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Voller F, Ardanuy A, Taylor AFS, Johnson D. Maintenance of host specialisation gradients in ectomycorrhizal symbionts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1426-1435. [PMID: 37984824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi that form ectomycorrhizas exhibit a degree of host specialisation, and individual trees are frequently colonised by communities of mycorrhizal fungi comprising species that fall on a gradient of specialisation along genetic, functional and taxonomic axes of variation. By contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibit little specialisation. Here, we propose that host tree root morphology is a key factor that gives host plants fine-scale control over colonisation and therefore opportunities for driving specialisation and speciation of ectomycorrhizal fungi. A gradient in host specialisation is likely driven by four proximate mechanistic 'filters' comprising partner availability, signalling recognition, competition for colonisation, and symbiotic function (trade, rewards and sanctions), and the spatially restricted colonisation seen in heterorhizic roots enables these mechanisms, especially symbiotic function, to be more effective in driving the evolution of specialisation. We encourage manipulation experiments that integrate molecular genetics and isotope tracers to test these mechanisms, alongside mathematical simulations of eco-evolutionary dynamics in mycorrhizal symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay Voller
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Agnès Ardanuy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, 31320, France
| | - Andy F S Taylor
- Ecological Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Sweet MJ, Singleton I. Soil contamination with silver nanoparticles reduces Bishop pine growth and ectomycorrhizal diversity on pine roots. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:448. [PMID: 26617464 PMCID: PMC4655001 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by silver nanoparticles (AgNP) is of potential environmental concern but little work has been carried out on the effect of such contamination on ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). EMF are essential to forest ecosystem functions as they are known to enhance growth of trees by nutrient transfer. In this study, soil was experimentally contaminated with AgNP (0, 350 and 790 mg Ag/kg) and planted with Bishop pine seedlings. The effect of AgNP was subsequently measured, assessing variation in pine growth and ectomycorrhizal diversity associated with the root system. After only 1 month, the highest AgNP level had significantly reduced the root length of pine seedlings, which in turn had a small effect on above ground plant biomass. However, after 4 months growth, both AgNP levels utilised had significantly reduced both pine root and shoot biomass. For example, even the lower levels of AgNP (350 mg Ag/kg) soil, reduced fresh root biomass by approximately 57 %. The root systems of the plants grown in AgNP-contaminated soils lacked the lateral and fine root development seen in the control plants (no AgNP). Although, only five different genera of EMF were found on roots of the control plants, only one genus Laccaria was found on roots of plants grown in soil containing 350 mg AgNP/kg. At the higher levels of AgNP contamination, no EMF were observed. Furthermore, extractable silver was found in soils containing AgNP, indicating potential dissolution of silver ions (Ag+) from the solid AgNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Sweet
- />Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB UK
| | - I. Singleton
- />School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- />School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill campus Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN UK
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Novo-Uzal E, Gutiérrez J, Martínez-Cortés T, Pomar F. Molecular cloning of two novel peroxidases and their response to salt stress and salicylic acid in the living fossil Ginkgo biloba. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:923-36. [PMID: 25139427 PMCID: PMC4171070 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroxidase isoenzymes play diverse roles in plant physiology, such as lignification and defence against pathogens. The actions and regulation of many peroxidases are not known with much accuracy. A number of studies have reported direct involvement of peroxidase isoenzymes in the oxidation of monolignols, which constitutes the last step in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. However, most of the available data concern only peroxidases and lignins from angiosperms. This study describes the molecular cloning of two novel peroxidases from the 'living fossil' Ginkgo biloba and their regulation by salt stress and salicylic acid. METHODS Suspension cell cultures were used to purify peroxidases and to obtain the cDNAs. Treatments with salicylic acid and sodium chloride were performed and peroxidase activity and gene expression were monitored. KEY RESULTS A novel peroxidase was purified, which preferentially used p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols as substrates and was able to form dehydrogenation polymers in vitro from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. Two peroxidase full-length cDNAs, GbPrx09 and GbPrx10, were cloned. Both peroxidases showed high similarity to other basic peroxidases with a putative role in cell wall lignification. Both GbPrx09 and GbPrx10 were expressed in leaves and stems of the plant. Sodium chloride enhanced the gene expression of GbPrx09 but repressed GbPrx10, whereas salicylic acid strongly repressed both GbPrx09 and GbPrx10. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data suggest the participation of GbPrx09 and GbPrx10 in the developmental lignification programme of the cell wall. Both peroxidases possess the structural characteristics necessary for sinapyl alcohol oxidation. Moreover, GbPrx09 is also involved in lignification induced by salt stress, while salicylic acid-mediated lignification is not a result of GbPrx09 and GbPrx10 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Novo-Uzal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Federico Pomar
