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Occipital cortex is modulated by transsaccadic changes in spatial frequency: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8611. [PMID: 33883578 PMCID: PMC8060420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have shown that inferior parietal and ventral occipital cortex are involved in the transsaccadic processing of visual object orientation. Here, we investigated whether the same areas are also involved in transsaccadic processing of a different feature, namely, spatial frequency. We employed a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm where participants briefly viewed a grating stimulus with a specific spatial frequency that later reappeared with the same or different frequency, after a saccade or continuous fixation. First, using a whole-brain Saccade > Fixation contrast, we localized two frontal (left precentral sulcus and right medial superior frontal gyrus), four parietal (bilateral superior parietal lobule and precuneus), and four occipital (bilateral cuneus and lingual gyri) regions. Whereas the frontoparietal sites showed task specificity, the occipital sites were also modulated in a saccade control task. Only occipital cortex showed transsaccadic feature modulations, with significant repetition enhancement in right cuneus. These observations (parietal task specificity, occipital enhancement, right lateralization) are consistent with previous transsaccadic studies. However, the specific regions differed (ventrolateral for orientation, dorsomedial for spatial frequency). Overall, this study supports a general role for occipital and parietal cortex in transsaccadic vision, with a specific role for cuneus in spatial frequency processing.
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Winther GN, Niedeggen M. Adaptability and specificity of inhibition processes in distractor-induced blindness. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1882-1898. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gesche N. Winther
- Department of Education and Psychology; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Niedeggen
- Department of Education and Psychology; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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3
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Affordance processing in segregated parieto-frontal dorsal stream sub-pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:89-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Schwiedrzik CM, Ruff CC, Lazar A, Leitner FC, Singer W, Melloni L. Untangling perceptual memory: hysteresis and adaptation map into separate cortical networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:1152-64. [PMID: 23236204 PMCID: PMC3977616 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Perception is an active inferential process in which prior knowledge is combined with sensory input, the result of which determines the contents of awareness. Accordingly, previous experience is known to help the brain "decide" what to perceive. However, a critical aspect that has not been addressed is that previous experience can exert 2 opposing effects on perception: An attractive effect, sensitizing the brain to perceive the same again (hysteresis), or a repulsive effect, making it more likely to perceive something else (adaptation). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and modeling to elucidate how the brain entertains these 2 opposing processes, and what determines the direction of such experience-dependent perceptual effects. We found that although affecting our perception concurrently, hysteresis and adaptation map into distinct cortical networks: a widespread network of higher-order visual and fronto-parietal areas was involved in perceptual stabilization, while adaptation was confined to early visual areas. This areal and hierarchical segregation may explain how the brain maintains the balance between exploiting redundancies and staying sensitive to new information. We provide a Bayesian model that accounts for the coexistence of hysteresis and adaptation by separating their causes into 2 distinct terms: Hysteresis alters the prior, whereas adaptation changes the sensory evidence (the likelihood function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar M Schwiedrzik
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Funk J, Finke K, Reinhart S, Kardinal M, Utz KS, Rosenthal A, Kuhn C, Müller H, Kerkhoff G. Effects of Feedback-Based Visual Line-Orientation Discrimination Training for Visuospatial Disorders After Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 27:142-52. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968312457826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Patients with right or more rarely left parietotemporal lesions after stroke may have profound visuospatial disorders that impair activities of daily living (ADL) and long-term outcome. Clinical studies indicate improvements with systematic training of perception. Studies of perceptual learning in healthy persons suggest rapid improvements in perceptual learning of spatial line orientation with partial transfer to nontrained line orientations. Objective. The authors investigated a novel feedback-based perceptual training procedure for the rehabilitation of patients after stroke. Methods. In an uncontrolled trial, 13 participants showing profound deficits in line orientation and related visuospatial tasks within 12 to 28 weeks of onset performed repetitive feedback-based, computerized training of visual line orientation over4 weeks of treatment. Visual line-orientation discrimination and visuospatial and visuoconstructive tasks were assessed before and after training. Results. The authors found ( a) rapid improvements in trained but also in nontrained spatial orientation tests in all 13 participants, partially up to a normal level; ( b) stability of the obtained improvements at 2-month follow-up; ( c) interocular transfer of training effects to the nontrained eye in 2 participants suggesting a central, postchiasmatic locus for this perceptual improvement; and ( d) graded transfer of improvements to related spatial tasks, such as horizontal writing, analog clock reading, and visuoconstructive capacities but no transfer to unrelated measures of visual performance. Conclusions. These results suggest the potential for treatment-induced improvements in visuospatial deficits by feedback-based, perceptual orientation training as a component of rehabilitation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Reinhart
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Mareike Kardinal
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- International Research Training Group 1457 “Adaptive Minds,” Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Kathrin S. Utz
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Erlangen University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alisha Rosenthal
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- Mediclin Neurological Rehabilitation Clinic Bosenberg, St Wendel, Germany
| | - Caroline Kuhn
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | - Georg Kerkhoff
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
- International Research Training Group 1457 “Adaptive Minds,” Saarbruecken, Germany
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6
