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Zheng EJ, Valeri JA, Andrews IW, Krishnan A, Bandyopadhyay P, Anahtar MN, Herneisen A, Schulte F, Linnehan B, Wong F, Stokes JM, Renner LD, Lourido S, Collins JJ. Discovery of antibiotics that selectively kill metabolically dormant bacteria. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:712-728.e9. [PMID: 38029756 PMCID: PMC11031330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to discover and develop non-toxic antibiotics that are effective against metabolically dormant bacteria, which underlie chronic infections and promote antibiotic resistance. Traditional antibiotic discovery has historically favored compounds effective against actively metabolizing cells, a property that is not predictive of efficacy in metabolically inactive contexts. Here, we combine a stationary-phase screening method with deep learning-powered virtual screens and toxicity filtering to discover compounds with lethality against metabolically dormant bacteria and favorable toxicity profiles. The most potent and structurally distinct compound without any obvious mechanistic liability was semapimod, an anti-inflammatory drug effective against stationary-phase E. coli and A. baumannii. Integrating microbiological assays, biochemical measurements, and single-cell microscopy, we show that semapimod selectively disrupts and permeabilizes the bacterial outer membrane by binding lipopolysaccharide. This work illustrates the value of harnessing non-traditional screening methods and deep learning models to identify non-toxic antibacterial compounds that are effective in infection-relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Zheng
- Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Valeri
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian W Andrews
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aarti Krishnan
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Parijat Bandyopadhyay
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melis N Anahtar
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alice Herneisen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fabian Schulte
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brooke Linnehan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Felix Wong
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan M Stokes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James J Collins
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, and Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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2
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Hoffmann A, Zollinger M, Pacios K, Bucsella B, Kalman F. Reversed-phase HPLC based assay for selective and sensitive endotoxin quantification - part II. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1717:464657. [PMID: 38280360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of naturally occurring 3-deoxy-d-manno‑oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) derivatives on endotoxin (ET) quantification was investigated for six ET standards. In our recently published chemical Kdo-DMB-LC ET assay (Bucsella et al., Anal. Methods, 2020, 12,4621) [1], the rare, ET specific sugar acid Kdo is used for ET quantification of S-type ETs. The ET content is calculated based on an external Kdo standard or a representative ET standard. In absence of a specific ET standard, the calculation is based on the reference standard ET (RSE) structure or on a worst-case scenario. This scenario overestimates the total ET content of typical S-type ET preparations by a factor of four. Mainly R-type ETs contain in addition to Kdo also Kdo-s non-stoichiometrically modified with phosphoethanolamine (PEtN), galactose (Gal) or L‑glycero-d-manno-heptose (Hep) in substantial quantities. These Kdo species are separated from the unmodified Kdo. All Kdo and Kdo species follow an exponential hydrolytic release from the ET core in dependence on the hydrolysis time. Hydrolysis kinetics for identical Kdo species are the same for all ET standards. Kdo-Gal was released fastest followed by unsubstituted Kdo, Kdo-PEtN, and Kdo-Hep. Between 90 and 150 min a plateau of maximum content is obtained for all Kdo-s. That allows in case of a representative ET standard, ET quantification based on the most present Kdo derivative, here mainly unsubstituted Kdo. If no representative ET standard is available Kdo and all Kdo species must be considered for ET quantification. With that the Kdo-DMB-LC assay is applicable for R- and S-type ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Zollinger
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Blanka Bucsella
- University of Zürich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich 8057, CH, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technologies, Rue de l'Industrie 23, Sion 1950, Switzerland.
