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Fernandez-Gallego A, Feo Bernabe L, Dalmau A, Esteban-Saltiveri D, Font A, Leiva M, Ortuñez-Navarro A, Peña MT, Tabar MD, Real-Sampietro L, Saló F, Lloret A, Bardagí M. Feline leishmaniosis: diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 16 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:993-1007. [PMID: 32053024 PMCID: PMC10814407 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20902865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease and in European countries is caused by Leishmania infantum. Cats are considered secondary reservoirs of the infection in endemic areas. The objective of this retrospective study is to describe the clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of feline leishmaniosis (FeL) in 16 cats in Spain. METHODS Medical records of cats diagnosed with leishmaniosis were retrospectively reviewed for cases that met the following inclusion criteria: identification of Leishmania organisms and/or DNA on cytological and/or histological specimens and/or a high anti-Leishmania antibody titre, compatible clinical findings and pathological abnormalities. RESULTS Sixteen cats met the inclusion criteria, all of which were living in areas endemic for canine leishmaniosis. Systemic signs were present in 11 cases (68.8%). The most common clinical signs on presentation included cutaneous lesions in 12 cats (75%), ocular disease in six cats (37.5%) and anorexia in six cats (37.5%). A polyclonal gammopathy was noted in 12 cats (85.7%). Non-regenerative anaemia and renal abnormalities were present in six (37.5%) and five patients (31.3%), respectively. In nine cats (56.3%), immunosuppressive conditions/comorbidities were identified. The diagnosis was made in eight of the cats (50%) by cytology, but a combination of diagnostic tests was needed for definitive diagnosis in the remaining patients. Twelve cats (75%) were treated specifically for leishmaniosis. Five of the 12 cats (41.7%) did not improve with treatment. The median survival time in the group of patients treated specifically for leishmaniosis was 17 months. Median survival of patients treated with concomitant diseases was 13 months vs 41 months in those without, although this was not statistically significant (P = 0.557). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Presentation of FeL appears to be similar to canine leishmaniosis but with some specific features: ulcerative and nodular skin lesions are the predominant cutaneous signs; cats with immunosuppressive conditions or coexisting diseases were more commonly present than typically seen in dogs (mainly feline immunodeficiency virus). A combination of diagnostic tests may be needed for definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Artur Font
- Hospital Ars Veterinaria, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Oftalmologia de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria-Teresa Peña
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Oftalmologia de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ferran Saló
- Dispensari Veterinari del Vallès, Rubí, Spain
| | - Albert Lloret
- Servei de Medicina Interna de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Bardagí
- Hospital Ars Veterinaria, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Figueiredo CG, Luchs A, Durigon EL, de Oliveira DBL, da Silva VB, Mello RM, Afonso AMS, de Oliveira MI. Frequency of congenital cytomegalovirus infections in newborns in the Sao Paulo State, 2010-2018. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e54. [PMID: 32756824 PMCID: PMC7458071 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections remain a neglected public health issue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of HCMV congenital infections in newborns up to 1 month in the Sao Paulo State, from 2010 to 2018. The molecular characterization of HCMV-positive samples was also undertaken. Urine samples from 275 potential congenital HCMV-infected patients were tested by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). HCMV-positive samples were amplified by conventional PCR targeting the UL89 gene, sequenced and searched for mutations. A total of 32 (11.6%) positive-HCMV cases were detected (mean Ct 30.59); mean and median age of 10.3 and 6 days old, respectively. Children aged between 0-3 weeks had higher HCMV detection rates (84.4%; 27/32). UL89 gene was successfully sequenced in two samples, both classified as the human betaherpesvirus 5. No described resistance-associated mutations were identified. A routine screening in newborns coupled with the genetic characterization of key viral genes is vital to decrease sequels associated with congenital HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ralyria Melyria Mello
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mazzei M, Vascellari M, Zanardello C, Melchiotti E, Vannini S, Forzan M, Marchetti V, Albanese F, Abramo F. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and RNAscope in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) as effective tools to diagnose feline herpesvirus-1-associated dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:491-e147. [PMID: 31486555 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1)-associated dermatitis is characterized by facial and nasal involvement; clinical and histopathological manifestations may overlap with other dermatitides. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the realibility of qRT-PCR-2- ΔΔC q and RNAscope in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) methods to diagnose FHV-1-associated dermatitis, in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. ANIMALS Sixteen FFPE samples from cats with facial dermatitis and four controls were studied. METHODS AND MATERIALS Based on histopathological features, cases were separated into: Group 1, samples with herpetic dermatitis (four); Group 2, samples with nonherpetic facial dermatitis (six); Group 3, samples with facial dermatitis of ambiguous nature (allergic or viral) (six); and Group 4, samples from healthy cats (four). A relative quantification using the 2- ΔΔC q method was used to estimate the "upregulation" of each FHV-1 target viral gene copies (glycoprotein-B and thymidine-kinase) relative to reference gene. Detection of FHV-1 mRNA was performed using the RNAscope 2.5 detection kit. RESULTS By 2- ΔΔC q analysis, upregulation of both FHV-1 genes was observed in all samples from Group 1 and two of six from Group 3. No upregulation was identified in samples from groups 2 and 4. Positive mRNA hybridization signal was observed in all cases from Group 1 and two cases of Group 3. No positivity was observed in samples from groups 2 and 4. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE QRT-PCR 2-ΔΔCq analysis and RNA-ISH can identify the FHV-1 genome as causative agent of the associated dermatitis, even where inclusion bodies are not detectable. Both techniques are functional in retrospective studies, have greater specificity than conventional PCR, and may be proposed for research and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Claudia Zanardello
- Private Veterinary Laboratory "LaVallonea", Via Giuseppe Sirtori 9, 20017 Passirana di Rho (MI), Italy
| | - Erica Melchiotti
- Private Veterinary Laboratory "LaVallonea", Via Giuseppe Sirtori 9, 20017 Passirana di Rho (MI), Italy
| | - Susanna Vannini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Forzan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Albanese
- Private Veterinary Laboratory "LaVallonea", Via Giuseppe Sirtori 9, 20017 Passirana di Rho (MI), Italy
| | - Francesca Abramo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Identification of Novel Gammaherpesviruses in a South American Fur Seal ( Arctocephalus australis) with Ulcerative Skin Lesions. J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:592-596. [PMID: 29595382 DOI: 10.7589/2017-09-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies on pathogens affecting free-ranging pinnipeds from South America. We employed molecular techniques to identify a gammaherpesvirus infection by two putative novel herpesvirus species: Otariid herpesvirus 5 (OtHV-5), possibly associated with ulcerative cutaneous lesions, and Otariid herpesvirus 6 (OtHV-6) in a wild South American fur seal ( Arctocephalus australis) that stranded alive in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. Here we provide new information regarding pinniped herpesviruses, important for the design of future disease surveillance studies.
