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Xing P, Zhang Y, Chi Q, Li S. Zinc Alleviates Arsenic-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in the Head Kidney of Common Carp by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2380-2390. [PMID: 34287812 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) pollution is ubiquitous in water, which shows immunotoxicity to aquatic organisms. As an indispensable regulator of gene transcription and enzymatic modification, zinc (Zn) may play a preventive and therapeutic effect on As toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions of As and Zn on the head kidney of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Herein the carp were treated alone or in combination with waterborne As3+ (2.83 mg/L) and/or Zn2+ (1 mg/L). Results suggested a head kidney-toxic effect of As exposure, which was manifested by the histopathological damage of the head kidney, elevation of nuclear translocation of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-kappa light chain enhancer of B cells (NF-κB), and blockage of the anti-oxidative nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. The global activation of three endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways led to the execution of programmed cell death, including ER apoptosis mediated by C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), death receptor-mediated exogenous cell apoptosis, and the endogenous apoptosis executed by Caspases9. The combined application of Zn can significantly improve the histopathological damage of the head kidney, the imbalance of the antioxidant system, and the apoptosis outcomes due to ER stress. In conclusion, this study indicates that Zn has an antagonistic effect on the head kidney injury of common carp induced by sub-chronic As exposure. The results of this study provide basic data for the risk assessment of As accumulation in an aquatic environment and a reference for the use of Zn preparation in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xing
- College of International Culture and Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qianru Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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2
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Kravchuk OI, Burakov AV, Gornostaev NG, Mikhailov KV, Adameyko KI, Finoshin AD, Georgiev AA, Mikhailov VS, Yeryukova YE, Rubinovsky GA, Zayts DV, Gazizova GR, Gusev OA, Shagimardanova EI, Lyupina YV. Histone Deacetylases in the Process of Halisarca dujardini Cell Reaggregation. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Spatial and temporal scales of exposure and sensitivity drive mortality risk patterns across life stages. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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4
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Nash S, Johnstone J, Rahman MS. Elevated temperature attenuates ovarian functions and induces apoptosis and oxidative stress in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica: potential mechanisms and signaling pathways. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:957-967. [PMID: 31363994 PMCID: PMC6717220 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is predicted to intensify thermal stress in marine and coastal organisms, affecting their development, growth, and reproductive functions. In this study, we performed histological observations on ovarian development, immunohistochemical analyses of ovarian heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, an indicator of reactive nitrogen species (RNS)), and dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, an indicator of protein oxidation) expressions, in situ TUNEL assay for cellular apoptosis, biochemical analyses of ovarian caspase-3/7 activity and protein carbonyl (PC, a measure of reactive oxygen species (ROS)) contents, nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels, and extrapallial fluid (EPF, an important body fluid) pH in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Oysters were exposed to medium (28 °C) and high (32 °C) temperatures under controlled laboratory conditions for 1 week. Oysters exposed to higher temperatures significantly decreased the number and diameter of eggs, and EPF protein concentrations compared with controls (24 °C). In contrast, EPF pH, ovarian HSP70 mRNA levels, and protein expression were increased after heat exposure, consistent with increased ovarian apoptosis. The enhanced apoptosis in ovaries was associated with increased ovarian caspase-3/7 activity, PC contents, NOx levels, and NTP and DNP expressions in heat-exposed oysters. Collectively, these results suggest that higher temperatures drastically increase RNS and ROS levels, increasing incidence of apoptosis and subsequently reducing ovarian functions in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nash
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA
| | - Jackson Johnstone
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA
| | - Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, 78520, USA.