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3
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Sun K, Li Z, Lian M, Li Q, Wang R, Gu Y, Lei P, He H, Xu H, Sha F, Sun L. Characterization of a novel exopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae with ability to enhance the salt stress resistance of rice seedlings. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128438. [PMID: 38042318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
We here describe the isolation of a novel exopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae, named ArEPS. The structure of ArEPS was characterized by analysis of the monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, infrared spectrum, methylation, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. ArEPS was found to be an acidic heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, mannose, and glucosamine; the molecular weight was 1533 kDa. Structural analysis showed that the main-chain structure of ArEPS predominantly comprised 1,3,6-β-Glcp, 1,3,4-α-Galp, 1,2-β-Glcp, 1,4-β-GlcpA, 1,4-β-GalpA, and the side-chain structure comprised 1,6-β-Glcp, 1,3-β-Galp, 1-α-Glcp, 1-β-Galp, 1-α-Manp, 1,4,6-α-Glcp, 1,2,4-β-Glcp, 1,2,3-β-Glcp, and 1,3-β-GlcpN. ArEPS significantly enhanced the tolerance of rice seedlings to salt stress. Specifically, plant height, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and the K+/Na+ ratio increased by 51 %, 63 %, 29 %, and 162 %, respectively, and the malondialdehyde content was reduced by 45 % after treatment with 100 mg/kg ArEPS compared to treatment with 100 mM NaCl. Finally, based on the quadratic regression between fresh weight and ArEPS addition, the optimal ArEPS addition level was estimated to be 135.12 mg/kg. These results indicate the prospects of ArEPS application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Suzhou Cornigs Polyols CO., LTD., Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Mengyu Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongjie He
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Feng Sha
- Suzhou Cornigs Polyols CO., LTD., Suzhou 215000, China; School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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4
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Valvano MA. Remodelling of the Gram-negative bacterial Kdo 2-lipid A and its functional implications. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35394417 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a characteristic molecule of the outer leaflet of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, which consists of lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen. The lipid A is embedded in outer membrane and provides an efficient permeability barrier, which is particularly important to reduce the permeability of antibiotics, toxic cationic metals, and antimicrobial peptides. LPS, an important modulator of innate immune responses ranging from localized inflammation to disseminated sepsis, displays a high level of structural and functional heterogeneity, which arise due to regulated differences in the acylation of the lipid A and the incorporation of non-stoichiometric modifications in lipid A and the core oligosaccharide. This review focuses on the current mechanistic understanding of the synthesis and assembly of the lipid A molecule and its most salient non-stoichiometric modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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5
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Si A, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis of Aminooxy Glycoside Derivatives of the Outer Core Domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipopolysaccharide. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:750502. [PMID: 34820424 PMCID: PMC8606414 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.750502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly prevalent gram-negative bacterium that is becoming more difficult to treat because of increasing antibiotic resistance. As chemotherapeutic treatment options diminish, there is an increased need for vaccines. However, the creation of an effective P. aeruginosa vaccine has been elusive despite intensive efforts. Thus, new paradigms for vaccine antigens should be explored to develop effective vaccines. In these studies, we have focused on the synthesis of two L-rhamnose-bearing epitopes common to glycoforms I and II of the outer core domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide, α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D-GalN-(Ala)-α-aminooxy (3) and α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-GalN-(Ala)-α-aminooxy (4), respectively. The target trisaccharides were both prepared starting from a suitably protected galactosamine glycoside, followed by successive deprotection and glycosylation with suitably protected D-glucose and L-rhamnose thioglycosides. Global deprotection resulted in the formation of targets 3 and 4 in 22 and 35% yield each. Care was required to modify basic reaction conditions to avoid early deprotection of the N-oxysuccinamido group. In summary, trisaccharides related to the L-rhamnose-bearing epitopes common to glycoforms I and II of the outer core domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide have been prepared as their aminooxy glycosides. The latter are expected to be useful in chemoselective oxime-based bioconjugation reactions to form Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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6
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Kutschera A, Dawid C, Gisch N, Schmid C, Raasch L, Gerster T, Schäffer M, Smakowska-Luzan E, Belkhadir Y, Vlot AC, Chandler CE, Schellenberger R, Schwudke D, Ernst RK, Dorey S, Hückelhoven R, Hofmann T, Ranf S. Bacterial medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acid metabolites trigger immunity in
Arabidopsis
plants. Science 2019; 364:178-181. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
A fatty acid triggers immune responses
Plants and animals respond to the microbial communities around them, whether in antagonistic or mutualistic ways. Some of these interactions are mediated by lipopolysaccharide—a large, complex, and irregular molecule on the surface of most Gram-negative bacteria. Studying the small mustard plant
Arabidopsis
, Kutschera
et al.
identified a 3-hydroxydecanoyl chain as the structural element sensed by the plant's lectin receptor kinase. Indeed, synthetic 3-hydroxydecanoic acid alone was sufficient to produce a response. A small microbial metabolite may thus suffice to trigger immune responses.
Science
, this issue p.
178
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kutschera
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Schmid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Lars Raasch
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tim Gerster
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Milena Schäffer
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Courtney E. Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Romain Schellenberger
- RIBP-EA 4707, SFR Condorcet-FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- RIBP-EA 4707, SFR Condorcet-FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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7
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Pentamidine sensitizes Gram-negative pathogens to antibiotics and overcomes acquired colistin resistance. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17028. [PMID: 28263303 PMCID: PMC5360458 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of polymyxins1 in addition to the dissemination of plasmid-borne colistin resistance threatens to cause a serious breach in our last line of defence against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, and heralds the emergence of truly pan-resistant infections. Colistin resistance often arises through covalent modification of lipid A with cationic residues such as phosphoethanolamine-as is mediated by Mcr-1 (ref. 2)-which reduce the affinity of polymyxins for lipopolysaccharide3. Thus, new strategies are needed to address the rapidly diminishing number of treatment options for Gram-negative infections4. The difficulty in eradicating Gram-negative bacteria is largely due to their highly impermeable outer membrane, which serves as a barrier to many otherwise effective antibiotics5. Here, we describe an unconventional screening platform designed to enrich for non-lethal, outer-membrane-active compounds with potential as adjuvants for conventional antibiotics. This approach identified the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine6 as an effective perturbant of the Gram-negative outer membrane through its interaction with lipopolysaccharide. Pentamidine displayed synergy with antibiotics typically restricted to Gram-positive bacteria, yielding effective drug combinations with activity against a wide range of Gram-negative pathogens in vitro, and against systemic Acinetobacter baumannii infections in mice. Notably, the adjuvant activity of pentamidine persisted in polymyxin-resistant bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Overall, pentamidine and its structural analogues represent unexploited molecules for the treatment of Gram-negative infections, particularly those having acquired polymyxin resistance determinants.
