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Brunner SM, Schrödl F, Preishuber-Pflügl J, Runge C, Koller A, Lenzhofer M, Reitsamer HA, Trost A. Distribution of the cysteinyl leukotriene system components in the human, rat and mouse eye. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109517. [PMID: 37211287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) have important functions in the regulation of inflammation and cellular stress. Blocking the CysLT receptors (CysLTRs) with specific antagonists is beneficial against progression of retinopathies (e.g. diabetic retinopathy, wet AMD). However, the exact cellular localization of the CysLTRs and their endogenous ligands in the eye have not been elucidated in detail yet. It is also not known whether the expression patterns differ between humans and animal models. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe and compare the distribution of two important enzymes in CysLT biosynthesis, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), and of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in healthy human, rat and mouse eyes. Human donor eyes (n = 10) and eyes from adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5) and CD1 mice (n = 8) of both sexes were collected. The eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and cross-sections were investigated by immunofluorescence with specific antibodies against 5-LOX, FLAP (human tissue only), CysLTR1 and CysLTR2. Flat-mounts of the human choroid were prepared and processed similarly. Expression patterns were assessed and semiquantitatively evaluated using a confocal fluorescence microscope (LSM710, Zeiss). We observed so far unreported expression sites for CysLT system components in various ocular tissues. Overall, we detected expression of 5-LOX, CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the human, rat and mouse cornea, conjunctiva, iris, lens, ciliary body, retina and choroid. Importantly, expression profiles of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 were highly similar between human and rodent eyes. FLAP was expressed in all human ocular tissues except the lens. Largely weak immunoreactivity of FLAP and 5-LOX was observed in a few, yet unidentified, cells of diverse ocular tissues, indicating low levels of CysLT biosynthesis in healthy eyes. CysLTR1 was predominantly detected in ocular epithelial cells, supporting the involvement of CysLTR1 in stress and immune responses. CysLTR2 was predominantly expressed in neuronal structures, suggesting neuromodulatory roles of CysLTR2 in the eye and revealing disparate functions of CysLTRs in ocular tissues. Taken together, we provide a comprehensive protein expression atlas of CysLT system components in the human and rodent eye. While the current study is purely descriptive and therefore does not allow significant functional conclusions yet, it represents an important basis for future studies in diseased ocular tissues in which distribution patterns or expression levels of the CysLT system might be altered. Furthermore, this is the first comprehensive study to elucidate expression patterns of CysLT system components in human and animal models that will help to identify and understand functions of the system as well as mechanisms of action of potential CysLTR ligands in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brunner
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Falk Schrödl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pflügl
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Christian Runge
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Cornea Eye Bank, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Lenzhofer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Zhao G, Zhao W, Cui X, Xu B, Liu Q, Li H, Guo X. Identification of an MGST2 gene and analysis of its function in antioxidant processes in Apis cerana cerana. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21770. [PMID: 33660279 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MGST2 is a member of the MAPEG superfamily, which participates in LTC4 synthesis and plays important roles in the regulation of the oxidative stress pathway and some diseases. Here, we isolated a previously uncharacterized gene in Apis cerana cerana named AccMGST2 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The biological characteristics of AccMGST2 were analyzed by bioinformatics. The amino acid sequence similarity between AccMGST2 and AmMGST2 of Apis mellifera reached 96.08%. The expression characteristics of AccMGST2 were explored in several tissues. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the AccMGST2 gene was highly expressed in the head and muscle and that AccMGST2 expression responded to oxidative stress caused by different abiotic stresses. AccMGST2 was silenced using RNA interference, which decreased the expression levels of some MAPK and antioxidant genes. Therefore, we conclude that AccMGST2 is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress in A. cerana cerana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Wenchun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xuepei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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Thulasingam M, Haeggström JZ. Integral Membrane Enzymes in Eicosanoid Metabolism: Structures, Mechanisms and Inhibitor Design. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4999-5022. [PMID: 32745470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are potent lipid mediators involved in central physiological processes such as hemostasis, renal function and parturition. When formed in excess, eicosanoids become critical players in a range of pathological conditions, in particular pain, fever, arthritis, asthma, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Eicosanoids are generated via oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid along the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. Specific lipid species are formed downstream of COX and LOX by specialized synthases, some of which reside on the nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum, including mPGES-1, FLAP, LTC4 synthase, and MGST2. These integral membrane proteins are members of the family "membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism" (MAPEG). Here we focus on this enzyme family, which encompasses six human members typically catalyzing glutathione dependent transformations of lipophilic substrates. Enzymes of this family have evolved to combat the topographical challenge and unfavorable energetics of bringing together two chemically different substrates, from cytosol and lipid bilayer, for catalysis within a membrane environment. Thus, structural understanding of these enzymes are of utmost importance to unravel their molecular mechanisms, mode of substrate entry and product release, in order to facilitate novel drug design against severe human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuranayaki Thulasingam
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kanaoka Y, Austen KF. Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors in immune cell-related functions. Adv Immunol 2019; 142:65-84. [PMID: 31296303 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), leukotriene C4, (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4, are lipid mediators of inflammation. LTC4 is the only intracellularly synthesized cys-LT through the 5-lipoxygenase and LTC4 synthase pathway and after transport is metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4 by specific extracellular peptidases. Each cys-LT has a preferred functional receptor in vivo; LTD4 to the type 1 cys-LT receptor (CysLT1R), LTC4 to CysLT2R, and LTE4 to CysLT3R (OXGR1 or GPR99). Recent studies in mouse models revealed that there are multiple regulatory mechanisms for these receptor functions and each receptor plays a distinct role as observed in different mouse models of inflammation and immune responses. This review focuses on the integrated host responses to the cys-LT/CysLTR pathway composed of sequential ligands with preferred receptors as seen from mouse models. It also discusses potential therapeutic targets for LTC4 synthase, CysLT2R, and CysLT3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - K Frank Austen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are powerful immune-regulating lipid mediators with established pathogenic roles in inflammatory allergic diseases of the respiratory tract - in particular, asthma and hay fever. More recent work indicates that these lipids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of soluble and membrane enzymes that are primarily expressed by cells of myeloid origin. In activated immune cells, these enzymes assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, constituting a biosynthetic complex. This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of the components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery, emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention, and the development of new medicines exploiting both antiinflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms.
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Abstract
Purpose of review This review will critically highlight the role of leukotrienes as mediators of renal diseases and drug nephrotoxicity. It will also discuss the recently identified mechanism of cysteinyl leukotrienes induction and action, and will propose clinical implementation of these findings. Recent findings Since last reviewed in 1994, leukotrienes were shown to mediate drug-associated nephrotoxicity, transplant rejection and morbidity in several models of renal diseases. Although leukotrienes may be released by various infiltrating leukocytes, a recent study demonstrated that cytotoxic agents trigger production of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in mouse kidney cells by activating a biosynthetic pathway based on microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 2 (MGST2). LTC4 then elicits nuclear accumulation of hydrogen peroxide-generating NADPH oxidase 4, leading to oxidative DNA damage and cell death. LTC4 inhibitors, commonly used as systemic asthma drugs, alleviated drug-associated damage to proximal tubular cells and attenuated mouse morbidity. Summary Cysteinyl leukotrienes released by mast cells trigger the symptoms of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction. Therefore, effective leukotriene inhibitors were approved as orally administered asthma drugs. The findings that leukotrienes mediate the cytotoxicity of nephrotoxic drugs, and are involved in numerous renal diseases, suggest that such asthma drugs may ameliorate drug-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as some renal diseases.