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5
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Clark MS, Suckling CC, Cavallo A, Mackenzie CL, Thorne MAS, Davies AJ, Peck LS. Molecular mechanisms underpinning transgenerational plasticity in the green sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Sci Rep 2019; 9:952. [PMID: 30700813 PMCID: PMC6353892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-conditioning of adult marine invertebrates to altered conditions, such as low pH, can significantly impact offspring outcomes, a process which is often referred to as transgenerational plasticity (TGP). This study describes for the first time, the gene expression profiles associated with TGP in the green sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris and evaluates the transcriptional contribution to larval resilience. RNA-Seq was used to determine how the expression profiles of larvae spawned into low pH from pre-acclimated adults differed to those of larvae produced from adults cultured under ambient pH. The main findings demonstrated that adult conditioning to low pH critically pre-loads the embryonic transcriptional pool with antioxidants to prepare the larvae for the “new” conditions. In addition, the classic cellular stress response, measured via the production of heat shock proteins (the heat shock response (HSR)), was separately evaluated. None of the early stage larvae either spawned in low pH (produced from both ambient and pre-acclimated adults) or subjected to a separate heat shock experiment were able to activate the full HSR as measured in adults, but the capacity to mount an HSR increased as development proceeded. This compromised ability clearly contributes to the vulnerability of early stage larvae to acute environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - Coleen C Suckling
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.,Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Alessandro Cavallo
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Clara L Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Michael A S Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Andrew J Davies
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew Street, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.,Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 9 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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6
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Pandori LLM, Sorte CJB. The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. M. Pandori
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697‐2525 USA
| | - Cascade J. B. Sorte
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine CA 92697‐2525 USA
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7
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Karelitz SE, Uthicke S, Foo SA, Barker MF, Byrne M, Pecorino D, Lamare MD. Ocean acidification has little effect on developmental thermal windows of echinoderms from Antarctica to the tropics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:657-672. [PMID: 27497050 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the ocean warms, thermal tolerance of developmental stages may be a key driver of changes in the geographical distributions and abundance of marine invertebrates. Additional stressors such as ocean acidification may influence developmental thermal windows and are therefore important considerations for predicting distributions of species under climate change scenarios. The effects of reduced seawater pH on the thermal windows of fertilization, embryology and larval morphology were examined using five echinoderm species: two polar (Sterechinus neumayeri and Odontaster validus), two temperate (Fellaster zelandiae and Patiriella regularis) and one tropical (Arachnoides placenta). Responses were examined across 12-13 temperatures ranging from -1.1 °C to 5.7 °C (S. neumayeri), -0.5 °C to 10.7 °C (O. validus), 5.8 °C to 27 °C (F. zelandiae), 6.0 °C to 27.1 °C (P. regularis) and 13.9 °C to 34.8 °C (A. placenta) under present-day and near-future (2100+) ocean acidification conditions (-0.3 pH units) and for three important early developmental stages 1) fertilization, 2) embryo (prehatching) and 3) larval development. Thermal windows for fertilization were broad and were not influenced by a pH decrease. Embryological development was less thermotolerant. For O. validus, P. regularis and A. placenta, low pH reduced normal development, albeit with no effect on thermal windows. Larval development in all five species was affected by both temperature and pH; however, thermal tolerance was not reduced by pH. Results of this study suggest that in terms of fertilization and development, temperature will remain as the most important factor influencing species' latitudinal distributions as the ocean continues to warm and decrease in pH, and that there is little evidence of a synergistic effect of temperature and ocean acidification on the thermal control of species ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam E Karelitz
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sven Uthicke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Shawna A Foo
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike F Barker
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danilo Pecorino
- Department for Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle Street, 9016, Dunedin, New Zealand
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8
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Morcillo P, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. In vitro effects of metals on isolated head-kidney and blood leucocytes of the teleost fish Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:77-85. [PMID: 27041665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro use of fish leucocytes to test the toxicity of aquatic pollutants, and particularly the immutoxicological effects, could be a valuable alternative to fish bioassays but has received little attention. In this study, head-kidney and peripheral blood leucocytes (HKLs and PBLs, respectively) from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) specimens were exposed to Cd, MeHg (methylmercury), Pb or As for 24 h being evaluated the resulting cytotoxicity. Exposure to metals produced a dose-dependent reduction in the viability, and MeHg showed the highest toxicity followed by Cd, As and Pb. Interestingly, leucocytes from European sea bass are more resistant to metal exposure than those from gilthead seabream. Similarly, HKLs are always more sensitive than those isolated from blood from the same fish species. Moreover, fish leucocytes incubated with metals exhibited alterations in gene expression profiles that were more pronounced in the HKLs in general, being Pb the metal provoking less effects. Concretely, genes related to cellular protection (metallothionein), stress (heat shock protein 70) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) were, in general, down-regulated in seabream HKLs but up-regulated in seabream PBLs and sea bass HKLs and PBLs. In addition, this profile leads to the increase of expression in genes related to apoptosis (Bcl2 associated X protein and caspase 3). Finally, transcription of genes involved in immunity (interleukin-1β and immunoglobulin M) was down-regulated, mainly in seabream leucocytes. This study points to the benefits for evaluating the toxicological mechanisms of marine pollution using fish leucocytes in vitro and insight into the mechanisms at gene level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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9