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Backel K, Cain C. Skin as a marker of general feline health: Cutaneous manifestations of infectious disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1149-1165. [PMID: 29068251 PMCID: PMC10816623 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17735764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Infectious disease in feline patients often presents a diagnostic challenge. This article reviews the most relevant viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases and their cutaneous manifestations. Many of the diseases discussed have overlapping presentations or may mimic more common noninfectious disease processes. The purpose of the article is to reinforce knowledge of common and uncommon infectious diseases, help practitioners identify possible infectious dermatoses, create a comprehensive and prioritized differential list, and provide guidance for the diagnosis of these diseases. A working knowledge of these clinical syndromes is important if what is thought to be a case of a common disease does not respond to conventional management. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and especially those with an interest in feline dermatology. Tables are included to allow the reader to formulate a concise list of differential diagnoses for clinically similar presentations. The diagnostic approach to a case of ulcerative facial dermatitis is reviewed in a Case Notes quiz. Evidence base: This article includes up-to-date information regarding dermatologic manifestations of less commonly encountered feline cutaneous infectious diseases. Information has been drawn from the published, peer-reviewed literature and the most recent textbook chapters with a particular aim of describing and differentiating clinical lesions and the diagnostic approach to cutaneous disease, especially in unusual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Backel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Rolim VM, Pavarini SP, Campos FS, Pignone V, Faraco C, Muccillo MDS, Roehe PM, da Costa FVA, Driemeier D. Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of feline chronic gingivostomatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:403-409. [PMID: 26858258 PMCID: PMC11119643 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16628578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study presents the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of 26 cats with feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCG). Methods Oral mucosal biopsies, blood and swabs were collected from cats presenting with oral lesions. The tissue sections were submitted for histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis for feline calicivirus (FCV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The swabs were subjected to PCR analysis for FCV, and blood for FeLV and FIV. Results The main clinical findings were dysphagia (88.2%), halitosis (76.5%), sialorrhea (47.1%), weight loss (41.2%), intense oral discomfort (35.3%), oral hemorrhage (17.6%), and lackluster and fragile coat (11.8%). Gross inspection revealed bilateral lesions across the palatoglossal fold to the lateral tongue base. The lesions were diffuse, proliferative, intensely red and friable, and bled easily upon examination in 80.8% of cases. In 23.1% of cases, the lesions were multifocal to coalescent, at times forming multiple vesicles on a reddened, edematous palatoglossal fold. Microscopic examination showed that 15.4% of lesions had moderate (grade 2) and 84.6% had severe (grade 3) inflammation. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of FeLV antigens in the epithelium and the inflammatory infiltrate of 30.8% of the cats with FCG. FCV antigens were not detected in the FCG lesions. Conclusions and relevance The FCG cases analyzed could not be correlated with FCV. It is possible that FeLV plays a role as a causal agent of lesions in cases where the presence of the virus has been confirmed by immunohistochemistry in epithelial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Machado Rolim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Souza Campos
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Viviam Pignone
- Hospital Veterinary Clinics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Faraco
- Hospital Veterinary Clinics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Munson L, Wack R, Duncan M, Montali RJ, Boon D, Stalis I, Crawshaw GJ, Cameron KN, Mortenson J, Citino S, Zuba J, Junge RE. Chronic Eosinophilic Dermatitis Associated with Persistent Feline Herpes Virus Infection in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Vet Pathol 2016; 41:170-6. [PMID: 15017031 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-2-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A chronic ulcerative and eosinophilic dermatitis occurred in 20 captive cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus) with persistent feline herpes virus 1 (FHV1) infection. Affected animals had erythematous, ulcerated plaques primarily on the face and forelegs in sites of contact with lachrymal and salivary secretions. The dermatitis was characterized by dense infiltrates of eosinophils and plasma cells and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Rare keratinocytes within the lesions had nuclei with marginated chromatin and small eosinophilic inclusions composed of herpes virus nucleocapsids. Virus isolated from lesions was confirmed to be FHV1. Lesions persisted and progressed unless removed by cryoexcision. The occurrence of this unusual reaction to FHV1 in approximately 5% of captive North American cheetahs suggests a species propensity for a Th2-dominant response to herpes virus infection. This atypical immune reaction may indicate a heritable trait or modulation of the immune response by other factors such as chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Munson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Bettenay SV, Lappin MR, Mueller RS. An Immunohistochemical and Polymerase Chain Reaction Evaluation of Feline Plasmacytic Pododermatitis. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:80-3. [PMID: 17197627 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-1-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sections of 14 skin biopsies of cats with plasmacytic pododermatitis and a clinical follow-up of 12–36 months were stained with a polyclonal anti- Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Guerin = BCG) antibody cross-reactive to a broad spectrum of fungi and bacteria. All sections were negative for organisms within the actual footpad tissue with the anti-BCG antibody stains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that amplify the DNA of Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Chlamydophila felis, Mycoplasma spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) were applied to tissue digests. DNA of those pathogens assessed was not amplified from tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Bettenay