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Abstract
Background: Leukotrienes are pivotal lipid mediators in various immune and inflammatory reactions. Herein, 5-LO is a validated target. 2-Aminothiazoles, as a privileged structure, implicate known 5-LO inhibitors like ST-1083 (IC50 [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL)] = 0.68 μM), yet deep structure–activity relationships (SAR) have not been established. Materials & methods: Compounds were synthesized via Hantzsch thiazole synthesis. Inhibitory activities were evaluated using intact PMNL and purified 5-LO together with cytotoxicity measurements in U937 cells. Results: We introduced novel functionalities at 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-position of the 2-aminothiazole scaffold and conducted bioisosteric replacement to optimize the parent scaffold. SARs of the 2-aminothiazole scaffold were deduced and extended primarily for inhibition of the 5-LO enzyme. Conclusion: SAR studies provided at least two optimized leads (ST-1853, ST-1906) with high potency (IC50 [polymorphonuclear leukocytes] = 0.05 μM), specificity and noncytotoxic behavior. [Formula: see text]
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Leukotriene C4 is the major trigger of stress-induced oxidative DNA damage. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10112. [PMID: 26656251 PMCID: PMC4682057 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and major chemotherapeutic agents damage DNA by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we show that ER stress and chemotherapy induce leukotriene C4 (LTC4) biosynthesis by transcriptionally upregulating and activating the enzyme microsomal glutathione-S-transferase 2 (MGST2) in cells of non-haematopoietic lineage. ER stress and chemotherapy also trigger nuclear translocation of the two LTC4 receptors. Acting in an intracrine manner, LTC4 then elicits nuclear translocation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), ROS accumulation and oxidative DNA damage. Mgst2 deficiency, RNAi and LTC4 receptor antagonists abolish ER stress- and chemotherapy-induced ROS and oxidative DNA damage in vitro and in mouse kidneys. Cell death and mouse morbidity are also significantly attenuated. Hence, MGST2-generated LTC4 is a major mediator of ER stress- and chemotherapy-triggered oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage. LTC4 inhibitors, commonly used for asthma, could find broad clinical use in major human pathologies associated with ER stress-activated NOX4. Chemotherapeutic agents elicit ER and oxidative stress as part of their mode of action. Here the authors show that chemotherapy and ER stress trigger MGST2-based biosynthesis of LTC4, whose inhibition abolishes chemotherapy- and ER stress-triggered oxidative stress and DNA damage, resulting in the attenuation of cell death.
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5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors suppress RANKL-induced osteoclast formation via NFATc1 expression. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7069-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Li J, Bruns AF, Hou B, Rode B, Webster PJ, Bailey MA, Appleby HL, Moss NK, Ritchie JE, Yuldasheva NY, Tumova S, Quinney M, McKeown L, Taylor H, Prasad KR, Burke D, O'Regan D, Porter KE, Foster R, Kearney MT, Beech DJ. Orai3 Surface Accumulation and Calcium Entry Evoked by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1987-94. [PMID: 26160956 PMCID: PMC4548547 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts, in part, by triggering calcium ion (Ca2+) entry. Here, we sought understanding of a Synta66-resistant Ca2+ entry pathway activated by VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Alexander-Francisco Bruns
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Bing Hou
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Baptiste Rode
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Peter J Webster
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Marc A Bailey
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Hollie L Appleby
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Nicholas K Moss
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Judith E Ritchie
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Nadira Y Yuldasheva
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Sarka Tumova
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Matthew Quinney
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Lynn McKeown
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Hilary Taylor
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - K Raj Prasad
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Dermot Burke
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - David O'Regan
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Karen E Porter
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Richard Foster
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - Mark T Kearney
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.)
| | - David J Beech
- From the Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine (J.L., A.-F.B., B.H., B.R., P.J.W., M.A.B., H.L.A., N.K.M., J.E.R., N.Y.Y., S.T., M.Q., L.M., H.T., K.E.P., D.J.B.) and School of Chemistry (R.F.), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery (K.R.P.) and Colorectal Surgery (D.B.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.O.R.).
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11
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Chapouly C, Tadesse Argaw A, Horng S, Castro K, Zhang J, Asp L, Loo H, Laitman BM, Mariani JN, Straus Farber R, Zaslavsky E, Nudelman G, Raine CS, John GR. Astrocytic TYMP and VEGFA drive blood-brain barrier opening in inflammatory central nervous system lesions. Brain 2015; 138:1548-67. [PMID: 25805644 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory central nervous system conditions such as multiple sclerosis, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is a key event in lesion pathogenesis, predisposing to oedema, excitotoxicity, and ingress of plasma proteins and inflammatory cells. Recently, we showed that reactive astrocytes drive blood-brain barrier opening, via production of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Here, we now identify thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP; previously known as endothelial cell growth factor 1, ECGF1) as a second key astrocyte-derived permeability factor, which interacts with VEGFA to induce blood-brain barrier disruption. The two are co-induced NFκB1-dependently in human astrocytes by the cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and inactivation of Vegfa in vivo potentiates TYMP induction. In human central nervous system microvascular endothelial cells, VEGFA and the TYMP product 2-deoxy-d-ribose cooperatively repress tight junction proteins, driving permeability. Notably, this response represents part of a wider pattern of endothelial plasticity: 2-deoxy-d-ribose and VEGFA produce transcriptional programs encompassing angiogenic and permeability genes, and together regulate a third unique cohort. Functionally, each promotes proliferation and viability, and they cooperatively drive motility and angiogenesis. Importantly, introduction of either into mouse cortex promotes blood-brain barrier breakdown, and together they induce severe barrier disruption. In the multiple sclerosis model experimental autoimmune encephalitis, TYMP and VEGFA co-localize to reactive astrocytes, and correlate with blood-brain barrier permeability. Critically, blockade of either reduces neurologic deficit, blood-brain barrier disruption and pathology, and inhibiting both in combination enhances tissue preservation. Suggesting importance in human disease, TYMP and VEGFA both localize to reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesion samples. Collectively, these data identify TYMP as an astrocyte-derived permeability factor, and suggest TYMP and VEGFA together promote blood-brain barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Chapouly
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Azeb Tadesse Argaw
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sam Horng
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kamilah Castro
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jingya Zhang
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Linnea Asp
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Hannah Loo
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Benjamin M Laitman
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - John N Mariani
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Rebecca Straus Farber
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 4 Department of Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - German Nudelman
- 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 4 Department of Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Cedric S Raine
- 5 Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gareth R John
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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12
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Yeh YC, Tang MJ, Parekh AB. Caveolin-1 alters the pattern of cytoplasmic Ca2+ oscillations and Ca2+-dependent gene expression by enhancing leukotriene receptor desensitization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17843-53. [PMID: 24755228 PMCID: PMC4067216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic Ca2+ oscillations constitute a widespread signaling mode and are often generated in response to stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors that activate phospholipase C. In mast cells, repetitive Ca2+ oscillations can be evoked by modest activation of cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptors by the physiological trigger, leukotriene C4. The Ca2+ oscillations arise from regenerative Ca2+ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores followed by Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ channels, and the latter selectively activate the Ca2+-dependent transcription factor NFAT. The cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptors desensitize through negative feedback by protein kinase C, which terminates the oscillatory Ca2+ response. Here, we show that the scaffolding protein caveolin-1 has a profound effect on receptor-driven Ca2+ signals and downstream gene expression. Overexpression of caveolin-1 increased receptor-phospholipase C coupling, resulting in initially larger Ca2+ release transients of longer duration but which then ran down quickly. NFAT-activated gene expression, triggered in response to the Ca2+ signal, was also reduced by caveolin-1. Mutagenesis studies revealed that these effects required a functional scaffolding domain within caveolin-1. Mechanistically, the increase in Ca2+ release in the presence of caveolin-1 activated protein kinase C, which accelerated homologous desensitization of the leukotriene receptor and thereby terminated the oscillatory Ca2+ response. Our results reveal that caveolin-1 is a bimodal regulator of receptor-dependent Ca2+ signaling, which fine-tunes the spatial and temporal profile of the Ca2+ rise and thereby its ability to activate the NFAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Yeh