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Giri SS, Sen SS, Jun JW, Sukumaran V, Park SC. Immunotoxicological effects of cadmium on Labeo rohita, with emphasis on the expression of HSP genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:164-171. [PMID: 26994673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of exposure (28 days) to a sub-lethal concentration of cadmium (Cd) (0.65 mg CdCl2 L(-1)) on the immune responses and expression of immune-related and heat shock protein (HSP) genes in Labeo rohita, an important aquacultured fish species. Among the immune parameters studied, significantly lower lysozyme activity was observed in fish 28 days post-exposure (dpe) to Cd as compared to control fish. Alternative complement pathway activity was slightly higher in the Cd-exposed group at 2 dpe than in controls, and this activity declined gradually thereafter. The phagocytic activity and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were insignificantly lower in the Cd-exposed group at all assessed time points than in controls. Among serum enzymatic activities, peroxidase activity was always higher in the Cd-exposed group than in controls, but the increase was insignificant at all assessed time points. Additionally, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the Cd-exposed group at 14 and 28 dpe. Immune and HSP gene expression patterns were observed in kidney and liver tissues, respectively, by RT-PCR, and HSPs were further analysed by immunoblotting. Cd had an immunosuppressive effect, leading to down-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IFN-γ. However, Cd exposure led to the up-regulation of HSP47, HSP60, HSP70, HSP78, and HSP90, indicating Cd-induced cellular stress. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the immunotoxic effect of Cd. Cd exposure makes Labeo rohita immunocompromised, and this could subsequently increase the disease susceptibility of Labeo rohita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | - Shib Sankar Sen
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | | | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
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10
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Morcillo P, Cordero H, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. In vitro immunotoxicological effects of heavy metals on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) head-kidney leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:245-254. [PMID: 26363228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge about the direct effects of heavy metals on fish leucocytes is still limited. We investigate the in vitro effects of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb or As) on oxidative stress, viability and innate immune parameters of head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Production of free oxygen radicals was induced by Cd, Hg and As, mainly after 30 min of exposure. Cd and Hg promoted both apoptosis and necrosis cell death while Pb and As did only apoptosis, in all cases in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, expression of genes related to oxidative stress and apoptosis was significantly induced by Hg and Pb but down-regulated by As. In addition, the expression of the metallothionein A gene was up-regulated by Cd and Pb exposure though this transcript, as well as the heat shock protein 70, was down-regulated by Hg. Cd, methylmercury (MeHg) and As reduced the phagocytic ability, whereas Hg and Pb increased it. Interestingly, all the heavy metals decreased the phagocytic capacity (the number of ingested particles per cell). Leucocyte respiratory burst changed depending on the metal exposure, usually in a time- and dose-manner. Interestingly, the expression of immune-related genes was slightly affected by Cd, MeHg, As or Pb being Hg the form producing the greatest alterations, which included down-regulation of immunoglobulin M and hepcidin, as well as the up-regulation of interleukin-1 beta mRNA levels. This study provides an in vitro approach for elucidating the heavy metals toxicity, and particularly the immunotoxicity, in fish leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Migliaccio O, Castellano I, Cirino P, Romano G, Palumbo A. Maternal Exposure to Cadmium and Manganese Impairs Reproduction and Progeny Fitness in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131815. [PMID: 26125595 PMCID: PMC4488381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal contamination represents one of the major sources of pollution in marine environments. In this study we investigated the short-term effects of ecologically relevant cadmium and manganese concentrations (10-6 and 3.6 x 10-5 M, respectively) on females of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and their progeny, reared in the absence or presence of the metal. Cadmium is a well-known heavy metal, whereas manganese represents a potential emerging contaminant, resulting from an increased production of manganese-containing compounds. The effects of these agents were examined on both P. lividus adults and their offspring following reproductive state, morphology of embryos, nitric oxide (NO) production and differential gene expression. Here, we demonstrated that both metals differentially impaired the fertilization processes of the treated female sea urchins, causing modifications in the reproductive state and also affecting NO production in the ovaries. A detailed analysis of the progeny showed a high percentage of abnormal embryos, associated to an increase in the endogenous NO levels and variations in the transcriptional expression of several genes involved in stress response, skeletogenesis, detoxification, multi drug efflux processes and NO production. Moreover, we found significant differences in the progeny from females exposed to metals and reared in metal-containing sea water compared to embryos reared in non-contaminated sea water. Overall, these results greatly expanded previous studies on the toxic effects of metals on P. lividus and provided new insights into the molecular events induced in the progeny of sea urchins exposed to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Migliaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Cirino
