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Uhegbu K, Uhegbu V, Eyong K, Ikobah J, Ekanem E. Helminthic infestation in children aged 6 to 59 months with diarrhea in Calabar. NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/njm.njm_69_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Vanalli C, Mari L, Righetto L, Casagrandi R, Gatto M, Cattadori IM. Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008438. [PMID: 33226981 PMCID: PMC7721179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in the intensity and duration of infections is often driven by variation in the network and strength of host immune responses. While many of the immune mechanisms and components are known for parasitic helminths, how these relationships change from single to multiple infections and impact helminth dynamics remains largely unclear. Here, we used laboratory data from a rabbit-helminth system and developed a within-host model of infection to investigate different scenarios of immune regulation in rabbits infected with one or two helminth species. Model selection suggests that the immunological pathways activated against Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum are similar. However, differences in the strength of these immune signals lead to the contrasting dynamics of infections, where the first parasite is rapidly cleared and the latter persists with high intensities. In addition to the reactions identified in single infections, rabbits with both helminths also activate new pathways that asymmetrically affect the dynamics of the two species. These new signals alter the intensities but not the general trend of the infections. The type of interactions described can be expected in many other host-helminth systems. Our immune framework is flexible enough to capture different mechanisms and their complexity, and provides essential insights to the understanding of multi-helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vanalli
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Righetto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Casagrandi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Intestinal Nematode Infection Affects Metastasis of EL4 Lymphoma Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:30. [PMID: 32960348 PMCID: PMC7508930 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An effective host immune system prevents the growth of most cancer cells. However, as intestinal nematodes are able to induce both immunotolerance and immunosuppression in the host, it is possible that their presence could allow co-occurring cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize. Our findings indicate that previous, subsequent or concurrent intestinal nematode infection affects the formation of lung metastatic nodules in mice experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. In addition, pre-infection with nematodes renders mice resistant to metastasis development in lungs, with the inoculated EL4 cancer cells being located mainly in mesenteric lymph nodes. The present paper discusses the nematode-induced mechanisms which may influence the metastatic process.
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Symowski C, Voehringer D. Th2 cell-derived IL-4/IL-13 promote ILC2 accumulation in the lung by ILC2-intrinsic STAT6 signaling in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1421-1432. [PMID: 31144294 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the gastrointestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis elicits profound local proliferation and accumulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lung. The regulation of ILC2 proliferation and accumulation in the lung is poorly understood. Using T cell-specific IL-4/IL-13-deficient mice, we demonstrate that IL-4/IL-13 secretion from Th2 cells promotes proliferation and expansion of the ILC2 population in the lung of N. brasiliensis-infected mice. Competitive mixed BM chimeras containing normal and STAT6-deficient ILC2s further indicated that ILC2s have to respond directly to IL-4/IL-13 for this effect while STAT6 is not required for IL-13 production in ILC2s. In addition, expression of a constitutively active form of STAT6 in ILC2s was sufficient to promote their proliferation in uninfected mice. The expression of MHC class II in ILC2s appeared to be enhanced by STAT6 signaling supporting the concept that Th2 cells and ILC2s can communicate in an antigen-dependent manner resulting in a Th2-regulated accumulation of ILC2s in the lung during an acute type 2 immune response. Based on our observations, targeting the STAT6 pathway in ILC2s could help to develop new treatments to dampen ILC2 proliferation in the lung and thereby ameliorate ILC2-mediated allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Symowski
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Trichinella Spiralis: Impact on the Expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 ( TLR4) Gene During the Intestinal Phase of Experimental Trichinellosis. J Vet Res 2018; 62:493-496. [PMID: 30729207 PMCID: PMC6364173 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the rapid activation of the innate immune response to a variety of pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on the level of expression of the tlr4 gene in mouse intestines during the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis. Material and Methods The experimental material consisted of the small and large intestines of BALB/c mice infected with Trichinella spiralis sampled at 4, 8, and 16 days post infection (dpi). Results A statistically significant increase was demonstrated in the tlr4 mRNA level isolated from the infected mice jejunum at 4, 8, and 16 dpi over the uninfected control. Moreover, at 4, 8, and 16 dpi in the jejunum of infected mice, a strong positive reaction for the presence of TLR4 protein compared with that of uninfected mice was observed. Conclusion Infection with T. spiralis changes the expression of the tlr4 gene in the small intestine of the mouse host.
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Schneider C, O'Leary CE, von Moltke J, Liang HE, Ang QY, Turnbaugh PJ, Radhakrishnan S, Pellizzon M, Ma A, Locksley RM. A Metabolite-Triggered Tuft Cell-ILC2 Circuit Drives Small Intestinal Remodeling. Cell 2018; 174:271-284.e14. [PMID: 29887373 PMCID: PMC6046262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The small intestinal tuft cell-ILC2 circuit mediates epithelial responses to intestinal helminths and protists by tuft cell chemosensory-like sensing and IL-25-mediated activation of lamina propria ILC2s. Small intestine ILC2s constitutively express the IL-25 receptor, which is negatively regulated by A20 (Tnfaip3). A20 deficiency in ILC2s spontaneously triggers the circuit and, unexpectedly, promotes adaptive small-intestinal lengthening and remodeling. Circuit activation occurs upon weaning and is enabled by dietary polysaccharides that render mice permissive for Tritrichomonas colonization, resulting in luminal accumulation of acetate and succinate, metabolites of the protist hydrogenosome. Tuft cells express GPR91, the succinate receptor, and dietary succinate, but not acetate, activates ILC2s via a tuft-, TRPM5-, and IL-25-dependent pathway. Also induced by parasitic helminths, circuit activation and small intestinal remodeling impairs infestation by new helminths, consistent with the phenomenon of concomitant immunity. We describe a metabolic sensing circuit that may have evolved to facilitate mutualistic responses to luminal pathosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qi Yan Ang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF.
