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Introduction to Regenerative Medicine. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-75517-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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2
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Dave M, Levin J, Ruffins SW, Sato Y, Fraser S, Lansford R, Kawahara T. A Novel Egg-In-Cube System Enables Long-Term Culture and Dynamic Imaging of Early Embryonic Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893736. [PMID: 35634159 PMCID: PMC9133561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian egg is a closed system that protects the growing embryo from external factors but prevents direct observation of embryo development. Various culture systems exist in the literature to study the development of the embryo for short periods of incubation (from 12 h up to a maximum of 60 h of egg incubation). A common flaw to these culture techniques is the inability to culture the unincubated avian blastoderm with intact tissue tensions on its native yolk. The goal of this work is to create a unique novel egg-in-cube system that can be used for long-term quail embryo culture initiated from its unincubated blastoderm stage. The egg-in-cube acts as an artificial transparent eggshell system that holds the growing embryo, making it amenable to microscopy. With the egg-in-cube system, quail embryos can be grown up to 9 days from the unincubated blastoderm (incubated in air, 20.9% O2), which improves to 15 days on switching to a hyperoxic environment of 60% O2. Using transgenic fluorescent quail embryos in the egg-in-cube system, cell movements in the unincubated blastoderm are imaged dynamically using inverted confocal microscopy, which has been challenging to achieve with other culture systems. Apart from these observations, several other imaging applications of the system are described in this work using transgenic fluorescent quail embryos with upright confocal or epifluorescence microscopy. To demonstrate the usefulness of the egg-in-cube system in perturbation experiments, the quail neural tube is electroporated with fluorescent mRNA "in cubo", followed by the incubation of the electroporated embryo and microscopy of the electroporated region with the embryo in the cube. The egg-in-cube culture system in combination with the "in cubo" electroporation and dynamic imaging capabilities described here will enable researchers to investigate several fundamental questions in early embryogenesis with the avian (quail) embryo on its native yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Dave
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Levin
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seth Walter Ruffins
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Scott Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rusty Lansford
- Department of Radiology and Developmental Neuroscience Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tomohiro Kawahara
- Department of Biological Functions Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
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3
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Hidalgo-Sánchez M, Andreu-Cervera A, Villa-Carballar S, Echevarria D. An Update on the Molecular Mechanism of the Vertebrate Isthmic Organizer Development in the Context of the Neuromeric Model. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:826976. [PMID: 35401126 PMCID: PMC8987131 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.826976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial event during the development of the central nervous system (CNS) is the early subdivision of the neural tube along its anterior-to-posterior axis to form neuromeres, morphogenetic units separated by transversal constrictions and programed for particular genetic cascades. The narrower portions observed in the developing neural tube are responsible for relevant cellular and molecular processes, such as clonal restrictions, expression of specific regulatory genes, and differential fate specification, as well as inductive activities. In this developmental context, the gradual formation of the midbrain-hindbrain (MH) constriction has been an excellent model to study the specification of two major subdivisions of the CNS containing the mesencephalic and isthmo-cerebellar primordia. This MH boundary is coincident with the common Otx2-(midbrain)/Gbx2-(hindbrain) expressing border. The early interactions between these two pre-specified areas confer positional identities and induce the generation of specific diffusible morphogenes at this interface, in particular FGF8 and WNT1. These signaling pathways are responsible for the gradual histogenetic specifications and cellular identity acquisitions with in the MH domain. This review is focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the specification of the midbrain/hindbrain territory and the formation of the isthmic organizer. Emphasis will be placed on the chick/quail chimeric experiments leading to the acquisition of the first fate mapping and experimental data to, in this way, better understand pioneering morphological studies and innovative gain/loss-of-function analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez Diego Echevarria
| | - Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Villa-Carballar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Hidalgo-Sánchez Diego Echevarria
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4
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Du J, Zhang S, Zhao J, Li S, Chen W, Cui H, Su Y. Draxin inhibits chick trunk neural crest delamination and migration by increasing cell adhesion. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:501-515. [PMID: 34611891 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a multipotent cell population that migrates extensively to play important roles during embryonic development. After acquiring motility, trunk neural crest cells delaminate from the spinal cord and migrate to various regions of the body. Several cellular adhesion molecules, such as vinculin, are involved in the regulation of neural crest delamination and migration. In the present study, we found that draxin could inhibit delamination and migration of neural crest cells from the chick spinal cord and abnormal aggregation of the migrating neural crest cells. In the presence of draxin, the resuspended neural crest regained its adhesive ability such that it was significantly increased. Overexpression of draxin caused increased vinculin expression in vivo. Our data indicate that draxin might control delamination and migration of chick trunk neural crest by increasing cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiqian Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenyong Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuhong Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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5
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Hou X, Nozumi M, Nakamura H, Igarashi M, Sugiyama S. Coactosin Promotes F-Actin Protrusion in Growth Cones Under Cofilin-Related Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660349. [PMID: 34235144 PMCID: PMC8256272 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, axon outgrowth and its subsequent pathfinding are reliant on a highly motile growth cone located at the tip of the axon. Actin polymerization that is regulated by actin-depolymerizing factors homology (ADF-H) domain-containing family drives the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the leading edge of growth cones for axon guidance. However, the precise localization and function of ADF-H domain-containing proteins involved in axon extension and retraction remain unclear. We have previously shown that transcripts and proteins of coactosin-like protein 1 (COTL1), an ADF-H domain-containing protein, are observed in neurites and axons in chick embryos. Coactosin overexpression analysis revealed that this protein was localized to axonal growth cones and involved in axon extension in the midbrain. We further examined the specific distribution of coactosin and cofilin within the growth cone using superresolution microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, which overcomes the optical diffraction limitation and is suitable to the analysis of cellular dynamic movements. We found that coactosin was tightly associated with F-actin bundles at the growth cones and that coactosin overexpression promoted the expansion of lamellipodia and extension of growth cones. Coactosin knockdown in oculomotor neurons resulted in an increase in the levels of the inactive, phosphorylated form of cofilin and dysregulation of actin polymerization and axonal elongation, which suggests that coactosin promoted axonal growth in a cofilin-dependent manner. Indeed, the application of a dominant-negative form of LIMK1, a downstream effector of GTPases, reversed the effect of coactosin knockdown on axonal growth by enhancing cofilin activity. Combined, our results indicate that coactosin functions promote the assembly of protrusive actin filament arrays at the leading edge for growth cone motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Hou
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nozumi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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6