- Tierdermatologie Oberhaching, Oberhaching, Germany
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9
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Kleiboeker SB, Turnquist SE, Johnson PJ, Kreeger JM. Detection and Nucleotide Sequencing of a DNA-Packaging Protein Gene of Equine Gammaherpesviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:67-74. [PMID: 14974850 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, novel putative viral pathogens designated that asinine herpesvirus 4 (AsHV4) and asinine herpesvirus 5 (AsHV5) were associated with fatal interstitial pneumonia in donkeys ( Equus asinus). Nucleotide sequence analysis of a portion of the DNA polymerase gene identified these putative pathogens as herpesviruses and possibly as members of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Although similar to equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2) and equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV5), sequence diversity was observed among the detected viruses. In this study, novel sequence is reported for a DNA-packaging protein gene of EHV5 plus AsHV4, AsHV5, and a newly described putative pathogen herein designated asinine herpesvirus 6 (AsHV6). Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences suggested that the equine gammaherpesviruses may form a separate clade within the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Based on the sequence of EHV2 and the novel sequences reported in this study, a PCR assay was developed to detect equine gammaherpesviruses. Products of the predicted size were produced after amplification of DNA from EHV2, EHV5, AsHV4, AsHV5, and AsHV6. This nonnested assay was shown to consistently amplify approximately 10 genomic copies of EHV2. Amplification products were not produced from DNA template of other alpha- and gammaherpesviruses. Because the role of gammaherpesviruses has not been well defined in equine disease, it is envisioned that a single, sensitive PCR assay to detect these potential pathogens will facilitate further assessment of their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kleiboeker
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Shilton CM, Jerrett IV, Davis S, Walsh S, Benedict S, Isberg SR, Webb GJW, Manolis C, Hyndman TH, Phalen D, Brown GP, Melville L. Diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed Australian saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) reveals associations with herpesviral infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:279-90. [PMID: 27075848 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716642268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, 3 new disease syndromes have emerged in farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. We describe the syndromes through a retrospective study of laboratory findings from 187 diagnostic cases submitted to Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories between 2005 and 2014. The first syndrome was characterized by conjunctivitis and/or pharyngitis (CP), primarily in hatchlings. Herpesviruses were isolated in primary crocodile cell culture, or were detected by PCR directly from conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue, in 21 of 39 cases of CP (54%), compared with 9 of 64 crocodiles without the syndrome (14%, p < 0.0001). Chlamydiaceae were detected by PCR in conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue of 55% of 29 CP cases tested, and of these, 81% also contained herpesvirus. The second syndrome occurred in juveniles and growers exhibiting poor growth, and was characterized histologically by systemic lymphoid proliferation and nonsuppurative encephalitis (SLPE). Herpesviruses were isolated or detected by PCR from at least 1 internal organ in 31 of 33 SLPE cases (94%) compared with 5 of 95 crocodiles without the syndrome (5%, p < 0.0001). The third syndrome, characterized by multifocal lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the dermis (LNS), occurred in 6 harvest-sized crocodiles. Herpesviruses were isolated from at least 1 skin lesion in 4 of these 6 cases. Although our study revealed strong associations between herpesvirus and the CP and SLPE syndromes, the precise nature of the role of herpesvirus, along with the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the syndromes, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Ian V Jerrett
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Steven Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Susan Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Suresh Benedict
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Sally R Isberg
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Grahame J W Webb
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Charlie Manolis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - David Phalen
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Gregory P Brown
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
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11
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TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HERPESVIRAL DERMATITIS IN A CAPTIVE CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS) IN NAMIBIA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:641-6. [PMID: 26352979 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0206.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-yr-old male cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) housed at the Cheetah Conservation Fund in Namibia developed cutaneous lesions consisting of alopecia, erythema, ulceration, and crusting on the left fore and hind limbs. Histopathology of skin biopsies in conjunction with indirect fluorescent antibody and polymerase chain reaction testing confirmed a diagnosis of feline herpesvirus-1 dermatitis; microbial culture indicated secondary bacterial infection. Therapy included targeted systemic antimicrobial and antiviral treatment, topical medications, and repeated cryotherapy. Lesions exhibited varying degrees of clinical improvement but, overall, progressed in extent, size, and severity during the subsequent 2.5 yr of intense treatment. The cheetah was ultimately euthanized due to a guarded prognosis and concerns about poor quality of life. Potential factors initiating or contributing (or both) to the severity and nonhealing nature of the cutaneous lesions include chronic unidentified stress, altered immune system function, and other environmental influences.