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8
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Al-Wrafy F, Brzozowska E, Górska S, Gamian A. Pathogenic factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa – the role of biofilm in pathogenicity and as a target for phage therapy. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2017; 71:78-91. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<i>Pseudomonas</i> aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause several acute and chronic infections in humans, and it has become an important cause of nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance. Biofilm represents an important virulence factor for these bacteria, plays a role in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections and avoidance of immune defence mechanisms, and has the ability to protect the bacteria from antibiotics. Alginate, Psl and Pel, three exopolysaccharides, are the main components in biofilm matrix, with many biological functions attributed to them, especially with respect to the protection of the bacterial cell from antibiotics and the immune system. <i>Pseudomonas</i> infections, biofilm formation and development of resistance to antibiotics all require better understanding to achieve the best results using alternative treatment with phage therapy. This review describes the <i>P. aeruginosa</i> pathogenicity and virulence factors with a special focus on the biofilm and its role in infection and resistance to antibiotics and summarizes phage therapy as an alternative approach in treatment of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairoz Al-Wrafy
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Structural studies of the rhamnose-rich cell wall polysaccharide of Lactobacillus casei BL23. Carbohydr Res 2016; 435:156-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Review: Conserved and variable structural features in the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to recent progress in the structural elucidation of the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including O-antigen biological repeats, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Data on biosynthesis, genetics and serology of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from various P. aeruginosa O-serogroups are discussed in relation to the chemical structures.
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11
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Ng SK, Huang YT, Lee YC, Low EL, Chiu CH, Chen SL, Mao LC, Chang MDT. A recombinant horseshoe crab plasma lectin recognizes specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns of bacteria through rhamnose. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115296. [PMID: 25541995 PMCID: PMC4277298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseshoe crab is an ancient marine arthropod that, in the absence of a vertebrate-like immune system, relies solely on innate immune responses by defense molecules found in hemolymph plasma and granular hemocytes for host defense. A plasma lectin isolated from the hemolymph of Taiwanese Tachypleus tridentatus recognizes bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), yet its structure and mechanism of action remain unclear, largely because of limited availability of horseshoe crabs and the lack of a heterogeneous expression system. In this study, we have successfully expressed and purified a soluble and functional recombinant horseshoe crab plasma lectin (rHPL) in an Escherichia coli system. Interestingly, rHPL bound not only to bacteria and LPSs like the native HPL but also to selective medically important pathogens isolated from clinical specimens, such as Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. The binding was demonstrated to occur through a specific molecular interaction with rhamnose in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the bacterial surface. Additionally, rHPL inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 in a concentration-dependent manner. The results suggest that a specific protein-glycan interaction between rHPL and rhamnosyl residue may further facilitate development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim-Kun Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tsyr Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ee-Ling Low
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Chi Mao
- Simpson Biotech Co., Ltd., Kuei Shan, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Di Lorenzo F, Silipo A, Bianconi I, Lore' NI, Scamporrino A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Bragonzi A, Molinaro A. Persistent cystic fibrosis isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RP73 exhibits an under-acylated LPS structure responsible of its low inflammatory activity. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:166-75. [PMID: 24856407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the major pathogen involved in lethal infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) population, is able to cause permanent chronic infections that can persist over the years. This ability to chronic colonize CF airways is related to a series of adaptive bacterial changes involving the immunostimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. The structure of LPSs isolated from several P. aeruginosa strains showed conserved features that can undergo chemical changes during the establishment of the chronic infection. In the present paper, we report the elucidation of the structure and the biological activity of the R-LPS (lipooligosaccharide, LOS) isolated from the persistent CF isolate P. aeruginosa strain RP73, in order to give further insights in the adaptation mechanism of the pathogen in the CF environment. The complete structural analysis of P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS was achieved by chemical analyses, NMR spectroscopy and MALDI MS spectrometry, while the assessment of the biological activity was attained testing the in vivo pro-inflammatory capacity of the isolated LOS molecule. While a typical CF LPS is able to trigger a high immune response and production of pro-inflammatory molecules, this P. aeruginosa RP73 LOS showed to possess a low pro-inflammatory capacity. This was possible due to a singular chemical structure possessing an under-acylated lipid A very similar to the LPS of P. aeruginosa found in chronic lung diseases such as bronchiectstasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irene Bianconi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ivan Lore'
