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Toporkova YY, Gorina SS, Iljina TM, Lantsova NV, Grechkin AN. CYP74B34 Enzyme from Carrot ( Daucus carota) with a Double Hydroperoxide Lyase/Epoxyalcohol Synthase Activity: Identification and Biochemical Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1519-1530. [PMID: 39245459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The lipoxygenase cascade in plants is a source of oxylipins (oxidized fatty acid derivatives), which play an important role in regulatory processes and formation of plant response to stress factors. Some of the most common enzymes of the lipoxygenase cascade are 13-specific hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs, also called hemiacetal synthases) of the CYP74B subfamily. In this work, we identified and cloned the CYP74B34 gene from carrot (Daucus carota L.) and described the biochemical properties of the corresponding recombinant enzyme. The CYP74B34 enzyme was active towards 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic (9-HPOD and 13-HPOD, respectively) and α-linolenic (9-HPOT and 13-HPOT, respectively) acids. CYP74B34 specifically converted 9-HPOT and 13-HPOT into aldo acids (HPL products). The transformation of 13-HPOD led to the formation of aldo acids and epoxyalcohols [products of epoxyalcohol synthase (EAS) activity] as major and minor products, respectively. At the same time, conversion of 9-HPOD resulted in the formation of epoxyalcohols as the main products and aldo acids as the minor ones. Therefore, CYP74B34 is the first enzyme with a double HPL/EAS activity described in carrot. The presence of these catalytic activities was confirmed by analysis of the oxylipin profiles for the roots from young seedlings and mature plants. In addition, we substituted amino acid residues in one of the catalytically essential sites of the CYP74B34 and CYP74B33 proteins and investigated the properties of the obtained mutant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - Svetlana S Gorina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Tatiana M Iljina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Natalia V Lantsova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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2
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Hashem C, Hochrinner J, Bürgler MB, Rinnofner C, Pichler H, Winkler M. From linoleic acid to hexanal and hexanol by whole cell catalysis with a lipoxygenase, hydroperoxide lyase and reductase cascade in Komagataella phaffii. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965315. [PMID: 36579187 PMCID: PMC9791951 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) cover a group of mainly C6-and C9-aldehydes, -alcohols and -esters. Their name refers to their characteristic herbal and fruity scent, which is similar to that of freshly cut grass or vegetables. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The resulting hydroperoxy fatty acids are then cleaved into aldehydes and oxo acids by fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). Herein, we equipped the yeast Komagataella phaffii with recombinant genes coding for LOX and HPL, to serve as a biocatalyst for GLV production. We expressed the well-known 13S-specific LOX gene from Pleurotus sapidus and a compatible HPL gene from Medicago truncatula. In bioconversions, glycerol induced strains formed 12.9 mM hexanal using whole cells, and 8 mM hexanol was produced with whole cells induced by methanol. We applied various inducible and constitutive promoters in bidirectional systems to influence the final ratio of LOX and HPL proteins. By implementing these recombinant enzymes in Komagataella phaffii, challenges such as biocatalyst supply and lack of product specificity can finally be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiam Hashem
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria
| | - Julius Hochrinner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Moritz B. Bürgler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Graz, Austria,*Correspondence: Margit Winkler,
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3
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Synthesis of Polymer Precursor 12-Oxododecenoic Acid Utilizing Recombinant Papaya Hydroperoxide Lyase in an Enzyme Cascade. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 35904676 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04095-0/figures/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) catalyze the splitting of 13S-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) into the green note flavor hexanal and 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which is not yet used industrially. Here, HPL from Carica papaya (HPLCP) was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid in detail. To improve the low catalytic activity of full-length HPLCP, the hydrophobic, non-conserved N-terminal sequence was deleted. This enhanced enzyme activity from initial 10 to 40 U/l. With optimization of solubilization buffer, expression media enzyme activity was increased to 2700 U/l. The tetrameric enzyme was produced in a 1.5 l fermenter and enriched by affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation possesses a slightly acidic pH optimum and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 2.73 × 106 s-1·M-1 towards 13S-HPODE. Interestingly, HPLCP-N could be applied for the synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, and 1 mM of 13S-HPODE was transformed in just 10 s with a yield of 90%. At protein concentrations of 10 mg/ml, the slow formation of the 10(E)-isomer traumatin was observed, pointing to a non-enzymatic isomerization process. Bearing this in mind, a one-pot enzyme cascade starting from safflower oil was developed with consecutive addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, Glycine max lipoxygenase (LOX-1), and HPLCP-N. A yield of 43% was obtained upon fast extraction of the reaction mixtures after 1 min of HPLCP-N reaction. This work provides first insights into an enzyme cascade synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which may serve as a bifunctional precursor for bio-based polymer synthesis.
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4
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Savchenko T, Degtyaryov E, Radzyukevich Y, Buryak V. Therapeutic Potential of Plant Oxylipins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14627. [PMID: 36498955 PMCID: PMC9741157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For immobile plants, the main means of protection against adverse environmental factors is the biosynthesis of various secondary (specialized) metabolites. The extreme diversity and high biological activity of these metabolites determine the researchers' interest in plants as a source of therapeutic agents. Oxylipins, oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids, are particularly promising in this regard. Plant oxylipins, which are characterized by a diversity of chemical structures, can exert protective and therapeutic properties in animal cells. While the therapeutic potential of some classes of plant oxylipins, such as jasmonates and acetylenic oxylipins, has been analyzed thoroughly, other oxylipins are barely studied in this regard. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of all major classes of plant oxylipins, including derivatives of acetylenic fatty acids, jasmonates, six- and nine-carbon aldehydes, oxy-, epoxy-, and hydroxy-derivatives of fatty acids, as well as spontaneously formed phytoprostanes and phytofurans. The presented analysis will provide an impetus for further research investigating the beneficial properties of these secondary metabolites and bringing them closer to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Evgeny Degtyaryov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Puschchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki st., 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Radzyukevich
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vlada Buryak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, str. 51, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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5
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Coenen A, Marti VG, Müller K, Sheremetiev M, Finamore L, Schörken U. Synthesis of Polymer Precursor 12-Oxododecenoic Acid Utilizing Recombinant Papaya Hydroperoxide Lyase in an Enzyme Cascade. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6194-6212. [PMID: 35904676 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) catalyze the splitting of 13S-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HPODE) into the green note flavor hexanal and 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which is not yet used industrially. Here, HPL from Carica papaya (HPLCP) was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid in detail. To improve the low catalytic activity of full-length HPLCP, the hydrophobic, non-conserved N-terminal sequence was deleted. This enhanced enzyme activity from initial 10 to 40 U/l. With optimization of solubilization buffer, expression media enzyme activity was increased to 2700 U/l. The tetrameric enzyme was produced in a 1.5 l fermenter and enriched by affinity chromatography. The enzyme preparation possesses a slightly acidic pH optimum and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 2.73 × 106 s-1·M-1 towards 13S-HPODE. Interestingly, HPLCP-N could be applied for the synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, and 1 mM of 13S-HPODE was transformed in just 10 s with a yield of 90%. At protein concentrations of 10 mg/ml, the slow formation of the 10(E)-isomer traumatin was observed, pointing to a non-enzymatic isomerization process. Bearing this in mind, a one-pot enzyme cascade starting from safflower oil was developed with consecutive addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, Glycine max lipoxygenase (LOX-1), and HPLCP-N. A yield of 43% was obtained upon fast extraction of the reaction mixtures after 1 min of HPLCP-N reaction. This work provides first insights into an enzyme cascade synthesis of 12-oxo-9(Z)-dodecenoic acid, which may serve as a bifunctional precursor for bio-based polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Coenen
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | - Kira Müller
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Maria Sheremetiev
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Finamore
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schörken
- TH Köln - Campus Leverkusen, Campusplatz 1, 51379, Leverkusen, Germany.