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12
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Lappin MR, Roycroft LM. Effect of ciclosporin and methylprednisolone acetate on cats previously infected with feline herpesvirus 1. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:353-8. [PMID: 25204453 PMCID: PMC11104156 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14548865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a common ocular and respiratory pathogen of cats that can be associated with recurrent clinical signs of disease. Ciclosporin (cyclosporine) is commonly administered per os (PO) for the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases in cats. A number of client-owned cats administered ciclosporin (cyclosporine) A (CsA) PO to block renal transplant rejection have developed clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease that may have been from activated FHV-1. In this study, cats experimentally inoculated with FHV-1 several months previously were administered methylprednisolone acetate intramuscularly, CsA PO or a placebo PO. While clinical signs of activated FHV-1 occurred in some cats, disease was mild and self-limited in most cats. There was no vomiting, diarrhea, inappetence, weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria or polyphagia recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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13
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Sánchez MD, Goldschmidt MH, Mauldin EA. Herpesvirus dermatitis in two cats without facial lesions. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:171-3, e35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Persico P, Roccabianca P, Corona A, Vercelli A, Cornegliani L. Detection of feline herpes virus 1 via polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry in cats with ulcerative facial dermatitis, eosinophilic granuloma complex reaction patterns and mosquito bite hypersensitivity. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:521-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Harley R, Gruffydd-Jones T, Day M. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Cats with Chronic Gingivostomatitis. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:239-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gould
- Davies Veterinary Specialists Manor Farm Business Park Higham Gobion Hertfordshire SG5 3HR, UK
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18
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Thomasy SM, Lim CC, Reilly CM, Kass PH, Lappin MR, Maggs DJ. Evaluation of orally administered famciclovir in cats experimentally infected with feline herpesvirus type-1. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:85-95. [PMID: 21194340 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate orally administered famciclovir for treatment of cats with experimentally induced disease attributable to feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1). ANIMALS 16 nonvaccinated specific-pathogen-free cats. PROCEDURES Cats were treated orally with famciclovir (90 mg/kg; n = 10) or a similar volume of lactose (400 mg; 6) 3 times/d for 21 days. Cats were inoculated with FHV-1 and administered the first treatment dose on day 0. Disease score; weight; results of urinalysis, serum biochemical analysis, and CBC; histologic conjunctivitis score; herpetic DNA shedding; goblet cell density; anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration; and plasma penciclovir concentration were measured. RESULTS On days 4 to 18 following inoculation, disease scores were lower in famciclovir-treated cats than in lactose-treated cats. Lactose-treated cats decreased in weight during the first 7 days after inoculation, but famciclovir-treated cats increased in weight throughout the study. Percentage change in weight was greater in famciclovir-treated cats on days 7 and 14 than in lactose-treated cats. Serum globulin concentration was lower on days 3 through 9, conjunctivitis histologic score was lower on day 14, herpetic DNA was shed less frequently throughout the study, goblet cell density was greater on day 21, and circulating anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration at study end was lower in famciclovir-treated cats, compared with these measurements in lactose-treated cats. Approximate peak plasma penciclovir concentration was 2.0 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Famciclovir administration improved outcomes for systemic, ophthalmic, clinicopathologic, virologic, and histologic variables in cats experimentally infected with FHV-1. Adjunctive topical mucinomimetic and antimicrobial treatments may also be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Thomasy
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Wilkes RP, Kania SA. Evaluation of the effects of small interfering RNAs on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus-1. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:655-63. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Bellière EN, Esperón F, Arbelo M, Muñoz MJ, Fernández A, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Presence of herpesvirus in striped dolphins stranded during the cetacean morbillivirus epizootic along the Mediterranean Spanish coast in 2007. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1307-11. [PMID: 20495987 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A screening for herpesvirus (HV) was carried out using a tissue bank obtained from the cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) mortality episode that occurred along the Mediterranean Spanish coast in 2007. A total of 14 cetaceans, including six long-finned pilot whales and eight striped dolphins, were studied using histopathology and molecular analysis to detect HV and CeMV. In five of the eight dolphins (62.5%) infected with CeMV, eight novel HV sequences were also detected. No HV lesions were found in any of the coinfected dolphins, which may indicate that HV did not contribute to the mortality in the CeMV outbreak. This is the first report of HV infection in any cetacean from the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige N Bellière
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Valdeolmos, Spain.