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Geng L, Duan X, Liang C, Shu C, Song F, Zhang J. Mining tissue-specific contigs from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for promoter cloning by deep transcriptome sequencing. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1793-801. [PMID: 25231965 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), one of the most important oil legumes in the world, is heavily damaged by white grubs. Tissue-specific promoters are needed to incorporate insect resistance genes into peanut by genetic transformation to control the subterranean pests. Transcriptome sequencing is the most effective way to analyze differential gene expression in this non-model species and contribute to promoter cloning. The transcriptomes of the roots, seeds and leaves of peanut were sequenced using Illumina technology. A simple digital expression profile was established based on number of transcripts per million clean tags (TPM) from different tissues. Subsequently, 584 root-specific candidate transcript assembly contigs (TACs) and 316 seed-specific candidate TACs were identified. Among these candidate TACs, 55.3% were root-specific and 64.6% were seed-specific by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Moreover, the consistency of semi-quantitative RT-PCR with the simple digital expression profile was correlated with the length and TPM value of TACs. The results of gene ontology showed that some root-specific TACs are involved in stress resistance and respond to auxin stimulus, whereas, seed-specific candidate TACs are involved in embryo development, lipid storage and long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. One root-specific promoter was cloned and characterized. We developed a high-yield screening system in peanut by establishing a simple digital expression profile based on Illumina sequencing. The feasible and rapid method presented by this study can be used for other non-model crops to explore tissue-specific or spatially specific promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Kurth F, Mailänder S, Bönn M, Feldhahn L, Herrmann S, Große I, Buscot F, Schrey SD, Tarkka MT. Streptomyces-induced resistance against oak powdery mildew involves host plant responses in defense, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolism pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:891-900. [PMID: 24779643 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0296-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobacteria are known to induce defense responses in plants without causing disease symptoms, resulting in increased resistance to plant pathogens. This study investigated how Streptomyces sp. strain AcH 505 suppressed oak powdery mildew infection in pedunculate oak, by analyzing RNA-Seq data from singly- and co-inoculated oaks. We found that this Streptomyces strain elicited a systemic defense response in oak that was, in part, enhanced upon pathogen challenge. In addition to induction of the jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent pathway, the RNA-Seq data suggests the participation of the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. Transcripts related to tryptophan, phenylalanine, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were enriched and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity increased, indicating that priming by Streptomyces spp. in pedunculate oak shares some determinants with the Pseudomonas-Arabidopsis system. Photosynthesis-related transcripts were depleted in response to powdery mildew infection, but AcH 505 alleviated this inhibition, which suggested there is a fitness benefit for primed plants upon pathogen challenge. This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms of priming by actinobacteria and highlights their capacity to activate plant defense responses in the absence of pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Delannoy
- Unité “Résistance des plantes”, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), UMR DGPC, 911 avenue Agropolis, B.P. 64501, F-34394, Montpellier cedex
| | - Philippe Marmey
- Unité “Résistance des plantes”, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), UMR DGPC, 911 avenue Agropolis, B.P. 64501, F-34394, Montpellier cedex
| | - Claude Penel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie végétale, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Genève 4
| | - Michel Nicole
- Unité “Résistance des plantes”, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), UMR DGPC, 911 avenue Agropolis, B.P. 64501, F-34394, Montpellier cedex