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Toporkova YY, Askarova EK, Gorina SS, Ogorodnikova AV, Mukhtarova LS, Grechkin AN. Epoxyalcohol synthase activity of the CYP74B enzymes of higher plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158743. [PMID: 32464332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The CYP74B subfamily of fatty acid hydroperoxide transforming cytochromes P450 includes the most common plant enzymes. All CYP74Bs studied yet except the CYP74B16 (flax divinyl ether synthase, LuDES) and the CYP74B33 (carrot allene oxide synthase, DcAOS) are 13-hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs, synonym: hemiacetal synthases). The results of present work demonstrate that additional products (except the HPL products) of fatty acid hydroperoxides conversion by the recombinant StHPL (CYP74B3, Solanum tuberosum), MsHPL (CYP74B4v1, Medicago sativa), and CsHPL (CYP74B6, Cucumis sativus) are epoxyalcohols. MsHPL, StHPL, and CsHPL converted the 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic (13-HPOD) and α-linolenic acids (13-HPOT) primarily to the chain cleavage products. The minor by-products of 13-HPOD and 13-HPOT conversions by these enzymes were the oxiranyl carbinols, 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic and 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9,15-octadecadienoic acid. At the same time, all enzymes studied converted 9-hydroperoxides into corresponding oxiranyl carbinols with HPL by-products. Thus, the results showed the additional epoxyalcohol synthase activity of studied CYP74B enzymes. The 13-HPOD conversion reliably resulted in smaller yields of the HPL products and bigger yields of the epoxyalcohols compared to the 13-HPOT transformation. Overall, the results show the dualistic HPL/EAS behaviour of studied CYP74B enzymes, depending on hydroperoxide isomerism and unsaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Elena K Askarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Gorina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna V Ogorodnikova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Lucia S Mukhtarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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7
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Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Winkler M, Pichler H. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Hydroperoxide Lyases for the Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13367-13392. [PMID: 31591878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are mainly C6- and in rare cases also C9-aldehydes, -alcohols, and -esters, which are released by plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. These compounds are named for their characteristic smell reminiscent of freshly mowed grass. This review focuses on GLVs and the two major pathway enzymes responsible for their formation: lipoxygenases (LOXs) and fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). LOXs catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydroperoxy fatty acids are further converted by HPLs into aldehydes and oxo-acids. In many industrial applications, plant extracts have been used as LOX and HPL sources. However, these processes are limited by low enzyme concentration, stability, and specificity. Alternatively, recombinant enzymes can be used as biocatalysts for GLV synthesis. The increasing number of well-characterized enzymes efficiently expressed by microbial hosts will foster the development of innovative biocatalytic processes for GLV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- bisy e.U. , Wetzawinkel 20 , 8200 Hofstaetten , Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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8
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Biocatalytic Synthesis of Natural Green Leaf Volatiles Using the Lipoxygenase Metabolic Pathway. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, the lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway combined actions of several enzymes to convert lipid substrates into signaling and defense molecules called phytooxylipins including short chain volatile aldehydes, alcohols, and esters, known as green leaf volatiles (GLVs). GLVs are synthesized from C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids that are oxygenated by lipoxygenase (LOX) to form corresponding hydroperoxides, then the action of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) produces C6 or C9 aldehydes that can undergo isomerization, dehydrogenation, and esterification. GLVs are commonly used as flavors to confer a fresh green odor of vegetable to perfumes, cosmetics, and food products. Given the increasing demand in these natural flavors, biocatalytic processes using the LOX pathway reactions constitute an interesting application. Vegetable oils, chosen for their lipid profile are converted in natural GLVs with high added value. This review describes the enzymatic reactions of GLVs biosynthesis in the plant, as well as the structural and functional properties of the enzymes involved. The various stages of the biocatalytic production processes are approached from the lipid substrate to the corresponding aldehyde or alcoholic aromas, as well as the biotechnological improvements to enhance the production potential of the enzymatic catalysts.
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9
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Gorina SS, Mukhitova FK, Ilyina TM, Toporkova YY, Grechkin AN. Detection of unprecedented allene oxide synthase member of CYP74B subfamily: CYP74B33 of carrot (Daucus carota). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1580-1590. [PMID: 31330195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of CYP74 family widespread in higher plants control the metabolism of fatty acid hydroperoxides to numerous bioactive oxylipins. Hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs, synonym: hemiacetal synthases) of CYP74B subfamily belong to the most common CYP74 enzymes. HPLs isomerize the hydroperoxides to the short-lived hemiacetals, which are spontaneously decomposed to aldehydes and aldoacids. All CYP74Bs studied yet except the CYP74B16 (flax divinyl ether synthase, LuDES) possessed the 13-HPL activity. Present work reports the cloning of the expressed CYP74B33 gene of carrot (Daucus carota L.) and studies of catalytic properties of the recombinant CYP74B33 protein. In contrast to all CYP74B proteins studied yet, CYP74B33 behaved differently in few respects. Firstly, the preferred substrates of CYP74B33 are 9-hydroperoxides. Secondly and most importantly, CYP74B33 exhibits the 9-allene oxide synthase (AOS) activity. For example, the 9(S)-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid (9-HPOD) underwent the conversion to α-ketol via the short-lived allene oxide. Uncommonly, the 9-HPOD conversion affords a minority of cis-10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acid, which is also produced by CYP74C but not the CYP74A AOSs. The similar product patterns were observed upon the incubations of CYP74B33 with 9(S)-hydroperoxide of α-linolenic acid. The enzyme possessed a mixed HPL, AOS, and the epoxyalcohol synthase activity toward the 13-hydroperoxides, but the total activity was much lower than toward 9-hydroperoxides. Thus, the obtained results show that CYP74B33 is an unprecedented 9-AOS within the CYP74B subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Gorina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Fakhima K Mukhitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tatiana M Ilyina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Y Toporkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
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Zhu ZJ, Chen HM, Chen JJ, Yang R, Yan XJ. One-Step Bioconversion of Fatty Acids into C8-C9 Volatile Aroma Compounds by a Multifunctional Lipoxygenase Cloned from Pyropia haitanensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1233-1241. [PMID: 29327928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The multifunctional lipoxygenase PhLOX cloned from Pyropia haitanensis was expressed in Escherichia coli with 24.4 mg·L-1 yield. PhLOX could catalyze the one-step bioconversion of C18-C22 fatty acids into C8-C9 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), displaying higher catalytic efficiency for eicosenoic and docosenoic acids than for octadecenoic acids. C20:5 was the most suitable substrate among the tested fatty acids. The C8-C9 VOCs were generated in good yields from fatty acids, e.g., 2E-nonenal from C20:4, and 2E,6Z-nonadienal from C20:5. Hydrolyzed oils were also tested as substrates. The reactions mainly generated 2E,4E-pentadienal, 2E-octenal, and 2E,4E-octadienal from hydrolyzed sunflower seed oil, corn oil, and fish oil, respectively. PhLOX showed good stability after storage at 4 °C for 2 weeks and broad tolerance to pH and temperature. These desirable properties of PhLOX make it a promising novel biocatalyst for the industrial production of volatile aroma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Ningbo Institute of Oceanography , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Hai-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Juan-Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Koeduka T. Functional evolution of biosynthetic enzymes that produce plant volatiles. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:192-199. [PMID: 29338642 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1422968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize volatile compounds to attract pollinators. The volatiles emitted by flowers are often complex mixtures of organic compounds; pollinators are capable of distinctly recognizing different volatile compounds. Plants also produce volatile compounds to protect themselves against herbivores and pathogens. Some of the volatile compounds produced in floral and vegetative tissues are toxic to insects and microbes. To adapt changes in the environment, plants have evolved the ability to synthesize a unique set of volatiles. Intensive studies have identified and characterized the enzymes responsible for the formation of plant volatiles. In particular, many biosynthetic genes have been isolated and their enzymatic functions have been proposed. This review describes how plants have evolved the biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of green leaf volatiles and phenylpropene volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koeduka
