgG2a) synthesis was also significantly inhibited by MK886 administration. Therefore, in S. venezuelensis-infected mice, adult worm and egg burdens are leukotriene dependent. These findings indicate potential immunostimulatory strategies involving leukotriene administration, and may serve as an alert to physicians treating Strongyloides stercoralis-infected patients presenting asthma-like symptoms because use of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors may worsen the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleuza R Machado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Negrão-Corrêa D, Souza DG, Pinho V, Barsante MM, Souza ALS, Teixeira MM. Platelet-activating factor receptor deficiency delays elimination of adult worms but reduces fecundity in Strongyloides venezuelensis-infected mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1135-42. [PMID: 14742561 PMCID: PMC321606 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.2.1135-1142.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 08/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the parasitological kinetics and histopathological and immunological alterations in platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient (PAFR(-/-)) and wild-type mice after a single Strongyloides venezuelensis infection (subcutaneous inoculation of 500 L3 larvae). There was no difference in the numbers of worms that reached and became established in the small intestines of PAFR(-/-) and wild-type mice. However, at 12 days after infection, significantly more worms were recovered from PAFR(-/-) mice. Although PAFR(-/-) infected mice showed a delay in elimination of adult worms, worms established in the small intestine of these mice produced a significantly lower number of eggs due to a reduction in worm fecundity. There were also significant reductions in the number of circulating and tissue eosinophils and tumor necrosis factor levels in the small intestines of PAFR(-/-) mice infected for 7 days compared to the number and level in wild-type mice. Histological analysis confirmed the reduced inflammatory process and revealed that the PAFR(-/-) mice had a smaller number of goblet cells. The concentrations of the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 were lower in small intestine homogenates and in supernatants of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes from spleens or mesenteric lymph nodes of PAFR(-/-) mice than in the corresponding preparations from wild-type mice. Thus, in S. venezuelensis-infected PAFR(-/-) mice, decreased intestinal inflammation is associated with enhanced worm survival but decreased fecundity. We suggest that although a Th2-predominant inflammatory response decreases worm survival, the worm may use factors produced during this response to facilitate egg output and reproduction. PAFR-mediated responses appear to modulate these host-derived signals that are important for worm fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Onah DN, Onyenwe IW, Ihedioha JI, Onwumere OS. Enhanced survival of rats concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Strongyloides ratti. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119:165-76. [PMID: 14746976 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the blood protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei and the gastrointestinal nematode parasite, Strongyloides ratti was studied in outbred white albino rats. Rats were grouped and given either single infection with T. brucei or S. ratti or concurrently infected with both parasites. Blood parasitaemia and packed cell volume, faecal egg/larva output, adult worm burden and survivability were monitored in order to assess the interactive effects of the infections. All trypanosome-infected rats became parasitaemic within 1 week of infection but surprisingly parasitaemia was higher in the single than concurrently infected group of rats. In addition all animals with single T. brucei infection had died by 14 days after the infection, whereas animals with concurrent infection were still alive by day 28 after the infection when the experiment was terminated. Concurrent infection resulted in significant increase in daily S. ratti egg/larval output in faeces (P < 0.01), but lesser number of adult worms were recovered from the intestine of sacrificed rats on day 8 post-infection. Taken together these results suggest that T. brucei and S. ratti interact in a manner that ameliorates their pathogenic effects resulting in a decrease in the level of parasitaemia and intestinal worm burden and in increased life span of the infected rats. These results differ from the classical immunosuppressive attributes of T. brucei and the results are discussed in the context of the possible immune responses that might have contributed to this outcome and the potential significance of the findings in alternative control method of trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Onah
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology & Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
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Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S. stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy, malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and underlying condition put them at increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Keiser
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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El-Malky M, Maruyama H, Hirabayashi Y, Shimada S, Yoshida A, Amano T, Tominaga A, Takatsu K, Ohta N. Intraepithelial infiltration of eosinophils and their contribution to the elimination of adult intestinal nematode, Strongyloides venezuelensis in mice. Parasitol Int 2003; 52:71-9. [PMID: 12543149 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils were examined for the capacity of attacking Strongyloides venezuelensis adult worms in the intestinal mucosa by using interleukin (IL)-5 transgenic mice. In IL-5 transgenic mice, most of the subcutaneously inoculated infective larvae were killed during migration, and only a few worms could reach the small intestine. When the same number of adult worms were surgically implanted in the small intestine of IL-5 transgenic and control mice, fecal egg output as well as the number of adult worms recovered from the intestine was significantly lower in IL-5 transgenic mice. In the intestinal mucosa of IL-5 transgenic mice, large number of eosinophils was present in the lamina propria even before adult worm implantation. The number of eosinophils increased significantly as early as 24 h after implantation and tripled by day 3, whereas mucosal eosinophilia remained low in wild-type mice. Most notably, eosinophils infiltrated into the intestinal epithelium and surrounded adult worms in IL-5 transgenic mice, which was never seen in wild-type control mice. However, IL-5 transgenic mice required the same period as normal mice to completely expel implanted adult worms. The amount of specific IgA as well as total IgA in the stool was high in IL-5 transgenic mice before adult worm implantation, and dropped rapidly after adult worm implantation. The present study suggests that eosinophils are capable of attacking adult nematodes in the intestinal epithelia, probably in conjunction with secretory IgA, although they are not enough for the complete worm expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Malky
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi-1, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Maruyama H, Hatano H, Kumagai T, El-Malky M, Yoshida A, Ohta N. Strongyloides venezuelensis: heparin-binding adhesion substances in immunologically damaged adult worms. Exp Parasitol 2000; 95:170-5. [PMID: 10964644 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2000.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunologically damaged Strongyloides venezuelensis adult worms were examined for their mucosal invasion ability and secretion of heparin-binding adhesion substances. S. venezuelensis was expelled from male Wistar rats 4 to 5 weeks after infection. Four-week-old adult worms were smaller and had fewer eggs than 1-week-old adult worms. One-week-old, 4-week-old, and 5-week-old adult worms equally established in the recipient mouse intestine when surgically implanted. Adult worms of 4 and 5 weeks of age secreted adhesion substances as much as 1-week-old adult worms. There was no difference in the heparin-binding activities and the lectin-binding profile of adhesion substances among adult worms of different ages. The rate of secretion of adhesion substances from the mouth was also identical. Heparin-binding activities were detected in crude adult worm proteins; however, proteins of 5-week-old adult worms had weaker heparin-binding activities than those of 1-week-old adult worms. Western blotting revealed that a number of heparin-binding proteins were lost in 5-week-old adult worms. A heparin-binding protein of 42. 0 kDa, which was consistently expressed in adult worms, was a possible component of heparin-binding adhesion substances which are secreted from the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maruyama
- Department of Medical Zoology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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