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Motran CC, Silvane L, Chiapello LS, Theumer MG, Ambrosio LF, Volpini X, Celias DP, Cervi L. Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 29670630 PMCID: PMC5893867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of helminths in the host over long periods of time is the result of a process of adaptation or dynamic co-evolution between the host and the parasite. However, infection with helminth parasites causes damage to the host tissues producing the release of danger signals that induce the recruitment of various cells, including innate immune cells such as macrophages (Mo), dendritic cells (DCs), eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. In this scenario, these cells are able to secrete soluble factors, which orchestrate immune effector mechanisms that depend on the different niches these parasites inhabit. Here, we focus on recent advances in the knowledge of excretory-secretory products (ESP), resulting from helminth recognition by DCs and Mo. Phagocytes and other cells types such as innate lymphocyte T cells 2 (ILC2), when activated by ESP, participate in an intricate cytokine network to generate innate and adaptive Th2 responses. In this review, we also discuss the mechanisms of innate immune cell-induced parasite killing and the tissue repair necessary to assure helminth survival over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristina Motran
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Silvane
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Silvina Chiapello
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martin Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernanda Ambrosio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ximena Volpini
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Pamela Celias
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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Diliani N, Dondji B. Hookworm excretory/secretory products modulate immune responses to heterologous and species-specific antigens. Parasite Immunol 2018; 39. [PMID: 28796897 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one billion people are currently infected with hookworm. Despite its high prevalence and the concomitant immune suppression seen in infected individuals, little research has been performed on the mechanism of immunosuppression by hookworm. Our study focused on characterizing mechanisms utilized by hookworm to suppress the host immune response. Splenocytes and draining lymph node cells from mice injected with hookworm excretory/secretory (ES) proteins showed decreased proliferation in response to both heterologous and species-specific antigens while also having increased nitric oxide secretion. Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that mice injected with ES had reduced percentages of CD4+ T cells indicating potential effects of ES proteins on lymphocyte homeostasis. Antibody and cytokine response analyses demonstrated that immunization with ES proteins decreased IgG and IgG1 levels, also decreased interleukin (IL-)-4 and increased IL-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) cytokine production suggesting impairment of B-cell activation and a shift towards a nonhealing IL-12 directed T helper-1 immune response. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that host immunosuppression by hookworms is orchestrated by ES proteins and provide mechanisms underlying the shift towards a nonhealing Th-1 profile as seen in humans suffering from hookworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Diliani
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology & Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - B Dondji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology & Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
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9
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Souza BMPS, Lambert SM, Nishi SM, Saldaña GF, Oliveira GGS, Vieira LS, Madruga CR, Almeida MAO. Collectins and galectins in the abomasum of goats susceptible and resistant to gastrointestinal nematode infection. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 12:99-105. [PMID: 31014818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Originally described in cattle, conglutinin belongs to the collectin family and is involved in innate immune defense. It is thought that conglutinin provides the first line of defense by maintaining a symbiotic relationship with the microbes in the rumen while inhibiting inflammatory reactions caused by antibodies leaking into the bloodstream. Due to the lack of information on the similar lectins and sequence detection in goats, we characterized the goat conglutinin gene using RACE and evaluated the differences in its gene expression profile, as well as in the gene expression profiles for surfactant protein A, galectins 14 and 11, interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma in goats. We used Saanen and Anglo Nubian F2 crossbred goats monitored over a period of four months and characterized them as resistant (R) or susceptible (S) based on the average values of EPG counts. Goat conglutinin was similar to bovine conglutinin, but its gene expression varied among different tissues. However, as with bovine conglutinin, it was most highly expressed in the liver. Variation in conglutinin (R=24.3±3.9; S=23.5±2.6, p=0.059), protein surfactant A (R=23.8±5.2, S=24.4±2.3, p=0.16), galectin 14 (R=15.9±3.5, S=14.7±6.2, p=0.49) and galectin l1 gene expression (R=25.4±2.6, S=25.8±3.7, p=0.53) was not significant between groups. However, there were weak correlations between interleukin 4 and the protein surfactant A gene (r=0.459, p=0.02) and between interleukin 4 and galectin 11 (r=0.498, p=0.01). Strong correlation between interferon-gamma and galectin 14 (r=0.744, p=0.00) was observed. Galectin 14 was negatively correlated with the number of nematodes in the goat (r=-0.416, p=0.04) as well as the EPG count (r=-0.408, p=0.04). This is the first study to date that identifies the gene expression of conglutinin, surfactant protein A and galectins 14 and 11 in the goat abomasum. In conclusion, we present evidence that lectin is involved in the immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes, which suggests that collectins and galectins are involved in the molecular recognition of helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M P S Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina M Lambert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Nishi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Saldaña
- Institute for Research on Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology (INGEBI-CONICET), Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geraldo G S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Gonçalo Muniz, Fiocruz, BA, Brazil
| | - Luis S Vieira
- National Research Center of Goats and Sheep, Embrapa, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Madruga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria Angela O Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Cantacessi C, Hofmann A, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Impact of next-generation technologies on exploring socioeconomically important parasites and developing new interventions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:437-474. [PMID: 25399114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput molecular and computer technologies have become instrumental for systems biological explorations of pathogens, including parasites. For instance, investigations of the transcriptomes of different developmental stages of parasitic nematodes give insights into gene expression, regulation and function in a parasite, which is a significant step to understanding their biology, as well as interactions with their host(s) and disease. This chapter (1) gives a background on some key parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance, (2) describes sequencing and bioinformatic technologies for large-scale studies of the transcriptomes and genomes of these parasites, (3) provides some recent examples of applications and (4) emphasizes the prospects of fundamental biological explorations of parasites using these technologies for the development of new interventions to combat parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Xie Y, Chen S, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Li D, Yu H, Wang C, Nong X, Zhou X, Gu X, Wang S, Peng X, Yang G. Potential of recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase antigen as a new vaccine candidate against Baylisascaris schroederi in mice. Vet Res 2013; 44:90. [PMID: 24090087 PMCID: PMC3851530 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal nematode Baylisascaris schroederi is an important cause of death for wild and captive giant pandas. Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) are critical for development and molting in nematode parasites and represent potential targets for vaccination. Here, a new PPase homologue, Bsc-PYP-1, from B. schroederi was identified and characterized, and its potential as a vaccine candidate was evaluated in a mouse challenge model. Sequence alignment of PPases from nematode parasites and other organisms show that Bsc-PYP-1 is a nematode-specific member of the family I soluble PPases. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong localization of native Bsc-PYP-1 to the body wall, gut epithelium, ovary and uterus of adult female worms. Additionally, Bsc-PYP-1 homologues were found in roundworms infecting humans (Ascaris lumbricoides), swine (Ascaris suum) and dogs (Toxocara canis). In two vaccine trials, recombinant Bsc-PYP-1 (rBsc-PYP-1) formulated with Freund complete adjuvant induced significantly high antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G but no IgE or IgM responses. Analysis of IgG-subclass profiles revealed a greater increase of IgG1 than IgG2a. Splenocytes from rBsc-PYP-1/FCA-immunized mice secreted low levels of T helper (Th)1-type cytokines, interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, while producing significantly high levels of IL-10 and significantly elevated levels of IL-4 (Th2 cytokines) after stimulation with rBsc-PYP-1 in vitro. Finally, vaccinated mice had 69.02–71.15% reductions (in 2 experiments) in larval recovery 7 days post-challenge (dpc) and 80% survival at 80 dpc. These results suggest that Th2-mediated immunity elicited by rBsc-PYP-1 provides protection against B. schroederi, and the findings should contribute to further development of Bsc-PYP-1 as a candidate vaccine against baylisascariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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12
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Lertanekawattana S, Wichatrong T, Chaisari K, Uchikawa R, Arizono N. Immunological characteristics of patients infected with common intestinal helminths: results of a study based on reverse-transcriptase PCR. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 99:71-80. [PMID: 15701258 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x19892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether common helminth infections could modify the intestinal immunopathological status of the host, the expression in the human duodenal mucosa of cytokines, eosinophil- and mast-cell-specific molecules and monosaccharide transporters of the glucose-transporter (GLUT) family was explored. The 31 subjects were all patients at the gastro-intestinal disease unit of Nongkhai Hospital, Thailand. Four of the 10 patients who presented with eosinophilia (> or = 6.0% of their leucocytes were eosinophils), and five of the other 21 patients, had intestinal infections with helminths when they presented or within the previous 3 months. Studies based on semi-quantitative, reverse-transcriptase PCR revealed that the interleukin-5/interferon-gamma ratio was significantly higher in the noneosinophilic, helminth-infected patients than in the non-eosinophilic, uninfected patients, whereas the IgE receptor type I (Fc epsilon RI)/mast-cell tryptase ratio was significantly higher in the eosinophilic, helminth-infected patients than in the eosinophilic, uninfected patients. Expression of Charcot-Leyden-crystal protein, GLUT-1 and GLUT-5, however, showed no significant inter-group differences. Principal-components analysis of the data on eosinophils, interleukin-5, interferon-gamma, Fc epsilon RI and mast-cell tryptase revealed that one principal component could discriminate the patients who had helminth infection from the non-eosinophilic, uninfected patients, but not from the eosinophilic, uninfected patients. These results indicate that, whatever the intestinal pathology, patients infected with common intestinal helminths tend to develop a mucosal immunological response of the Th2 type.