- Marine Resources for Research Service, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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12
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Pinsino A, Matranga V. Sea urchin immune cells as sentinels of environmental stress. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:198-205. [PMID: 25463510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms, an ancient and very successful phylum of marine invertebrates, play a central role in the maintenance of ecosystem integrity and are constantly exposed to environmental pressure, including: predation, changes in temperature and pH, hypoxia, pathogens, UV radiation, metals, toxicants, and emerging pollutants like nanomaterials. The annotation of the sea urchin genome, so closely related to humans and other vertebrate genomes, revealed an unusually complex immune system, which may be the basis for why sea urchins can adapt to different marine environments and survive even in hazardous conditions. In this review, we give a brief overview of the morphological features and recognized functions of echinoderm immune cells with a focus on studies correlating stress and immunity in the sea urchin. Immune cells from adult Paracentrotus lividus, which have been introduced in the last fifteen years as sentinels of environmental stress, are valid tools to uncover basic molecular and regulatory mechanisms of immune responses, supporting their use in immunological research. Here we summarize laboratory and field studies that reveal the amenability of sea urchin immune cells for toxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinsino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "A. Monroy", Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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13
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Migliaccio O, Castellano I, Romano G, Palumbo A. Stress response to cadmium and manganese in Paracentrotus lividus developing embryos is mediated by nitric oxide. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:125-134. [PMID: 25181703 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of contaminants, often resulting from anthropogenic activities, have been reported to occur in the marine environment and affect marine organisms. Among these, the metal ions cadmium and manganese have been shown to induce developmental delay and abnormalities, mainly reflecting skeleton elongation perturbation, in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, an established model for toxicological studies. Here, we provide evidence that the physiological messenger nitric oxide (NO), formed by l-arginine oxidation by NO synthase (NOS), mediates the stress response induced by cadmium and manganese in sea urchins. When NO levels were lowered by inhibiting NOS, the proportion of abnormal plutei increased. Quantitative expression of a panel of 19 genes involved in stress response, skeletogenesis, detoxification and multidrug efflux processes was followed at different developmental stages and under different conditions: metals alone, metals in the presence of NOS inhibitor, NO donor and NOS inhibitor alone. These data allowed the identification of different classes of genes whose metal-induced transcriptional expression was directly or indirectly mediated by NO. These results open new perspectives on the role of NO as a sensor of different stress agents in sea urchin developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Migliaccio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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14
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Kapsenberg L, Hofmann GE. Signals of resilience to ocean change: high thermal tolerance of early stage Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) reared under present-day and future pCO2 and temperature. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vazzana M, Celi M, Tramati C, Ferrantelli V, Arizza V, Parrinello N. In vitro effect of cadmium and copper on separated blood leukocytes of Dicentrarchus labrax. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 102:113-120. [PMID: 24530726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of heavy metals on blood leukocytes of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were examined. The cells, separated by a discontinuous Percoll-gradients, were exposed in vitro to various sublethal concentrations of cadmium and copper (10(-7)M, 10(-5)M, and 10(-3)M) and their immunotoxic effect was then evaluated by measuring neutral red uptake, MTT assay, DNA fragmentation and Hsp70 gene expression. First of all, we demonstrated that the cells treated in vitro could incorporate Cd and Cu. A relationship between heavy metal exposure and dose-time-dependent alterations in responses of leukocytes from blood was found for both metals, but copper was more immunotoxic than cadmium in all assays performed. A significant reduction in the cells׳ ability to uptake neutral red and viability by MTT assay was recorded, indicating that both cadmium and copper could change the membrane permeability, inducing cellular apoptosis when the concentration of metals reached 10(-3)M. The apoptotic effect may also explain the high level of cytotoxicity found when the leukocytes were exposed to higher concentration of metals. These results demonstrated that toxic effect of copper and cadmium affect on the mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity reducing the immune defences of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cecilia Tramati