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom and
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- the Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan and Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Anant B Parekh
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom and
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Jenkins NT, Padilla J, Thorne PK, Martin JS, Rector RS, Davis JW, Laughlin MH. Transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing analysis of rat skeletal muscle feed arteries. I. Impact of obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1017-32. [PMID: 24436298 PMCID: PMC4035791 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01233.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to determine the influence of obesity on global gene expression in skeletal muscle feed arteries. Transcriptional profiles of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle feed arteries (GFA and SFA, respectively) and aortic endothelial cell-enriched samples from obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and lean Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were examined. Obesity produced 282 upregulated and 133 downregulated genes in SFA and 163 upregulated and 77 downregulated genes in GFA [false discovery rate (FDR) < 10%] with an overlap of 93 genes between the arteries. In LETO rats, there were 89 upregulated and 114 downregulated genes in the GFA compared with the SFA. There were 244 upregulated and 275 downregulated genes in OLETF rats (FDR < 10%) in the GFA compared with the SFA, with an overlap of 76 differentially expressed genes common to both LETO and OLETF rats in both the GFA and SFA. A total of 396 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed between LETO and OLETF in aortic endothelial cell-enriched samples. Overall, we found 1) the existence of heterogeneity in the transcriptional profile of the SFA and GFA within healthy LETO rats, 2) that this between-vessel heterogeneity was markedly exacerbated in the hyperphagic, obese OLETF rat, and 3) a greater number of genes whose expression was altered by obesity in the SFA compared with the GFA. Also, results indicate that in OLETF rats the GFA takes on a relatively more proatherogenic phenotype compared with the SFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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14
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Global chromatin state analysis reveals lineage-specific enhancers during the initiation of human T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell polarization. Immunity 2013; 38:1271-84. [PMID: 23791644 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4⁺ T cells can differentiate into specific helper and regulatory T cell lineages in order to combat infection and disease. The correct response to cytokines and a controlled balance of these populations is critical for the immune system and the avoidance of autoimmune disorders. To investigate how early cell-fate commitment is regulated, we generated the first human genome-wide maps of histone modifications that reveal enhancer elements after 72 hr of in vitro polarization toward T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cell lineages. Our analysis indicated that even at this very early time point, cell-specific gene regulation and enhancers were at work directing lineage commitment. Further examination of lineage-specific enhancers identified transcription factors (TFs) with known and unknown T cell roles as putative drivers of lineage-specific gene expression. Lastly, an integrative analysis of immunopathogenic-associated SNPs suggests a role for distal regulatory elements in disease etiology.
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15
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Hofmann B, Steinhilber D. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2010-2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:895-909. [PMID: 23600432 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.791678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a crucial enzyme of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein. LTs are inflammatory mediators playing a pathophysiological role in different diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis as well as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. With the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy, 5-LO inhibitor drug development becomes increasingly important. AREAS COVERED Here, both recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of 5-LO and the patents claimed for 5-LO inhibitors are discussed. Focusing on direct inhibitors, several patents disclosing FLAP antagonists are also subject of this review. Novel compounds include 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, indolizines and indoles and several natural product extracts. EXPERT OPINION Evaluation of the patent activities revealed only quite moderate action. Nevertheless, several auspicious drug-like molecules were disclosed. It seems that in the near future, FLAP inhibitors can be expected to enter the market for the treatment of asthma. With the resolved structure of 5-LO, structure-based drug design is now applicable. Together with the identification of downstream enzyme inhibitors and dual-targeting drugs within the AA cascade, several tools are at hand to cope with 5-LOs increasing pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hofmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Ahmad S, Niegowski D, Wetterholm A, Haeggström JZ, Morgenstern R, Rinaldo-Matthis A. Catalytic Characterization of Human Microsomal Glutathione S-Transferase 2: Identification of Rate-Limiting Steps. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1755-64. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3014104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damian Niegowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Wetterholm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z. Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Morgenstern
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rinaldo-Matthis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. The leukotrienes: immune-modulating lipid mediators of disease. Adv Immunol 2013; 116:51-92. [PMID: 23063073 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394300-2.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The leukotrienes are important lipid mediators with immune modulatory and proinflammatory properties. Classical bioactions of leukotrienes include chemotaxis, endothelial adherence, and activation of leukocytes, chemokine production, as well as contraction of smooth muscles in the microcirculation and respiratory tract. When formed in excess, these compounds play a pathogenic role in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. An increasing number of diseases have been linked to inflammation implicating the leukotrienes as potential mediators. For example, recent investigations using genetic, morphological, and biochemical approaches have pointed to the involvement of leukotrienes in cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Moreover, new insights have changed our previous notion of leukotrienes as mediators of inflammatory reactions to molecules that can fine-tune the innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we review the most recent understanding of the leukotriene cascade with emphasis on recently identified roles in immune reactions and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Fang SH, Lin KN, Huang XQ, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Nuclear translocation of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 is involved in oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced damage to endothelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1511-7. [PMID: 23085741 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT(1) receptor) is located in epithelial cells, and translocates from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in a ligand-dependent manner. Here, we investigated whether CysLT(1) receptors translocated to the nucleus in endothelial cells after ischemic insult in vitro and whether it was involved in ischemic injury to endothelial cells. METHODS EA.hy926 cell line, derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, was subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The expression and distribution of CysLT(1) receptors were detected by immunofluorescent staining, immunogold labeling and immunoblotting analyses. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT reduction assay. Necrosis and apoptosis were determined by double fluorescent staining with propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342. RESULTS CysLT(1) receptors were primarily distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus in EA.hy926 cells, and few was found in the cell membrane. OGD induced the translocation of CysLT(1) receptors from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in a time-depen dent manner, with a peak reached at 6 h. OGD-induced nuclear translocation of CysLT(1) receptors was inhibited by pretreatment with the CysLT(1) receptor antagonist pranlukast (10 μmol/L), or by preincubation with NLS-pep, a peptide corresponding to the nuclear localization sequence of CysLT(1) receptor (10 μg/mL). However, zileuton, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase that was a key enzyme in cysteinyl leukotriene generation, did not inhibit the nuclear translocation of CysLT(1) receptors. Moreover, preincubation with NLS-pep (0.4 μg/mL) significantly ameliorated OGD-induced cell viability reduction and necrosis. CONCLUSION CysLT(1) receptors in endothelial cells translocate to the nucleus in a ligand-independent manner after ischemic insult in vitro, and it is involved in the ischemic injury.