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Sugiyama S, Sugi J, Iijima T, Hou X. Single-Cell Visualization Deep in Brain Structures by Gene Transfer. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:586043. [PMID: 33328900 PMCID: PMC7710941 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.586043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A projection neuron targets multiple regions beyond the functional brain area. In order to map neuronal connectivity in a massive neural network, a means for visualizing the entire morphology of a single neuron is needed. Progress has facilitated single-neuron analysis in the cerebral cortex, but individual neurons in deep brain structures remain difficult to visualize. To this end, we developed an in vivo single-cell electroporation method for juvenile and adult brains that can be performed under a standard stereomicroscope. This technique involves rapid gene transfection and allows the visualization of dendritic and axonal morphologies of individual neurons located deep in brain structures. The transfection efficiency was enhanced by directly injecting the expression vector encoding green fluorescent protein instead of monitoring cell attachment to the electrode tip. We obtained similar transfection efficiencies in both young adult (≥P40) and juvenile mice (P21-30). By tracing the axons of thalamocortical neurons, we identified a specific subtype of neuron distinguished by its projection pattern. Additionally, transfected mOrange-tagged vesicle-associated membrane protein 2-a presynaptic protein-was strongly localized in terminal boutons of thalamocortical neurons. Thus, our in vivo single-cell gene transfer system offers rapid single-neuron analysis deep in brain. Our approach combines observation of neuronal morphology with functional analysis of genes of interest, which can be useful for monitoring changes in neuronal activity corresponding to specific behaviors in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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7
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Chu D, Nguyen A, Smith SS, Vavrušová Z, Schneider RA. Stable integration of an optimized inducible promoter system enables spatiotemporal control of gene expression throughout avian development. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio055343. [PMID: 32917762 PMCID: PMC7561481 DOI: 10.1242/bio.055343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Precisely altering gene expression is critical for understanding molecular processes of embryogenesis. Although some tools exist for transgene misexpression in developing chick embryos, we have refined and advanced them by simplifying and optimizing constructs for spatiotemporal control. To maintain expression over the entire course of embryonic development we use an enhanced piggyBac transposon system that efficiently integrates sequences into the host genome. We also incorporate a DNA targeting sequence to direct plasmid translocation into the nucleus and a D4Z4 insulator sequence to prevent epigenetic silencing. We designed these constructs to minimize their size and maximize cellular uptake, and to simplify usage by placing all of the integrating sequences on a single plasmid. Following electroporation of stage HH8.5 embryos, our tetracycline-inducible promoter construct produces robust transgene expression in the presence of doxycycline at any point during embryonic development in ovo or in culture. Moreover, expression levels can be modulated by titrating doxycycline concentrations and spatial control can be achieved using beads or gels. Thus, we have generated a novel, sensitive, tunable, and stable inducible-promoter system for high-resolution gene manipulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - An Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Zuzana Vavrušová
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
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8
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Okaty BW, Sturrock N, Escobedo Lozoya Y, Chang Y, Senft RA, Lyon KA, Alekseyenko OV, Dymecki SM. A single-cell transcriptomic and anatomic atlas of mouse dorsal raphe Pet1 neurons. eLife 2020; 9:e55523. [PMID: 32568072 PMCID: PMC7308082 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the brainstem raphe nuclei, the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) contains the greatest number of Pet1-lineage neurons, a predominantly serotonergic group distributed throughout DR subdomains. These neurons collectively regulate diverse physiology and behavior and are often therapeutically targeted to treat affective disorders. Characterizing Pet1 neuron molecular heterogeneity and relating it to anatomy is vital for understanding DR functional organization, with potential to inform therapeutic separability. Here we use high-throughput and DR subdomain-targeted single-cell transcriptomics and intersectional genetic tools to map molecular and anatomical diversity of DR-Pet1 neurons. We describe up to fourteen neuron subtypes, many showing biased cell body distributions across the DR. We further show that P2ry1-Pet1 DR neurons - the most molecularly distinct subtype - possess unique efferent projections and electrophysiological properties. These data complement and extend previous DR characterizations, combining intersectional genetics with multiple transcriptomic modalities to achieve fine-scale molecular and anatomic identification of Pet1 neuron subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Okaty
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Nikita Sturrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - YoonJeung Chang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Rebecca A Senft
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Krissy A Lyon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Susan M Dymecki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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9
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Saito S, Kawamura K, Matsuda Y, Suzuki T. Brilliant Blue as an alternative dye to Fast Green for in ovo electroporation. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:402-409. [PMID: 31612477 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chick embryo electroporation is a powerful tool for the introduction of transgenes into tissues of interest for the study of developmental biology. This method often uses Fast Green to visualize the injected area by staining the solution containing DNA green. Here, we show that Fast Green fluoresces in a red color after electroporation, suggesting that researchers need to be cautious when detecting red fluorescence. Fast Green solution did not show any fluorescence before injection into chick embryos, but fluoresced red within 3 min post-injection into chick embryos. We identified Brilliant Blue as suitable alternative dye for use as an indicator of injection sites in ovo electroporation. We found that 0.2% of Brilliant Blue was sufficient to track the area of DNA injection. In addition, this chemical did not show red fluorescence after electroporation. Our findings demonstrate that Brilliant Blue can be used for detecting red fluorescent proteins introduced into chick embryos by electroporation. Our study also shows useful examples for the application of Brilliant Blue for the precise quantification of two fluorescence intensities after EGFP and mCherry co-electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawamura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Harada H, Farhani N, Wang XF, Sugita S, Charish J, Attisano L, Moran M, Cloutier JF, Reber M, Bremner R, Monnier PP. Extracellular phosphorylation drives the formation of neuronal circuitry. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:1035-1042. [PMID: 31451763 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the existence of extracellular kinase activity was questioned. Many proteins of the central nervous system are targeted, but it remains unknown whether, or how, extracellular phosphorylation influences brain development. Here we show that the tyrosine kinase vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK), which is secreted by projecting retinal ganglion cells, phosphorylates the extracellular protein repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb) in a dorsal-ventral descending gradient. Silencing of VLK or RGMb causes aberrant axonal branching and severe axon misguidance in the chick optic tectum. Mice harboring RGMb with a point mutation in the phosphorylation site also display aberrant axonal pathfinding. Mechanistic analyses show that VLK-mediated RGMb phosphorylation modulates Wnt3a activity by regulating LRP5 protein gradients. Thus, the secretion of VLK by projecting neurons provides crucial signals for the accurate formation of nervous system circuitry. The dramatic effect of VLK on RGMb and Wnt3a signaling implies that extracellular phosphorylation likely has broad and profound effects on brain development, function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nahal Farhani
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xue-Fan Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuzo Sugita
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Charish
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Moran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael Reber
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada.,CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tannenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Canada.