- a Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation (Agriculture), Department of Biological Chemistry , Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi , Japan
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12
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Savchenko T, Yanykin D, Khorobrykh A, Terentyev V, Klimov V, Dehesh K. The hydroperoxide lyase branch of the oxylipin pathway protects against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. PLANTA 2017; 245:1179-1192. [PMID: 28303390 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a new role for hydroperoxide lyase branch of oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in protecting photosynthetic apparatus under high light conditions. Lipid-derived signaling molecules, oxylipins, produced by a multi-branch pathway are central in regulation of a wide range of functions. The two most known branches, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and 13-hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) pathways, are best recognized as producers of defense compounds against biotic challenges. In the present work, we examine the role of these two oxylipin branches in plant tolerance to the abiotic stress, namely excessive light. Towards this goal, we have analyzed variable chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes with altered oxylipin profile, followed by examining the impact of exogenous application of selected oxylipins on functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus in intact leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes. Our findings unequivocally bridge the function of oxylipins to photosynthetic processes. Specifically, HPL overexpressing lines display enhanced adaptability in response to high light treatment as evidenced by lower rate constant of photosystem 2 (PS2) photoinhibition and higher rate constant of PS2 recovery after photoinhibition. In addition, exogenous application of linolenic acid, 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid, 12-oxophytodienoic acid, and methyl jasmonate individually, suppresses photochemical activity of PS2 in intact plants and isolated thylakoid membranes, while application of HPL-branch metabolites-does not. Collectively these data implicate function of HPL branch of oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in guarding PS2 under high light conditions, potentially exerted through tight regulation of free linolenic acid and 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid levels, as well as competition with production of metabolites by AOS-branch of the oxylipin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Institute st., 5, Odintsovo District, B. Vyazyomy, 143050, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Denis Yanykin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Institute st., 5, Odintsovo District, B. Vyazyomy, 143050, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrew Khorobrykh
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vasily Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Klimov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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13
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Jacopini S, Mariani M, de Caraffa VBB, Gambotti C, Vincenti S, Desjobert JM, Muselli A, Costa J, Berti L, Maury J. Olive Recombinant Hydroperoxide Lyase, an Efficient Biocatalyst for Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:671-83. [PMID: 26961190 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Volatile C6-aldehydes are the main contributors to the characteristic odor of plants known as "green note" and are widely used by the flavor industry. Biotechnological processes were developed to fulfill the high demand in C6-aldehydes in natural flavorants and odorants. Recombinant hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) constitute an interesting alternative to overcome drawbacks arising from the use of HPL from plant extracts. Thus, olive recombinant 13-HPL was assayed as biocatalysts to produce C6-aldehydes. Firstly, a cDNA encoding for olive HPL of Leccino variety was isolated and cloned in pQE-30 expression vector. In order to improve the enzyme solubility, its chloroplast transit peptide was deleted. Both enzymes (HPL wild type and HPL deleted) were expressed into Escherichia coli strain M15, purified, characterized, and then used for bioconversion of 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids. Aldehydes produced were extracted, then identified and quantified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Recombinant HPL wild type (HPLwt) allowed producing 5.61 mM of hexanal and 4.39 mM of 3Z-hexenal, corresponding to high conversion yields of 93.5 and 73 %, respectively. Using HPL deleted (HPLdel) instead of HPLwt failed to obtain greater quantities of hexanal or 3Z-hexenal. No undesirable products were formed, and no isomerization of 3Z-hexenal in 2E-hexenal occurred. The olive recombinant HPLwt appears to be a promising efficient biocatalyst for the production of C6-aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jacopini
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Magali Mariani
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | | | - Claude Gambotti
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Sophie Vincenti
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Jean-Marie Desjobert
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Alain Muselli
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Jean Costa
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Liliane Berti
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France
| | - Jacques Maury
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Campus Grimaldi, BP52, 20250, Corte, France.
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14
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Deng WW, Wu YL, Li YY, Tan Z, Wei CL. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Hydroperoxide Lyase Gene in the Leaves of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1770-1776. [PMID: 26886573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL, E.C. 4.1.2.) is the major enzyme in the biosynthesis of natural volatile aldehydes and alcohols in plants, however, little was known about HPL in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). A unique cDNA fragment was isolated by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) from a tea plant subjected to herbivory by tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua. This full length cDNA acquired by RACE was 1476 bp and encoded 491 amino acids. DNA and protein BLAST searches showed high homology to HPL sequences from other plants. The His-tag expression vector pET-32a(+)/CsHPL was constructed and transferred into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). The expression product of recombinant CsHPL in E. coli was about 60 kDa. The enzyme activity of CsHPL was 0.20 μmol·min(-1)·mg(-1). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated CsHPL was strongly up-regulated in tea plants after Ectropis obliqua attack, suggesting that it may be an important candidate for defense against insects in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ye-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Chao-Ling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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15
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Abstract
Most 'green' plants form green leaf volatiles (GLVs). GLVs are a familiar plant secondary metabolite, but knowledge of their physiological and ecological functions is limited. GLV formation is tightly suppressed when plant tissues are intact, but upon mechanical wounding, herbivore attack, or abiotic stresses, GLVs are formed rapidly, within seconds or minutes. Thus, this may be an important system for defense responses, allowing plants to protect themselves from damage as soon as possible. Because GLV formation in the natural environment is roughly related to the degree of stress in the plant life, sensing the amount of GLVs in the atmosphere might allow plants to recognize their surroundings. Because some plants respond to GLVs, they may communicate with GLVs. GLVs that contain α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups might activate signaling systems regulated under the redox state of plant cells. Plasma membranes would also be targets of interactions with GLVs. Additionally, the metabolism of GLVs in plant cells after absorption from the atmosphere could also be classified as a plant-plant interaction.