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Metabolism of anandamide into eoxamides by 15-lipoxygenase-1 and glutathione transferases. Lipids 2012; 47:781-91. [PMID: 22684912 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) can metabolize arachidonic acid (ARA) into pro-inflammatory mediators such as the eoxins, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE), and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. We have in this study investigated the formation of various lipid hydroperoxide by either purified 15-LO-1 or in the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L1236, which contain abundant amount of 15-LO-1. Both purified 15-LO-1 and L1236 cells produced lipid hydroperoxides more efficiently when anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol ester was used as substrate than with ARA. Furthermore, L1236 cells converted AEA to a novel class of cysteinyl-containing metabolites. Based on RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry and comparison to synthetic products, these metabolites were identified as the ethanolamide of the eoxin (EX) C(4) and EXD(4). By using the epoxide EXA(4)-ethanol amide, it was also found that platelets have the capacity to produce the ethanolamide of EXC(4) and EXD(4). We suggest that the ethanolamides of the eoxins should be referred to as eoxamides, in analogy to the ethanolamides of prostaglandins which are named prostamides. The metabolism of AEA into eoxamides might engender molecules with novel biological effects. Alternatively, it might represent a new mechanism for the termination of AEA signalling.
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Chinthamani S, Odusanwo O, Mondal N, Nelson J, Neelamegham S, Baker OJ. Lipoxin A4 inhibits immune cell binding to salivary epithelium and vascular endothelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C968-78. [PMID: 22205391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00259.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxins are formed by leukocytes during cell-cell interactions with epithelial or endothelial cells. Native lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) binds to the G protein-coupled lipoxin receptors formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2)/ALX and CysLT1. Furthermore, LXA(4) inhibits recruitment of neutrophils, by attenuating chemotaxis, adhesion, and transmigration across vascular endothelial cells. LXA(4) thus appears to serve as an endogenous "stop signal" for immune cell-mediated tissue injury (Serhan CN; Annu Rev Immunol 25: 101-137, 2007). The role of LXA(4) has not been addressed in salivary epithelium, and little is known about its effects on vascular endothelium. Here, we determined that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptor activation in vascular endothelium and salivary epithelium upregulated the expression of adhesion molecules that facilitates the binding of immune cells. We hypothesize that the activation of the ALX/FPR2 and/or CysLT1 receptors by LXA(4) decreases this cytokine-mediated upregulation of cell adhesion molecules that enhance lymphocyte binding to both the vascular endothelium and salivary epithelium. In agreement with this hypothesis, we observed that nanomolar concentrations of LXA(4) blocked IL-1β- and TNF-α-mediated upregulation of E-selectin and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Binding of Jurkat cells to stimulated HUVECs was abrogated by LXA(4). Furthermore, LXA(4) preincubation with human submandibular gland cell line (HSG) also blocked TNF-α-mediated upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in these cells, and it reduced lymphocyte adhesion. These findings suggest that ALX/FPR2 and/or CysLT1 receptor activation in endothelial and epithelial cells blocks cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression and consequent binding of lymphocytes, a critical event in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Chinthamani
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 14214-3092, USA
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Carnini C, Accomazzo MR, Borroni E, Vitellaro‐Zuccarello L, Durand T, Folco G, Rovati GE, Capra V, Sala A. Synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human endothelial cells: subcellular localization and autocrine signaling through the CysLT
2
receptor. FASEB J 2011; 25:3519-28. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-177030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carnini
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Borroni
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | | | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5247, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/UM I/UM II, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Giancarlo Folco
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
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Johansson AS, Haeggström JZ, Hultenby K, Palmblad J. Subcellular localization of leukotriene receptors in human endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2790-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yuan YM, Fang SH, Qian XD, Liu LY, Xu LH, Shi WZ, Zhang LH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Leukotriene D4 stimulates the migration but not proliferation of endothelial cells mediated by the cysteinyl leukotriene cyslt(1) receptor via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:285-92. [PMID: 19234368 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08321fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are mediated by activating CysLT receptors, CysLT(1), and CysLT(2). The CysLT(1) receptor mediates vascular responses to CysLTs; however, its effect on the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells is not clarified. To determine this effect, we observed proliferation and migration in EA.hy926 cells, a human endothelial cell line, and the involvement of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We found that LTD(4) did not affect the proliferation, but significantly stimulated the migration of endothelial cells. LTD(4) also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but not those of p38 or JNK. The LTD(4)-induced migration and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were blocked by the CysLT(1)-receptor antagonist montelukast and the dual antagonist Bay u9773, but not by the CysLT(2)-receptor antagonist Bay cysLT2; the migration was also inhibited by the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Our findings indicate that LTD(4) stimulates the CysLT(1) receptor-mediated migration of endothelial cells; this may be regulated by the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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26
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IL-18 accelerates the cell apoptosis by up-regulating Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 Receptor Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells at the early stage of administration. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 50:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Cuciureanu M, Căruntu ID, Păduraru O, Stoica B, Jerca L, Crauciuc E, Nechifor M. The protective effect of montelukast sodium on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatopathy in rat. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:82-8. [PMID: 19041730 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study investigates the effects of montelukast sodium (MK) (CysLTLT1 receptor antagonist) on CCl(4)induced hepatopathy on rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS We worked on 4 groups of 10 Wistar male rats each. The groups received as follows: group I (control group) - saline, group II - MK 5mg/kg/day i.p. for 5 days, group III - MK 5mg/kg/day i.p., 1 day prior to and 4 days concomitantly with CCl(4) p.o., 0.3ml/Kg/day and group IV - CCl(4), p.o., 0.3ml/Kg/day for 4 days. One day after the last administration, samples of blood were taken and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined. The histopathological exam was performed. We also determined superoxide dismutase (SOD), MDA, CAT and GSH in liver homogenate. RESULTS Compared to group IV, group III exhibited statistically significant lower levels of ALT (318+/-15.75 versus 203.14+/-10.28 UI, p<0.0001), TB (3.16+/-0.30 versus 1.99+/-0.08mg/dl, p<0.0001), MDA in blood and in liver homogenate (4.98+/-1.71 versus 2.15+/-1.18nmol/ml, p=0.0004) and higher levels of SOD and CAT. Histopathologically, group IV presented important macro- and micro-vesicular hepatic steatosis and group III preserved lobular histoarchitecture and had less severe cellular lesions. CONCLUSION MK exhibits a partial hepatoprotective effect on rats treated with CCl(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cuciureanu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, GRIGORE T. POPA, IASI, Romania.