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Burton OT, Darling AR, Zhou JS, Noval-Rivas M, Jones TG, Gurish MF, Chatila TA, Oettgen HC. Direct effects of IL-4 on mast cells drive their intestinal expansion and increase susceptibility to anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:740-50. [PMID: 23149659 PMCID: PMC3600405 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 has critical roles in allergic disorders, including food hypersensitivity. The direct effects of the cytokine on the survival and function of mast cells, the key effectors of food anaphylaxis, have not been established. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-4 induces a marked intestinal mastocytosis in mice. This phenotype is reproduced in animals expressing Il4rαF709, an activating variant of the IL-4 receptor α-chain (IL-4Rα). Il4rαF709 mice exhibit enhanced anaphylactic reactions but unaltered physiological responses to vasoactive mediators. IL-4 induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) and enhances survival and stimulates proliferation in cultured bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). These effects are STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6)-dependent and are amplified in Il4rαF709 BMMC. In competitive bone marrow chimeras, Il4rαF709 mast cells display a substantial competitive advantage over wild-type mast cells, which, in turn, prevail over IL-4Rα⁻/⁻ mast cells in populating the intestine, establishing a cell-intrinsic effect of IL-4 in intestinal mast cell homeostasis. Our results demonstrate that IL-4-signaling is a key determinant of mast cell expansion in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alanna R Darling
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph S Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Magali Noval-Rivas
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tatiana G Jones
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael F Gurish
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Hans C. Oettgen, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, Tel: 617-919-2488, Fax: 617-730-0528,
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14
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Hernández-Cervantes R, Quintanar-Stephano A, Moreno-Méndoza N, López-Griego L, López-Salazar V, Hernández-Bello R, Carrero JC, Morales-Montor J. Regulation of intestinal immune response by selective removal of the anterior, posterior, or entire pituitary gland in Trichinella spiralis infected golden hamsters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59486. [PMID: 23555042 PMCID: PMC3598742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of anterior pituitary hormones on the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals has been previously reported. Hypophysectomy (HYPOX) in the rat causes atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, and reduction of gastric secretion and intestinal absorption, as well as increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. However, to our knowledge, no findings have been published concerning the immune response following HYPOX during worm infection, particularly that which is caused by the nematode Trichinella spiralis. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of total or partial HYPOX on colonization of T. spiralis in the intestinal lumen, together with duodenal and splenic cytokine expression. Our results indicate that 5 days post infection, only neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL) reduces the number of intestinally recovered T. spiralis larvae. Using semiquantitative inmunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy, we observed that the mean intensity of all tested Th1 cytokines was markedly diminished, even in the duodenum of infected controls. In contrast, a high level of expression of these cytokines was noted in the NIL infected hamsters. Likewise, a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of Th2 cytokines (with the exception of IL-4) was apparent in the duodenum of control and sham infected hamsters, compared to animals with NIL surgeries, which showed an increase in the expression of IL-5 and IL-13. Histology of duodenal mucosa from NIL hamsters showed an exacerbated inflammatory infiltrate located along the lamina propria, which was related to the presence of the parasite. We conclude that hormones from each pituitary lobe affect the gastrointestinal immune responses to T. spiralis through various mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Hernández-Cervantes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Norma Moreno-Méndoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Lorena López-Griego
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Valeria López-Salazar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Julio César Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Distrito Federal, México
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15
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Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Majewski P, Brodaczewska K, Jóźwicka K, Doligalska M. Heligmosmoides polygyrus fourth stages induce protection against DSS-induced colitis and change opioid expression in the intestine. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:536-46. [PMID: 22889318 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary exposure of mice to the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces inflammation in an experimental model of colitis. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate whether the reduced inflammation provoked by H. polygyrus L4 larvae in BALB/c mice treated with dextran sulphate sodium is associated with changed expression of opioids in the small intestine and colon. Colitis was induced by 5% Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) oral administration for 3 days before oral infection with 200 infective larvae (L3) H. polygyrus until the end of the experiment, 6 days post-infection. Clinical disease symptoms were monitored daily. The expressions of proopiomelanocortin POMC1, MOR1 (Oprm1) - opioid receptor and β-endorphin were determined by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunoassay, respectively, in the colon and small intestine of mice. RT-PCR analysis of colon tissues showed up-regulation of the expression of POMC and MOR1 opioid-dependent genes in mice with DSS-induced colitis. H. polygyrus L4 larvae inhibited DSS-induced colitis symptoms that were correlated with increased IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration, macrophages infiltration and MOR1, POMC and β-endorphin increased expression in the small intestine and inhibition of those in the colon.
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16
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de-la-Rosa-Arana JL, Campos-Rodríguez R, Rivera-Aguilar V, Escobar-Gutiérrez A, Miliar-García Á, Herrera-González NE, Jarillo-Luna RA. Comparative effects of levamisole, Staphylococcus, and Freund's adjuvant on rat immunization with excretory and secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1599-605. [PMID: 22752699 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A comparison was made of the effects of levamisole, the bacterial fractions of Staphylococcus, and Freund's adjuvant on the immunization of rats with the excretory and secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. Wistar rats were immunized with the antigen and a saline solution, levamisole (LV), Staphylococcus (ST), or Freund's adjuvant (FA). After immunization, rats were infected, and the parasite burden at muscular phase was calculated for each group. Levels of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, as well as levels of two cytokines, IL-4 and IFN-γ, were evaluated during the immunization and postinfection periods. Differences were found in the kinetics of antibody production between groups (p < 0.01). In all cases, there was reactivity with the main 45-, 50-, and 55-kDa antigens of Trichinella muscle larvae. Immunization with FA and ST enhanced the production of IgG1, but only FA showed a significant increase in the production of IFN-γ (p < 0.01), resulting in 86% protection against the infection. In contrast, only 60-70% protection was attained in the ST and LV groups (p < 0.01). These data support the idea that levamisole and Staphylococcus can be used as adjuvant to enhance the humoral response and, at the same time, demonstrate that IFN-γ could be involved in protection against Trichinella.