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11
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Wu T, Yu GY, Xiao J, Yan C, Kurihara H, Li YF, So KF, He RR. Fostering efficacy and toxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine and natural products: Chick embryo as a high throughput model bridging in vitro and in vivo studies. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:21-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Watanabe Y, Sakuma C, Yaginuma H. Dispersing movement of tangential neuronal migration in superficial layers of the developing chick optic tectum. Dev Biol 2018; 437:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Fachim HA, Srisawat U, Dalton CF, Reynolds GP. Parvalbumin promoter hypermethylation in postmortem brain in schizophrenia. Epigenomics 2018; 10:519-524. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits of brain parvalbumin (PV) are a consistent finding in schizophrenia and models of psychosis. We investigated whether this is associated with abnormal PV gene (PVALB) methylation in the brain in schizophrenia. Bisulfite pyrosequencing was used to determine cytosine (CpG) methylation in a PVALB promoter sequence. Greater PVALB methylation was found in schizophrenia hippocampus, while no differences were observed in prefrontal cortex. LINE-1 methylation, a measure of global methylation, was also elevated in both regions in schizophrenia, although the PVALB change was independent of this effect. These results provide the first evidence that PVALB promoter methylation is abnormal in schizophrenia and suggest that this epigenetic finding may relate to the reduction of PV expression seen in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene A Fachim
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Umarat Srisawat
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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14
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Farzanehfar P. Comparative review of adult midbrain and striatum neurogenesis with classical neurogenesis. Neurosci Res 2018; 134:1-9. [PMID: 29339103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) motor symptoms are caused by loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain. Dopamine cell replacement therapy (DA CRT), either by cell transplantation or endogenous repair, has been a potential treatment to replace dead cells and improve PD motor symptoms. Adult midbrain and striatum have been studied for many years to find evidence of neurogenesis. Although the literature is controversial, recent research has revived the possibility of neurogenesis here. This paper aims to review the process of neurogenesis (by focusing on gene expression patterns) in the adult midbrain/striatum and compare it with classical neurogenesis that occurs in developing midbrain, Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ) and Sub Granular Zone (SGZ) of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farzanehfar
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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15
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Tadokoro R, Takahashi Y. Intercellular transfer of organelles during body pigmentation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:132-138. [PMID: 28605672 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular transfer of the melanin-producing organelle, called melanosome, from melanocytes to adjacent keratinocytes, is largely responsible for the coat colors and skin pigmentation of amniotes (birds, reptiles, and mammals). Although several hypotheses of melanin-transfer were proposed mainly by in vitro studies and electron microscopies, how the melanosome transfer takes place in the actual skin remained unclear. With advances in technologies of gene manipulations and high-resolution microscopy that allow direct visualization of plasma membrane, we are beginning to understand the amazing behaviors and dynamics of melanocytes. Studies in melanosome transfer further provide a clue to understand a general principle of intercellular organelle transport, including the intercellular translocations of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tadokoro
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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16
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Ladher RK. Changing shape and shaping change: Inducing the inner ear. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 65:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Kikkawa T, Takahashi M, Osumi N. Electroporation in the Rodent Embryonic Brain Using Whole Embryo Culture System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 78:3.30.1-3.30.16. [DOI: 10.1002/cpns.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Masanori Takahashi
- Jichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University School of Medicine Sendai Miyagi Japan
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18
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Abstract
Chicken embryo electroporation is a powerful tool used to identify and analyze enhancers involved in developmental gene regulation. In this chapter, the basic procedures and underlying principles of enhancer analysis using chicken embryo electroporation are described in the following steps: (1) identification of enhancers in a wide genomic region, (2) determination of the full enhancer region, (3) definition of the core enhancer regions, and (4) analysis of a functional transcription factor binding sequences in the core region.
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Abstract
To elucidate a gene function, in vivo analysis is indispensable. We can carry out gain and loss of function experiment of a gene of interest by electroporation in ovo and ex ovo culture system on early-stage and advanced-stage chick embryos, respectively. In this section, we introduce in/ex ovo electroporation methods for the development of the chick central nervous system and visual system investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard St., Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Minoru Omi
- Department of Anatomy I, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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20
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Melanosome transfer to keratinocyte in the chicken embryonic skin is mediated by vesicle release associated with Rho-regulated membrane blebbing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38277. [PMID: 27910904 PMCID: PMC5133614 DOI: 10.1038/srep38277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During skin pigmentation in amniotes, melanin synthesized in the melanocyte is transferred to keratinocytes by a particle called the melanosome. Previous studies, mostly using dissociated cultured cells, have proposed several different models that explain how the melanosome transfer is achieved. Here, using a technique that labels the plasma membrane of melanocytes within a three-dimensional system that mimics natural tissues, we have visualized the plasma membrane of melanocytes with EGFP in chicken embryonic skin. Confocal time-lapse microscopy reveals that the melanosome transfer is mediated, at least in part, by vesicles produced by plasma membrane. Unexpectedly, the vesicle release is accompanied by the membrane blebbing of melanocytes. Blebs that have encapsulated a melanosome are pinched off to become vesicles, and these melanosome-containing vesicles are finally engulfed by neighboring keratinocytes. For both the membrane blebbing and vesicle release, Rho small GTPase is essential. We further show that the membrane vesicle-mediated melanosome transfer plays a significant role in the skin pigmentation. Given that the skin pigmentation in inter-feather spaces in chickens is similar to that in inter-hair spaces of humans, our findings should have important consequences in cosmetic medicine.