- Dipartimento DISTEM, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Adams NL, Campanale JP, Foltz KR. Proteomic responses of sea urchin embryos to stressful ultraviolet radiation. Integr Comp Biol 2012; 52:665-80. [PMID: 22576820 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ics058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 290-400 nm) penetrates into seawater and can harm shallow-dwelling and planktonic marine organisms. Studies dating back to the 1930s revealed that echinoids, especially sea urchin embryos, are powerful models for deciphering the effects of UVR on embryonic development and how embryos defend themselves against UV-induced damage. In addition to providing a large number of synchronously developing embryos amenable to cellular, biochemical, molecular, and single-cell analyses, the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, also offers an annotated genome. Together, these aspects allow for the in-depth study of molecular and biochemical signatures of UVR stress. Here, we review the effects of UVR on embryonic development, focusing on the early-cleavage stages, and begin to integrate data regarding single-protein responses with comprehensive proteomic assessments. Proteomic studies reveal changes in levels of post-translational modifications to proteins that respond to UVR, and identify proteins that can then be interrogated as putative targets or components of stress-response pathways. These responsive proteins are distributed among systems upon which targeted studies can now begin to be mapped. Post-transcriptional and translational controls may provide early embryos with a rapid, fine-tuned response to stress during early stages, especially during pre-blastula stages that rely primarily on maternally derived defenses rather than on responses through zygotic gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Adams
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
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Fang DA, Wang Q, He L, Wang J, Wang Y. Characterization of heat shock protein 70 in the red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus): evidence for its role in regulating spermatogenesis. Gene 2011; 492:138-47. [PMID: 22037606 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a member of molecular chaperones and is important for reproductive biological processes in eukaryotes. In this regard, a full length HSP70 comprised of 2366 nucleotides from the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (CqHSP70) was characterized, which with an open-reading frame of 1959 bp encoded 652 amino acid residues. Its mRNA transcript expression in the testes was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. CqHSP70 mRNA transcripts were detected in all organs especially high in the testes. Furthermore, the greatest transcript levels were found during the spermatogonial preparation phase, while the lowest levels were found during the resting stage of the reproductive cycle. In addition, its distribution in the testes was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Western blot results revealed a single immunoreactive band with an estimated molecular mass of 70 kDa in different phases of testes development. The strongest immunolabeling positive signal was found in spermatogonia, with lower positive staining in secondary spermatocytes, and weak or absent level in the mature sperm. Interestingly, CqHSP70 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of sperm cells. Thus, our results indicate that CqHSP70 is an essential protein in spermatogenesis, with a crucial reproductive function during sperm maturation in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-An Fang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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18
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Romano G, Costantini M, Buttino I, Ianora A, Palumbo A. Nitric oxide mediates the stress response induced by diatom aldehydes in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25980. [PMID: 22022485 PMCID: PMC3191173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are ubiquitous and abundant primary producers that have been traditionally considered as a beneficial food source for grazers and for the transfer of carbon through marine food webs. However, many diatom species produce polyunsaturated aldehydes that disrupt development in the offspring of grazers that feed on these unicellular algae. Here we provide evidence that production of the physiological messenger nitric oxide increases after treatment with the polyunsaturated aldehyde decadienal in embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. At high decadienal concentrations, nitric oxide mediates initial apoptotic events leading to loss of mitochondrial functionality through the generation of peroxynitrite. At low decadienal concentrations, nitric oxide contributes to the activation of hsp70 gene expression thereby protecting embryos against the toxic effects of this aldehyde. When nitric oxide levels were lowered by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase activity, the expression of hsp70 in swimming blastula decreased and the proportion of abnormal plutei increased. However, in later pluteus stages nitric oxide was no longer able to exert this protective function: hsp70 and nitric oxide synthase expression decreased with a consequent increase in the expression of caspase-8. Our findings that nitric oxide production increases rapidly in response to a toxic exogenous stimulus opens new perspectives on the possible role of this gas as an important messenger to environmental stress in sea urchins and for understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying toxicity during diatom blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Romano
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Isabella Buttino
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
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Belén Arias M, Josefina Poupin M, Lardies MA. Plasticity of life-cycle, physiological thermal traits and Hsp70 gene expression in an insect along the ontogeny: Effect of temperature variability. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Hammond LM, Hofmann GE. Thermal tolerance of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus early life history stages: mortality, stress-induced gene expression and biogeographic patterns. MARINE BIOLOGY 2010; 157:2677-2687. [PMID: 24391252 PMCID: PMC3873058 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-010-1528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the differential thermal tolerance of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus early life history stages by comparing high temperature-induced mortality and the relative levels of the stress-induced gene, hsp70, between S. purpuratus embryos and larvae from adults collected throughout the species range. There was no significant difference between gastrulae and 4-arm plutei mortality from all sites examined. Furthermore, there was little variability in temperature tolerance across the biogeographic range as southern gastrulae and 4-arm plutei exhibited similar tolerances to northern individuals. Relative levels of hsp70 mRNA expression did not differ overall between the two developmental stages at each site. Across sites, all gastrulae and 4-arm plutei exhibited maximum hsp70 expression at approximately 25°C; however, the range of hsp70 expression was narrower in southern individuals, suggesting they are living closer to their upper thermal limit than northern individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTisha M. Hammond