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17
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Cantacessi C, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Key strongylid nematodes of animals — Impact of next-generation transcriptomics on systems biology and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:469-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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A Single Dose of Oral BCG Moreau Fails to Boost Systemic IFN-γ Responses to Tuberculin in Children in the Rural Tropics: Evidence for a Barrier to Mucosal Immunization. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:132583. [PMID: 22287972 PMCID: PMC3263634 DOI: 10.1155/2012/132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to oral vaccines are impaired in populations living in conditions of poverty in developing countries, and there is evidence that concurrent geohelminth infections may contribute to this effect. We vaccinated 48 children living in rural communities in Ecuador with a single oral dose of 100 mg of BCG Moreau RDJ and measured the frequencies of tuberculin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing IFN-γ before and after vaccination. Vaccinated children had active ascariasis (n = 20) or had been infected but received short- (n = 13) or long-term (n = 15) repeated treatments with albendazole prior to vaccination to treat ascariasis. All children had a BCG scar from neonatal vaccination. There was no evidence of a boosting of postvaccination IFN-γ responses in any of the 3 study groups. Our data provide support for the presence of a barrier to oral vaccination among children from the rural tropics that appeared to be independent of concurrent ascariasis.
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19
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Piekarska J, Miśta D, Houszka M, Króliczewska B, Zawadzki W, Gorczykowski M. Trichinella spiralis: The influence of short chain fatty acids on the proliferation of lymphocytes, the goblet cell count and apoptosis in the mouse intestine. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:419-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Interactive effects of protein nutrition, genetic growth potential and Heligmosomoides bakeri infection pressure on resilience and resistance in mice. Parasitology 2011; 138:1305-15. [PMID: 21767435 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ability of animals to cope with an increasing parasite load, in terms of resilience and resistance, may be affected by both nutrient supply and demand. Here, we hypothesized that host nutrition and growth potential interact and influence the ability of mice to cope with different parasite doses. Mice selected for high (ROH) or low (ROL) body weight were fed a low (40 g/kg; LP) or high (230 g/kg; HP) protein diet and infected with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 L3 infective Heligmosomoides bakeri larvae. ROH-LP mice grew less at doses of 150 L3 and above, whilst growth of ROH-HP and of ROL mice was not affected by infection pressure. Total worm burdens reached a plateau at doses of 150L3, whilst ROH mice excreted fewer worm eggs than ROL mice. Serum antibodies increased with infection dose and ROH mice were found to have higher parasite-specific IgG1 titres than ROL mice. In contrast, ROL had higher total IgE titres than ROH mice, only on HP diets. The interaction between host nutrition and growth potential appears to differentially affect resilience and resistance in mice. However, the results support the view that parasitism penalises performance in animals selected for higher growth.
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21
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Ibelli A, Nakata L, Andréo R, Coutinho L, Oliveira M, Amarante A, Furlong J, Zaros L, Regitano L. mRNA profile of Nellore calves after primary infection with Haemonchus placei. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176:195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Nitric oxide and respiratory helminthic diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:958108. [PMID: 20169170 PMCID: PMC2821625 DOI: 10.1155/2010/958108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a very simple molecule that displays very important functions both in helminths (mainly those involved in respiratory pathology) and in mammalian hosts. In this paper we review four issues related to interaction of NO and lung helminthic diseases. Firstly, we evaluated data available on the NO synthesis and release by helminths and their biological role. Next, we summarized the effect of antigens obtained from different phases of the biological cycle on NO production by host mammalian cells (mainly from human sources). Thirdly, we revised the evaluation of NO on the biological activities and/or the viability of respiratory helminths. Lastly, the deleterious consequences of increased production of NO during helminthic human infection are detailed.
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23
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Abstract
There is limited data on the human mucosal immune response to geohelminths, but extensive data from experimental animals. Geohelminth infections may modulate mucosal immunity with effects on parasite expulsion or persistence and mucosal inflammation. Geohelminths are considered to have important effects on immunity to mucosal vaccines, infectious disease susceptibility, and anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. This review will discuss the findings of studies of human immunity to geohelminths and their potential effects on non-parasite mucosal immune responses. Such effects are likely to be of public health importance in middle- and low-income countries where these parasites are endemic. There is a need for human studies on the effects of geohelminth infections on mucosal immunity and the potential for anthelmintic treatment to modify these effects. Such studies are likely to provide important insights into the regulation of mucosal immunity and inflammation, and the development of more effective mucosal vaccines.
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24
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Lee KJ, Jin D, Chang BS, Teng YC, Kim DH. The immunological effects of electrolyzed reduced water on the Echinostoma hortense infection in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:456-62. [PMID: 19252295 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) is widely used for drinking by people in Asia. The purpose of this study was to examine the immunological effect of ERW on the immunity of animals by supplying ERW to C57BL/6 mice infected with Echinostoma hortense metacercariae. In the non-infected groups, interleukin (IL)-4 (p < 0.001), IL-5, IL-10, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and immunoglobulin (Ig) A expression of the group fed ERW (ERW group) increased in small intestine compared with the normal control group. In the case of infected groups, the group fed ERW (ERW+E. hortense group) showed the result that IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and Ig A expression increased, but IL-1beta and TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) decreased, and the number of goblet cells (p < 0.001) and helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) positive cells increased compared with the group without feeding ERW. However, adult worm recovery rate was markedly increased (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the expression of all the cytokines except IL-10 in spleen was mildly increased but not significant statistically, and there was no significant difference in the numerical changes of white blood cell (WBC). These results indicate that feeding ERW may have influence on the local immune response (Th-1 type cytokines such as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) in the small intestine but not on the systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Jae Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gang Won, South Korea
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25
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The effect of intestinal trichinellosis on oral bioavailability of albendazole in mice. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:65-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Michels CE, Scales HE, Saunders KA, McGowan S, Brombracher F, Alexander J, Lawrence CE. Neither interleukin-4 receptor alpha expression on CD4+ T cells, or macrophages and neutrophils is required for protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis. Immunology 2008; 128:e385-94. [PMID: 19191917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper type 2 (Th2) mediated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis requires interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) expression on both bone-marrow-derived and non-bone-marrow-derived cells. To more definitively investigate the role of IL-4/IL-13 responsiveness in the development of protective immunity to T. spiralis, cell-specific IL-4Ralpha signalling on CD4(+) T cells (Lck(cre) IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) and macrophages/neutrophils (LysM(cre) IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) was analysed on the BALB/c background. Infection of wild-type and control IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice induced a Th2-type immune response with elevated IL-4 cytokine production, parasite-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), total IgE, intestinal mastocytosis and enteropathy. In contrast, global IL-4Ralpha-deficient BALB/c mice showed reduced worm expulsion, antibody production, intestinal mastocytosis and gut pathology. BALB/c mice generated with cell-specific deletion of IL-4Ralpha on CD4(+) T lymphocytes or macrophages/neutrophils, controlled gastrointestinal helminth infection by eliciting a protective immune response comparable to that observed with wild-type and IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) controls. Together, this shows that the development of host protective Th2 responses accompanied by parasite loss is independent of IL-4Ralpha expression on CD4(+) T cells and macrophages/neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney E Michels
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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27
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Yépez-Mulia L, Montaño-Escalona C, Fonseca-Liñán R, Muñoz-Cruz S, Arizmendi-Puga N, Boireau P, Ortega-Pierres G. Differential activation of mast cells by antigens from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae, adults, and newborn larvae. Vet Parasitol 2008; 159:253-7. [PMID: 19054621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) hyperplasia and activation are prominent features in Trichinella spiralis infection. Indeed a temporal correlation has been shown between the kinetics of intestinal mastocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators from MC, and adult worm loss, which constitutes a major component of the defense against T. spiralis infection. It is well known that during the intestinal phase of trichinellosis, muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms (AD) enter into contact with the host; however, interaction with MC may also occur during migration of newborn larvae (NBL). Therefore, it is plausible that antigens from these developmental stages could activate MC. We have previously demonstrated by in vitro assays that T. spiralis muscle larval (TSL-1) antigens activate MC through an Ig-independent mechanism leading to the release of histamine, MC protease 5, IL-4 and TNF alpha. In this work we evaluated whether total antigens from AD or NBL could activate unsensitized MC and we compared this activation with the activation seen when MC are stimulated with TSL-1 antigens. MC activation was also tested with affinity chromatography purified antigens from NBL using the monoclonal antibody CE-4 that recognizes NBL surface components. The results obtained in this study showed that AD total extracts and TSL-1 antigens induced the release of histamine but not beta-hexosaminidase from unsensitized MC, suggesting a selective secretion of MC mediators. In contrast, NBL total extracts or purified NBL antigens did not induce the release of either histamine or beta-hexosaminidase from MC. Interestingly, AD and ML are the stages that interact with the host during the intestinal phase of infection. The mechanisms involved in TSL-1 and AD activation of unsensitized MC may function together with other mechanisms of MC activation in host protection against T. spiralis.