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Zhu DY, Du Y, Huang X, Guo MY, Ma KF, Yu YP, Lou YJ. MAPEG Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Tissue System. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:775-83. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yan Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Du
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang-California International NanoSystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Yuan Guo
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui-Fen Ma
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ping Yu
- Institute of Material Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jia Lou
- Institute of Pharmacology-Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ma KF, Yang HY, Chen Z, Qi LY, Zhu DY, Lou YJ. Enhanced expressions and activations of leukotriene C4 synthesis enzymes in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced rat fulminant hepatic failure model. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2748-56. [PMID: 18461660 PMCID: PMC2709038 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and activity of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthesis enzymes and their underlying relationship with cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LT) generation in a rat fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) model induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/ LPS).
METHODS: Rats were treated with D-GalN (300 mg/kg) plus LPS (0.1 mg/kg) for 1, 3, 6, and 12 h. Enzyme immunoassay was used to determine the hepatic cys-LT content. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot or immunohistochemical assay were employed to assess the expression or location of LTC4 synthesis enzymes, which belong to membrane associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione (MAPEG) metabolism superfamily. Activity of LTC4 synthesis enzymes was evaluated by determination of the products of LTA4 after incubation with liver microsomes using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
RESULTS: Livers were injured after treatment with D-GalN/LPS, accompanied by cys-LT accumulation at the prophase of liver injury. Both LTC4 synthase (LTC4S) and microsomal glutathione-S-transferase (mGST) 2 were expressed in the rat liver, while the latter was specifically located in hepatocytes. Their mRNA and protein expressions were up-regulated at an earlier phase after treatment with D-GalN/LPS. Meantime, a higher activity of LTC4 synthesis enzymes was detected, although the activity of LTC4S played the main role in this case.
CONCLUSION: The expression and activity of both LTC4S and mGST2 are up regulated in a rat FHF model, which are, at least, partly responsible for cys-LT hepatic accumulation.
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Samuelsson B, Morgenstern R, Jakobsson PJ. Membrane prostaglandin E synthase-1: a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:207-24. [PMID: 17878511 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is the most abundant prostaglandin in the human body. It has a large number of biological actions that it exerts via four types of receptors, EP1-4. PGE(2) is formed from arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2)-catalyzed formation of prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)) and further transformation by PGE synthases. The isomerization of the endoperoxide PGH(2) to PGE(2) is catalyzed by three different PGE synthases, viz. cytosolic PGE synthase (cPGES) and two membrane-bound PGE synthases, mPGES-1 and mPGES-2. Of these isomerases, cPGES and mPGES-2 are constitutive enzymes, whereas mPGES-1 is mainly an induced isomerase. cPGES uses PGH(2) produced by COX-1 whereas mPGES-1 uses COX-2-derived endoperoxide. mPGES-2 can use both sources of PGH(2). mPGES-1 is a member of the membrane associated proteins involved in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (MAPEG) superfamily. It requires glutathione as an essential cofactor for its activity. mPGES-1 is up-regulated in response to various proinflammatory stimuli with a concomitant increased expression of COX-2. The coordinate increased expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 is reversed by glucocorticoids. Differences in the kinetics of the expression of the two enzymes suggest distinct regulatory mechanisms for their expression. Studies, mainly from disruption of the mPGES-1 gene in mice, indicate key roles of mPGES-1-generated PGE(2) in female reproduction and in pathological conditions such as inflammation, pain, fever, anorexia, atherosclerosis, stroke, and tumorigenesis. These findings indicate that mPGES-1 is a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents for treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Samuelsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Capra V, Thompson MD, Sala A, Cole DE, Folco G, Rovati GE. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and their receptors in asthma and other inflammatory diseases: critical update and emerging trends. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:469-527. [PMID: 16894531 DOI: 10.1002/med.20071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs), that is, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, trigger contractile and inflammatory responses through the specific interaction with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belonging to the purine receptor cluster of the rhodopsin family, and identified as CysLT receptors (CysLTRs). Cysteinyl-LTs have a clear role in pathophysiological conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), and have been implicated in other inflammatory conditions including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. Molecular cloning of human CysLT1R and CysLT2R subtypes has confirmed most of the previous pharmacological characterization and identified distinct expression patterns only partially overlapping. Interestingly, recent data provide evidence for the immunomodulation of CysLTR expression, the existence of additional receptor subtypes, and of an intracellular pool of CysLTRs that may have roles different from those of plasma membrane receptors. Furthermore, genetic variants have been identified for the CysLTRs that may interact to confer risk for atopy. Finally, a crosstalk between the cysteinyl-LT and the purine systems is being delineated. This review will summarize and attempt to integrate recent data derived from studies on the molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of CysLTRs, and will consider the therapeutic opportunities arising from the new roles suggested for cysteinyl-LTs and their receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/adverse effects
- Hydroxyurea/analogs & derivatives
- Leukotriene Antagonists/adverse effects
- Leukotriene Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Leukotriene C4/physiology
- Leukotriene D4/physiology
- Leukotriene E4/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Pharmacogenetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/drug effects
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- SRS-A/biosynthesis
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Several other proteins, including cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α) and FLAP (5-LO-activating protein) also assemble at the perinuclear region before production of LTA4. LTC4 synthase is an integral membrane protein that is present at the nuclear envelope; however, LTA4 hydrolase remains cytosolic. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by ω-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by β-oxidation from the ω-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. Other specific pathways of leukotriene metabolism include the 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase that forms a series of conjugated diene metabolites that have been observed to be excreted into human urine. Metabolism of LTC4 occurs by sequential peptide cleavage reactions involving a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase that forms LTD4 (leukotriene D4) and a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts LTD4 into LTE4 (leukotriene E4) before ω-oxidation. These metabolic transformations of the primary leukotrienes are critical for termination of their biological activity, and defects in expression of participating enzymes may be involved in specific genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Mail Stop 8303, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA
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Grayson MH, Korenblat PE. The role of antileukotriene drugs in management of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:209-15. [PMID: 17448333 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antileukotriene drugs have been studied for more than 15 years. In this review we examine the role of leukotrienes in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, and explore the clinical literature supporting the use of anti-leukotriene agents in these diseases. Although these medications clearly are efficacious in rhinitis, it is unclear where in the armamentarium they should be used. The evidence for use in sinusitis has not been well studied except in sinusitis-associated aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. In this circumstance there is information that allows use of antileukotriene agents to be considered efficacious. We provide our rationale for use and await future clinical studies to answer this important question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Grayson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8122, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Yang SL, Huang X, Chen HF, Xu D, Chen LJ, Kong Y, Lou YJ. Increased leukotriene c4 synthesis accompanied enhanced leukotriene c4 synthase expression and activities of ischemia-reperfusion-injured liver in rats. J Surg Res 2007; 140:36-44. [PMID: 17397868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important clinical issue and relates to cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs), the first committed synthesis step of which is that LTC4 synthesis enzymes including leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S), microsomal glutathione-S-transferase (mGST)2, and mGST3-catalyzed LTA4 and reduced glutathione (GSH), to generate LTC4. However, the mechanisms of LTC4 generation during hepatic I/R are far from being elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups: sham group (control) and I/R group. Liver was subjected to 60 min of partial hepatic ischemia followed by 5 h of reperfusion; saline was administered intravenously. LTC4 content, the activities, and expressions of LTC4 synthesis enzymes were examined with reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Liver damage was assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) measurements and histological observation. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissue were used to evaluate lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress was estimated by the reduced GSH level in liver tissue in the pathological process. RESULTS Compared with control, LTC4 content, the LTC4 synthesis enzymes' activities, and the mRNA and protein expressions of LTC4S were significantly increased, while the mRNA expressions of mGST2 and mGST3 were declined obviously in rat liver during I/R (P < 0.05); most hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells expressed intensively LTC4S in an I/R-sensitive manner. This was accompanied by the increase in serum ALT and AST levels together with liver tissue MDA content (P < 0.05), the decrease in liver tissue GSH level, and SOD activity (P < 0.05), as well as histological damage. There were no differences in the protein expression of mGST3 between control and I/R groups. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that hepatic I/R injury up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of LTC4S in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells and enhanced the activities of the LTC4 synthesis enzymes. It suggests that LTC4 accumulation after hepatic I/R can be caused partially by LTC4S expression up-regulation and the LTC4 synthesis enzymes' activities augment to which LTC4S rather than mGST2 or mGST3 may mainly contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Long Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology--Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Makinde T, Murphy RF, Agrawal DK. The regulatory role of TGF-beta in airway remodeling in asthma. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:348-56. [PMID: 17325694 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Both structural and inflammatory cells are capable of secreting transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and expressing TGF-beta receptors. TGF-beta can induce multiple cellular responses including differentiation, apoptosis, survival and proliferation, and has been implicated in the development of several pathogenic conditions including cancer and asthma. Elevated levels of TGF-beta have been reported in the asthmatic airway. TGF-beta binds to its receptor complex and activates multiple pathways involving proteins such as Sma and Mad homologues, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinases, leading to the transcription of several genes. Cell type, cellular condition, and microenvironment, all play a role in determining which pathway is activated, which, in turn, is an indication of which gene is to be transcribed. TGF-beta has been shown to induce apoptosis in airway epithelial cells. A possible role for TGF-beta in the regulation of epithelial cell adhesion properties has also been reported. Enhancement of goblet cell proliferation by TGF-beta suggests a role in mucus hyper-secretion. Elevated levels of TGF-beta correlate with subepithelial fibrosis. TGF-beta induces proliferation of fibroblast cells and their differentiation into myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis during the development of subepithelial fibrosis. TGF-beta also induces proliferation and survival of and ECM secretion in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), suggesting a possible cause of increased thickness of airway tissues. TGF-beta also induces the production and release of vascular endothelial cell growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor, contributing to the vascular remodeling in the asthmatic airway. Blocking TGF-beta activity inhibits epithelial shedding, mucus hyper-secretion, angiogenesis, ASMC hypertrophy and hyperplasia in an asthmatic mouse model. Reduction of TGF-beta production and control of TGF-beta effects would be beneficial in the development of therapeutic intervention for airway remodeling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluwalope Makinde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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36
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Grayson MH, Korenblat PE. Treating asthma in the older patient: is there a place for leukotriene modifiers? Drugs Aging 2006; 23:451-9. [PMID: 16872230 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200623060-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common airway disease found in people of all ages, although most studies of asthma therapies are focused on adolescent and young adults. Little information exists on the use of asthma therapeutics in the older patient (>65 years of age). The newest therapeutic class to be released in the US for the treatment of asthma is the leukotriene modifiers. These medications (either receptor antagonists or enzyme inhibitors) have been found to be beneficial in younger patients with asthma, but their potential role in older patients is less clear. In this review, the data regarding the use of these medications in older patients are examined, as are the epidemiological and pathophysiological issues regarding asthma in this growing patient population. On the basis of the two published reports of leukotriene modifiers in the older patient, we conclude that leukotriene modifiers are useful in this population, but like other controller therapies for asthma, they are less effective in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Grayson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Peters-Golden M, Gleason MM, Togias A. Cysteinyl leukotrienes: multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:689-703. [PMID: 16776669 PMCID: PMC1569601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of inflammatory lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid by a variety of cells, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages. This article reviews the data for the role of CysLTs as multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis (AR). We review the evidence that: (1) CysLTs are released from inflammatory cells that participate in AR, (2) receptors for CysLTs are located in nasal tissue, (3) CysLTs are increased in patients with AR and are released following allergen exposure, (4) administration of CysLTs reproduces the symptoms of AR, (5) CysLTs play roles in the maturation, as well as tissue recruitment, of inflammatory cells, and (6) a complex inter-regulation between CysLTs and a variety of other inflammatory mediators exists.
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Osher E, Weisinger G, Limor R, Tordjman K, Stern N. The 5 lipoxygenase system in the vasculature: emerging role in health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 252:201-6. [PMID: 16647809 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the 5 lipoygenase (5LO) system within the vascular bed requires the presence of several cell types with distinct transcellular cross-talk mechanisms, resulting in the generation of 5LO produced metabolites and increased expression of receptors for these metabolites in vascular cells. The key products in this system, the leukotriens LTB4, LTC4 and LTD4, are potent mediators of vascular inflammation initiated by white blood cells and sustained or propagated thereafter through amplified metabolite generation and direct effects in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Leukotrienes act to enhance cell permeability and increase oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and arterial tone. 5LO activation is highly regulated, and is apparently both model/species-specific and region-specific. 5LO activation is also linked to plaque progression, plaque stability, activation of matrix metalloproteinases, propensity to coronary and cerebrovascular events and the evolution of aortic aneurysms. Genetic variants in the 5LO activating protein are strongly linked to increased cardiovascular risk and may serve as useful markers for future therapy targeting down regulation of 5LO expression and activity as a means to combat cardiovascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/enzymology
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- Blood Vessels/physiopathology
- Eicosanoids/biosynthesis
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Humans
- Macrophages/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Oxidative Stress
- Receptors, Leukotriene/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Osher
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Qiu H, Johansson AS, Sjöström M, Wan M, Schröder O, Palmblad J, Haeggström JZ. Differential induction of BLT receptor expression on human endothelial cells by lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, and leukotriene B4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6913-8. [PMID: 16624877 PMCID: PMC1440767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602208103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene (LT) B4 is a powerful chemotactic and immune modulating agent that signals via two receptors denoted BLT1 and BLT2. Here we report that BLT1 and BLT2 are expressed at low levels in an apparently silent state in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). However, treatment with LPS leads to a >10 fold increase in the levels of BLT1 mRNA without any significant effects on BLT2 mRNA. In parallel, LPS also increases the amounts of BLT1 protein. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) increases the expression of BLT2 mRNA approximately 6 times above basal levels with only a modest increase in BLT1 mRNA. Interleukin-1beta causes variable and parallel increases of both BLT1 and BLT2 mRNA. The natural ligand LTB4 also increases BLT1, but not BLT2, mRNA and protein expression. Along with the induction of BLT1 and/or BLT2, HUVEC acquire the capacity to respond to LTB4 with increased levels of intracellular calcium and these signals can be blocked by isotype selective BLT antagonists, CP-105696 and LY-255283. In addition, treatment of HUVEC with LTB4 causes increased release of both nitrite, presumably reflecting nitric oxide (NO), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Our data indicate that expression of functional BLT receptors may occur at the surface of endothelial cells in response to LPS, cytokines, and ligand, which in turn may have functional consequences during the early vascular responses to inflammation. Moreover, the results point to BLT receptors as potential targets for pharmacological intervention in LT-dependent inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | | | - Mattias Sjöström