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21
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Lee M, Bosward KL, Norris JM. Immunohistological evaluation of feline herpesvirus-1 infection in feline eosinophilic dermatoses or stomatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:72-9. [PMID: 20113951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study used immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histopathology to evaluate the presence of feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) in feline cases of 'eosinophilic granuloma complex' (EGC) or other eosinophilic dermatoses or stomatitis, diagnosed at the Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Service, University of Sydney between January 1996 and June 2008. Two of the 30 cases (6.6%) examined showed positive immunoreactivity to FHV-1 using IHC. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were also detected on histopathological examination of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of both cases but were very difficult to find. Therefore, FHV-1 is uncommonly associated with EGC or other eosinophilic dermatoses or stomatitis in Sydney. However, misdiagnosis as an EGC lesion or other eosinophilic dermatoses may occur if inclusion bodies are overlooked or absent on histopathology and this may significantly decrease the chance of a favourable treatment outcome. FHV-1 should be considered in cats with severe ulcerative cutaneous or oral lesions, unresponsive to corticosteroid treatment, with or without concurrent or historical signs of upper respiratory tract or ocular disease more typical of FHV-1. IHC may be helpful in differentiating FHV-1 dermatitis or stomatitis from other eosinophilic lesions, which is of vital clinical and therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichet Lee
- The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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22
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Thiry E, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:547-55. [PMID: 19481034 PMCID: PMC7129359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Feline viral rhinotracheitis, caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV), is an upper respiratory tract disease that is often associated with feline calicivirus and bacteria. In most cats, FHV remains latent after recovery, and they become lifelong virus carriers. Stress or corticosteroid treatment may lead to virus reactivation and shedding in oronasal and conjunctival secretions. INFECTION Sick cats shed FHV in oral, nasal and conjunctival secretions; shedding may last for 3 weeks. Infection requires direct contact with a shedding cat. DISEASE SIGNS Feline herpesvirus infections cause acute rhinitis and conjunctivitis, usually accompanied by fever, depression and anorexia. Affected cats may also develop typical ulcerative, dendritic keratitis. DIAGNOSIS Samples consist of conjunctival, corneal or oropharyngeal swabs, corneal scrapings or biopsies. It is not recommended that cats recently vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine are sampled. Positive PCR results should be interpreted with caution, as they may be produced by low-level shedding or viral latency. DISEASE MANAGEMENT 'Tender loving care' from the owner, supportive therapy and good nursing are essential. Anorexic cats should be fed blended, highly palatable food - warmed up if required. Mucolytic drugs (eg, bromhexine) or nebulisation with saline may offer relief. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Topical antiviral drugs may be used for the treatment of acute FHV ocular disease. The virus is labile and susceptible to most disinfectants, antiseptics and detergents. VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS Two injections, at 9 and 12 weeks of age, are recommended, with a first booster 1 year later. Boosters should be given annually to at-risk cats. For cats in low-risk situations (eg, indoor-only cats), 3-yearly intervals suffice. Cats that have recovered from FHV-associated disease are usually not protected for life against further disease episodes; vaccination of recovered cats is therefore recommended.
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23
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Vogel JW, Scott DW, Erb HN. Frequency of apoptotic keratinocytes in the feline epidermis: a retrospective light-microscopic study of skin-biopsy specimens from 327 cats with normal skin or inflammatory dermatoses. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:963-9. [PMID: 19539508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective light-microscopic study was performed on 294 biopsy specimens of haired skin from cats with various feline inflammatory dermatoses and specimens from cats with normal skin. Conditions expected to frequently have apoptotic epidermal keratinocytes (AKs) (including erythema multiforme, systemic lupus erythematosus, thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis, solar dermatitis, and viral dermatopathies) were found to have significantly more AKs than other types of inflammatory dermatoses. Nevertheless, we found more than two AKs in many skin-biopsy specimens from inflammatory conditions not expected to have frequent AKs (especially those from ectoparasitic dermatoses). Only a single AK was found in 1/33 cats with normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W Vogel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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24
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Malik R, Lessels NS, Webb S, Meek M, Graham PG, Vitale C, Norris JM, Power H. Treatment of feline herpesvirus-1 associated disease in cats with famciclovir and related drugs. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:40-8. [PMID: 19154974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a common cause of ocular and upper respiratory disease in cats and kittens, and a potential cause of eosinophilic dermatitis. HYPOTHESIS The systemic anti-herpes drug, famciclovir (Famvir; Novartis), would be effective in the clinical management of disease attributable to FHV-1, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal sequestra, rhinosinusitis and FHV-1 associated dermatitis. CLINICAL OUTCOME Oral famciclovir was used to treat signs considered referable to FHV-1 in 10 cats: four had primary ocular disease, two had rhinosinusitis and four had FHV-1 associated dermatitis. Patients treated in Australia (five cats) and Europe (one cat) were given 62.5 mg of famciclovir once or twice daily. Four cats treated in the USA were given 125 mg three times daily. Famciclovir was uniformly well tolerated and, in all cases, had a positive impact on the patient's condition. The apparent improvement in lesions was superior to what had been achieved previously using other therapeutic strategies. One cat with severe destructive rhinosinusitis was significantly improved by a 4-month course of famciclovir in combination with antibacterials. Corneal sequestra detached in two out of three cats treated; cats with ocular signs were qualitatively more comfortable, with reduced clinical signs and an improved appearance of the eyes. Critically, oral famciclovir therapy was considered more convenient than topical ocular therapy. All four cats with FHV-1 associated dermatitis improved substantially, although relapse occurred subsequently in three patients. A further cat with presumptive FHV-1 associated dermatitis responded to topical aciclovir cream before famciclovir could be sourced. CONCLUSIONS Famciclovir appears to be a promising systemic drug for treating diseases associated with FHV-1 infection. More rigorous clinical trials are required to optimise the dosing regimen for safe and effective specific anti-herpes treatment in feline clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malik
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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25
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Garner MM, Helmick K, Ochsenreiter J, Richman LK, Latimer E, Wise AG, Maes RK, Kiupel M, Nordhausen RW, Zong JC, Hayward GS. Clinico-pathologic features of fatal disease attributed to new variants of endotheliotropic herpesviruses in two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Vet Pathol 2009; 46:97-104. [PMID: 19112123 PMCID: PMC3572918 DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-1-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The first herpesviruses described in association with serious elephant disease were referred to as endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHV) because of their ability to infect capillary endothelial cells and cause potentially fatal disease. Two related viruses, EEHV1 and EEHV2, have been described based on genetic composition. This report describes the similarities and differences in clinicopathologic features of 2 cases of fatal endotheliotropic herpesvirus infections in Asian elephants caused by a previously unrecognized virus within the betaherpesvirus subfamily. EEHV3 is markedly divergent from the 2 previously studied fatal probosciviruses, based on polymerase chain reaction sequence analysis of 2 segments of the viral genome. In addition to ascites, widespread visceral edema, petechiae, and capillary damage previously reported, important findings with EEHV3 infection were the presence of grossly visible renal medullary hemorrhage, a tropism for larger veins and arteries in various tissues, relatively high density of renal herpetic inclusions, and involvement of the retinal vessels. These findings indicate a less selective organ tropism, and this may confer a higher degree of virulence for EEHV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Garner
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe WA 98296, USA.