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28
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Bednarska M, Bajer A, Sinski E. Cryptosporidium parvum: The course of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in C57BL/6 mice co-infected with the nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Morris KR, Bean AG, Bruce MP, Broadway MM, O’Neil TE, Andrew ME, Emmins JJ, Strom DG. Administration of Porcine Interleukin-3 Induces Increased Levels of Blood Eosinophils. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:435-44. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten R. Morris
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G.D. Bean
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew P. Bruce
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary M. Broadway
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri E. O’Neil
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marion E. Andrew
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John J. Emmins
- Monash University Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - David G. Strom
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Heath Laboratory (AAHL), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major cause of anemia and malnutrition in resource-poor countries. Human and animal studies suggest that infection with these intestinal nematodes is associated with impaired cellular immunity, characterized by reduced lymphocyte proliferation in response to both parasite and heterologous antigens. We report here data from studies aimed at defining mechanisms through which hookworms modulate the host cellular immune response. Splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from hamsters infected with Ancylostoma ceylanicum showed minimal proliferation in response to mitogen at days 20 and 30 postinfection (p.i.), with partial recovery noted at day 70 p.i. The proliferative capacity of enriched splenocyte T-cell preparations from infected animals following stimulation with hookworm antigens was partially restored in the presence of antigen-presenting cells from uninfected hamsters. Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that hookworm infection is associated with reduced percentages of both CD4(+) and surface immunoglobulin G-positive lymphocytes in the spleen and MLN cells. Splenocytes from infected hamsters also secreted more nitric oxide (NO) in culture than did those from naïve animals. Inhibition of NO secretion was associated with partial restoration of the proliferative capacity of splenocytes from infected animals in response to concanavalin A, suggesting a role for NO in mediating this effect. Together, these data demonstrate that hookworm infection is associated with impaired function of antigen-presenting cells and depletion of important lymphocyte subpopulations and also suggests a role for NO in parasite-induced immunosuppression.
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31
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ATHANASIADOU S, HUNTLEY JF. Emerging technologies and their applications in interactions between nutrition and immunity to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. Parasite Immunol 2008; 30:101-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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32
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Bourgeois AC, Scott ME, Sabally K, Koski KG. Low dietary boron reduces parasite (nematoda) survival and alters cytokine profiles but the infection modifies liver minerals in mice. J Nutr 2007; 137:2080-6. [PMID: 17709446 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.9.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although boron (B) is an essential trace mineral, any interactions that it may have with gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections are unknown. This study explored whether low dietary B would: 1) alter survival or reproduction of Heligmosomoides bakeri (Nematoda); 2) modify the resulting cytokine response to this parasitic infection; or 3) influence liver mineral concentrations in the infected host. Balb/c mice were fed either a low-B (0.2 microg B/g), marginal (2.0 microg B/g), or control (12.0 microg B/g) diet. Diets commenced 3 wk before a primary infection and were fed for 4 wk (primary infection protocol) and 8-9 wk (challenge infection protocol). Mice were killed 6 d post-primary infection (d6ppi), or dewormed then reinfected (challenge infection protocol) and killed 14 or 21 d post-challenge infection (d14pci or d21pci, respectively). Low and marginal dietary B intakes impaired survival of the parasite, reduced intestinal inflammation, and modulated a broad range of cytokines and chemokines despite similar liver B concentrations in diet groups. Compared with control mice, cytokine production was lower following low and marginal B intakes at d6ppi but was elevated at d21pci. Serum alkaline phosphatase was higher at d6ppi than at d14pci and d21pci. Compared with d14pci, liver zinc, iron, and B concentrations were reduced at d21pci when worm numbers were also lower, whereas concentrations of sodium, potassium, molybdenum, chromium, and sulfur were higher. This study shows that parasite survival and cytokine and inflammatory responses are modified by dietary B intake but indicates that a GI nematode infection alters liver mineral concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie-Claude Bourgeois
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9
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33
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MHC-associated mating strategies and the importance of overall genetic diversity in an obligate pair-living primate. Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-007-9186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Alkazmi LMM, Dehlawi MS, Behnke JM. The effect of the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum on the mucosal architecture of the small intestine in hamsters. J Helminthol 2007; 80:397-407. [PMID: 17125550 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHookworms are known to cause marked changes to the intestinal mucosa, especially in relation to erosion of the villi. However, since the development of enteropathy has not been examined thoroughly through quantitative experiments on infected animals, the results of experiments conducted in hamsters infected with Ancylostoma ceylanicum are reported. Changes to intestinal architecture were first apparent between 12 and 14 days after infection, and then increased in intensity for 3–4 weeks, persisting for as long as worms were present (>63 days). Following infection, the height of villi declined from a mean of 1002 μm in naïve controls to less than 200 μm and as low as 18 μm in one case. The depth of the crypts of Lieberkuhn increased from a baseline value of 166 μm in naïve controls to in excess of 600 μm within 6 weeks of infection. Mitotic figures had a baseline value of 5.5 per villus-crypt unit, and this rose to in excess of 25 in some experiments. Changes were dependent on the intensity of the parasite burden on day 20, but by 30 days after infection changes in all three values were maximal and density-dependent relationships were no longer clearly apparent. Villus height and crypt depth returned to near normal values within a week of the removal of worms, although group means for both remained different from naïve controls for at least 3 weeks after treatment. Cellular division, as reflected in numbers of mitotic figures, stayed elevated for over 5 weeks after removal of worms. The results suggest that enteropathy in hookworm infections stems from a combination of intestinal immune responses and from the grazing activities of the adult worms on the mucosal surface, but is not sufficient per se for expulsion of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M M Alkazmi
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Rodrigues RR, Gennari SM, Guerra JL, Contieri MB, Abdalla AL, Vitti DMSS. Histopathological changes during experimental infections of calves withCooperia punctata. J Helminthol 2007; 78:167-71. [PMID: 15153289 DOI: 10.1079/joh2003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEleven male two-month-old Holstein calves were used to determine the pathological changes induced by aCooperia punctatainfection. After weaning, ten calves received a single oral dose of 45,000C. punctatainfective larvae. One calf remained as a non-infected control. Groups of two calves were killed on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-infection (p.i.) for determination of worm burdens and histopathological evaluation. The small intestine was sub-divided into three sections of approximately equal length, and representative samples of mucosa were fixed in 10% formalin, cut, and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Samples of intestinal contents and mucosal digests were taken and fixed in 10% formalin for an estimation of total worm burdens. An increase in the number of adult parasites and a decrease in the number of larvae were observed with time (P<0.001). A higher concentration of worms was found in the first segment of the small intestine during the five weeks of observation. Histology showed larvae in the intestinal mucosa on day 7 p.i., with a discrete increase in the cellular response. Adult worms and a marked cellular infiltrate with eosinophils and neutrophils were present on day 21 p.i., and these persisted until day 35 p.i. Microcysts resulting from worm destruction were observed from day 21 p.i.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Rodrigues
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário 303, CEP 13.400-970, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Reddy A, Fried B. The use of Trichuris suis and other helminth therapies to treat Crohn’s disease. Parasitol Res 2007; 100:921-7. [PMID: 17206504 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infections with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are prevalent worldwide, despite the fact that anti-helminthic medications are regarded as safe, efficient, and widely available globally. In this review, we highlight the potential therapeutic benefits that may be realized through the clinical use of Trichuris suis and other helminths for Crohn's disease (CD). Long-lived helminthic parasites are remarkable in their ability to down-regulate host immunity, protecting themselves from elimination, and also minimize severe pathological host changes. This review summarizes what is known about the underlying mechanisms that may account for the observed patterns in humans treated with helminths for CD. The Th2 arm of the immune system is emphasized as a component of primary importance in the association between the host immune system and GI nematode infections. Although GI nematode infections in humans cause significant morbidity and mortality, the existence and nature of protective mechanisms these helminths may confer remain largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Reddy
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA.