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21
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Tsuchiya S, Chiba M, Kishimoto KN, Nakamura H, Tsuchiya M, Hayashi H. Transfer of the bone morphogenetic protein 4 gene into rat periodontal ligament by in vivo electroporation. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 74:123-132. [PMID: 27940045 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulation of alveolar bone metabolism is required in clinical dentistry. The aim of the present study was to establish a method for gene transfer into the periodontal ligament (PDL) by in vivo electroporation with a plasmid vector and to investigate the effects of BMP-4 transfer into the PDL. DESIGN Plasmids containing mouse BMP-4 cDNA (pCAGGS-BMP4) were transfected into cultured rat PDL cells by in vitro electroporation, and BMP-4 production and secretion were detected by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. Next, pCAGGS-BMP4 was injected into the PDL of rats, and electroporation was performed in vivo, using original paired-needle electrodes. BMP-4 expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28days after electroporation. Control groups were injected with pCAGGS by electroporation, injected with pCAGGS-BMP4 without electroporation, or subjected to neither injection nor electroporation. RESULTS In vitro-transfected rat PDL cells exhibited production and secretion of the mature-form BMP-4. After in vivo electroporation of pCAGGS-BMP4, site-specific BMP-4 expression peaked on day 3, gradually decreased until day 14, and was absent by day 21. We observed no unfavorable effects such as inflammation, degeneration, or necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Gene transfer by electroporation with plasmid DNA vectors has several advantages over other methods, including the non-viral vector, non-immunogenic effects, site-specific expression, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and limited histological side effects. Our results indicate that the method is useful for gene therapy targeting the periodontal tissue, which regulates alveolar bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Tsuchiya
- Division of Oral Dysfunction Science, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mirei Chiba
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Koshi N Kishimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences and Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nursing, Tohoku Fukushi University, Miyagi, 981-8522, Japan; Division of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Haruhide Hayashi
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Function and Morphology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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22
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Harada H, Sato T, Nakamura H. Fgf8 signaling for development of the midbrain and hindbrain. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:437-45. [PMID: 27273073 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review how midbrain and hindbrain are specified. Otx2 and Gbx2 are expressed from the early phase of development, and their expression abuts at the midbrain hindbrain boundary (MHB), where Fgf8 expression is induced, and functions as an organizing molecule for the midbrain and hindbrain. Fgf8 induces En1 and Pax2 expression at the region where Otx2 is expressed to specify midbrain. Fgf8 activates Ras-ERK pathway to specify hindbrain. Downstream of ERK, Pea3 specifies isthmus (rhombomere 0, r0), and Irx2 may specify r1, where the cerebellum is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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23
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Zhang S, Cui H, Wang L, Kang L, Huang G, Du J, Li S, Tanaka H, Su Y. Potential Involvement of Draxin in the Axonal Projection of Cranial Nerves, Especially Cranial Nerve X, in the Chick Hindbrain. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:412-24. [PMID: 27199282 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416646538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriate projection of axons within the nervous system is a crucial component of the establishment of neural circuitry. Draxin is a repulsive axon guidance protein. Draxin has important functions in the guidance of three commissures in the central nervous system and in the migration of neural crest cells and dI3 interneurons in the chick spinal cord. Here, we report that the distribution of the draxin protein and the location of 23C10-positive areas have a strong temporal and spatial correlation. The overexpression of draxin, especially transmembrane draxin, caused 23C10-positive axon bundles to misproject in the dorsal hindbrain. In addition, the overexpression of transmembrane draxin caused abnormal formation of the ganglion crest of the IX and X cranial nerves, misprojection of some anti-human natural killer-1 (HNK-1)-stained structures in the dorsal roof of the hindbrain, and a simultaneous reduction in the efferent nerves of some motoneuron axons inside the hindbrain. Our data reveal that draxin might be involved in the fascicular projection of cranial nerves in the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China (SZ)
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (HC, LW, LK, JD, SL, YS)
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (HC, LW, LK, JD, SL, YS)
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (HC, LW, LK, JD, SL, YS)
| | - Guannan Huang
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (GH, HT)
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (HC, LW, LK, JD, SL, YS)
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (HC, LW, LK, JD, SL, YS)
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (GH, HT)
| | - Yuhong Su
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (HC, LW, LK, JD, SL, YS)
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24
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Harada H, Omi M, Sato T, Nakamura H. Pea3 determines the isthmus region at the downstream of Fgf8-Ras-ERK signaling pathway. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:657-66. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology; Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer and Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8575 Miyagi Japan
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25
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Yasumi T, Inoue M, Maruhashi M, Kamachi Y, Higashi Y, Kondoh H, Uchikawa M. Regulation of trunk neural crest delamination by δEF1 and Sip1 in the chicken embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:205-14. [PMID: 26691438 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate Zfhx1 transcription factor family comprises δEF1 and Sip1, which bind to CACCT-containing sequences and act as transcriptional repressors. It has been a longstanding question whether these transcription factors share the same regulatory functions in vivo. It has been shown that neural crest (NC) delamination depends on the Sip1 activity at the cranial level in mouse and chicken embryos, and it remained unclear how NC delamination is regulated at the trunk level. We observed that the expression of δEF1 and Sip1 overlaps in many tissues in chicken embryos, including NC cells at the trunk level. To clarify the above questions, we separately knocked down δEF1 and Sip1 or in combination in NC cells by electroporation of vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against respective mRNAs on the dorsal side of neural tubes that generate NC cells. In all cases, the migrating NC cell population was significantly reduced, paralleled by the decreased expression of δEF1 or Sip1 targeted by shRNAs. Expression of Sox10, the major transcription factor that regulates NC development, was also decreased by the shRNAs against δEF1 or Sip1. We conclude that the trunk NC delamination is regulated by both δEF1 and Sip1 in an analogous manner, and that these transcription factors can share equivalent regulatory functions in embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yasumi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Inoue
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuji Maruhashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamachi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada-cho, Kami-shi, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Hisato Kondoh
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Suzuki T, Osumi N, Wakamatsu Y. Identification of the neural crest-specific enhancer of Seraf gene in avian peripheral nervous system development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:1103-9. [PMID: 26494297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrate embryos, trunk neural crest cells give rise to Schwann cells, along with other derivatives. In this study, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for the Schwann cell specification, we aimed to identify enhancer elements responsible for the expression of the Seraf gene, the earliest marker for the Schwann cell precursors in the avian embryos. We first compared the genomic structure around the Seraf locus in various vertebrates, and found that, while mammals do not have a Seraf homolog, teleost fish species have it. However, the intergenic sequences around the Seraf locus are not conserved between zebrafish and chicken, consistent with the fact that fish Seraf expression is not Schwann cell precursor-specific. We thus compared the intergenic sequences around the Seraf locus among avian species, and identified a potential enhancer containing a cluster of Sox10-binding sites. Accordingly, the identified enhancer is activated in a neural crest-specific manner in transfected quail embryos. We also found that Sox10 activated the enhancer in cultured cells. Thus, our results revealed a new role of Sox10 in the earliest phase of the Schwann cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Wakamatsu
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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27
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Bourgeois A, Esteves de Lima J, Charvet B, Kawakami K, Stricker S, Duprez D. Stable and bicistronic expression of two genes in somite- and lateral plate-derived tissues to study chick limb development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:39. [PMID: 26518454 PMCID: PMC4628273 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Components of the limb musculoskeletal system have distinct mesoderm origins. Limb skeletal muscles originate from somites, while the skeleton and attachments (tendons and connective tissues) derive from limb lateral plate. Despite distinct mesoderm origins, the development of muscle, skeleton and attachments is highly coordinated both spatially and temporally to ensure complete function of the musculoskeletal system. A system to study molecular interactions between somitic-derived tissues (muscles) and lateral-plate-derived tissues (skeletal components and attachments) during limb development is missing. Results We designed a gene delivery system in chick embryos with the ultimate aim to study the interactions between the components of the musculoskeletal system during limb development. We combined the Tol2 genomic integration system with the viral T2A system and developed new vectors that lead to stable and bicistronic expression of two proteins at comparable levels in chick cells. Combined with limb somite and lateral plate electroporation techniques, two fluorescent reporter proteins were co-expressed in stoichiometric proportion in the muscle lineage (somitic-derived) or in skeleton and their attachments (lateral-plate-derived). In addition, we designed three vectors with different promoters to target muscle cells at different steps of the differentiation process. Conclusion Limb somite electroporation technique using vectors containing these different promoters allowed us to target all myogenic cells, myoblasts or differentiated muscle cells. These stable and promoter-specific vectors lead to bicistronic expression either in somitic-derived myogenic cells or lateral plate-derived cells, depending on the electroporation sites and open new avenues to study the interactions between myogenic cells and tendon or connective tissue cells during limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bourgeois
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Joana Esteves de Lima
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Charvet
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institue for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Delphine Duprez
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, F-75005, Paris, France. .,Inserm U1156, F-75005, Paris, France.