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16
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ul Hassan MN, Zainal Z, Ismail I. Green leaf volatiles: biosynthesis, biological functions and their applications in biotechnology. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:727-39. [PMID: 25865366 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous constitutive and inducible defence mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. These stresses induce the expression of various genes to activate defence-related pathways that result in the release of defence chemicals. One of these defence mechanisms is the oxylipin pathway, which produces jasmonates, divinylethers and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) through the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). GLVs have recently emerged as key players in plant defence, plant-plant interactions and plant-insect interactions. Some GLVs inhibit the growth and propagation of plant pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. In certain cases, GLVs released from plants under herbivore attack can serve as aerial messengers to neighbouring plants and to attract parasitic or parasitoid enemies of the herbivores. The plants that perceive these volatile signals are primed and can then adapt in preparation for the upcoming challenges. Due to their 'green note' odour, GLVs impart aromas and flavours to many natural foods, such as vegetables and fruits, and therefore, they can be exploited in industrial biotechnology. The aim of this study was to review the progress and recent developments in research on the oxylipin pathway, with a specific focus on the biosynthesis and biological functions of GLVs and their applications in industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem ul Hassan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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17
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Teder T, Lõhelaid H, Boeglin WE, Calcutt WM, Brash AR, Samel N. A Catalase-related Hemoprotein in Coral Is Specialized for Synthesis of Short-chain Aldehydes: DISCOVERY OF P450-TYPE HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE ACTIVITY IN A CATALASE. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19823-32. [PMID: 26100625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In corals a catalase-lipoxygenase fusion protein transforms arachidonic acid to the allene oxide 8R,9-epoxy-5,9,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid from which arise cyclopentenones such as the prostanoid-related clavulones. Recently we cloned two catalase-lipoxygenase fusion protein genes (a and b) from the coral Capnella imbricata, form a being an allene oxide synthase and form b giving uncharacterized polar products (Lõhelaid, H., Teder, T., Tõldsepp, K., Ekins, M., and Samel, N. (2014) PloS ONE 9, e89215). Here, using HPLC-UV, LC-MS, and NMR methods, we identify a novel activity of fusion protein b, establishing its role in cleaving the lipoxygenase product 8R-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid into the short-chain aldehydes (5Z)-8-oxo-octenoic acid and (3Z,6Z)-dodecadienal; these primary products readily isomerize in an aqueous medium to the corresponding 6E- and 2E,6Z derivatives. This type of enzymatic cleavage, splitting the carbon chain within the conjugated diene of the hydroperoxide substrate, is known only in plant cytochrome P450 hydroperoxide lyases. In mechanistic studies using (18)O-labeled substrate and incubations in H2(18)O, we established synthesis of the C8-oxo acid and C12 aldehyde with the retention of the hydroperoxy oxygens, consistent with synthesis of a short-lived hemiacetal intermediate that breaks down spontaneously into the two aldehydes. Taken together with our initial studies indicating differing gene regulation of the allene oxide synthase and the newly identified catalase-related hydroperoxide lyase and given the role of aldehydes in plant defense, this work uncovers a potential pathway in coral stress signaling and a novel enzymatic activity in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- From the Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Helike Lõhelaid
- From the Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - William E Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Wade M Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Nigulas Samel
- From the Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia,
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18
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Savchenko T, Kolla VA, Wang CQ, Nasafi Z, Hicks DR, Phadungchob B, Chehab WE, Brandizzi F, Froehlich J, Dehesh K. Functional convergence of oxylipin and abscisic acid pathways controls stomatal closure in response to drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1151-60. [PMID: 24429214 PMCID: PMC3938610 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are primary sites of perception of environmental stimuli. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are major structural constituents of membranes that also function as modulators of a multitude of signal transduction pathways evoked by environmental stimuli. Different stresses induce production of a distinct blend of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids, "oxylipins." We employed three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotypes to examine the oxylipin signature in response to specific stresses and determined that wounding and drought differentially alter oxylipin profiles, particularly the allene oxide synthase branch of the oxylipin pathway, responsible for production of jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA). Specifically, wounding induced both 12-OPDA and JA levels, whereas drought induced only the precursor 12-OPDA. Levels of the classical stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) were also mainly enhanced by drought and little by wounding. To explore the role of 12-OPDA in plant drought responses, we generated a range of transgenic lines and exploited the existing mutant plants that differ in their levels of stress-inducible 12-OPDA but display similar ABA levels. The plants producing higher 12-OPDA levels exhibited enhanced drought tolerance and reduced stomatal aperture. Furthermore, exogenously applied ABA and 12-OPDA, individually or combined, promote stomatal closure of ABA and allene oxide synthase biosynthetic mutants, albeit most effectively when combined. Using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Brassica napus verified the potency of this combination in inducing stomatal closure in plants other than Arabidopsis. These data have identified drought as a stress signal that uncouples the conversion of 12-OPDA to JA and have revealed 12-OPDA as a drought-responsive regulator of stomatal closure functioning most effectively together with ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Department of Plant Biology , University of California, Davis, California 95616
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19
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Wan XH, Chen SX, Wang CY, Zhang RR, Cheng SQ, Meng HW, Shen XQ. Isolation, expression, and characterization of a hydroperoxide lyase gene from cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22082-101. [PMID: 24213607 PMCID: PMC3856053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA coding for hydroperoxide lyase (CsHPL) was isolated from cucumber fruits of No. 26 (Southern China type) and No.14-1 (Northern China type), which differed significantly in fruit flavor. The deduced amino acid sequences of CsHPL from both lines show the same and significant similarity to known plant HPLs and contain typical conserved domains of HPLs. The recombinant CsHPL was confirmed to have 9/13-HPL enzymatic activity. Gene expression levels of CsHPL were measured in different organs, especially in fruits of different development stages of both lines. The HPL activities of fruit were identified basing on the catalytic action of crude enzyme extracts incubating with 13-HPOD (13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,12E)-octadecadienoic acid) and 13-HPOD + 9-HPOD (9-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid), and volatile reaction products were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). CsHPL gene expression in No. 26 fruit occurred earlier than that of total HPL enzyme activity and 13-HPL enzyme activity, and that in No. 14-1 fruit was consistent with total HPL enzyme activity and 9-HPL enzyme activity. 13-HPL enzyme activities decreased significantly and the 9-HPL enzyme activities increased significantly with fruit ripening in both lines, which accounted for the higher content of C6 aldehydes at 0–6 day post-anthesis (dpa) and higher content of C9 aldehydes at 9–12 dpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources Utilization in Northwest China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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20
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Liu Q, Hua Y, Kong X, Zhang C, Chen Y. Covalent immobilization of hydroperoxide lyase on chitosan hybrid hydrogels and production of C6 aldehydes by immobilized enzyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Brühlmann F, Bosijokovic B, Ullmann C, Auffray P, Fourage L, Wahler D. Directed evolution of a 13-hydroperoxide lyase (CYP74B) for improved process performance. J Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23183385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a 13-hydroperoxide lyase from guava, an enzyme of the CYP74 family, which is of interest for the industrial production of saturated and unsaturated C6-aldehydes and their derivatives, was improved by directed evolution. Four rounds of gene shuffling and random mutagenesis improved the functional expression in E. coli by offering a 15-fold higher product yield factor. The increased product yield factor relates to an improved total turnover number of the variant enzyme, which also showed higher solubility and increased heme content. Thermal stability was also dramatically improved even though there was no direct selection pressure applied for evolving this trait. A structure based sequence alignment with the recently solved allene oxide synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana showed that most amino acid alterations occurred on the surface of the protein, distant of the active site and often outside of secondary structures. These results demonstrate the power of directed evolution for improving a complex trait such as the total turnover number of a cytochrome P450, a critical parameter for process performance that is difficult to predict even with good structural information at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredi Brühlmann
- Firmenich SA, Corporate R&D, Route des Jeunes 1, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland.