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Scamporrino
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri - ICTP - CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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13
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Li T, Simonds L, Kovrigin EL, Noel KD. In vitro biosynthesis and chemical identification of UDP-N-acetyl-d-quinovosamine (UDP-d-QuiNAc). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18110-20. [PMID: 24817117 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-d-quinovosamine (2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, QuiNAc) occurs in the polysaccharide structures of many Gram-negative bacteria. In the biosynthesis of QuiNAc-containing polysaccharides, UDP-QuiNAc is the hypothetical donor of the QuiNAc residue. Biosynthesis of UDP-QuiNAc has been proposed to occur by 4,6-dehydration of UDP-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-xylo-4-hexulose followed by reduction of this 4-keto intermediate to UDP-QuiNAc. Several specific dehydratases are known to catalyze the first proposed step. A specific reductase for the last step has not been demonstrated in vitro, but previous mutant analysis suggested that Rhizobium etli gene wreQ might encode this reductase. Therefore, this gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resulting His6-tagged WreQ protein was purified. It was tested for 4-reductase activity by adding it and NAD(P)H to reaction mixtures in which 4,6-dehydratase WbpM had acted on the precursor substrate UDP-GlcNAc. Thin layer chromatography of the nucleotide sugars in the mixture at various stages of the reaction showed that WbpM converted UDP-GlcNAc completely to what was shown to be its 4-keto-6-deoxy derivative by NMR and that addition of WreQ and NADH led to formation of a third compound. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of acid hydrolysates of the final reaction mixture showed that a quinovosamine moiety had been synthesized after WreQ addition. The two-step reaction progress also was monitored in real time by NMR. The final UDP-sugar product after WreQ addition was purified and determined to be UDP-d-QuiNAc by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR experiments. These results confirmed that WreQ has UDP-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-xylo-4-hexulose 4-reductase activity, completing a pathway for UDP-d-QuiNAc synthesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezheng Li
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
| | | | | | - K Dale Noel
- From the Departments of Biological Sciences and
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14
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Gopal J, Abdelhamid HN, Hua PY, Wu HF. Chitosan nanomagnets for effective extraction and sensitive mass spectrometric detection of pathogenic bacterial endotoxin from human urine. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2463-2475. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Rana V, Kumar V, Soni P. Structural characterization of an acidic polysaccharide from Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. leaves. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:243-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Kocincova D, Lam JS. Structural diversity of the core oligosaccharide domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:755-60. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Evidence that WapB is a 1,2-glucosyltransferase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in Lipopolysaccharide outer core biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:2708-16. [PMID: 21441506 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00032-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen infecting debilitated individuals. One of the major virulence factors expressed by P. aeruginosa is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is composed of lipid A, core oligosaccharide (OS), and O-antigen polysaccharide. The core OS is divided into inner and outer regions. Although the structure of the outer core OS has been elucidated, the functions and mechanisms of the glycosyltransferases involved in core OS biogenesis are currently unknown. Here, we show that a previously uncharacterized gene, pa1014, is involved in outer core biosynthesis, and we propose to rename this gene wapB. We constructed a chromosomal mutant, wapB::Gm, in a PAO1 (O5 serotype) strain background. Characterization of the LPS from the mutant by Western immunoblotting showed a lack of reactivity to PAO1 outer core-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5c-101. The chemical structure of the core OS of the wapB mutant was elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques and revealed that the core OS of the wapB mutant lacked the terminal β-1,2-linked-d-glucose residue. Complementation of the mutant with wapB in trans restored the core structure to one that is identical to that of the wild type. Eleven of the 20 P. aeruginosa International Antigenic Typing Scheme (IATS) serotypes produce LPSs that lack the terminal d-glucose residue (Glc(IV)). Interestingly, expressing wapB in each of these 11 serotypes modifies each of their outer core OS structures, which became reactive to MAb 5c-101 in Western immunoblotting, suggesting the presence of a terminal d-glucose in these core OS structures. Our results strongly suggested that wapB encodes a 1,2-glucosyltransferase.