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Nagy NE, Fossdal CG. Host responses in Norway spruce roots induced to the pathogen Ceratocystis polonica are evaded or suppressed by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:99-110. [PMID: 22640005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of a compatible mycorrhizal interaction is different from that in a compatible plant-pathogen interaction; however, it is not clear what mechanisms are used to evade or suppress the host defence. The aim of this work is to reveal differences between the interaction of Norway spruce roots to the pathogen Ceratocystis polonica and the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor, examine if L. bicolor is able to evade inducing host defence responses typically induced by pathogens, and test if prior inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus affects the outcome of a later challenge with the pathogen. The pathogen was able to invade the roots and caused extensive necrosis, leading to seedling death, with or without prior inoculation with L. bicolor. The ectomycorrhizal L. bicolor colonised primary roots of the Norway spruce seedlings by partly covering, displacing and convoluting the cells of the outer root cortex, leaving the seedlings healthy. We detected increased total peroxidase activity, and staining indicating increased lignification in roots as a response to C. polonica. In L. bicolor inoculated roots there was no increase in total peroxidase activity, but an additional highly acidic peroxidase isoform appeared that was not present in healthy roots, or in roots invaded by the pathogen. Increased protease activity was detected in roots colonised by C. polonica, but little protease activity was detected in L. bicolor inoculated roots. These results suggest that the pathogen efficiently invades the roots despite the induced host defence responses, while L. bicolor suppresses or evades inducing such host responses in this experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Nagy
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Aas, Norway
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Heller G, Lundén K, Finlay RD, Asiegbu FO, Elfstrand M. Expression analysis of Clavata1-like and Nodulin21-like genes from Pinus sylvestris during ectomycorrhiza formation. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:271-7. [PMID: 21751039 PMCID: PMC3328683 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ecology and physiology of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis with conifer trees are well documented. In comparison, however, very little is known about the molecular regulation of these associations. In an earlier study, we identified three EcM-regulated Pinus expressed sequence tags (EST), two of which were identified as homologous to the Medicago truncatula nodulin MtN21. The third EST was a homologue to the receptor-like kinase Clavata1. We have characterized the expression patterns of these genes and of auxin- and mycorrhiza-regulated genes after induction with indole-3-butyric acid in Pinus sylvestris and in a time course experiment during ectomycorrhizal initiation with the co-inoculation of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, an auxin transport inhibitor. Our results suggest that different P. sylvestris nodulin homologues are associated with diverse processes in the root. The results also suggest a potential role of the Clv1-like gene in lateral root initiation by the ectomycorrhizal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Heller
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Lundén
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger D. Finlay
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederick O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Heller G, Adomas A, Li G, Osborne J, van Zyl L, Sederoff R, Finlay RD, Stenlid J, Asiegbu FO. Transcriptional analysis of Pinus sylvestris roots challenged with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:19. [PMID: 18298811 PMCID: PMC2268937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations of fungi with forest trees play important and economically significant roles in the nutrition, growth and health of boreal forest trees, as well as in nutrient cycling. The ecology and physiology of ectomycorrhizal associations with Pinus sp are very well documented but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind these mutualistic interactions with gymnosperms as compared to angiosperms. RESULTS Using a micro-array approach, the relative abundance of 2109 EST transcripts during interaction of Pinus sylvestris roots with the ectomycorrhizal fungus was profiled. The results reveal significant differential expression of a total of 236 ESTs, 96 transcripts differentially abundant after 1 day of physical contact with the fungus, 134 transcripts after 5 days and only 6 after 15 days at early stages of mantle formation on emerging lateral roots. A subset of cell wall modification and stress related genes was further assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR at late stages of mycorrhizal development coinciding with Hartig net formation. The results reveal down regulation of gene transcripts involved in general defence mechanism (e.g. antimicrobial peptide) as well as those involved in cell wall modification (e.g. glycine rich protein, xyloglucan endo transglycosylase). CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first attempt to characterize the transcriptome of the plant partner in the Pinus sylvestris - Laccaria bicolor model system. We identified 236 ESTs which are potentially important for molecular regulation of a functional symbiotic association in conifer host. The results highlight similarities with other studies based on angiosperm model systems, nevertheless some differences were found in the timing and spatial scale of gene regulation during ectomycorrhiza development in gymnosperms. The present study has identified a number of potentially important molecular events responsible for the initiation and regulation of biochemical, physiological and morphological changes during development of a fully functional symbiosis that are relevant for gymnosperm hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Heller
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aleksandra Adomas
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Len van Zyl