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22
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Xiong J, Kong X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Hua Y. Production of (2E)-hexenal by a hydroperoxide lyase from Amaranthus tricolor and salt-adding steam distillation for the separation. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Isolation and characterization of two hydroperoxide lyase genes from grape berries : HPL isogenes in Vitis vinifera grapes. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7443-55. [PMID: 22318551 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
C6 compounds are the major fraction of the volatile profiles of grape berries, contributing the typical 'green' aroma to the grape and wine. Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) catalyzes the cleavage of fatty acid hydroperoxides to produce C6 compounds. Two hypothetical genes, VvHPL1 and VvHPL2 were cloned from grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the proteins encoded by these two genes both belong to subfamily of cytochrome P450 and contain typical conserved domains of HPLs, and have high identity with HPLs from other plants. Prokaryotically-expressed VvHPL1 and VvHPL2 with thioredoxin-6xHis-fusion partner were confirmed to have enzymatic activity. VvHPL1 is specific for 13-HPOD (T) producing C6 aldehydes with relatively higher activity and VvHPL2 catalyzes the cleavage of both 9- and 13-hydroperoxides producing C6 aldehydes and C9 aldehydes respectively. Analysis of real time-PCR showed that VvHPL2 was highly expressed in the leaves and the flowers of the grapes, while relatively low transcript abundance was detected in the berries, tendril and stems; VvHPL1 had high expression in all detected tissues. During grape berry development, the expression of these two isogenes presented similar trends with a rapid increase after veraison and a decrease at full-ripen stage, which roughly corresponded to the accumulation of their volatile products. These data lay an essential foundation for further study on the accumulation and control of C6 volatiles in grape berries.
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24
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Padilla MN, Hernández ML, Pérez AG, Sanz C, Martínez-Rivas JM. Isolation, expression, and characterization of a 13-hydroperoxide lyase gene from olive fruit related to the biosynthesis of the main virgin olive oil aroma compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5649-5657. [PMID: 20334343 DOI: 10.1021/jf9045396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA clone (OepHPL) coding for hydroperoxide lyase was isolated from olive fruit ( Olea europaea cv. Picual). The deduced amino acid sequence shows significant similarity to known plant hydroperoxide lyases and contains a N-terminal sequence that displays structural features of a chloroplast transit peptide. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that at least one copy of OepHPL is present in the olive genome. The recombinant hydroperoxide lyase was specific for 13-hydroperoxide derivatives of linolenic and linoleic acids but did not use 9-hydroperoxy isomers as substrates. Analyses of reaction products revealed that this enzyme produces primarily (Z)-hex-3-enal, which partially isomerizes to (E)-hex-2-enal, from 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid and hexanal from 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid. Expression levels were measured in different tissues of Picual and Arbequina varieties, including mesocarp and seed during development and ripening of olive fruits. The involvement of this olive hydroperoxide lyase gene in the biosynthesis of virgin olive oil aroma compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Padilla
- Department of Physiology and Technology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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25
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Akacha NB, Karboune S, Gargouri M, Kermasha S. Activation and Stabilization of The Hydroperoxide Lyase Enzymatic Extract from Mint Leaves (Mentha spicata) Using Selected Chemical Additives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:901-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Hughes RK, Yousafzai FK, Ashton R, Chechetkin IR, Fairhurst SA, Hamberg M, Casey R. Evidence for communality in the primary determinants of CYP74 catalysis and of structural similarities between CYP74 and classical mammalian P450 enzymes. Proteins 2008; 72:1199-211. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Characterization of purified green bell pepper hydroperoxide lyase expressed by Yarrowia lipolytica: Radicals detection during catalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Hughes RK, Belfield EJ, Casey R. CYP74C3 and CYP74A1, plant cytochrome P450 enzymes whose activity is regulated by detergent micelle association, and proposed new rules for the classification of CYP74 enzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 34:1223-7. [PMID: 17073790 DOI: 10.1042/bst0341223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CYP74C3 (cytochrome P450 subfamily 74C3), an HPL (hydroperoxide lyase) from Medicago truncatula (barrel medic), and CYP74A1, an AOS (allene oxide synthase) from Arabidopsis thaliana, are key membrane-associated P450 enzymes in plant oxylipin metabolism. Both recombinant detergent-free enzymes are monomeric proteins with dual specificity and very low enzyme activity that can be massively activated with detergent. This effect is a result of the formation of a complex between the protein monomer and a single detergent micelle and, in the case of CYP74A1, has a major effect on the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Association with a detergent micelle without an effect on protein oligomeric state represents a new mechanism of activation for membrane-associated P450 enzymes. This may represent a second unifying feature of CYP74 enzymes, in addition to their known differences in reaction mechanism, which separates them functionally from more classical P450 enzymes. Highly concentrated and monodispersed samples of detergent-free CYP74C3 and CYP74A1 proteins should be suitable for structural resolution. On the basis of recent evidence for incorrect assignment of CYP74 function, using the current rules for CYP74 classification based on sequence relatedness, we propose an alternative based on substrate and product specificity for debate and discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Hughes
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Casey R, Hughes RK. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Oxylipin Metabolism in Relation to Food Quality. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/fbt-200025673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Grechkin AN, Brühlmann F, Mukhtarova LS, Gogolev YV, Hamberg M. Hydroperoxide lyases (CYP74C and CYP74B) catalyze the homolytic isomerization of fatty acid hydroperoxides into hemiacetals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1419-28. [PMID: 17049304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of linoleic acid 9-hydroperoxide (9-HPOD) by recombinant melon (Cucumis melo L.) hydroperoxide lyase (HPL, CYP74C subfamily) was studied. Short (5 s-1 min) incubations at 0 degrees C followed by rapid extraction and trimethylsilylation made it possible to trap a new unstable (t(1/2) <30 s) product, i.e. the hemiacetal (1'E,3'Z)-9-hydroxy-9-(1',3'-nonadienyloxy)-nonanoic acid. Identification was performed by GC-MS analysis and substantiated by the formation of trimethylsilyl 9-trimethylsilyloxy-9-nonyloxy-nonanoate upon catalytic hydrogenation and by (2)H-labelling experiments. Both (18)O atoms of [(18)O(2)-hydroperoxy]9-HPOD were incorporated into the hemiacetal. Along with the hemiacetal, three chain-cleavage products, i.e. the enol (1E,3Z)-nonadienol and the hydrates of 3(Z)-nonenal and 9-oxononanoic acid, were trapped as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The kinetics of (18)O incorporation from [(18)O(2)]9-HPOD provided strong evidence that the cleavage products originated in the hemiacetal. Linolenic and linoleic acid 13-hydroperoxides served as substrates for recombinant HPLs of melon, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and guava (Psidium guajava), and in each case hemiacetals and enols were detectable by the trapping technique. The data obtained demonstrated that CYP74C and CYP74B HPLs act as isomerases performing a homolytic rearrangement of fatty acid hydroperoxides into short-lived hemiacetals which upon decomposition produce 3(Z)-nonenal, 3(Z)-hexenal and other short chain aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111 Russia.