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28
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Aberrantly Expressed OTX Homeobox Genes Deregulate B-Cell Differentiation in Hodgkin Lymphoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138416. [PMID: 26406991 PMCID: PMC4583255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) we recently reported that deregulated homeobox gene MSX1 mediates repression of the B-cell specific transcription factor ZHX2. In this study we investigated regulation of MSX1 in this B-cell malignancy. Accordingly, we analyzed expression and function of OTX homeobox genes which activate MSX1 transcription during embryonal development in the neural plate border region. Our data demonstrate that OTX1 and OTX2 are aberrantly expressed in both HL patients and cell lines. Moreover, both OTX loci are targeted by genomic gains in overexpressing cell lines. Comparative expression profiling and subsequent pathway modulations in HL cell lines indicated that aberrantly enhanced FGF2-signalling activates the expression of OTX2. Downstream analyses of OTX2 demonstrated transcriptional activation of genes encoding transcription factors MSX1, FOXC1 and ZHX1. Interestingly, examination of the physiological expression profile of ZHX1 in normal hematopoietic cells revealed elevated levels in T-cells and reduced expression in B-cells, indicating a discriminatory role in lymphopoiesis. Furthermore, two OTX-negative HL cell lines overexpressed ZHX1 in correlation with genomic amplification of its locus at chromosomal band 8q24, supporting the oncogenic potential of this gene in HL. Taken together, our data demonstrate that deregulated homeobox genes MSX1 and OTX2 respectively impact transcriptional inhibition of (B-cell specific) ZHX2 and activation of (T-cell specific) ZHX1. Thus, we show how reactivation of a specific embryonal gene regulatory network promotes disturbed B-cell differentiation in HL.
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29
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ϒ-secretase and LARG mediate distinct RGMa activities to control appropriate layer targeting within the optic tectum. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:442-53. [PMID: 26292756 PMCID: PMC5072438 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate retino-tectal mapping, the determinants that target retinal projections to specific layers of the optic tectum remain elusive. Here we show that two independent RGMa-peptides, C- and N-RGMa, activate two distinct intracellular pathways to regulate axonal growth. C-RGMa utilizes a Leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG)/Rho/Rock pathway to inhibit axonal growth. N-RGMa on the other hand relies on ϒ-secretase cleavage of the intracellular portion of Neogenin to generate an intracellular domain (NeICD) that uses LIM-only protein 4 (LMO4) to block growth. In the developing tectum (E18), overexpression of C-RGMa and dominant-negative LARG (LARG-PDZ) induced overshoots in the superficial tectal layer but not in deeper tectal layers. In younger embryos (E12), C-RGMa and LARG-PDZ prevented ectopic projections toward deeper tectal layers, indicating that C-RGMa may act as a barrier to descending axons. In contrast both N-RGMa and NeICD overexpression resulted in aberrant axonal-paths, all of which suggests that it is a repulsive guidance molecule. Thus, two RGMa fragments activate distinct pathways resulting in different axonal responses. These data reveal how retinal projections are targeted to the appropriate layer in their target tissue.
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30
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Oomoto I, Suzuki-Hirano A, Umeshima H, Han YW, Yanagisawa H, Carlton P, Harada Y, Kengaku M, Okamoto A, Shimogori T, Wang DO. ECHO-liveFISH: in vivo RNA labeling reveals dynamic regulation of nuclear RNA foci in living tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e126. [PMID: 26101260 PMCID: PMC4627062 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the dynamic organization of nuclear RNA foci is important for understanding and manipulating these functional sites of gene expression in both physiological and pathological states. However, such studies have been difficult to establish in vivo as a result of the absence of suitable RNA imaging methods. Here, we describe a high-resolution fluorescence RNA imaging method, ECHO-liveFISH, to label endogenous nuclear RNA in living mice and chicks. Upon in vivo electroporation, exciton-controlled sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed focally concentrated endogenous 28S rRNA and U3 snoRNA at nucleoli and poly(A) RNA at nuclear speckles. Time-lapse imaging reveals steady-state stability of these RNA foci and dynamic dissipation of 28S rRNA concentrations upon polymerase I inhibition in native brain tissue. Confirming the validity of this technique in a physiological context, the in vivo RNA labeling did not interfere with the function of target RNA nor cause noticeable cytotoxicity or perturbation of cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Oomoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Suzuki-Hirano
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan JSPS Research fellow, Japan Society of Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Hiroki Umeshima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yong-Woon Han
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Peter Carlton
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshie Harada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Murai H, Tadokoro R, Sakai KI, Takahashi Y. In ovo gene manipulation of melanocytes and their adjacent keratinocytes during skin pigmentation of chicken embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:232-41. [PMID: 25739909 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During skin pigmentation in avians and mammalians, melanin is synthesized in the melanocytes, and subsequently transferred to adjacently located keratinocytes, leading to a wide coverage of the body surface by melanin-containing cells. The behavior of melanocytes is influenced by keratinocytes shown mostly by in vitro studies. However, it has poorly been investigated how such intercellular cross-talk is regulated in vivo because of a lack of suitable experimental models. Using chicken embryos, we developed a method that enables in vivo gene manipulations of melanocytes and keratinocytes, where these cells are separately labeled by different genes. Two types of gene transfer techniques were combined: one was a retrovirus-mediated gene infection into the skin/keratinocytes, and the other was the in ovo DNA electroporation into neural crest cells, the origin of melanocytes. Since the Replication-Competent Avian sarcoma-leukosis virus long terminal repeat with Splice acceptor (RCAS) infection was available only for the White leghorn strain showing little pigmentation, melanocytes prepared from the Hypeco nera (pigmented) were back-transplanted into embryos of White leghorn. Prior to the transplantation, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)(+) Neo(r+) -electroporated melanocytes from Hypeco nera were selectively grown in G418-supplemented medium. In the skin of recipient White leghorn embryos infected with RCAS-mOrange, mOrange(+) keratinocytes and transplanted EGFP(+) melanocytes were frequently juxtaposed each other. High-resolution confocal microscopy also revealed that transplanted melanocytes exhibited normal behaviors regarding distribution patterns of melanocytes, dendrite morphology, and melanosome transfer. The method described in this study will serve as a useful tool to understand the mechanisms underlying intercellular regulations during skin pigmentation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Murai