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Min Wan
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Oliver Schröder
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Jan Palmblad
- Center for Inflammation and Hematology Research
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z. Haeggström
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Tzschach A, Hoffmann K, Hoeltzenbein M, Bache I, Tommerup N, Bommer C, Körner H, Kalscheuer V, Ropers HH. Molecular characterization of a balanced chromosome translocation in psoriasis vulgaris. Clin Genet 2005; 69:189-93. [PMID: 16433702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bogatcheva NV, Sergeeva MG, Dudek SM, Verin AD. Arachidonic acid cascade in endothelial pathobiology. Microvasc Res 2005; 69:107-27. [PMID: 15896353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites (eicosanoids) represent powerful mediators, used by organisms to induce and suppress inflammation as a part of the innate response to disturbances. Several cell types participate in the synthesis and release of AA metabolites, while many cell types represent the targets for eicosanoid action. Endothelial cells (EC), forming a semi-permeable barrier between the interior space of blood vessels and underlying tissues, are of particular importance for the development of inflammation, since endothelium controls such diverse processes as vascular tone, homeostasis, adhesion of platelets and leukocytes to the vascular wall, and permeability of the vascular wall for cells and fluids. Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells contribute significantly to new vessel development (angiogenesis). This review discusses endothelial-specific synthesis and action of arachidonic acid derivatives with a particular focus on the mechanisms of signal transduction and associated intracellular protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Bogatcheva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pettersson PL, Thorén S, Jakobsson PJ. Human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1: a member of the MAPEG protein superfamily. Methods Enzymol 2005; 401:147-61. [PMID: 16399384 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(05)01009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we briefly review the MAPEG superfamily (membrane associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism), a family of proteins in which all human members except one possess glutathione conjugating capacity. Recent findings regarding the biological functions of MAPEG proteins are highlighted. More extensively, the characterization of human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 is presented, including results and applied methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär L Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mita H, Higashi N, Taniguchi M, Higashi A, Akiyama K. Increase in urinary leukotriene B4 glucuronide concentration in patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma after intravenous aspirin challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1262-9. [PMID: 15298568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin challenge of aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA) patients causes a significant increase in leukotriene E4 (LTE4) concentration in urine. However, knowledge on leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation in patients with AIA is insufficient. Recent research has demonstrated that exogenously administered LTB4 is excreted as glucuronide into the urine in human healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to estimate urinary LTB4 glucuronide (LTBG) concentration in the clinically stable condition in healthy subjects and asthmatic patients and to investigate changes in urinary LTBG concentration in patients with AIA after aspirin challenge. METHODS A provocation test was performed by intravenous aspirin challenge. After urine was hydrolysed by beta-glucuronidase, the fraction containing LTB4 was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and LTB4 concentration was quantified by enzyme immunoassay. Urinary LTBG concentration was calculated as the difference between the concentration obtained with hydrolysis and that without hydrolysis. RESULTS (1) After hydrolysis, the presence of urinary LTB4 was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring. (2) The urinary LTBG concentration was significantly higher in the asthmatic patients than in the healthy subjects (median, 5.37 pg/mg creatinine [range 1.2-13] vs. 3.32 pg/mg creatinine [range, 0.14-10.5], P = 0.0159). (3) The patients with AIA (n = 7), but not those with aspirin-tolerant asthma (n = 6), showed significant increases in LTBG and LTE4 excretions after aspirin challenge. (4) When the concentrations after aspirin challenge were analysed simultaneously, a significant linear correlation was observed between urinary LTBG concentration and urinary LTE4 concentration in patients with AIA (Spearman's rank correlation test, r = 0.817, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION LTBG is present in human urine, albeit at a concentration lower than urinary LTE4. In addition to a marked increase in cysteinyl-leukotriene production, aspirin challenge induced LTB4 production in AIA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mita
- Clinical Research Center, National Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Yu GL, Wei EQ, Zhang SH, Xu HM, Chu LS, Zhang WP, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Mei RH, Zhao MH. Montelukast, a Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor-1 Antagonist, Dose- and Time-Dependently Protects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Pharmacology 2004; 73:31-40. [PMID: 15452361 DOI: 10.1159/000081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT1) antagonist pranlukast has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. However, whether the neuroprotective effect of pranlukast is its special action or a common action of CysLT1 receptor antagonists remains to be clarified. This study was performed to determine whether montelukast, another CysLT1 receptor antagonist, has the neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in mice, and to observe its dose- and time-dependent properties. Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Montelukast was injected intraperitoneally either as multiple doses (once a day for 3 days and 30 min before MCAO) or as a single dose (at 30 min before, 30 min after, or 1 h after MCAO), respectively, and pranlukast and edaravone were used as controls. The neurological deficits, infarct volumes, brain edema, neuron density, and Evans blue extravasation in the brain were determined 24 h after MCAO. Pretreatments with multiple doses or a single dose of montelukast (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) before MCAO significantly attenuated all the ischemic insults. Post-treatment with a single dose of montelukast (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) at 30 min after MCAO also significantly decreased brain edema and infarct volume, but not neurological deficits. However, post-treatment with a single dose of montelukast at 1 h after MCAO had no significant effect. Pranlukast showed the same effects as montelukast, but edaravone attenuated the ischemic insults only with multiple doses before MCAO. Thus, montelukast has a dose- and time-dependent neuroprotective effect on permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice, with an effective dose range of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg and a therapeutic window of 30 min. These findings further support the therapeutic potential of CysLT1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of cerebral ischemia at earlier phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Higashi N, Mita H, Taniguchi M, Turikisawa N, Higashi A, Ozawa Y, Tohma S, Arimura K, Akiyama K. Urinary eicosanoid and tyrosine derivative concentrations in patients with vasculitides. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:1353-8. [PMID: 15577834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculitides are classified on the basis of the type of cell involved, namely, eosinophilic vasculitides such as Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) and noneosinophilic vasculitides. However, knowledge on inflammatory mediators and oxidative tissue damage associated with vasculitides is insufficient. OBJECTIVE We measured the urinary concentrations of inflammatory mediators and tyrosine derivatives to assess biomarkers associated with the pathophysiology of vasculitides. METHODS Urine was collected from 9 patients with CSS during acute exacerbation and during clinical remission, 24 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in stable condition, and 8 patients with vasculitis diseases (VDs) during acute exacerbation. Leukotriene E 4 (LTE 4 ), 9alpha,11beta prostaglandin F 2 , and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. 3-Bromotyrosine (BrY) and 3-chlorotyrosine (ClY) concentrations were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The urinary LTE 4 , EDN, BrY, and ClY concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with CSS during acute exacerbation than in healthy control subjects and, except for urinary ClY concentration, significantly decreased during clinical remission. The urinary EDN and BrY concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CSS during acute exacerbation than in patients with VD during acute exacerbation. Only urinary LTE 4 concentration was significantly different between the patients with rheumatoid arthritis in stable condition and the patients with VD during acute exacerbation. CONCLUSION Oxidative tissue damage caused by eosinophil peroxidase is a pathophysiological characteristic of eosinophil-associated diseases such as CSS. Urinary LTE 4 concentration may reflect a pathophysiological event involved in eosinophilic and noneosinophilic vasculitides. Cysteinyl-leukotriene pathways are potential therapeutic targets for small-vessel vasculitides.