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31
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Hanano A, Burcklen M, Flenet M, Ivancich A, Louwagie M, Garin J, Blée E. Plant seed peroxygenase is an original heme-oxygenase with an EF-hand calcium binding motif. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33140-51. [PMID: 16956885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605395200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that phytooxylipins play important roles in plant defense responses. However, many enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites are still elusive. We have purified one of these enzymes, the peroxygenase (PXG), from oat microsomes and lipid droplets. It is an integral membrane protein requiring detergent for its solubilization. Proteinase K digestion showed that PXG is probably deeply buried in lipid droplets or microsomes with only about 2 kDa at the C-terminal region accessible to proteolytic digestion. Sequencing of the N terminus of the purified protein showed that PXG had no sequence similarity with either a peroxidase or a cytochrome P450 but, rather, with caleosins, i.e. calcium-binding proteins. In agreement with this finding, we demonstrated that recombinant thale cress and rice caleosins, expressed in yeast, catalyze hydroperoxide-dependent mono-oxygenation reactions that are characteristic of PXG. Calcium was also found to be crucial for peroxygenase activity, whereas phosphorylation of the protein had no impact on catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that PXG catalytic activity is dependent on two highly conserved histidines, the 9 GHz EPR spectrum being consistent with a high spin pentacoordinated ferric heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Laboratoire des Phytooxlipines, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-CNRS-UPR 2357, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Hughes RK, Belfield EJ, Muthusamay M, Khan A, Rowe A, Harding SE, Fairhurst SA, Bornemann S, Ashton R, Thorneley RNF, Casey R. Characterization of Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) hydroperoxide lyase (CYP74C3), a water-soluble detergent-free cytochrome P450 monomer whose biological activity is defined by monomer-micelle association. Biochem J 2006; 395:641-52. [PMID: 16454766 PMCID: PMC1462683 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the detailed biochemical characterization of CYP74C3 (cytochrome P450 subfamily 74C3), a recombinant plant cytochrome P450 enzyme with HPL (hydroperoxide lyase) activity from Medicago truncatula (barrel medic). Steady-state kinetic parameters, substrate and product specificities, RZ (Reinheitszahl or purity index), molar absorption coefficient, haem content, and new ligands for an HPL are reported. We show on the basis of gel filtration, sedimentation velocity (sedimentation coefficient distribution) and sedimentation equilibrium (molecular mass) analyses that CYP74C3 has low enzyme activity as a detergent-free, water-soluble, monomer. The enzyme activity can be completely restored by re-activation with detergent micelles, but not detergent monomers. Corresponding changes in the spin state equilibrium, and probably co-ordination of the haem iron, are novel for cytochrome P450 enzymes and suggest that detergent micelles have a subtle effect on protein conformation, rather than substrate presentation, which is sufficient to improve substrate binding and catalytic-centre activity by an order of magnitude. The kcat/K(m) of up to 1.6x10(8) M(-1) x s(-1) is among the highest recorded, which is remarkable for an enzyme whose reaction mechanism involves the scission of a C-C bond. We carried out both kinetic and biophysical studies to demonstrate that this effect is a result of the formation of a complex between a protein monomer and a single detergent micelle. Association with a detergent micelle rather than oligomeric state represents a new mechanism of activation for membrane-associated cytochrome P450 enzymes. Highly concentrated and monodispersed samples of detergent-free CYP74C3 protein may be well suited for the purposes of crystallization and structural resolution of the first plant cytochrome P450 enzyme.
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Husson F, Tu VP, Santiago-Gomez M, Cachon R, Feron G, Nicaud JM, Kermasha S, Belin JM. Effect of redox potential on the growth of Yarrowia lipolytica and the biosynthesis and activity of heterologous hydroperoxide lyase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chehab EW, Raman G, Walley JW, Perea JV, Banu G, Theg S, Dehesh K. Rice HYDROPEROXIDE LYASES with unique expression patterns generate distinct aldehyde signatures in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:121-34. [PMID: 16531481 PMCID: PMC1459319 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.078592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE (HPL) genes encode enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of fatty acid hydroperoxides into aldehydes and oxoacids. There are three HPLs in rice (Oryza sativa), designated OsHPL1 through OsHPL3. To explore the possibility of differential functional activities among these genes, we have examined their expression patterns and biochemical properties of their encoded products. Transcript analysis indicates that these genes have distinct patterns and levels of expression. OsHPL1 is ubiquitously expressed, OsHPL2 is expressed in the leaves and leaf sheaths, whereas OsHPL3 is wound inducible and expressed exclusively in leaves. OsHPLs also differ in their substrate preference as determined by in vitro enzyme assays using 9-/13-hydroperoxy linolenic and 9-/13-hydroperoxy linoleic acids as substrates. OsHPL1 and OsHPL2 metabolize 9-/13-hydroperoxides, whereas OsHPL3 metabolizes 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid exclusively. Sequence alignments of the HPL enzymes have identified signature residues potentially responsible for the substrate specificity/preference of these enzymes. All three OsHPLs are chloroplast localized as determined by chloroplast import assays and green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion studies. Aldehyde measurements in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing individual OsHPL-GFP fusions indicate that all rice HPLs are functional in a heterologous system, and each of them generates a distinct signature of the metabolites. Interestingly, these aldehydes were only detectable in leaves, but not in roots, despite similar levels of OsHPL-GFP proteins in both tissues. Similarly, there were undetectable levels of aldehydes in rice roots, in spite of the presence of OsHPL1 transcripts. Together, these data suggest that additional tissue-specific mechanism(s) beyond transcript and HPL enzyme abundance, regulate the levels of HPL-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Chehab
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Fukushige H, Hildebrand DF. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) hydroperoxide lyase greatly increases C6 aldehyde formation in transgenic leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:2046-51. [PMID: 15769134 DOI: 10.1021/jf048391e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (HL) is the key enzyme for the production of the "green note"compounds, leaf aldehyde [(2E)-hexenal] and leaf alcohol [(3Z)-hexenol], in plant tissues. A cDNA encoding HL was cloned from leaves of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and expressed in Nicotiana tabacum. The enzyme is 3 times more active with 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid than with 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid. The activity against 9-hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids is minimal. Enzyme activity of the watermelon HL in the transgenic leaves was approximately 50 times higher than endogenous HL activity in the wild-type N. tabacum plants. When compared with Arabidopsis HL also expressed in N. tabacum, the highest HL activity is 10 times higher in watermelon HL overexpressing leaves than in Arabidopsis HL overexpressers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotada Fukushige
- Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, USA
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36