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26
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Wray JD, Sparkes AH, Johnson EM. Infection of the subcutis of the nose in a cat caused by Mucor species: successful treatment using posaconazole. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:523-7. [PMID: 18676168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 14-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat was presented for investigation of a non-painful subcutaneous swelling of the nasal dorsum at the site of a scratch injury. Cytological evaluation demonstrated a granulomatous reaction and many variably shaped organisms consistent with yeasts/fungi. Subsequent biopsy and culture yielded a pure growth of a Mucor species. The cat was treated with the second-generation triazole antifungal agent posaconazole for 5 months. Complete resolution was seen with no recurrence 12 months after discontinuing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Wray
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
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27
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Westermeyer HD, Kado-Fong H, Maggs DJ. Effects of sampling instrument and processing technique on DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 via polymerase chain reaction assay. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:811-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ, Moulin NK, Stanley SD. Pharmacokinetics and safety of penciclovir following oral administration of famciclovir to cats. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1252-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.11.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Sykes JM, Garner MM, Greer LL, Lung NP, Coke RL, Ridgley F, Bush M, Montali RJ, Okimoto B, Schmidt R, Allen JL, Rideout BA, Pesavento PA, Ramsay EC. ORAL EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMAS IN TIGERS (PANTHERA TIGRIS)—A COLLECTION OF 16 CASES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:300-8. [PMID: 17679515 DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0300:oegitp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral eosinophilic granulomas were diagnosed in 16 tigers (Panthera tigris). All lesions were located on the hard or soft palate and typically consisted of flat or slightly raised circular ulcers. Histologic features of these lesions were essentially identical to those seen in oral eosinophilic granulomas of domestic cats and dogs. No clinical signs were noted in eight cases, though various degrees of inappetence, excessive salivation, and dysphagia were noted in the other eight tigers. Six cases were not treated. Treatment for the remaining 10 cases centered on corticosteroids and additional treatments included surgical removal, cryotherapy, antibiotics, and chlorpheniramine. Treatment with corticosteroids did appear to be effective in some cases, though lesions would worsen after cessation of therapy and no cases were cured. In addition, three cases developed complications possibly related to this corticosteroid therapy. The etiology of these lesions remains unknown, though an underlying allergic condition is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Sykes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Scienc es, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennes see, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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30
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Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A, Thiry E. Feline herpesvirus. Vet Res 2007; 38:337-54. [PMID: 17296160 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1; felid herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1)) is an alphaherpesvirus of cats closely related to canine herpesvirus-1 and phocine herpesvirus-1. There is only one serotype of the virus and it is relatively homogenous genetically. FeHV-1 is an important cause of acute upper respiratory tract and ocular disease in cats. In addition, its role in more chronic ocular disease and skin lesions is increasingly being recognised. Epidemiologically, FeHV-1 behaves as a typical alphaherpesvirus whereby clinically recovered cats become latently infected carriers which undergo periodic episodes of virus reactivation, particularly after a stress. The primary site of latency is the trigeminal ganglion. Conventional inactivated and modified-live vaccines are available and protect reasonably well against disease but not infection, although viral shedding may be reduced. Genetically engineered vaccines have also been developed, both for FeHV-1 and as vector vaccines for other pathogens, but none is as yet marketed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Gaskell
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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31
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Gutzwiller MER, Brachelente C, Taglinger K, Suter MM, Weissenböck H, Roosje PJ. Feline herpes dermatitis treated with interferon omega. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:50-4. [PMID: 17222241 PMCID: PMC7169256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes the diagnosis, demonstration and treatment of feline herpes virus-induced facial dermatitis in a cat. The cat was successfully treated with interferon omega (IFN-omega).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret E Ricklin Gutzwiller
- Dermatology Section, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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32
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Holland JL, Outerbridge CA, Affolter VK, Maggs DJ. Detection of feline herpesvirus 1 DNA in skin biopsy specimens from cats with or without dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1442-6. [PMID: 17078806 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.9.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare detection rates of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) DNA in skin biopsy specimens from cats with herpetic dermatitis, cats with nonherpetic dermatitis, and cats without dermatitis. DESIGN Prevalence survey. Animals-5 cats (9 biopsy specimens) with herpetic ulcerative dermatitis, 14 cats (17 biopsy specimens) with nonherpetic ulcerative dermatitis, and 8 cats (21 biopsy specimens) without clinically apparent skin lesions. PROCEDURES A single-phase PCR assay was used to detect FHV-1 DNA in biopsy specimens. Assay results were compared with results of histologic examination. RESULTS FHV-1 DNA was detected in all 9 biopsy specimens from the 5 cats with herpetic dermatitis and in 1 of 17 biopsy specimens from the 14 cats with nonherpetic dermatitis, but was not detected in any of the 21 biopsy specimens from the 8 cats without dermatitis. When results of histologic examination were used as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 100% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results confirmed that FHV-1 DNA can be detected in the skin of cats with herpetic dermatitis and suggest that the virus may play a causative role in the disease. In addition, the PCR assay may be useful in confirming a diagnosis of herpetic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Holland
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Friberg
- Animal Dermatology Center of Chicago, 3123 North Clybourne Avenue, Chicago, IL 60618, USA.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Bloom
- Allergy and Dermatology Clinic for Animals, 31205 Five Mile Road, Livonia, MI 48158, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Systemic feline diseases (parasitic, bacterial, fungal, viral, neoplastic, metabolic, vascular, and immune-mediated) are often associated with ocular symptoms. An ocular examination is an important diagnostic tool and should be part of any physical examination. Conversely, cats afflicted with systemic disease require periodic ocular examinations for prognostic information and to prevent vision threatening complications. Typical feline systemic diseases encountered by the practicing clinician are presented with their commonly associated ocular signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C La Croix
- Eye Care for Animals, 1892 East Fort Union Boulevard, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA.