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NARA, Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
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32
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Omi M, Nakamura H. Engrailed and tectum development. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:135-45. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Omi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui 910-1193 Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (FRIS); Tohoku University; 6-3, Aramaki aza Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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Sai X, Ladher RK. Early steps in inner ear development: induction and morphogenesis of the otic placode. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 25713536 PMCID: PMC4322616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cellular replacement therapies using in vitro generated cells to replace damaged tissue have been proposed as strategies to alleviate hearing loss. All such therapies must involve a complete understanding of the earliest steps in inner ear development; its induction as a thickened plate of cells in the non-neural, surface ectoderm of the embryo, to its internalization as an otocyst embedded in the head mesenchyme of the embryo. Such knowledge informs researchers addressing the feasibility of the proposed strategy and present alternatives if needed. In this review we describe the mechanisms of inner ear induction, concentrating on the factors that steer the fate of ectoderm into precursors of the inner ear. Induction then leads to inner ear morphogenesis and we describe the cellular changes that occur as the inner ear is converted from a superficial placode to an internalized otocyst, and how they are coordinated with a particular emphasis on how the signaling environment surrounding the inner ear influences these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorei Sai
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan
| | - Raj K Ladher
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan
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Watanabe Y, Sakuma C, Yaginuma H. NRP1-mediated Sema3A signals coordinate laminar formation in the developing chick optic tectum. Development 2014; 141:3572-82. [PMID: 25183873 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The optic tectum comprises multiple layers, which are formed by radial and tangential migration during development. Here, we report that Neuropilin 1 (NRP1)-mediated Sema3A signals are involved in the process of tectal laminar formation, which is elaborated by tangential migration. In the developing chick tectum, NRP1, a receptor for Sema3A, is expressed in microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)-positive intermediate layers IV and V. Sema3A itself is a diffusible guidance factor and is expressed in the overlying layer VI. Using stable fluorescent labeling of tectal cells, we show that MAP2-positive intermediate layers are formed by the neurons that have been dispersed by tangential migration along the tectal efferent axons. When Sema3A was mis-expressed during laminar formation, local Sema3A repelled the tangential migrants, thus eliminating MAP2-positive neurons that expressed NRP1. Furthermore, in the absence of the MAP2-positive neurons, tectal layers were disorganized into an undulated form, indicating that MAP2-positive intermediate layers are required for proper laminar formation. These results suggest that NRP1-mediated Sema3A signals provide repulsive signals for MAP2-positive neurons to segregate tectal layers, which is important in order to coordinate laminar organization of the optic tectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Chie Sakuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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35
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Omi M, Harada H, Watanabe Y, Funahashi JI, Nakamura H. Role of En2 in the tectal laminar formation of chick embryos. Development 2014; 141:2131-8. [PMID: 24803658 DOI: 10.1242/dev.102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The chick optic tectum consists of 16 laminae. Here, we report contribution of En2 to laminar formation in chick optic tecta. En2 is specifically expressed in laminae g-j of stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS). Misexpression of En2 resulted in disappearance of En2-expressing cells from the superficial layers (laminae a-f of SGFS), where endogenous En2 is not expressed. Misexpression of En2 before postmitotic cells had left the ventricular layer indicated that En2-misexpressing cells stopped at the laminae of endogenous En2 expression and that they did not migrate into the superficial layers. Induction of En2 misexpression using a tetracycline-inducible system after the postmitotic cells had reached superficial layers also resulted in disappearance of En2-expressing cells from the superficial layers. Time-lapse analysis showed that En2-misexpressing cells migrated back from the superficial layers towards the middle layers, where En2 is strongly expressed endogenously. Our results suggest a potential role of En2 in regulating cell migration and positioning in the tectal laminar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Omi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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36
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Kain KH, Miller JWI, Jones-Paris CR, Thomason RT, Lewis JD, Bader DM, Barnett JV, Zijlstra A. The chick embryo as an expanding experimental model for cancer and cardiovascular research. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:216-28. [PMID: 24357262 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long and productive history in biomedical research defines the chick as a model for human biology. Fundamental discoveries, including the description of directional circulation propelled by the heart and the link between oncogenes and the formation of cancer, indicate its utility in cardiac biology and cancer. Despite the more recent arrival of several vertebrate and invertebrate animal models during the last century, the chick embryo remains a commonly used model for vertebrate biology and provides a tractable biological template. With new molecular and genetic tools applied to the avian genome, the chick embryo is accelerating the discovery of normal development and elusive disease processes. Moreover, progress in imaging and chick culture technologies is advancing real-time visualization of dynamic biological events, such as tissue morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. A rich background of information, coupled with new technologies and relative ease of maintenance, suggest an expanding utility for the chick embryo in cardiac biology and cancer research.