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Fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase of green bell pepper: cloning in Yarrowia lipolytica and biogenesis of volatile aldehydes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Koeduka T, Stumpe M, Matsui K, Kajiwara T, Feussner I. Kinetics of barley FA hydroperoxide lyase are modulated by salts and detergents. Lipids 2004; 38:1167-72. [PMID: 14733362 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA from barley coding FA hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) was cloned. A recombinant protein derived from the cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli as an active enzyme. Thus far, there have been no reports on HPL in monocotyledonous plants. The recombinant protein was shown to be most active to linolenic acid 13-hydroperoxide, followed by linoleic acid 13-hydroperoxide. 9-Hydroperoxides of the FA could not be substrates for the recombinant HPL. The activity was dramatically enhanced in the presence of a detergent and/or a salt in the reaction mixture. At the same time, the kinetics of the reaction, including inactivation and the Vmax value of the HPL, were also greatly modulated, depending on the concentration of a monovalent cation and/or a detergent in the reaction mixture. These results suggest that these effectors induced a conformational change in barley HPL, resulting in an improvement in substrate binding and in enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koeduka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
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Grechkin AN, Hamberg M. The "heterolytic hydroperoxide lyase" is an isomerase producing a short-lived fatty acid hemiacetal. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1636:47-58. [PMID: 14984738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the reaction mechanism of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), the enzyme from guava (Psidium guajava) fruits, was incubated for 10-60 s at 0 degrees C with 13-HPOT. The products were rapidly extracted and derivatized by trimethylsilylation. Two trapping products, namely the trimethylsilyl ether/ester derivatives of the hemiacetal 12-(1'-hydroxy-3'-hexenyloxy)-9,11-dodecadienoic acid and the enol (9Z,11E)-12-hydroxy-9,11-dodecadienoic acid, were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The structural assignments were supported by mass spectra recorded for (a) hydrogenated products; (b) products biosynthesized from [9,10,12,13,15,16] 13-HPOT or [(18)O(2)]13-HPOT; (c) chemically prepared reference compounds. Kinetic experiments showed that the hemiacetal and enol were both unstable and transiently appearing compounds (half-lives, ca. 20 s and 2 min, respectively). Hemiacetal and enol biosynthesized from [(18)O(2)]13-HPOT retained two and one (18)O atoms, respectively, whereas no (18)O was incorporated from [(18)O]water. The data demonstrated that: (1) the true enzymatic product formed from 13-HPOT in the presence of HPL is a short-lived hemiacetal; (2) the hemiacetal spontaneously dissociates into (3Z)-hexenal and the unstable enol form of (9Z)-12-oxo-9-dodecenoic acid; (3) the enzymatic isomerization of 13-HPOT into the hemiacetal occurs homolytically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia.
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Gomi K, Yamasaki Y, Yamamoto H, Akimitsu K. Characterization of a hydroperoxide lyase gene and effect of C6-volatiles on expression of genes of the oxylipin metabolism in Citrus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:1219-31. [PMID: 14610891 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of C6-volatile products of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway was examined for their antifungal activity and a potential role as a signal molecule in citrus. trans-2-Hexenal induced the rough lemon lipoxygenase gene (RlemLOX), hydroperoxide lyase gene (RlemHPL) and AOS gene, but hexanal, and hexanol suppressed them. cis-3-Hexenol and trans-2-hexenol increased expression of the AOS gene but not RlemLOX and RlemHPL. Transcripts of the RlemHPL and AOS gene were detected constitutively in leaves by northern blot, but wounding or inoculation with nonpathogenic Alternaria alternata rapidly increased the transcript accumulation. Transcripts of the RlemHPL and AOS genes were also induced with pathogenic A. alternata, which produces the host-selective ACR-toxin, but the signal declined rapidly after inoculation. An increase in enzymatic activity of HPL after wounding or inoculation with nonpathogen was suppressed in leaves infected with the pathogen. Interestingly, vapor treatment with trans-2-hexenol delayed necrotic spot formation in the leaves inoculated with the pathogenic A. alternata. Since trans-2-hexenol has no antifungal activity to A. alternata and also did not inhibit necrosis formation by ACR-toxin alone, the delay of symptoms may be caused by activation of AOS in the LOX pathway to produce oxylipin derivatives such as methyl jasmonate for activation of defense related genes with antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Gomi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Life Sciences, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Kandzia R, Stumpe M, Berndt E, Szalata M, Matsui K, Feussner I. On the specificity of lipid hydroperoxide fragmentation by fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:803-809. [PMID: 12940547 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) is a membrane associated P450 enzyme that cleaves fatty acid hydroperoxides into aldehydes and omega-oxo fatty acids. One of the major products of this reaction is (3Z)-hexenal. It is a constituent of many fresh smelling fruit aromas. For its biotechnological production and because of the lack of structural data on the HPL enzyme family, we investigated the mechanistic reasons for the substrate specificity of HPL by using various structural analogues of HPL substrates. To approach this 13-HPL from Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned and expressed in E. coli utilising a His-Tag expression vector. The fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography from the E. coli membrane fractions and its pH optimum was detected to be pH 7.2. Then, HPL activity against the respective (9S)- and (13S)-hydroperoxides derived either from linoleic, alpha-linolenic or gamma-linolenic acid, respectively, as well as that against the corresponding methyl esters was analysed. Highest enzyme activity was observed with the (13S)-hydroperoxide of alpha-linolenic acid (13alpha-HPOT) followed by that with its methyl ester. Most interestingly, when the hydroperoxy isomers of gamma-linolenic acid were tested as substrates, 9gamma-HPOT and not 13gamma-HPOT was found to be a better substrate of the enzyme. Taken together from these studies on the substrate specificity it is concluded that At13HPL may not recognise the absolute position of the hydroperoxy group within the substrate, but shows highest activities against substrates with a (1Z4S,5E,7Z)-4-hydroperoxy-1,5,7-triene motif. Thus, At13HPL may not only be used for the production of C6-derived volatiles, but depending on the substrate may be further used for the production of Cg-derived volatiles as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Kandzia
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry-Halle/Saale, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Abstract
Plant systems utilize a diverse array of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) in their biosynthetic and detoxicative pathways. Those P450s in biosynthetic pathways play critical roles in the synthesis of lignins, UV protectants, pigments, defense compounds, fatty acids, hormones, and signaling molecules. Those in catabolic pathways participate in the breakdown of endogenous compounds and toxic compounds encountered in the environment. Because of their roles in this wide diversity of metabolic processes, plant P450 proteins and transcripts can serve as downstream reporters for many different biochemical pathways responding to chemical, developmental, and environmental cues. This review focuses initially on defining P450 biochemistries, nomenclature systems, and the relationships between genes in the extended P450 superfamily that exists in all plant species. Subsequently, it focuses on outlining the many approaches being used to assign function to individual P450 proteins and gene loci. The examples of assigned P450 activities that are spread throughout this review highlight the importance of understanding and utilizing P450 sequences as markers for linking biochemical pathway responses to physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Schuler
- Department of Cell & Structural Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Abstract
"Heterolytic" hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) and divinyl ether synthase (DES) are important enzymes of the plant lipoxygenase pathway. HPL cleaves fatty acid hydroperoxides into the aldehyde fragments. DES converts hydroperoxides into the divinyl ethers. The present paper is concerned with recent studies on HPL and DES including their occurrence, properties, mechanisms of action, the cloning of their cDNAs and physiological importance of the enzymes and their products.