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Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: cellular distribution and function in immune and inflammatory responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1503-10. [PMID: 15265876 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are a family of potent bioactive lipids that act through two structurally divergent G protein-coupled receptors, termed the CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptors. The cloning and characterization of these two receptors has not only reconciled findings of previous pharmacologic profiling studies of contractile tissues, but also has uncovered their expression on a wide array of circulating and tissue-dwelling leukocytes. With the development of receptor-selective reagents, as well as mice lacking critical biosynthetic enzymes, transporter proteins, and the CysLT(1) receptor, diverse functions of cys-LTs and their receptors in immune and inflammatory responses have been identified. We review cys-LT biosynthesis; the molecular biology and distribution of the CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptors; the functions of cys-LTs and their receptors in the recruitment and activation of effector leukocytes and induction of adaptive immunity; and the development of fibrosis and airway remodeling in animal models of lung injury and allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Department of Medicine, Harvard University Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
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Beller TC, Maekawa A, Friend DS, Austen KF, Kanaoka Y. Targeted Gene Disruption Reveals the Role of the Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 Receptor in Increased Vascular Permeability and in Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46129-34. [PMID: 15328359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407057200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) mediate both acute and chronic inflammatory responses in mice, as demonstrated by the attenuation of the IgE/antigen-mediated increase in microvascular permeability and of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, respectively, in a strain with targeted disruption of leukotriene C(4) synthase to prevent cys-LT synthesis. Our earlier finding that the acute, but not the chronic, injury was attenuated in a strain with targeted disruption of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT(1)) receptor suggested that the chronic injury might be mediated through the CysLT(2) receptor. Thus, we generated CysLT(2) receptor-deficient mice by targeted gene disruption. These mice developed normally and were fertile. The increased vascular permeability associated with IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was significantly reduced in CysLT(2) receptor-null mice as compared with wild-type mice, whereas plasma protein extravasation in response to zymosan A-induced peritoneal inflammation was not altered. Alveolar septal thickening after intratracheal injection of bleomycin, characterized by interstitial infiltration with macrophages and fibroblasts and the accumulation of collagen fibers, was significantly reduced in CysLT(2) receptor-null mice as compared with the wild-type mice. The amounts of cys-LTs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after bleomycin injection were similar in the CysLT(2) receptor-null mice and the wild-type mice. Thus, in response to a particular pathobiologic event the CysLT(2) receptor can mediate an increase in vascular permeability in some tissues or promote chronic pulmonary inflammation with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Beller
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bäck M, Qiu H, Haeggström JZ, Sakata K. Leukotriene B4 is an indirectly acting vasoconstrictor in guinea pig aorta via an inducible type of BLT receptor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H419-24. [PMID: 15016629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00699.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a potent leukocyte chemoattractant recently implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of LTB(4) on isolated aortic preparations. Rings of guinea pig aorta were challenged with LTB(4) for recording mechanical responses and measurements of mediator release, and LTB(4) receptor (BLT(1)) expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Single concentrations of LTB(4) induced concentration-dependent contractions that were inhibited by treatment with antihistamines, indomethacin, or the thromboxane receptor antagonist BAYu3405 as well as by denudation of endothelium. In addition, LTB(4) increased the release of histamine and thromboxane in the bath. The contractions induced by LTB(4) were inhibited by either the unselective BLT receptor antagonist ONO-4057 or the selective BLT(1) receptor antagonist U-75302. Pretreatment with all-trans-retinoic acid enhanced the contractions and the release of histamine induced by LTB(4), without affecting either the contractions induced by histamine or the histamine release evoked by calcium ionophore A23187. Analysis by RT-PCR indicated the expression of a BLT(1) receptor in the guinea pig aorta and that BLT(1) receptor mRNA was upregulated after treatment with retinoic acid. These results suggest that LTB(4) contracts the guinea pig aorta via an indirect mechanism involving the release of histamine and thromboxane and that this BLT(1) receptor-mediated response can be upregulated by all-trans-retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Division of Physiology, The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Di Gennaro A, Carnini C, Buccellati C, Ballerio R, Zarini S, Fumagalli F, Viappiani S, Librizzi L, Hernandez A, Murphy RC, Constantin G, De Curtis M, Folco G, Sala A. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor activation in brain inflammatory reactions and cerebral edema formation: a role for transcellular biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotrienes. FASEB J 2004; 18:842-4. [PMID: 15001558 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0599fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of intravascular activation of human neutrophils on the synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLT) and the formation of cerebral edema in guinea-pig brains. Challenge with the chemotactic formylated tripeptide fMLP (0.1 microM) of neutrophil-perfused brain in vitro resulted in blood-brain barrier disruption associated with a significant increase of cysLT. Both events were completely prevented by neutrophil pretreatment with a specific 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor. Perfusion with the 5-LO metabolite leukotriene B4 (10 nM), together with neutrophils treated with the 5-LO inhibitor, did not restore the alteration in permeability observed upon perfusion with untreated and activated neutrophils. The dual cysLT1-cysLT2 receptor antagonist BAYu9773 was more potent and more effective than a selective cysLT1 antagonist in preventing the brain permeability alteration induced by neutrophil activation. RT-PCR showed significant expression of cysLT2 receptor mRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Intravital microscopy in mice showed that inhibition of leukotriene synthesis significantly reduced firm adhesion of neutrophils to cerebral vessels without affecting rolling. These data support the hypothesis that neutrophil and endothelial cells cooperate toward the local synthesis of cysLT within the brain vasculature and, acting via the cysLT2 receptor on endothelial cells, may represent a contributing pathogenic mechanism in the development of cerebral inflammation and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Center for Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Grayson MH, Korenblat PE. The emerging role of leukotriene modifiers in allergic rhinitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 2:441-50. [PMID: 14719983 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene modifiers have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of asthma. Because of this success, and the fact that leukotrienes can be recovered not only from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid but also nasal lavage fluid, some researchers have suggested that these medications may also be useful for treating allergic rhinitis. Because the upper and lower airways are linked physically, there has been an assumption that therapy for upper and lower airway disease should be similar. This critical appraisal examines available data both supporting and refuting the emerging role of leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Although many studies have shown an improvement in nasal symptoms when comparing a leukotriene modifier with placebo, few studies have conclusively shown that a leukotriene modifier is any more effective in treating allergic rhinitis than an antihistamine. Results from several reported studies suggest that the addition of a leukotriene antagonist to an antihistamine is no more efficacious than antihistamine alone. However, many of these studies were small and/or primarily designed to examine the asthmatic response, with nasal symptoms being a lesser endpoint. To better understand how, where, and when leukotriene modifiers should be used in the armamentarium of therapies for allergic rhinitis, larger clinical investigations designed specifically to study allergic rhinitis need to be undertaken. We conclude that currently, the data do not support widespread use of a leukotriene modifier with or without an antihistamine in place of an intranasal corticosteroid with or without an antihistamine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Grayson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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