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620 USA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620 USA
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21
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Simoncelli F, Morosi L, Di Rosa I, Pascolini R, Fagotti A. Molecular characterization and expression of a heat-shock cognate 70 (Hsc70) and a heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) cDNAs in Rana (Pelophylax) lessonae embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:552-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Ueda N, Boettcher A. Differences in heat shock protein 70 expression during larval and early spat development in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:439-43. [PMID: 19130302 PMCID: PMC2728277 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For a variety of species, changes in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) have been linked to key developmental changes, i.e., gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and metamorphosis. Many marine invertebrates are known to have a biphasic life cycle where pelagic larvae go through settlement and metamorphosis as they transition to the benthic life stage. A series of experiments were run to examine the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) during larval and early spat (initial benthic phase) development in the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In addition, the impact of thermal stress on HSP 70 expression during these early stages was studied. C. virginica larvae and spat expressed three HSP 70 isoforms, two constitutive, HSC 77 and HSC 72, and one inducible, HSP 69. We found differences in the expression of both the constitutive and inducible forms of HSP 70 among larval and early juvenile stages and in response to thermal stress. Low expression of HSP 69 during early larval and spat development may be associated with the susceptibility of these stages to environmental stress. Although developmental regulation of HSP 70 expression has been widely recognized, changes in its expression during settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates are still unknown. The results of the current study demonstrated a reduction of HSP 70 expression during settlement and metamorphosis in the Eastern oyster, C. virginica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
- Department of Biology, LSCB 124, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
| | - Anne Boettcher
- Department of Biology, LSCB 124, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
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23
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Roux MM, Radeke MJ, Goel M, Mushegian A, Foltz KR. 2DE identification of proteins exhibiting turnover and phosphorylation dynamics during sea urchin egg activation. Dev Biol 2008; 313:630-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Browne CL, Swan JB, Rankin EE, Calvert H, Griffiths S, Tytell M. Extracellular heat shock protein 70 has novel functional effects on sea urchin eggs and coelomocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 210:1275-87. [PMID: 17371926 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports document that the 70 kDa heat shock proteins are not only intracellular proteins but are also present in blood and other extracellular compartments. How they affect cell function from the extracellular space remains unclear. Using two well-characterized cell types from the sea urchin, we show that extracellular mixtures of the constitutive and inducible forms of the 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsc70 and Hsp70, respectively) have dramatic effects on initiation of cell division in fertilized eggs and on the clotting reaction of hypotonically stressed coelomocytes. In suspensions of fertilized eggs to which Hsc70 or a 2:3 mixture of Hsc and Hsp70 was added, progression to the first mitotic division was accelerated. Evidence is provided that the extracellular Hsc70 passes into the egg cells in an unconventional manner, being distributed through the cytoplasm, and that it may alter the intracellular signaling cascade initiated by sperm penetration. In coelomocytes that were stimulated by hypotonic shock to mimic injury, the spreading reaction of the clotting response was significantly inhibited when either Hsp70 or Hsc70 was in the medium. These results suggest that the presence of Hsc and/or Hsp70 in the extracellular fluid may promote mitosis of dividing cells and suppress the reactivity of immune system cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Browne
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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25
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Goldstone J, Hamdoun A, Cole B, Howard-Ashby M, Nebert D, Scally M, Dean M, Epel D, Hahn M, Stegeman J. The chemical defensome: environmental sensing and response genes in the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome. Dev Biol 2006; 300:366-84. [PMID: 17097629 PMCID: PMC3166225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan genomes contain large numbers of genes that participate in responses to environmental stressors. We surveyed the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome for homologs of gene families thought to protect against chemical stressors; these genes collectively comprise the 'chemical defensome.' Chemical defense genes include cytochromes P450 and other oxidases, various conjugating enzymes, ATP-dependent efflux transporters, oxidative detoxification proteins, and transcription factors that regulate these genes. Together such genes account for more than 400 genes in the sea urchin genome. The transcription factors include homologs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, hypoxia-inducible factor, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2, heat shock factor, and nuclear hormone receptors, which regulate stress-response genes in vertebrates. Some defense gene families, including the ABCC, the UGT, and the CYP families, have undergone expansion in the urchin relative to other deuterostome genomes, whereas the stress sensor gene families do not show such expansion. More than half of the defense genes are expressed during embryonic or larval life stages, indicating their importance during development. This genome-wide survey of chemical defense genes in the sea urchin reveals evolutionary conservation of this network combined with lineage-specific diversification that together suggest the importance of these chemical stress sensing and response mechanisms in early deuterostomes. These results should facilitate future studies on the evolution of chemical defense gene networks and the role of these networks in protecting embryos from chemical stress during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.V. Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - A. Hamdoun