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Noordermeer MA, Van Der Goot W, Van Kooij AJ, Veldsink JW, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JFG. Development of a biocatalytic process for the production of c6-aldehydes from vegetable oils by soybean lipoxygenase and recombinant hydroperoxide lyase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:4270-4. [PMID: 12105957 DOI: 10.1021/jf0202685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile C6- and C9-aldehydes and alcohols are widely used as food flavors to reconstitute the "fresh green" odor of fruits and vegetables lost during processing. To meet the high demand for natural flavors, an efficient, cheap, and versatile biocatalytic process was developed to produce C6-aldehydes on a large scale. Vegetable oils were converted by soybean lipoxygenase and recombinant hydroperoxide lyase into hexanal and (2E)- or (3Z)-hexenal. In contrast to plant extracts, generally used as enzyme sources, high molar conversions were obtained with recombinant hydroperoxide lyase (50% for hexanal and 26% for hexenal formation), and no side products were formed. Furthermore, recombinant hydroperoxide lyase lacks isomerase activity, allowing production of (3Z)-hexenal, which could not be obtained in previously described processes. Recombinant hydroperoxide lyase is stable and can be stored at 4 degrees C for 1 month without significant loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke A Noordermeer
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Bio-organic Chemistry, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Husson F, Belin JM. Purification of hydroperoxide lyase from green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits for the generation of C6-aldehydes in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:1991-1995. [PMID: 11902945 DOI: 10.1021/jf011043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the efficiency of different extracts of hydroperoxide lyase from green bell peppers in producing aldehydes: a crude extract, a chloroplastic fraction, and a purified enzyme were investigated. From a crude extract, the HPO lyase was purified by ion-exchange chromatography with a 22.3-fold increase in purification factor. Analysis by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis under denaturating conditions showed only one protein with a molecular weight of 55 kDa, whereas size-exclusion chromatography indicated a molecular weight of 170 kDa. A maximum of 7500 mg of aldehydes per g of protein was obtained with the purified enzyme within 20 min of bioconversion compared to 392 and 88 mg of aldehydes per g of protein within 50 and 60 min, respectively, for the chloroplast fraction and the crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Husson
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Equipe Ingénierie Moléculaire et Sensorielle des Aliments, ENSBANA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, both appearing in developmentally and environmentally regulated processes of plants. The hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acids, synthesized by the action of various highly specialized forms of lipoxygenases, are substrates of at least seven different enzyme families. Signaling compounds such as jasmonates, antimicrobial and antifungal compounds such as leaf aldehydes or divinyl ethers, and a plant-specific blend of volatiles including leaf alcohols are among the numerous products. Cloning of many lipoxygenases and other key enzymes within the lipoxygenase pathway, as well as analyses by reverse genetic and metabolic profiling, revealed new reactions and the first hints of enzyme mechanisms, multiple functions, and regulation. These aspects are reviewed with respect to activation of this pathway as an initial step in the interaction of plants with pathogens, insects, or abiotic stress and at distinct stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Feussner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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47
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UNO C, HARA T, JOH T. Formation Mechanism of Grassy Odor Substance in Alfalfa Seedlings. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2002. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.8.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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48
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Psylinakis E, Davoras EM, Ioannidis N, Trikeriotis M, Petrouleas V, Ghanotakis DF. Isolation and spectroscopic characterization of a recombinant bell pepper hydroperoxide lyase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:119-27. [PMID: 11566449 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydroperoxide (HPO) lyase is a component of the oxylipin pathway and holds a central role in elicited plant defense. HPO lyase from bell pepper has been identified as a heme protein which shares 40% homology with allene oxide synthase, a cytochrome P450 (CYP74A). HPO lyase of immature bell pepper fruits was expressed in Escherichia coli and the enzyme was purified and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The electronic structure and ligand coordination properties of the heme were investigated by using a series of exogenous ligands. The various complexes were characterized by using UV-visible absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data demonstrated that the isolated recombinant HPO lyase has a pentacoordinate, high-spin heme with thiolate ligation. Addition of the neutral ligand imidazole or the anionic ligand cyanide results in the formation of hexacoordinate adducts that retain thiolate ligation. The striking similarities between both the ferric and ferrous HPO lyase-NO complexes with the analogous P450 complexes, suggest that the active sites of HPO lyase and P450 share common structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Psylinakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Noordermeer MA, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JF. Fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase: a plant cytochrome p450 enzyme involved in wound healing and pest resistance. Chembiochem 2001; 2:494-504. [PMID: 11828481 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010803)2:7/8<494::aid-cbic494>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plants continuously have to defend themselves against life-threatening events such as drought, mechanical damage, temperature stress, and potential pathogens. Nowadays, more and more similarities between the defense mechanism of plants and that of animals are being discovered. In both cases, the lipoxygenase pathway plays an important role. In plants, products of this pathway are involved in wound healing, pest resistance, and signaling, or they have antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The first step in the lipoxygenase pathway is the reaction of linoleic or linolenic acids with molecular oxygen, catalyzed by the enzyme lipoxygenase. The hydroperoxy fatty acids thus formed are highly reactive and dangerous for the plant and therefore further metabolized by other enzymes such as allene oxide synthase, hydroperoxide lyase, peroxygenase, or divinyl ether synthase. Recently, these enzymes have been characterized as a special class of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Hydroperoxide lyases cleave the lipoxygenase products, resulting in the formation of omega-oxo acids and volatile C6- and C9-aldehydes and -alcohols. These compounds are major contributors to the characteristic "fresh green" odor of fruit and vegetables. They are widely used as food flavors, for example, to restore the freshness of food after sterilization processes. The low abundance of these compounds in nature and the high demand make it necessary to synthesize them on a large scale. Lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase are suitable biocatalysts for the production of "natural" food flavors. In contrast to lipoxygenase, which has been extensively studied, little is yet known about hydroperoxide lyase. Hydroperoxide lyases from different organisms have been isolated, and a few genes have been published lately. However, the structure and reaction mechanism of this enzyme are still unclear. The identification of this enzyme as a cytochrome P450 sheds new light on its structure and possible reaction mechanism, whereas recombinant expression brings a biocatalytic application into sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Noordermeer
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tijet N, Schneider C, Muller BL, Brash AR. Biogenesis of volatile aldehydes from fatty acid hydroperoxides: molecular cloning of a hydroperoxide lyase (CYP74C) with specificity for both the 9- and 13-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 386:281-9. [PMID: 11368353 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel member of the plant cytochrome P450 CYP74 family of fatty acid hydroperoxide metabolizing enzymes has been cloned from melon fruit (Cucumis melo). The cDNA is comprised of 1,446 nucleotides encoding a protein of 481 amino acids. The homology at the amino acid level to other members of the CYP74 family is 35-50%, the closest relatives being allene oxide synthases. The cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding protein was purified by affinity column chromatography. The native enzyme showed a main Soret band at 418 nm, indicative of a low spin ferric cytochrome P450, and a 447-nm peak appeared in the CO-difference spectrum. Using [U-14C]radiolabeled substrate, HPLC, UV, and GC-MS, the products of conversion of 9S-hydroperoxy-linoleic acid were identified as 9-oxo-nonanic acid and 3Z-nonenal. Kinetic analysis of this hydroperoxide lyase showed the highest rate of reaction with 9-hydroperoxy-linolenic acid followed by 9-hydroperoxy-linoleic acid and then the corresponding 13-hydroperoxides. Overall, the newly characterized cytochrome P450 enzyme is a fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase with a preference, but not absolute specificity for the 9-positional hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tijet
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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