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Toledo R, Esteban JG, Fried B. Immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2006; 63:285-365. [PMID: 17134655 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)63004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the significant literature on the immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. We emphasize information on selected species in six families for which the literature on these topics is extensive. The families are Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Gymnophallidae, Heterophyidae, and Paramphistomidae. For most of these families, coverage is considered under the following headings: (i) background; (ii) pathology of the infection; (iii) immunology of the infection; (iv) immunodiagnosis; and (v) human infection. Some of these heading have been subdivided further, based on the literature available on a particular topic. Following this coverage, we include a final section on the important topical literature on selected trematodes in families other than the six mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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Saunders KA, Raine T, Cooke A, Lawrence CE. Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection. Infect Immun 2006; 75:397-407. [PMID: 17043101 PMCID: PMC1828378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00664-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections are prevalent worldwide and are potent inducers of T helper 2 responses with the capacity to modulate the immune response to heterologous antigens. Parasitic helminth infection has even been shown to modulate the immune response associated with autoimmune diseases. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice provide a model for studying human autoimmune diabetes; as in humans, the development of diabetes in NOD mice has been linked to the loss of self-tolerance to beta cell autoantigens. Previous studies with the NOD mouse have shown that helminth and bacterial infection appears to inhibit type 1 diabetes by disrupting the pathways leading to the Th1-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. The aim of our study was to examine whether infection with the gastrointestinal helminths Trichinella spiralis or Heligmosomoides polygyrus could inhibit the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice and to analyze the mechanisms involved in protection and the role of Th2 responses. Protection from diabetes was afforded by helminth infection, appeared to inhibit autoimmune diabetes by disrupting pathways leading to the destruction of beta cells, and was mediated by seemingly independent mechanisms depending on the parasite but which may be to be related to the capacity of the host to mount a Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Saunders
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom
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Venturiello SM, Verzoletti ML, Costantino SN, Forastiero MA, Roux ME. Early pulmonary response in rats infected with Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 2006; 134:281-8. [PMID: 17040611 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The migratory stage of Trichinella spiralis, the newborn larva, travels along the pulmonary microvascular system on its way to the striated muscle cells. In the present study, an important inflammatory reaction was observed on days 5 and 14 post-infection (p.i.) in the lungs of infected rats. This inflammation was characterized by a Th2 cell phenotype of hyperplastic bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and by goblet cell hyperplasia. Among the inflammatory cells were eosinophils and mast cells scattered over the pulmonary parenchyma. On day 5 p.i. the number of IgE(+), CD4(+) and CD5(+) cells in the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue were increased and IgE-secreting lung cells were also detected. At the end of the migratory phase of the infection (day 14 p.i.), only IgE(+) cells were detected in high numbers and in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, an increment in the total IgE levels as well as the presence of IgE and IgA anti-larvae surface were also detected. In cytotoxicity assays, cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage had considerable biological activity since they were able to kill the larvae even in the absence of specific antibodies. These results show that the lung is an organ involved in the immune response developed early during a T. spiralis infection and suggest its importance in the protection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Venturiello
- Chair of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Humoral Immunity Studies Institute CONICET, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Dehlawi MS, Mahida YR, Hughes K, Wakelin D. Effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on intestinal pathology in mice lacking interleukin-4 (IL-4) or intestinal trefoil factor (ITF/TFF3). Parasitol Int 2006; 55:207-11. [PMID: 16814598 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Trichinella spiralis induces pathological changes in the small intestine of the host, which are known to be controlled by immune and inflammatory mediators. The detail of this control has still to be completely understood. Mice deficient in interleukin 4 (IL-4) or in intestinal trefoil factor/trefoil family factor 3 (ITF/TFF3) were infected with T. spiralis and the resultant changes in the intestinal mucosa followed by quantifying numbers of mucosal mast cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells and by monitoring structural changes in villus length and crypt depth. Mice lacking IL-4 were unable to mount a normal protective response to infection, such that worm survival was increased. These mice failed to mount a mucosal mast cell response, but did make goblet cell and Paneth cell responses comparable to normal controls. Mice lacking ITF/TFF3 similarly made normal levels of goblet cell and Paneth cell responses. They also underwent profound changes in mucosal architecture, with marked villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. These results are discussed in relation to known patterns of T cell and cytokine control of protective immunity to T. spiralis. They suggest that increased numbers of goblet cell and Paneth cell are not, by themselves, required for protective immunity. ITF/TFF3 appears not to influence cellular responses and does not alter parasite-induced pathological changes in the small intestine.