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Oceanview Blvd. Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - B.J. Cole
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Oceanview Blvd. Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - M. Howard-Ashby
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, CA, USA
| | - D.W. Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health, University Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - M. Scally
- Human Genetics Section, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M. Dean
- Human Genetics Section, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - D. Epel
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Oceanview Blvd. Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - M.E. Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - J.J. Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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26
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Bonaventura R, Poma V, Costa C, Matranga V. UVB radiation prevents skeleton growth and stimulates the expression of stress markers in sea urchin embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:150-7. [PMID: 15670763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ozone depletion results in an increased flux of biologically damaging radiations reaching the earth. Although ultraviolet (UV) penetration is attenuated by the seawater, harmful effects can be still observed at low depths where sea urchin embryos are living. We have used Paracentrotus lividus embryos to study the impacts of UV radiation on their development. Blastula cultures were exposed to different doses of UVB (312 nm) radiations and the resulting endpoint effects were evaluated in terms of embryonic morphological abnormalities, variations in specific gene expression, and changes in the levels of stress proteins. We found that embryos were moderately sensitive to 50 J/m2 UVB radiation; an increase in the number of developmentally delayed and malformed embryos was detected when increasing doses, up to 1000 J/m2, were used. Major developmental defects, observed 24 and 48 h after exposure, consisted in the failure of skeleton elongation and patterning. Accordingly, we found a reduction in the number of primary mesenchyme cells that expressed Pl-SM30, a gene coding for one of the specific matrix proteins of the skeleton. The morphological effects observed 1, 24, and 48 h after exposure were correlated with a dose-dependent increase in the level and in the activation of two recognized stress markers, namely hsp70 and p38 MAPk, respectively, consistent with their role in mediating cellular response to stress and suggesting a function in embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bonaventura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Sezione Biologia dello Sviluppo, Palermo, Italy
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27
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Roccheri MC, Agnello M, Bonaventura R, Matranga V. Cadmium induces the expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:80-7. [PMID: 15358218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are highly sensitive to many environmental stresses, and consequently, the analysis of their bio-molecular responses to different stress agents is very important for the understanding of putative repair mechanisms. Sea urchin embryos represent a simple though significant model system to test how specific stress can simultaneously affect development and protein expression. Here, we used Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin embryos to study the effects of time-dependent continuous exposure to subacute/sublethal cadmium concentrations. We found that, between 15 and 24 h of exposure, the synthesis of a specific set of stress proteins (90, 72-70, 56, 28, and 25 kDa) was induced, with an increase in the rate of synthesis of 72-70 kDa (hsps), 56 kDa (hsp), and 25 kDa, which was dependent on the lengths of treatment. Recovery experiments in which cadmium was removed showed that while stress proteins continued to be synthesized, embryo development was resumed only after short lengths of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Roccheri
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo A. Monroy, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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28
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Calvert ME, Digilio LC, Herr JC, Coonrod SA. Oolemmal proteomics--identification of highly abundant heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones in the mature mouse egg and their localization on the plasma membrane. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:27. [PMID: 12646049 PMCID: PMC151799 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2003] [Accepted: 02/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mature mouse egg contains the full complement of maternal proteins required for fertilization, the transition to zygotic transcription, and the beginning stages of embryogenesis. Many of these proteins remain to be characterized, therefore in this study we have identified highly abundant egg proteins using a proteomic approach and found that several of these proteins also appear to localize to the egg surface. Characterization of such molecules will provide important insight into the cellular events of fertilization and early development. METHODS In order to identify some of the more abundant egg proteins, whole egg extracts were resolved on coomassie-stained two-dimensional (2D) PAGE gels. Several highly abundant protein spots were cored and microsequenced by tandem mass spectrometry (TMS), and determined to be molecular chaperone proteins. Concurrent experiments were performed to identify oolemmal proteins using 2D avidin blotting. Proteins spots that appeared to be surface labeled by biotinylation were correlated with the initial coomassie-stained reference gel. Surprisingly, some of the surface labelled proteins corresponded to those abundant chaperone proteins previously identified. To confirm whether these molecules are accumulating at the oolemmal surface in eggs, we performed immunofluoresence on live, zona-free eggs using antibodies to HSP70, HSP90, GRP94, GRP78, calreticulin and calnexin. RESULTS The putative surface-labeled proteins identified by biotinylation included the molecular chaperones HSP70 (MW 70 KDa, pI 5.5), HSP90a (MW 85 KDa, pI 4.9), GRP94 (MW 92 KDa, pI 4.7), GRP78 (MW 72 KDa, pI 5.0), Oxygen regulated protein 150 (ORP150; MW 111 KDa, pI 5.1), Calreticulin (MW 48 KDa, pI 4.3), Calnexin (MW 65 KDa, pI 4.5), and Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI; MW 57 KDa, pI 4.8). Immunofluoresence results showed that antibodies to HSP90, GRP94, GRP78 and calreticulin were reactive with oolemmal proteins. We were unable to confirm surface localization of HSP70 or calnexin by this method. CONCLUSIONS We report here the identification of nine highly abundant molecular chaperones in the mouse egg proteome. In addition, we present preliminary data suggesting that these molecules localize to the oolemma of the mature mouse egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Calvert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Laura C Digilio