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Mitchell T, Bull R, Cleland AA. Implicit response-irrelevant number information triggers the SNARC effect: evidence using a neural overlap paradigm. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 65:1945-61. [PMID: 22524699 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.673631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect and NDE (numerical distance effect) that number activates spatial representations. Most of this evidence comes from tasks with explicit reference to number, whether through presentation of Arabic digits (SNARC) or through magnitude decisions to nonsymbolic representations (NDE). Here, we report four studies that use the neural overlap paradigm developed by Fias, Lauwereyns, and Lammertyn (2001) to examine whether the presentation of implicit and task-irrelevant numerosity information (nonsymbolic arrays and auditory numbers) is enough to activate a spatial representation of number. Participants were presented with either numerosity arrays (1-9 circles or triangles) to which they made colour (experiment 1) or orientation (experiment 2) judgements, or auditory numbers coupled with an on-screen stimulus to which they made a colour (experiment 3) or orientation (experiment 4) judgement. SNARC effects were observed only for the orientation tasks. Following the logic of Fias et al., we argue that this SNARC effect occurs as a result of overlap in parietal processing for number and orientation judgements irrespective of modality. Furthermore, we found stronger SNARC effects in the small number range (1-4) than in the larger number range (6-9) for both nonsymbolic displays and auditory numbers. These results suggest that quantity is extracted (and interferes with responses in the orientation task) but this is not exact for the entire number range. We discuss a number of alternative models and mechanisms of numerical processing that may account for such effects.
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Brown SBRE, van Steenbergen H, Band GPH, de Rover M, Nieuwenhuis S. Functional significance of the emotion-related late positive potential. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:33. [PMID: 22375117 PMCID: PMC3287021 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential (ERP) component over visual cortical areas that is modulated by the emotional intensity of a stimulus. However, the functional significance of this neural modulation remains elusive. We conducted two experiments in which we studied the relation between LPP amplitude, subsequent perceptual sensitivity to a non-emotional stimulus (Experiment 1) and visual cortical excitability, as reflected by P1/N1 components evoked by this stimulus (Experiment 2). During the LPP modulation elicited by unpleasant stimuli, perceptual sensitivity was not affected. In contrast, we found some evidence for a decreased N1 amplitude during the LPP modulation, a decreased P1 amplitude on trials with a relatively large LPP, and consistent negative (but non-significant) across-subject correlations between the magnitudes of the LPP modulation and corresponding changes in d-prime or P1/N1 amplitude. The results provide preliminary evidence that the LPP reflects a global inhibition of activity in visual cortex, resulting in the selective survival of activity associated with the processing of the emotional stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B R E Brown
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
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Powell JL, Kemp GJ, García-Finaña M. Association between language and spatial laterality and cognitive ability: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2012; 59:1818-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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9
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Yeo BTT, Krienen FM, Sepulcre J, Sabuncu MR, Lashkari D, Hollinshead M, Roffman JL, Smoller JW, Zöllei L, Polimeni JR, Fischl B, Liu H, Buckner RL. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:1125-65. [PMID: 21653723 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00338.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4952] [Impact Index Per Article: 380.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns, particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of large-scale circuits without clear hierarchical relations. In this study the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Data from 1,000 subjects were registered using surface-based alignment. A clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex. The results revealed local networks confined to sensory and motor cortices as well as distributed networks of association regions. Within the sensory and motor cortices, functional connectivity followed topographic representations across adjacent areas. In association cortex, the connectivity patterns often showed abrupt transitions between network boundaries. Focused analyses were performed to better understand properties of network connectivity. A canonical sensory-motor pathway involving primary visual area, putative middle temporal area complex (MT+), lateral intraparietal area, and frontal eye field was analyzed to explore how interactions might arise within and between networks. Results showed that adjacent regions of the MT+ complex demonstrate differential connectivity consistent with a hierarchical pathway that spans networks. The functional connectivity of parietal and prefrontal association cortices was next explored. Distinct connectivity profiles of neighboring regions suggest they participate in distributed networks that, while showing evidence for interactions, are embedded within largely parallel, interdigitated circuits. We conclude by discussing the organization of these large-scale cerebral networks in relation to monkey anatomy and their potential evolutionary expansion in humans to support cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Thomas Yeo
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Prime SL, Vesia M, Crawford JD. Cortical mechanisms for trans-saccadic memory and integration of multiple object features. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:540-53. [PMID: 21242142 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructing an internal representation of the world from successive visual fixations, i.e. separated by saccadic eye movements, is known as trans-saccadic perception. Research on trans-saccadic perception (TSP) has been traditionally aimed at resolving the problems of memory capacity and visual integration across saccades. In this paper, we review this literature on TSP with a focus on research showing that egocentric measures of the saccadic eye movement can be used to integrate simple object features across saccades, and that the memory capacity for items retained across saccades, like visual working memory, is restricted to about three to four items. We also review recent transcranial magnetic stimulation experiments which suggest that the right parietal eye field and frontal eye fields play a key functional role in spatial updating of objects in TSP. We conclude by speculating on possible cortical mechanisms for governing egocentric spatial updating of multiple objects in TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Prime