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ron Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederick O Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Raudaskoski M, Salo V. Dichotomization of mycorrhizal and NPA-treated short roots in Pinus sylvestris. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:113-5. [PMID: 19704726 PMCID: PMC2633996 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.2.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conifers like Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) have a complicated root system consisting of morphologically and anatomically different root types, of which the short roots have a very limited ability to elongate. Short roots have an important role in nature since they are able to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, in which the growth of fungal mycelium between the epidermal cells and in the intercellular space between cortical cells leads to formation of dichotomous short roots, which may, through further splitting of the meristem, form coralloid root structures. Dichotomous short roots have been suggested to result from changes in either auxin or ethylene concentrations due to the fungal growth inside the root. NPA, the inhibitor of polar auxin transport, enhances the dichotomization of P. sylvestris short root tips similarly to the fungal growth in the root, thus confirming that auxin plays a role in short root morphogenesis. Ethylene is also known to have an important role in the regulation of root morphogenesis. In future the research dealing with the root system and ectomycorrhiza development in P. sylvestris must take into account that both auxin and ethylene are involved and that there is no contradiction in obtaining the same phenotype with both hormones. The expression analysis of PIN proteins, auxin efflux carriers, could give valuable information about the role of auxin transport in regulating the root growth and morphogenesis of coniferous root system and mycorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjatta Raudaskoski
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku, Finland
| | - Vanamo Salo
- General Microbiology; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Lehr NA, Schrey SD, Hampp R, Tarkka MT. Root inoculation with a forest soil streptomycete leads to locally and systemically increased resistance against phytopathogens in Norway spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 177:965-976. [PMID: 18086220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil streptomycetes are commonly antagonistic against plant pathogens. However, interactions involving increased defense responses in the host plant, leading to suppression of plant disease development, have not yet been detailed. Here, the mechanisms were studied of disease suppression by Streptomyces sp. GB 4-2 against Heterobasidion root and butt rot in Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings. GB 4-2 promoted mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus, germination rate of fungal spores, extension of germ tubes and early colonization of outer cortical layers of the plant root. Reduced colonization of the inner cortical cell layers was accompanied by the induction of cell wall appositions, and increased xylem formation in the vascular cylinder emerged after bacterium-fungus coinoculation. Bacterial treatment led to decreased water content in roots and needles and increased photosynthetic yield (F(v)/F(m)) and peroxidase activities in needles. The infection of needles by Botrytis cinerea was reduced by bacterial pretreatment. Complex interactions of GB 4-2 with Norway spruce and Heterobasidion abietinum were discovered. The bacterium promoted the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus but induced plant defense responses. Host responses indicate that GB 4-2 induces both local and systemic defense responses in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Alexandra Lehr
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia D Schrey
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Present address: UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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12
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Bending GD. What are the mechanisms and specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:707-710. [PMID: 17504452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Bending
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK (tel +44(0) 2476575057; fax +44(0) 2476574500; email )
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13
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Laajanen K, Vuorinen I, Salo V, Juuti J, Raudaskoski M. Cloning of Pinus sylvestris SCARECROW gene and its expression pattern in the pine root system, mycorrhiza and NPA-treated short roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:230-243. [PMID: 17587372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The SCARECROW (SCR) gene is central to root radial patterning. Its expression has not been investigated in conifers with morphologically different root types. Additional interest in SCR functions in the Pinus sylvestris root system comes from the effect of ectomycorrhiza formation on the short root apical structure. Here, the P. sylvestris SCR gene (PsySCR) was cloned and its expression investigated by northern blot and in situ hybridization of primary, lateral and short roots and mycorrhiza. Short root dichotomization was induced by auxin transport inhibitor (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)). PsySCR has conserved GRAS family protein motifs at the C-terminus and a variable N-terminus. PsySCR expression occurred in young root tissue and mycorrhiza. In root sections the PsySCR signal runs through the tip in initials for stele and root cap column and becomes upwards-restricted to endodermis in all root types. The PsySCR expression pattern suggests for the first time a regulatory role for SCR in maintaining the endodermal characteristics and radial patterning of roots with open meristem organization. The specific PsySCR localization is also an excellent marker for investigation of the dichotomization process in short roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Laajanen
- Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irmeli Vuorinen
- Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanamo Salo
- Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Botany, Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Juuti
- General Microbiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjatta Raudaskoski
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
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Gómez Ros LV, Gabaldón C, Pomar F, Merino F, Pedreño MA, Barceló AR. Structural motifs of syringyl peroxidases predate not only the gymnosperm-angiosperm divergence but also the radiation of tracheophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:63-78. [PMID: 17176394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
* The most distinctive variation in the monomer composition of lignins in vascular land plants is that found between the two main groups of seed plants. Thus, while gymnosperm lignins are typically composed of guaiacyl (G) units, angiosperm lignins are largely composed of similar levels of G and syringyl (S) units. * However, and contrary to what might be expected, peroxidases isolated from basal (Cycadales and Ginkgoales) and differentially evolved (Coniferales and Gnetales) gymnosperms are also able to oxidize S moieties, and this ability is independent of the presence or absence of S-type units in their lignins. * The results obtained led us to look at the protein database to search for homologies between gymnosperm peroxidases and true eudicot S-peroxidases, such as the Zinnia elegans peroxidase. * The findings showed that certain structural motifs characteristic of eudicot S-peroxidases (certain amino acid sequences and beta-sheet secondary structures) predate the gymnosperm-angiosperm divergence and the radiation of tracheophytes, since they are found not only in peroxidases from basal gymnosperms, ferns and lycopods, but also in peroxidases from the moss Physcomitrella patens (Bryopsida) and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha (Marchantiopsida), which, as typical of bryophytes, do not have xylem tissue nor lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Gómez Ros
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Saarma K, Tarkka MT, Itävaara M, Fagerstedt KV. Heat shock protein synthesis is induced by diethyl phthalate but not by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in radish (Raphanus sativus). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:1001-1010. [PMID: 14593800 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and effects on protein synthesis of the phthalate esters diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was studied in radish seedings (Raphanus sativus cv. Kööpenhaminan tori). Phthalate esters are a class of commercially important compounds used mainly as plasticizers in high molecular-weight polymers such as many plastics. They can enter soil through various routes and can affect plant growth and development. First the effect of DEP and DEHP on the growth of radish seedings was determined in an aqueous medium. It was found that DEP, but not DEHP, caused retardation of growth in radish. A further investigation on protein synthesis during DEP-stress was executed by in vivo protein labeling combined with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). For comparisons with known stress-induced proteins a similar experiment was done with heat shock, and the induced heat shock proteins (HSPs) were compared with those of DEP-stress. The results showed that certain HSPs can be used as an indicator of DEP-stress, although the synthesis of most HSPs was not affected by DEP. DEP also elicited the synthesis of numerous proteins found only in DEP-treated roots. The toxic effect of phthalate esters and the roles of the induced proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaari Saarma
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Plant Physiology, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
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Wiemken V, Boller T. Ectomycorrhiza: gene expression, metabolism and the wood-wide web. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2002; 5:355-361. [PMID: 12179971 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between fungi and trees, the fungus completely ensheaths the tree roots and takes over water and mineral nutrient supply, while the plant supplies photosynthate. Recent work has focussed on gene expression in the two partners, on the effects of global change and nitrogen deposition rate on the symbiosis, and on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in connecting individual plants to form a 'wood-wide web'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wiemken
- Botanisches Institut, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
We have established the first public database of human primary T helper cell proteome using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. For the database, CD4+ human T cells were activated with anti-CD3+anti-CD28 antibodies and metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine for 24 h. Cells were lysed and proteins were separated by 2-DE. About 1500 protein spots were detected in the resulting 2-DE gels with silver staining, and 2000 spots with autoradiography. We have identified 91 proteins from the 2-DE gels using peptide mass fingerprinting, and annotated them to our database. The identified proteins are also linked to SWISS-PROTand NCBI protein databases. Our database is available via the Internet at http://www3.btk.utu.fi:8080/Genomics/Proteomics/Database.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Nyman
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Finland.
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