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - John C Herr
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Young TE, Ling J, Geisler-Lee CJ, Tanguay RL, Caldwell C, Gallie DR. Developmental and thermal regulation of the maize heat shock protein, HSP101. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001. [PMID: 11706162 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant heat stress protein, Hsp101, and the yeast ortholog, Hsp104, are required to confer thermotolerance in plants and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), respectively. In addition to its function during stress, Hsp101 is developmentally regulated in plants although its function during development is not known. To determine how the expression of Hsp101 is regulated in cereals, we investigated the Hsp101 expression profile in developing maize (Zea mays). Hsp101 protein was most abundant in the developing tassel, ear, silks, endosperm, and embryo. It was less abundant in the vegetative and floral meristematic regions and was present at only a low level in the anthers and tassel at anthesis, mature pollen, roots, and leaves. As expected, heat treatment resulted in an increase in the level of Hsp101 protein in several organs. In expanding foliar leaves, husk leaves, the tassel at the premeiosis stage of development, or pre-anthesis anthers, however, the heat-mediated increase in protein was not accompanied by an equivalent increase in mRNA. In contrast, the level of Hsp101 transcript increased in the tassel at anthesis following a heat stress without an increase in Hsp101 protein. In other organs such as the vegetative and floral meristematic regions, fully expanded foliar leaves, the young ear, and roots, the heat-induced increase in Hsp101 protein was accompanied by a corresponding increase in Hsp101 transcript level. However, anthers at anthesis, mature pollen, developing endosperm, and embryos largely failed to mount a heat stress response at the level of Hsp101 protein or mRNA, indicating that Hsp101 expression is not heat inducible in these organs. In situ RNA localization analysis revealed that Hsp101 mRNA accumulated in the subaleurone and aleurone of developing kernels and was highest in the root cap meristem and quiescent center of heat-stressed roots. These data suggest an organ-specific control of Hsp101 expression during development and following a heat stress through mechanisms that may include posttranscriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Young
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA
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Park JH, Lee JJ, Yoon S, Lee JS, Choe SY, Choe J, Park EH, Kim CG. Genomic cloning of the Hsc71 gene in the hermaphroditic teleost Rivulus marmoratus and analysis of its expression in skeletal muscle: identification of a novel muscle-preferred regulatory element. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:3041-50. [PMID: 11452029 PMCID: PMC55811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.14.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2001] [Revised: 05/31/2001] [Accepted: 05/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To further our understanding of the role of stress proteins in development as well as in adaptation of fish to adverse environmental conditions, we undertook molecular analyses of stress protein encoding genes from the hermaphroditic teleost Rivulus marmoratus. We isolated a genomic clone containing the Hsc71 gene (rm-hsc71m) and its upstream sequences. rm-Hsc71m is not induced by external stress, but is enriched in a tissue-specific manner during early development. In adult, the strongest expression appeared in skeletal muscle, whereas lower expression was seen in the gill, eye and brain. To understand the regulatory basis of high muscle expression of rm-hsc71m, transfection of R.marmoratus muscle tissue was performed using 5' deletion fragments containing the rm-hsc71m promoter driving EGFP expression. An upstream region from -2.7 to -1.9 kb was identified as a muscle-specific regulatory region. Within this region, we identified at least three sites with the novel sequence TGTnACA interacting with a fish muscle factor having an M(r) of 32 000. Our data indicate that rm-hsc71m expression in skeletal muscle is controlled by a muscle-specific regulatory element containing this novel motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Roccheri MC, Onorato K, Tipa C, Casano C. EGTA treatment causes the synthesis of heat shock proteins in sea urchin embryos. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 3:306-11. [PMID: 10964755 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paracentrotus lividus embryos, at post-blastular stage, when subjected to a rise in temperature from physiologic (20 degrees C) to 31 degrees C, synthesize a large group of heat shock proteins (hsps), and show a severe inhibition of bulk protein synthesis. We show, by mono- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, that also EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis[beta-aminoethyl ether] tetraacetic acid) treatment induces in sea urchin embryos both marked inhibition of bulk protein synthesis and the synthesis of the entire set of hsps. Furthermore, EGTA-treated sea urchin embryos are able to survive at a temperature otherwise lethal (35 degrees C) becoming thermotolerant. Because incubation with a different calcium-chelator, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), or in calcium-free medium did not induce hsps synthesis we conclude that the stress response caused by EGTA is not related to its calcium chelator function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Roccheri
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo "A. Monroy,", Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, 90128, Italy.
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