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37
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Hou X, Katahira T, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Sugiyama S, Nakamura H. Coactosin accelerates cell dynamism by promoting actin polymerization. Dev Biol 2013; 379:53-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Lee JM, Kim EJ, Jung HS. A method for electroporation to study gene function in mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:233-7. [PMID: 23666358 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the specific functions of various genes during embryonic development, the manipulation of genes using techniques such as electroporation is of fundamental importance for providing direct evidence concerning function or downstream activation of signaling networks. In vitro embryo culture and electroporation are useful techniques to introduce foreign genes, for developmental biology studies. Among the various mammalian culture techniques, Trowell culture is suitable for studies of embryonic mammary gland development because of its stability and ease of use in conjunction with electroporation technique application. The manipulation of gene expression using electroporation is a useful technique for the functional analysis of a particular gene. In this protocol, full steps for electroporation and in vitro embryo culture have been described for use in embryonic mammary gland development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 project, Oral Science Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei Center of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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39
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In ovo electroporation in embryonic chick spinal cords. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23681624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-444-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The developing spinal cord is a well-established model system widely used to study the signaling pathways and genetic programs that control neuronal/glial differentiation and neural circuit assembly. This is largely due to the relatively simple organization (compared to other CNS regions) and experimental accessibility of the neural tube, particularly in the chick embryo. In vivo transfection of cells within the developing chick neural tube using in ovo electroporation has emerged as a rapid and powerful experimental technique in that (1) transfected factors can be functionally tested in a spatially and temporally controlled manner and (2) the chick embryo provides a physiologically relevant in vivo environment to conduct biochemical studies such as dual-channel luciferase assay, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP). In this chapter, we will take an in-depth look at the in ovo electroporation system in embryonic chicken spinal cord. In the following chapter, we will continue by examining the use of in ovo electroporation in the dual-channel luciferase assay as an example of its biochemical application.
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40
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Sato Y, Lansford R. Transgenesis and imaging in birds, and available transgenic reporter lines. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:406-21. [PMID: 23621574 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Avian embryos are important model organism to study higher vertebrate development. Easy accessibility to developing avian embryos enables a variety of experimental applications to understand specific functions of molecules, tissue-tissue interactions, and cell lineages. The whole-mount ex ovo culture technique for avian embryos permits time-lapse imaging analysis for a better understanding of cell behaviors underlying tissue morphogenesis in physiological conditions. To study mechanisms of blood vessel formation and remodeling in developing embryos by using a time-lapse imaging approach, a transgenic quail model, Tg(tie1:H2B-eYFP), was generated. From a cell behavior perspective, Tg(tie1:H2B-eYFP) quail embryos are a suitable model to shed light on how the structure and pattern of blood vessels are established in higher vertebrates. In this manuscript, we give an overview on the biological and technological background of the transgenic quail model and describe procedures for the ex ovo culture of quail embryos and time-lapse imaging analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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41
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Ohtsuka N, Badurek S, Busslinger M, Benes FM, Minichiello L, Rudolph U. GABAergic neurons regulate lateral ventricular development via transcription factor Pax5. Genesis 2013; 51:234-45. [PMID: 23349049 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem studies have revealed a downregulation of the transcription factor Pax5 in GABAergic neurons in bipolar disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder, raising the question whether Pax5 in GABAergic neurons has a role in normal brain development. In a genetic approach to study functions of Pax5 in GABAergic neurons, Pax5 was specifically deleted in GABAergic neurons from Pax5 floxed mice using a novel Gad1-Cre transgenic mouse line expressing Cre recombinase in Gad1-positive, that is, GABAergic neurons. Surprisingly, these mice developed a marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles at approximately 7 weeks of age, which was lethal within 1-2 weeks of its appearance. This hydrocephalus phenotype was observed in mice homozygous or heterozygous for the Pax5 conditional knockout, with a gene dosage-dependent penetrance. By QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping, a 3.5 Mb segment on mouse chromosome 4 flanked by markers D4Mit237 and D4Mit214 containing approximately 92 genes including Pax5 has previously been linked to differences in lateral ventricular size. Our findings are consistent with Pax5 being a relevant gene underlying this QTL phenotype and demonstrate that Pax5 in GABAergic neurons is essential for normal ventricular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Ohtsuka
- Program in Structural and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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42
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Gong P, Yang YP, Yang Y, Feng YP, Li SJ, Peng XL, Gong YZ. Different gene transfer methods at the very early, early, late and whole embryonic stages in chicken. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:453-62. [PMID: 23134602 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New technologies in gene transfer combined with experimental embryology make the chicken embryo an excellent model system for gene function studies. The techniques of in ovo electroporation, in vitro culture for ex ovo electroporation and retrovirus-mediated gene transfer have already been fully developed in chicken. Yet to our knowledge, there are no definite descriptions on the features and application scopes of these techniques. The survival rates of different in vitro culture methods were compared and the EGFP expression areas of different gene transfer techniques were explored. It was that the optimal timings of removing embryo for EC culture and Petri dish system was at E1.5 and E2.5, respectively; and optimal timing of injecting retrovirus is at E0. Results indicated that the EC culture, in ovo electroporation, the Petri dish system and retrovirus-mediated method are, respectively, suitable for the very early, early, late and whole embryonic stages in chicken. Comparison of different gene transfer methods and establishment of optimal timings are expected to provide a better choice of the efficient method for a particular experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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43
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Nakamura H, Funahashi J. Electroporation: past, present and future. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:15-9. [PMID: 23157363 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer by electroporation has become an indispensable method for the study of developmental biology. The technique is applied not only in chick embryos but also in mice and other organisms. Here, a short history and perspectives of electroporation for gene transfer in vertebrates are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harukazu Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Sato Y. Dorsal aorta formation: separate origins, lateral-to-medial migration, and remodeling. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:113-29. [PMID: 23294360 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel formation is a highly dynamic tissue-remodeling event that can be observed from early development in vertebrate embryos. Dorsal aortae, the first functional intra-embryonic blood vessels, arise as two separate bilateral vessels in the trunk and undergo lateral-to-medial translocation, eventually fusing into a single large vessel at the midline. After this dramatic remodeling, the dorsal aorta generates hematopoietic stem cells. The dorsal aorta is a good model to use to increase our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the establishment and remodeling of larger blood vessels in vivo. Because of the easy accessibility to the developing circulatory system, quail and chick embryos have been widely used for studies on blood vessel formation. In particular, the mapping of endothelial cell origins has been performed using quail-chick chimera analysis, revealing endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and hematopoietic cell progenitors of the dorsal aorta. The avian embryo model also allows conditional gene activation/inactivation and direct observation of cell behaviors during dorsal aorta formation. This allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying specific morphogenetic events during dynamic dorsal aorta formation from a cell behavior perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan.