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von Allmen N, Christen S, Forster U, Gottstein B, Welle M, Müller N. Acute trichinellosis increases susceptibility to Giardia lamblia infection in the mouse model. Parasitology 2006; 133:139-49. [PMID: 16677442 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia causes diarrhoea in humans and animals. In the present study, we used the C57BL/6 inbred mouse model to assess the impact of a nematode (Trichinella spiralis) infection on the course of a G. lamblia (clone GS/M-83-H7) infection. Acute trichinellosis coincided with transient intestinal inflammation and generated an intestinal environment that strongly promoted growth of G. lamblia trophozoites although the local anti-Giardia immunoglobulin (Ig) A production was not affected. This increased G. lamblia infection intensity correlated with intestinal mast cell infiltration, mast cell degranulation, and total IgE production. Furthermore, a G. lamblia single-infection investigated in parallel also resulted in intestinal mast cell accumulation but severe infiltration was triggered in the absence of IgE. Recently, intestinal mast cells emerging during a G. lamblia infection were reported to be involved in those immunological mechanisms that control intestinal proliferation of the parasite in mice. This anti-giardial activity was assumed to be related to the capacity of mast cells to produce IL-6. However, this previous assumption was questioned by our present immunohistological findings indicating that murine intestinal mast cells, activated during a G. lamblia infection were IL-6-negative. In the present co-infection experiments, mast cells induced during acute trichinellosis were not able to control a concurrent G. lamblia infection. This observation makes it feasible that the T. spiralis infection created an immunological and physiological environment that superimposed the anti-giardial effect of mast cells and thus favoured intestinal growth of G. lamblia trophozoites in double-infected mice. Furthermore, our findings raise the possibility that intestinal inflammation e.g. as a consequence of a 'pre-existing' nematode infection is a factor which contributes to increased susceptibility of a host to a G. lamblia infection. The phenomenon of a 'pre-existing' nematode infection prior to a G. lamblia infection is a frequent constellation in endemic areas of giardiasis and may therefore have a direct impact on the epidemiological situation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N von Allmen
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, P.O. Box 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
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Islam MK, Miyoshi T, Tsuji N. Vaccination with recombinant Ascaris suum 24-kilodalton antigen induces a Th1/Th2-mixed type immune response and confers high levels of protection against challenged Ascaris suum lung-stage infection in BALB/c mice. Int J Parasitol 2006; 35:1023-30. [PMID: 15998515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that antigens from various life-cycle stages of Ascaris suum can induce host-protective immunity against challenge infections with infective eggs of A. suum. This study evaluated whether Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant 24-kDa antigen from A. suum (rAs24) was a suitable vaccine candidate for the control of Ascaris infections by examining its performance in a mouse model. Immunization of BALB/c mice in three consecutive doses with rAs24 in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) results in protection against challenge infections as manifested by a 58% reduction (P<0.001) in recovery and stunted development of A. suum lung-stage larvae at day 7 post-challenge. Sera obtained from immune protected mice had a significantly increased level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (P<0.0001) but had no IgE response. Analysis of IgG-subclass profiles revealed that IgG1 (P<0.0001) showed the greatest increase followed by IgG2b (P<0.005), IgG2a (P<0.006) and IgG3 (P<0.04). Splenic T cells from rAs24-FCA immunized mice secreted significantly high levels of both Th1 cytokine gamma-interferon (P<0.005) and Th2 cytokine interleukin-10 (P<0.001) after stimulation with rAs24 in vitro. Interestingly, affinity purified anti-rAs24 IgG was shown to inhibit moulting of A. suum lung-stage L3 to L4 in vitro by 26%, indicating an in vivo function of the endogenous As24 in the moulting processes. An intense expression of endogenous As24 in the hypodermis and gut epithelium of A. suum lung-stage L3 by immunofluorescence supports a function for endogenous As24. These findings may contribute to the understanding of rAs24-induced Th1/Th2-mediated effector mechanisms required for the protection of A. suum lung-stage larval infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khyrul Islam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Sommer S. The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation. Front Zool 2005; 2:16. [PMID: 16242022 PMCID: PMC1282567 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have typically inferred the effects of human impact by documenting patterns of genetic differentiation and levels of genetic diversity among potentially isolated populations using selective neutral markers such as mitochondrial control region sequences, microsatellites or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). However, evolutionary relevant and adaptive processes within and between populations can only be reflected by coding genes. In vertebrates, growing evidence suggests that genetic diversity is particularly important at the level of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC variants influence many important biological traits, including immune recognition, susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases, individual odours, mating preferences, kin recognition, cooperation and pregnancy outcome. These diverse functions and characteristics place genes of the MHC among the best candidates for studies of mechanisms and significance of molecular adaptation in vertebrates. MHC variability is believed to be maintained by pathogen-driven selection, mediated either through heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection. Up to now, most of our knowledge has derived from studies in humans or from model organisms under experimental, laboratory conditions. Empirical support for selective mechanisms in free-ranging animal populations in their natural environment is rare. In this review, I first introduce general information about the structure and function of MHC genes, as well as current hypotheses and concepts concerning the role of selection in the maintenance of MHC polymorphism. The evolutionary forces acting on the genetic diversity in coding and non-coding markers are compared. Then, I summarise empirical support for the functional importance of MHC variability in parasite resistance with emphasis on the evidence derived from free-ranging animal populations investigated in their natural habitat. Finally, I discuss the importance of adaptive genetic variability with respect to human impact and conservation, and implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sommer
- Animal Ecology & Conservation, Biocentre Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Toledo R, Fried B. Echinostomes as experimental models for interactions between adult parasites and vertebrate hosts. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:251-4. [PMID: 15922241 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that, for years, have served as experimental models in different areas of parasitology. However, the usefulness of these trematodes in experimental parasitology has been underappreciated. In this article, we examine the characteristics that make echinostomes useful models for analysis of the interactions between adult parasites and vertebrate hosts, particularly in relation to the host-related factors that determine the establishment of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Muturi KN, Scaife JR, Lomax MA, Jackson F, Huntley J, Coop RL. The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on infection with the nematodes Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. Vet Parasitol 2005; 129:273-83. [PMID: 15845283 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced changes in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of immune cells influences the immune phenotype that develops following infection. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of manipulating dietary PUFA supply on tissue fatty acids composition and immunity to a mixed infection with an abomasal and an intestinal nematode parasite in calves. Calves (n=24) were allocated into two treatment groups and fed 25 g/day of either fish oil (n-3 group) or a binary mixture of palm/rapeseed oil (normal group) as a supplement in milk replacer. Within each treatment group eight calves were infected with 2000 L3 Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, three times per week for 8 weeks, the remaining calves were pair-fed uninfected controls. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were carried out twice weekly. At slaughter, the whole gut was removed intact for worm counts and tissue samples were taken for fatty acid analysis. Samples of abomasum, duodenum and mid-gut were also collected for immunohistological analysis. FEC were not significantly influenced by oil supplement but tended to remain higher in the palm/rapeseed oil-fed group (normal infected). The number of intestinal immature worms was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the n-3 group. Mucosal mast cell (MMC) and eosinophil numbers were significantly increased (p<0.05) by infection and were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the intestinal tissue of the fish oil supplemented and infected group (n-3 infected group). These results suggest that feeding an n-3 PUFA-rich supplement (fish oil) can influence cellular mediators of immunity to nematode infection. This is the first report of the establishment of patency and the subsequent development of immunity to a mixed infection with O. ostertagi and C. oncophora in calves undergoing early rumen development. The trend in the FEC, MMC and eosinophil numbers in the n-3 group suggests that decreasing the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio may be a worthwhile immunonutritional strategy for potentiating the immune response to nematode parasite infection in the calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Muturi