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36
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Sutherland-Smith M, Harvey C, Campbell M, McAloose D, Rideout B, Morris P. TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMAS IN FOUR FISHING CATS (PRIONAILURUS VIVERRINUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2004; 35:370-80. [PMID: 15526893 DOI: 10.1638/03-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the urinary bladder were diagnosed in four related fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus). The major clinical sign in each case was persistent hematuria unresponsive to medical therapy. Cystotomy and biopsy provided an antemortem diagnosis in three of the fishing cats before euthanasia because of progression of clinical signs. The diagnosis was made in the fourth cat after euthanasia because of renal failure. Hematuria improved temporarily in one of the cats diagnosed antemortem and treated with piroxicam and carboplatin. Attempts to isolate a herpesvirus in two of the cats failed. Histopathologic appearance of the TCC was similar to that described for other species. TCC metastasis to the lungs was noted at necropsy in one cat; metastatic disease was not noted in the other fishing cats on gross or histopathologic examination. TCC of the urinary bladder appears to be more prevalent in fishing cats than in other species of domestic or nondomestic felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Sutherland-Smith
- Veterinary Services Department, San Diego Zoo, P.O. Box 120551, San Diego, California 92112, USA
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37
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Kleiboeker SB, Chapman RK. Detection of equine herpesvirus 3 in equine skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004; 16:74-9. [PMID: 14974851 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During a recent breeding season, ulcerative, pustular skin lesions were observed on the external genitalia of 2 mares and 1 stallion within a small herd. Based on the location and description of the skin lesions plus the clinical history, equine coital exanthema, caused by equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV3), was the primary differential diagnosis. Scrapings of skin lesions from the perineum of 2 mares were submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Virus isolation was attempted by inoculation of several cell lines of equine origin, but no cytopathic agent was detected. The skin scrapings were processed for DNA extraction, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed for herpesvirus DNA polymerase and DNA-packaging protein (terminase) genes using nested, degenerate primers targeted to conserved regions of the herpesvirus genome. Products of the expected sizes were generated for both assays, and subsequent nucleotide sequencing of the amplification products established that EHV3 had been detected in DNA extracted from the skin lesions. Detection of EHV3 was confirmed using an EHV3-specific PCR assay targeted to the gC gene. Using the novel EHV3 nucleotide sequence identified in this report, a sensitive and specific PCR assay targeted to the highly conserved DNA polymerase gene was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Kleiboeker
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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38
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Abstract
CASE HISTORY A 6-year-old, spayed, female, domestic short-haired cat presented with severe erythroderma and scaling skin. She showed disturbed gait and mild behavioural changes. CLINICAL FINDINGS The cat had a generalised, erythematous, scurfy dermatitis with marked, multifocal crusting and skin thickening. The skin was painful and contracted, which appeared to prevent normal freedom of movement. DIAGNOSIS The cat was suspected to have a paraneoplastic syndrome. A mediastinal mass was located and histologically confirmed as thymoma. The cat was diagnosed with a thymoma- associated cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is a rare condition with few reports in the literature. The skin changes, both grossly and histologically, were considered to be different from those described in cases of paraneoplastic dermatosis associated with pancreatic neoplasia. The clinical presentation was characteristic and more cases may occur in practice than are recognised. In this case, as in previous reports, the tumour was grossly resectable, which could lead to cure of the clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Smits
- Alpha Scientific Ltd, PO Box 195, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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39
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Schrenzel MD, Osborn KG, Shima A, Klieforth RB, Maalouf GA. Naturally occurring fatal herpes simplex virus 1 infection in a family of white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia). J Med Primatol 2003; 32:7-14. [PMID: 12733597 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A family of three white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia) died 48-96 hours after the onset of anorexia, nasal discharge, pyrexia and oral ulceration. One animal also had clonic seizures. Lesions found post-mortem consisted of oral and esophageal ulcers, hepatic and intestinal necrosis, meningoencephalitis and sporadic neuronal necrosis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies and syncytial cells were present in oral lesions and affected areas of liver. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) was identified as the etiology of disease by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, or in situ hybridization in all three animals. Immunohistochemistry for detection of apoptotic DNA and activated caspase-3 showed significant levels of apoptosis in oral and liver lesions and occasional apoptotic neurons in the brain. These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of white-faced saki monkeys to HSV-1 and provide initial insight into the pathogenesis of fatal HSV-1-induced disease, indicating that apoptosis plays a significant role in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Schrenzel
- Department of Pathology, Zoological Society of San Diego, Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, San Diego, CA 92112, USA.