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45
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Matsui R, Tanabe Y, Watanabe D. Avian adeno-associated virus vector efficiently transduces neurons in the embryonic and post-embryonic chicken brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48730. [PMID: 23144948 PMCID: PMC3492410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic chicken is an attractive model system to explore the development and function of brain circuits. Electroporation-mediated and retrovirus (including lentivirus) vector-mediated gene transfer techniques have been widely used to introduce genetic material into chicken cells. However, it is still challenging to efficiently transduce chicken postmitotic neurons without harming the cells. To overcome this problem, we searched for a virus vector suitable for gene transfer into chicken neurons, and report here a novel recombinant virus vector derived from avian adeno-associated virus (A3V). A3V vector efficiently transduces neuronal cells, but not non-neuronal cells in the brain. A single A3V injection into a postembryonic chick brain allows gene expression selectively in neuronal cells within 24 hrs. Such rapid and neuron-specific gene transduction raises the possibility that A3V vector can be utilized for studies of memory formation in filial imprinting, which occurs during the early postnatal days. A3V injection into the neural tube near the ear vesicle at early embryonic stage resulted in persistent and robust gene expression until E20.5 in the auditory brainstem. We further devised an A3V-mediated tetracycline (Tet) dependent gene expression system as a tool for studying the auditory circuit, consisting of the nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL), that primarily computes interaural time differences (ITDs). Using this Tet system, we can transduce NM neurons without affecting NL neurons. Thus, the A3V technology complements current gene transfer techniques in chicken studies and will contribute to better understanding of the functional organization of neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsui
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuto Tanabe
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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46
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Freter S, Muta Y, O'Neill P, Vassilev VS, Kuraku S, Ladher RK. Pax2 modulates proliferation during specification of the otic and epibranchial placodes. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1716-28. [PMID: 22972769 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inner ear and epibranchial ganglia of vertebrates arise from a shared progenitor domain that is induced by FGF signalling, the posterior placodal area (PPA), before being segregated by Wnt signalling. One of the first genes activated in the PPA is the transcription factor Pax2. Loss-of- and gain-of function studies have defined a role for Pax2 in placodal morphogenesis and later inner ear development, but have not addressed the role Pax2 plays during the formation and maintenance of the PPA. RESULTS To understand the role of Pax2 during the development of the PPA, we used over-expression and repression of Pax2. Both gave rise to a smaller otocyst and repressed the formation of epibranchial placodes. In addition, cell cycle analysis revealed that Pax2 suppression reduced proliferation of the PPA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Pax2 functions in the maintenance but not the induction of the PPA. One role of Pax2 is to maintain proper cell cycle proliferation in the PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Freter
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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47
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Brown CY, Eom DS, Amarnath S, Agarwala S. In vivo electroporation of E1 chick embryos. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2012; 2012:2012/8/pdb.prot069708. [PMID: 22854566 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot069708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In ovo electroporation of chick embryos at ages ≥ E2 is simple to conduct and widely used to manipulate gene function. However, in ovo electroporation at early E1 stages has so far been unsuccessful because of unacceptable levels of tissue damage and embryonic lethality. Early E1 manipulations in the chick have therefore relied on in vitro electroporation, posing problems for morphogenetic studies in which the long-term preservation (>24 h) of three-dimensional tissue organization is critical. This article describes a simple technique for in vivo electroporation of E1 embryos as young as Hamburger-Hamilton stage 4 (HH4). It uses thin microelectrodes and low voltages, which permit precise localization of gene misexpression while causing minimal tissue damage and embryonic lethality. Critically, it does not depend on the presence of a lumen for DNA injections and can easily be adapted for a wide variety of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Y Brown
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
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Suzuki A, Harada H, Nakamura H. Nuclear translocation of FGF8 and its implication to induce Sprouty2. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:463-73. [PMID: 22404534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) functions as a local organizing signal for the tectum and cerebellum. FGF8 activates Ras-ERK signaling pathway to induce cerebellar development. We paid attention to the difference in the expression pattern of the molecules that are induced by FGF8 in the mid-hind brain region during normal development and after FGF8 misexpression; some are expressed in the area corresponding to the ERK activation domain but the others are expressed corresponding to the Fgf8 expression domain. Since some of the FGF family members are localized in the nucleus, we wondered if FGF8 could localize in the nuclei and function in the nucleus. We first show that in cultured NIH3T3 cells transfected FGF8b could localize in the nucleus. Transfected FGF8b could also localize in the nucleus of the cells in the chick neural tube. In mouse embryonic neural tube, we detected endogenous FGF8 in the nuclei. Implantation of an FGF8b-soaked bead showed that exogenous FGF8b could be translocated to the nuclei in the isthmus. Furthermore, signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b mainly localized in the nuclei, and induced Sprouty2 without activating ERK in the mesencephalon. Signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b could not induce Pax2 expression. Taken together, we concluded that FGF8b could be translocated to the nuclei, and that the nuclear FGF8 could function as transcriptional regulator to induce Sprouty2 in the isthmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan
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Brown CY, Eom DS, Amarnath S, Agarwala S. A simple technique for early in vivo electroporation of E1 chick embryos. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:545-52. [PMID: 22274994 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amenability of the chick embryo to a variety of manipulations has made it an ideal experimental model organism for over 100 years. The ability to manipulate gene function via in ovo electroporations has further revolutionized its value as an experimental model in the last 15 years. Although in ovo electroporations are simple to conduct in embryos ≥ E2, in ovo electroporations at early E1 stages have proven to be technically challenging due to the tissue damage and embryonic lethality such electroporations produce. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Here we report our success with in vivo microelectroporations of E1 embryos as young as Hamburger-Hamilton Stage 4 (HH4). We provide evidence that such electroporations can be varied in size and can be spatially targeted. They cause minimal disruption of tissue-size, 3-dimensional morphology, cell survival, proliferation, and cell-fate specification. Our paradigm is easily adapted to a variety of experimental conditions since it does not depend upon the presence of a lumen to enclose the DNA solution during electroporation. It is thus compatible with the in vivo examination of E1 morphogenetic events (e.g., neural tube closure) where preservation of 3-dimensional morphology is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Y Brown
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Wakamatsu Y. Mutual repression between Pax3 and Pax6 is involved in the positioning of ophthalmic trigeminal placode in avian embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:994-1003. [PMID: 22111909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cranial sense organs and a subset of cranial sensory neurons are generated from placodes, thickenings of the ectoderm. Pax3 has been known as a marker for ophthalmic trigeminal placode specification, and also an important regulator of trigeminal placode neuron differentiation. In this study, I show that Pax6 is initially expressed in the preplacodal region at the level of ophthalmic trigeminal placode, and that this expression gradually regresses in a medial-to-lateral direction as Pax3 expression expands in the same direction. Misexpression studies revealed that Pax6 represses Pax3 expression indirectly as a transcriptional activator in a cell-autonomous manner. Pax3-misexpression represses Pax6 expression in an indirect fashion, suggesting that unknown factor(s) downstream of Pax3 may repress Pax6 expression, and thereby allow an expansion of Pax3-positive ophthalmic trigeminal placode region. These results indicate that the mutual repression between Pax3 and Pax6 has important roles in the specification and the positioning of the ophthalmic trigeminal placode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Wakamatsu
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Miyagi, Japan.
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