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18
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Kabanov DS, Prokhorenko IR. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:383-404. [PMID: 20618127 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review covers data on composition and structure of lipid A, core, and O-polysaccharide of the known lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. The relationship between the structure and biological activity of lipid A is discussed. The data on roles of core and O-polysaccharide in biological activities of lipopolysaccharides are presented. The structural homology of some oligosaccharide sequences of lipopolysaccharides to gangliosides of human cell membranes is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kabanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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King JD, Kocíncová D, Westman EL, Lam JS. Review: Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Innate Immun 2009; 15:261-312. [PMID: 19710102 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes serious nosocomial infections, and an important virulence factor produced by this organism is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review summarizes knowledge about biosynthesis of all three structural domains of LPS - lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O polysaccharides. In addition, based on similarities with other bacterial species, this review proposes new hypothetical pathways for unstudied steps in the biosynthesis of P. aeruginosa LPS. Lipid A biosynthesis is discussed in relation to Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and the biosyntheses of core sugar precursors and core oligosaccharide are summarised. Pseudomonas aeruginosa attaches a Common Polysaccharide Antigen and O-Specific Antigen polysaccharides to lipid A-core. Both forms of O polysaccharide are discussed with respect to their independent synthesis mechanisms. Recent advances in understanding O-polysaccharide biosynthesis since the last major review on this subject, published nearly a decade ago, are highlighted. Since P. aeruginosa O polysaccharides contain unusual sugars, sugar-nucleotide biosynthesis pathways are reviewed in detail. Knowledge derived from detailed studies in the O5, O6 and O11 serotypes is applied to predict biosynthesis pathways of sugars in poorly-studied serotypes, especially O1, O4, and O13/O14. Although further work is required, a full understanding of LPS biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa is almost within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D King
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Altman E, Wang Z, Aaron SD, Liu X, Vandemheen KL, Ferris W, Giesbrecht T, Li J. Epidemiological investigation and glycotyping of clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis by mass spectrometry: Association with multiple drug resistance. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 76:204-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Wang H, Head J, Kosma P, Brade H, Müller-Loennies S, Sheikh S, McDonald B, Smith K, Cafarella T, Seaton B, Crouch E. Recognition of heptoses and the inner core of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by surfactant protein d. Biochemistry 2007; 47:710-20. [PMID: 18092821 DOI: 10.1021/bi7020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria are important mediators of bacterial virulence that can elicit potent endotoxic effects. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) shows specific interactions with LPS, both in vitro and in vivo. These interactions involve binding of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) to LPS oligosaccharides (OS); however, little is known about the mechanisms of LPS recognition. Recombinant neck+CRDs (NCRDs) provide an opportunity to directly correlate binding interactions with a crystallographic analysis of the binding mechanism. In these studies, we examined the interactions of wild-type and mutant trimeric NCRDs with rough LPS (R-LPS). Although rat NCRDs bound more efficiently than human NCRDs to Escherichia coli J-5 LPS, both proteins exhibited efficient binding to solid-phase Rd2-LPS and to Rd2-LPS aggregates presented in the solution phase. Involvement of residues flanking calcium at the sugar binding site was demonstrated by reciprocal exchange of lysine and arginine at position 343 of rat and human CRDs. The lectin activity of hNCRDs was inhibited by specific heptoses, including l-glycero-alpha-d-manno-heptose (l,d-heptose), but not by 3-deoxy-alpha-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo). Crystallographic analysis of the hNCRD demonstrated a novel binding orientation for l,d-heptose, involving the hydroxyl groups of the side chain. Similar binding was observed for a synthetic alpha1-->3-linked heptose disaccharide corresponding to heptoses I and II of the inner core region in many LPS. 7-O-Carbamoyl-l,d-heptose and d-glycero-alpha-d-manno-heptose were bound via ring hydroxyl groups. Interactions with the side chain of inner core heptoses provide a potential mechanism for the recognition of diverse types of LPS by SP-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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22
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Pier GB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide: a major virulence factor, initiator of inflammation and target for effective immunity. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 297:277-95. [PMID: 17466590 PMCID: PMC1994162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens encountered by immunocompromised hosts and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elaborated by this organism is a key factor in virulence as well as both innate and acquired host responses to infection. The molecule has a fair degree of heterogeneity in its lipid A and O-antigen structure, and elaborates two different outer-core glycoforms, of which only one is ligated to the O-antigen. A close relatedness between the chemical structures and genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes has been established, with 11 major O-antigen groups identified. The lipid A can be variably penta-, hexa- or hepta-acylated, and these isoforms have differing potencies when activating host innate immunity via binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The O-antigen is a major target for protective immunity as evidenced by numerous animal studies, but attempts, to date, to produce a human vaccine targeting these epitopes have not been successful. Newer strategies employing live attenuated P. aeruginosa, or heterologous attenuated bacteria expressing P. aeruginosa O-antigens are potential means to solve some of the existing problems related to making a P. aeruginosa LPS-specific vaccine. Overall, there is now a large amount of information available about the genes and enzymes needed to produce the P. aeruginosa LPS, detailed chemical structures have been determined for the major O-antigens, and significant biologic and immunologic studies have been conducted to define the role of this molecule in virulence and immunity to P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Choudhury B, Carlson RW, Goldberg JB. The structure of the lipopolysaccharide from a galU mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup-O11. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2761-72. [PMID: 16229827 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a galU mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103, a serogroup O11 strain, was sequentially extracted with phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) followed by hot phenol-water extraction of the bacterial pellet remaining after PCP extraction. LPS was found in both the PCP extract as well as in the water phase of the hot phenol-water extract. Analysis of the carbohydrate portion released by mild acid hydrolysis of both LPS preparations, both before and after removal of all phosphate groups by treatment with aqueous HF, was performed by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses as well as by NMR and mass spectrometric analyses. The results showed that the carbohydrate portion of these two LPS extracts contained the same structure: namely, alpha-GalN(Ala)-(1-->3)-alpha-(7-Cm)HepII-(1-->3)-alpha-HepI-(1-->5)-alpha-Kdo-(2-->. The oligosaccharide preparation from PCP-extracted LPS consisted of a variety of structures containing up to six phosphate groups present as mono-, pyro-, and possibly triphosphate, primarily located on the HepI residue with some molecules having a monophosphate on HepII. The oligosaccharide preparation from the hot phenol-water-extracted LPS contained a similar variety of structures, but with an additional structure in which HepI contained a PPEA group at O-2. In addition, PAGE immunoblot analysis of the crude cellular extract with anti-A-antibodies revealed the presence of A-band material in both PA103 and the galU mutant. The A-band material was purified and characterized by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, as well as by NMR spectroscopy, which confirmed that the A-band rhamnan polysaccharide was present but not as typical LPS since lipid-A or LPS core oligosaccharide components were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Choudhury
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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24
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Katzenellenbogen E, Kocharova NA, Zatonsky GV, Shashkov AS, Bogulska M, Knirel YA. Structures of the biological repeating units in the O-chain polysaccharides ofHafnia alveistrains having a typical lipopolysaccharide outer core region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 45:269-78. [PMID: 15961298 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Earlier, the structures of the O-chain polysaccharides of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of a number of Hafnia alvei strains have been established. However, it remained unknown, which is the first and the last monosaccharide of the O-chain. This is defined by the structure of the so-called biological repeating unit (O-unit), which is pre-assembled and then polymerised in the course of biosynthesis of bacterial polysaccharides by the Wzy-dependent pathway. Now we report on the structures of the O-units in 10 H. alvei strains. The LPS were cleaved by mild acid hydrolysis and oligosaccharide fractions IIIa and IIIb were isolated by gel chromatography subsequently on Sephadex G-50 and BioGel P-2 and studied by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Fraction IIIb was found to represent the core oligosaccharide containing a terminal upstream alpha-d-Glc-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Glc or alpha-d-Gal-(1-->3)-alpha-d-Glc disaccharide in the outer region that is typical of H. alvei. Fraction IIIa consists of the LPS core with one O-unit linked by a 3-substituted beta-d-GalNAc residue (in strains PCM 1189 and PCM 1546) or a 3-substituted beta-d-GlcNAc residue (in the other strains studied). In most strains examined the beta-configuration of the d-GlcNAc linkage in the first O-unit attached to the core is the same and in some strains is opposite to that found in the interior O-units of the O-chain polysaccharide. Various monosaccharides, including d-Glc, d-Gal, d-GlcA and acyl derivatives of 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose or 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, occupy the non-reducing end of the O-unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Katzenellenbogen
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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25
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Zdorovenko EL, Vinogradov E, Zdorovenko GM, Lindner B, Bystrova OV, Shashkov AS, Rudolph K, Zähringer U, Knirel YA. Structure of the core oligosaccharide of a rough-type lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 271:4968-77. [PMID: 15606785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The core structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from a rough strain of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, GSPB 711, was investigated by sugar and methylation analyses, Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance ESI MS, and one- and two-dimensional 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Strong alkaline deacylation of the LPS resulted in two core-lipid A backbone undecasaccharide pentakisphosphates in the ratio approximately 2.5 : 1, which corresponded to outer core glycoforms 1 and 2 terminated with either L-rhamnose or 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo), respectively. Mild acid degradation of the LPS gave the major glycoform 1 core octasaccharide and a minor truncated glycoform 2 core heptasaccharide, which resulted from the cleavage of the terminal Kdo residues. The inner core of P. syringae is distinguished by a high degree of phosphorylation of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose residues with phosphate, diphosphate and ethanolamine diphosphate groups. The glycoform 1 core is structurally similar but not identical to one of the core glycoforms of the human pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The outer core composition and structure may be useful as a chemotaxonomic marker for the P. syringae group of bacteria, whereas a more conserved inner core structure appears to be representative for the whole genus Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
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26