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40
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Banks M, King DP, Daniells C, Stagg DA, Gavier-Widen D. Partial characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus isolated from a European badger (Meles meles). J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1325-1330. [PMID: 12029147 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A herpesvirus causing a cytopathic effect was isolated from pulmonary fibroblast cultures established from a European badger (Meles meles). A study was undertaken to classify and to assess some in-vitro growth characteristics of this virus. From a panel of 27 mammalian cell lines, in-vitro replication of the badger herpesvirus (BadHV) was only demonstrated with a mink lung cell line, suggesting a high degree of host specificity. Using PCR with degenerate primers, three independent fragments of the BadHV genome were sequenced. The largest of these fragments comprised a 6.2 kb segment including the DNA polymerase and glycoprotein B genes. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences demonstrated that the BadHV is novel and clearly grouped with members of the Gammaherpesvirinae. In view of the oncogenic and immunosuppressive potential of many related herpesviruses, it is possible that BadHV can impact on existing acute or chronic disease in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Banks
- Virology1 and Biotechnology2 Departments, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Donald P King
- Virology1 and Biotechnology2 Departments, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Clare Daniells
- Virology1 and Biotechnology2 Departments, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David A Stagg
- Virology1 and Biotechnology2 Departments, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widen
- Division of Wildlife, SVA (National Veterinary Institute), PO Box 7073, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden3
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41
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King DP, Hure MC, Goldstein T, Aldridge BM, Gulland FMD, Saliki JT, Buckles EL, Lowenstine LJ, Stott JL. Otarine herpesvirus-1: a novel gammaherpesvirus associated with urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Vet Microbiol 2002; 86:131-7. [PMID: 11888696 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of neoplasia in California sea lions (CSLs) is considered to be unusually high. Electron microscopic examination of some of these urogenital tumours revealed the presence of virions with typical herpes-like structure. While current attempts to cultivate this virus have not been successful, molecular studies employing DNA extracted from tumour tissues allowed both the classification of the agent and its identification in tumours and archived tissue samples. Two genome fragments generated using degenerate primers in PCR demonstrated highest identities with other mammalian gammaherpesviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this novel virus, tentatively designated Otarine herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1), grouped with members of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily and was distinct from PHV-2, a previously described pinniped gammaherpesvirus. An OtHV-1 specific PCR was established and used to investigate the presence of this virus in CSL tissues. PCR of DNA isolated from animals with these tumours, demonstrated that this virus was present in 100% (16/16) of tumours. Furthermore, DNA extracted from archived brain and muscle tissues was also positive in 29% (4/14) and 50% (7/14) of cases examined. This preliminary study provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of this novel gammaherpesvirus is a factor in the development of urogenital carcinoma in CSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P King
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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42
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Chmielewicz B, Goltz M, Ehlers B. Detection and multigenic characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus in goats. Virus Res 2001; 75:87-94. [PMID: 11311431 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for the existence of a caprine gammaherpesvirus was obtained by analysis of peripheral blood leucocytes of goats with PCR assays that target the herpesvirus genes encoding the glycoprotein B (gB), the DNA polymerase (DPOL) and the terminase (TERM) with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. A contiguous 3.6 kbp sequence extending from the gB to the DPOL gene was then determined with specific primers. All sequences (gB, DPOL and TERM) showed a close relationship with the corresponding genes of the Gammaherpesvirinae. Alignment of amino acid sequences revealed a particularly high percentage of identity with the ovine herpesvirus type 2 (>83%), followed by the alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (>76%) and the bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (>61%). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed these relationships. The putative novel goat herpesvirus from which these sequences originate was tentatively designated caprine herpesvirus 2. This virus is the first gammaherpesvirus recognized in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chmielewicz
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Lipscomb TP, Scott DP, Garber RL, Krafft AE, Tsai MM, Lichy JH, Taubenberger JK, Schulman FY, Gulland FM. Common metastatic carcinoma of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): evidence of genital origin and association with novel gammaherpesvirus. Vet Pathol 2000; 37:609-17. [PMID: 11105950 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-6-609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissues from 10 adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus, seven females and three males) that had metastatic carcinoma in sublumbar area lymph nodes were examined histologically. A distinctive epithelial proliferative lesion interpreted as intraepithelial neoplasia was found in genital tracts of all ten animals; in vagina (5/7), cervix (7/7), uterus (3/7), penis (3/3) and prepuce (3/3). Intraepithelial neoplasia closely resembled metastatic carcinomas and was directly contiguous with invasive carcinoma in one animal. Rare eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in penile and preputial intraepithelial neoplasia (one animal), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (one animal), invasive cervical carcinoma (one animal) and metastatic carcinoma (two animals). Electron microscopic examination of tissues from two sea lions (one with intraepithelial neoplasia and one with metastatic carcinoma) demonstrated viral particles consistent with a herpesvirus. An immunohistochemical stain for the latent membrane protein of Epstein-Barr virus was positive in intraepithelial neoplasia in one sea lion. Herpesvirus DNA sequences were detected by consensus primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in metastatic carcinomas from all four sea lions from which unfixed tumor samples were available. Results of sequencing were consistent with a novel gammaherpesvirus in the genus Rhadinovirus. DNA extracted from the four metastatic carcinomas also was tested for papillomavirus by Southern blot and PCR with consensus papillomavirus primers; all samples were negative by both methods. These findings support the genital origin of the sea lion carcinoma and implicate a novel gammaherpesvirus as a possible cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Lipscomb
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA.
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