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Hilton Campus, Block M, Hilton Place, Aberdeen AB24 4FA, Scotland, UK
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Islam MK, Miyoshi T, Yamada M, Tsuji N. Pyrophosphatase of the roundworm Ascaris suum plays an essential role in the worm's molting and development. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1995-2004. [PMID: 15784540 PMCID: PMC1087427 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.1995-2004.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that inorganic pyrophosphatase of Ascaris suum (AsPPase) plays an important role in larval survival in the host. Here we describe a precise role for AsPPase in larval molting and development and also describe the potential role of recombinant AsPPase (rAsPPase) in protective immunity to A. suum infection. Using reverse transcriptase PCR analysis, we found that disruption of AsPPase gene function by RNA interference resulted in suppression of AsPPase mRNA levels. RNA interference also caused inhibition of molting of third-stage larvae (31%) and suppression of native protein expression, as demonstrated by a 56% reduction in enzyme activity and quantified by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses, suggesting that AsPPase has a role in the molting process. The anatomic location of the AsPPase native enzyme in the hypodermis of larvae along with its elevated expression prior to and during the molting process supports such a role. Anti-rAsPPase immunoglobulin G (IgG) also resulted in 57% inhibition of molting of A. suum lung-stage third-stage larvae to fourth-stage larvae in vitro with developmental arrest. Antigenic epitopes of AsPPase overlapped the enzyme active sites. Mice immunized with rAsPPase exhibited high antigen-specific IgG antibody responses and were protected (>70%) against a challenge A. suum migratory-phase infection. Splenic T cells from rAsPPase-immunized mice produced low levels of T helper 1-type cytokines (gamma interferon and interleukin-2) in vitro but exhibited an elevated interleukin-10 response. A significantly high level of IgG1 subclass antibodies was found in immunized mice. Our results establish that AsPPase has a critical role in the molting and development of Ascaris roundworms and suggest the potential of AsPPase for use as a candidate vaccine against ascariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khyrul Islam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural Research Organization, 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Pernthaner A, Cole SA, Morrison L, Hein WR. Increased expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha genes in intestinal lymph cells of sheep selected for enhanced resistance to nematodes during infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2175-83. [PMID: 15784560 PMCID: PMC1087415 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.2175-2183.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine gene expression in cells migrating in afferent and efferent intestinal lymph was monitored for extended time periods in individual sheep experimentally infected with the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Animals from stable selection lines with increased levels of either genetic resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to nematode infection were used. Genes for interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), but not for IL-4, IL-10, or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), were consistently expressed at higher levels in both afferent and efferent lymph cells of R sheep than in S sheep. However, only minor differences were observed in the surface phenotypes and antigenic and mitogenic responsiveness of cells in intestinal lymph between animals from the two selection lines. The IL-4 and IL-10 genes were expressed at higher levels in afferent lymph cells than in efferent lymph cells throughout the course of the nematode infection in animals of both genotypes, while the proinflammatory TNF-alpha gene was relatively highly expressed in both lymph types. These relationships notwithstanding, expression of the IL-10 and TNF-alpha genes declined significantly in afferent lymph cells but not in efferent lymph cells during infection. Collectively, the results showed that R-line sheep developed a strong polarization toward a Th2-type cytokine profile in immune cells migrating in lymph from sites where the immune response to nematodes was initiated, although the IFN-gamma gene was also expressed at moderate levels. Genes or alleles that predispose an animal to develop this type of response appear to have segregated with the R selection line and may contribute to the increased resistance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Pernthaner
- AgResearch Limited, Wallaceville Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 40063, Ward St., Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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48
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Diez-Tascón C, Keane OM, Wilson T, Zadissa A, Hyndman DL, Baird DB, McEwan JC, Crawford AM. Microarray analysis of selection lines from outbred populations to identify genes involved with nematode parasite resistance in sheep. Physiol Genomics 2005; 21:59-69. [PMID: 15623564 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00257.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes infect sheep grazing contaminated pastures. Traditionally, these have been controlled with anthelmintic drenching. The selection of animals resistant to nematodes is an alternative to complete reliance on drugs, but the genetic basis of host resistance is poorly understood. Using a 10,204 bovine cDNA microarray, we have examined differences in gene expression between genetically resistant and susceptible lambs previously field challenged with larval nematodes. Northern blot analysis for a selection of genes validated the data obtained from the microarrays. The results identified over one hundred genes that were differentially expressed based on conservative criteria. The microarray results were further analyzed to identify promoter motifs common to the differentially expressed genes. Motifs identified in upregulated gene promoters were primarily restricted to those promoters; however, motifs identified in downregulated gene promoters were also found in the promoters of upregulated genes but not in the promoters of genes whose expression was unaltered. Protein Annotators’ Assistant was used for lexical analysis of the differentially expressed genes, and Gene Ontology was used to look for metabolic and cell signaling pathways associated with parasite resistance. Two pathways represented by genes differentially expressed in resistant animals were those involved with the development of an acquired immune response and those related to the structure of the intestine smooth muscle. Genes involved in these processes appear from our analysis to be key genetic determinants of parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Diez-Tascón
- AgResearch, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Dawson HD, Beshah E, Nishi S, Solano-Aguilar G, Morimoto M, Zhao A, Madden KB, Ledbetter TK, Dubey JP, Shea-Donohue T, Lunney JK, Urban JF. Localized multigene expression patterns support an evolving Th1/Th2-like paradigm in response to infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1116-28. [PMID: 15664955 PMCID: PMC546930 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.1116-1128.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infectious diseases have been studied in pigs because the two species have common microbial, parasitic, and zoonotic organisms, but there has been no systematic evaluation of cytokine gene expression in response to infectious agents in porcine species. In this study, pigs were inoculated with two clinically and economically important parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Ascaris suum, and gene expression in 11 different tissues for 20 different swine Th1/Th2-related cytokines, cytokine receptors, and markers of immune activation were evaluated by real-time PCR. A generalized Th1-like pattern of gene expression was evident in pigs infected with T. gondii, along with an increased anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern during the recovery phase of the infection. In contrast, an elevated Th2-like pattern was expressed during the period of expulsion of A. suum fourth-stage larvae from the small intestine of pigs, along with low-level Th1-like and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Prototypical immune and physiological markers of infection were observed in bronchial alveolar lavage cells, small intestinal smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. This study validated the use of a robust quantitative gene expression assay to detect immune and inflammatory markers at multiple host tissue sites, enhanced the definition of two important swine diseases, and supported the use of swine as an experimental model for the study of immunity to infectious agents relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- Nutrient Requirements and Functions Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture, Bldg. 307C, Room 214, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Bian K, Zhong M, Harari Y, Lai M, Weisbrodt N, Murad F. Helminth regulation of host IL-4Ralpha/Stat6 signaling: mechanism underlying NOS-2 inhibition by Trichinella spiralis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3936-41. [PMID: 15741272 PMCID: PMC554809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409461102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infection is known to alter host T cell activation and has been used to study immune and inflammatory reactions in which nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile player. We previously demonstrated that Trichinella spiralis infection inhibits host inducible NO synthase (NOS-2) expression. We now demonstrate that (i) an IL-4 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-4Ralpha)/Stat6-dependent but T cell-independent pathway is the key for the nematode-induced host NOS-2 inhibition; (ii) endogenous IL-4 and IL-13, the only known IL-4Ralpha ligands, are not required for activating the pathway; and (iii) treatment of RAW264.7 cells with parasite-cultured medium inhibits NOS-2 expression but not cyclooxygenase 2 expression. We propose that a yet-unidentified substance is released by the nematode during the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Bian
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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