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Silipo A, Leone S, Molinaro A, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M. The structure of the phosphorylated carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolysaccharide of the phytopathogen bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. Carbohydr Res 2005; 339:2241-8. [PMID: 15337452 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel core-lipid A backbone oligosaccharide was isolated and identified from the lipopolysaccharide fraction of the mushrooms pathogen bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. The oligosaccharide was obtained by alkaline treatment of the lipopolysaccharide fraction. Since the repeating unit of the O-antigen contained one residue of -->4)-alpha-l-GulpNAcAN, the hydrolysis was accompanied by beta-elimination on this residue and following depolymerization, producing a mixture of oligosaccharides. The complete structural elucidation showed the presence of a single core glycoform and was achieved by chemical analysis and by (1)H, (31)P, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy applying various 1D and 2D experiments. [structure: see text]. All sugars are alpha-d-pyranoses, if not stated otherwise. Hep is l-glycero-d-manno-heptose, Kdo is 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid, P is phosphate. QuiN and DeltaGulNA are present in nonstoichiometric amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Bystrova OV, Lindner B, Moll H, Kocharova NA, Knirel YA, Zahringer U, Pier GB. Full structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 69:170-5. [PMID: 15000683 PMCID: PMC1317305 DOI: 10.1023/b:biry.0000018947.60328.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 5 was delipidated by mild acid hydrolysis, and the products were separated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and analyzed by ESI MS and NMR spectroscopy. LPS species of three types were found, including those with an unsubstituted core and the core substituted with one O-polysaccharide repeating unit or with an O-polysaccharide of a variable number of repeating units. The core region is highly phosphorylated, the major species containing two monophosphate groups and one ethanolamine diphosphate group. Based on these and published data on the O-polysaccharide structure, the full structure of the LPS of P. aeruginosa immunotype 5 was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Bystrova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; fax: (7-095) 135-5328; E-mail:
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - B. Lindner
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - H. Moll
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - N. A. Kocharova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; fax: (7-095) 135-5328; E-mail:
| | - Y. A. Knirel
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia; fax: (7-095) 135-5328; E-mail:
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - U. Zahringer
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, D-23845, Germany
| | - G. B. Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Leone S, Izzo V, Silipo A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Molinaro A, Di Donato A. A novel type of highly negatively charged lipooligosaccharide from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 possessing two 4,6-O-(1-carboxy)-ethylidene residues in the outer core region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2691-704. [PMID: 15206934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas stutzeri OXI is a Gram-negative microorganism able to grow in media containing aromatic hydrocarbons. A novel lipo-oligosaccharide from P. stutzeri OX1 was isolated and characterized. For the first time, the presence of two moieties of 4,6-O-(1-carboxy)-ethylidene residues (pyruvic acid) was identified in a core region; these two residues were found to possess different absolute configuration. The structure of the oligosaccharide backbone was determined using either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Alkaline treatment, aimed at recovering the complete carbohydrate backbone, was carried out by mild hydrazinolysis (de-O-acylation) followed by de-N-acylation using hot KOH. The lipo-oligosaccharide was also analyzed after acid treatment, attained by mild hydrolysis with acetic acid, to obtain information on the nature of the phosphate and acyl groups. The two resulting oligosaccharides were isolated by gel permeation chromatography, and investigated by compositional and methylation analyses, by MALDI mass spectrometry, and by 1H-, 31P- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. These experiments led to the identification of the major oligosaccharide structure representative of core region-lipid A. All sugars are D-pyranoses and alpha-linked, if not stated otherwise. Based on the structure found, the hypothesis can be advanced that pyruvate residues are used to block elongation of the oligosaccharide chain. This would lead to a less hydrophilic cellular surface, indicating an adaptive response of P. sutzeri OX1 to a hydrocarbon-containing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Leone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Molinaro A, De Castro C, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Raio A, Zoina A. Structural elucidation of a novel core oligosaccharide backbone of the lipopolysaccharide from the new bacterial species Agrobacterium larrymoorei. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:2721-30. [PMID: 14670730 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium larrymoorei is a Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, which produces tumours on Ficus benjamina plants and differs from other Agrobacteria both genetically and biochemically. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Agrobacteria. The present paper is the first report on the molecular primary structure of the core region of an Agrobacterium LPS. The following structure of the core and lipid A carbohydrate backbone of an R-form LPS of A. larrymoorei was determined by chemical degradations and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy: [carbohydrate structure: see text] All sugars are alpha-D-pyranoses if not stated otherwise, Kdo is 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid, Qui3NAcyl is 3,6-dideoxy-3-(3-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-5-oxoprolylamino)glucose, GlcAN and GalAN are amides of GlcA and GalA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant' Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
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Kooistra O, Bedoux G, Brecker L, Lindner B, Sánchez Carballo P, Haras D, Zähringer U. Structure of a highly phosphorylated lipopolysaccharide core in the ΔalgC mutants derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type strains PAO1 (serogroup O5) and PAC1R (serogroup O3). Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:2667-77. [PMID: 14670725 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from rough-type mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Delta algC) derived from wild-type strains PAO1 (serogroup O5) and PAC1R (serogroup O3). Structural studies of the LPS core region with a special focus on the phosphorylation pattern were performed by 2D NMR spectroscopy, including a 1H,(31)P HMQC-TOCSY experiment, MALDI-TOF MS, and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance ESIMS using the capillary skimmer dissociation technique. Both LPS were found to contain two residues each of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) and L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (Hep), one residue of N-(L-alanyl)-D-galactosamine and one O-carbamoyl group (Cm) on the distal Hep residue. The following structures of a tetrasaccharide trisphosphate from strain PAC1R Delta algC and that carrying an additional ethanolamine phosphate group (PEtN) from strain PAO1 Delta algC were elucidated: [carbohydrate structre: see text] where R=P in PAC1R Delta algC and PPEtN in PAO1 Delta algC. To our knowledge, in this work the presence of ethanolamine diphosphate is unambiguously confirmed and its position established for the first time in the LPS core of a rough-type strain of P. aeruginosa. In addition, the structure of the complete LPS core of wild-type strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 was reinvestigated and the position of the phosphorylation sites was revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kooistra
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center, Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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Abstract
Antibodies directed to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigens have clearly shown to mediate the most effective immunity to infection caused by LPS-smooth strains. Such strains are major causes of disease in immunocompromised hosts such as burn or cancer patients, individuals in intensive care units, and those who utilize extended-wear contact lenses. Yet producing an effective vaccine composed of non-toxic, immunogenic polysaccharides has been challenging. The chemical diversity among the different O-antigens representative of the 20 major serotypes, plus additional diversity among some O-antigens representing variant subtype antigens, translates into a large degree of serologic variability that increases the complexity of O-antigen specific vaccines. Further complications come from the poor immunogenicity of the major protective epitope expressed by some O-antigens, and a large degree of diversity in animal responses that preclude predicting the optimal vaccine formulation from such studies. Nonetheless human trials over the years of vaccines eliciting O-antigen immunity have been encouraging, though no vaccine has yet been fully evaluated and found to be clinically efficacious. Newer vaccine approaches such as using polysaccharide-protein conjugates and passive therapy with monoclonal or polyclonal immune sera offer some additional means to try and produce an effective immunotherapeutic reagent for this problematic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Pier
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Bystrova OV, Lindner B, Moll H, Kocharova NA, Knirel YA, Zähringer U, Pier GB. Structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-12 with a randomly O-acetylated core region. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1895-905. [PMID: 12932374 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-12 was studied by strong alkaline and mild acid degradations and dephosphorylation followed by fractionation of the products by GPC and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and analyses by ESI FT-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of the lipopolysaccharide core and the O-polysaccharide repeating unit were elucidated and the site and the configuration of the linkage between the O-polysaccharide and the core established. The core was found to be randomly O-acetylated, most O-acetyl groups being located on the terminal rhamnose residue of the outer core region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Bystrova
- ND Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Bystrova OV, Lindner B, Moll H, Kocharova NA, Knirel YA, Zähringer U, Pier GB. Structure of the biological repeating unit of the O-antigen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 4 containing both 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1801-6. [PMID: 12892948 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A phosphorylated core-lipid A backbone oligosaccharide that carries a disaccharide remainder of the first O-antigen repeating unit was derived by strong alkaline degradation following mild hydrazinolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 4 (serogroup O-1). The structure of the oligosaccharide was determined using ESI MS and NMR spectroscopy and it was demonstrated that 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose is the first monosaccharide of the O-polysaccharide that is linked to the LPS core. These data define the structure of the biological repeating unit of the O-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Bystrova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Wozniak DJ, Wyckoff TJO, Starkey M, Keyser R, Azadi P, O'Toole GA, Parsek MR. Alginate is not a significant component of the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of PA14 and PAO1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7907-12. [PMID: 12810959 PMCID: PMC164686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1231792100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Such infections are extremely difficult to control because the bacteria exhibit a biofilm-mode of growth, rendering P. aeruginosa resistant to antibiotics and phagocytic cells. During the course of infection, P. aeruginosa usually undergoes a phenotypic switch to a mucoid colony, which is characterized by the overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate. Alginate overproduction has been implicated in protecting P. aeruginosa from the harsh environment present in the CF lung, as well as facilitating its persistence as a biofilm by providing an extracellular matrix that promotes adherence. Because of its association with biofilms in CF patients, it has been assumed that alginate is also the primary exopolysaccharide expressed in biofilms of environmental nonmucoid P. aeruginosa. In this study, we examined the chemical nature of the biofilm matrix produced by wild-type and isogenic alginate biosynthetic mutants of P. aeruginosa. The results clearly indicate that alginate biosynthetic genes are not expressed and that alginate is not required during the formation of nonmucoid biofilms in two P. aeruginosa strains, PAO1 and PA14, that have traditionally been used to study biofilms. Because nonmucoid P. aeruginosa strains are the predominant environmental phenotype and are also involved in the initial colonization in CF patients, these studies have implications in understanding the early events of the infectious process in the CF airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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