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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11
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Spatiotemporal dynamics of visual vertical judgments: early and late brain mechanisms as revealed by high-density electrical neuroimaging. Neuroscience 2011; 181:134-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Kitada R, Johnsrude IS, Kochiyama T, Lederman SJ. Brain networks involved in haptic and visual identification of facial expressions of emotion: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2010; 49:1677-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Tibber MS, Grant S, Morgan MJ. Oculomotor responses and visuospatial perceptual judgments compete for common limited resources. J Vis 2009; 9:21.1-13. [PMID: 20053112 DOI: 10.1167/9.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is evidence for multiple spatial and attentional maps in the brain it is not clear to what extent visuoperceptual and oculomotor tasks rely on common neural representations and attentional mechanisms. Using a dual-task interference paradigm we tested the hypothesis that eye movements and perceptual judgments made to simultaneously presented visuospatial information compete for shared limited resources. Observers undertook judgments of stimulus collinearity (perceptual extrapolation) using a pointer and Gabor patch and/or performed saccades to a peripheral dot target while their eye movements were recorded. In addition, observers performed a non-spatial control task (contrast discrimination), matched for task difficulty and stimulus structure, which on the basis of previous studies was expected to represent a lesser load on putative shared resources. Greater mutual interference was indeed found between the saccade and extrapolation task pair than between the saccade and contrast discrimination task pair. These data are consistent with visuoperceptual and oculomotor responses competing for common limited resources as well as spatial tasks incurring a relatively high attentional cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Tibber
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London, UK.
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14
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Dormal V, Pesenti M. Common and specific contributions of the intraparietal sulci to numerosity and length processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2466-76. [PMID: 19294652 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical and spatial magnitude processing have long been intimately associated, leading to the suggestion that they share a common system of magnitude representation. Although separate investigations on the cerebral areas involved in numerosity and spatial estimation point toward the parietal cortex, the precise anatomical overlap, if any, has not yet been directly established. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to localize the cerebral network involved in processing both numerosity and length. Blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes were measured while healthy volunteers were making numerosity comparisons on linear arrays of dots, and length comparisons on discrete linear arrays of dots and continuous rectangles. The results show the bilateral involvement of parietal regions around the intraparietal sulci in explicit and implicit processing of numerosity, and a right lateralized occipitoparietal network activation in length processing; numerosity and length processing both activate the right IPS and the precentral gyrus. By excluding the mandatory intrinsic spatial processing of arrays, we demonstrate that the left IPS is involved in numerosity processing only, whereas the right IPS underlies a common processing mechanism or representation of spatial and numerical magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dormal
- Unité de Neurosciences Cognitives, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
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15
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting refers to the differential expression of a gene based on parental origin. Animal and clinical studies have suggested that genomic imprinting is influential in brain development, with the maternal genome playing a disproportionate role in the development of the cortex. The present study investigated this phenomenon in a nonclinical human population, using intrafamilial correlations. Broadly consistent with predictions, it was found that abilities mediated by frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, but not occipital lobes, were more closely correlated between children and mothers versus fathers. The implications of these findings for the prevailing theory of the evolution of genomic imprinting, and for the general study of genetics and behavior, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Goos
- Brain and Behaviour Program, Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8.
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16
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Tibber MS, Anderson EJ, Melmoth DR, Rees G, Morgan MJ. Common cortical loci are activated during visuospatial interpolation and orientation discrimination judgements. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4585. [PMID: 19238207 PMCID: PMC2642631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wealth of literature on the role of short-range interactions between low-level orientation-tuned filters in the perception of discontinuous contours. However, little is known about how spatial information is integrated across more distant regions of the visual field in the absence of explicit local orientation cues, a process referred to here as visuospatial interpolation (VSI). To examine the neural correlates of VSI high field functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study brain activity while observers either judged the alignment of three Gabor patches by a process of interpolation or discriminated the local orientation of the individual patches. Relative to a fixation baseline the two tasks activated a largely over-lapping network of regions within the occipito-temporal, occipito-parietal and frontal cortices. Activated clusters specific to the orientation task (orientation>interpolation) included the caudal intraparietal sulcus, an area whose role in orientation encoding per se has been hotly disputed. Surprisingly, there were few task-specific activations associated with visuospatial interpolation (VSI>orientation) suggesting that largely common cortical loci were activated by the two experimental tasks. These data are consistent with previous studies that suggest higher level grouping processes -putatively involved in VSI- are automatically engaged when the spatial properties of a stimulus (e.g. size, orientation or relative position) are used to make a judgement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Tibber
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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Jeannerod M, Anquetil T. Putting oneself in the perspective of the other: A framework for self–other differentiation. Soc Neurosci 2008; 3:356-67. [DOI: 10.1080/17470910701563715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shikata E, McNamara A, Sprenger A, Hamzei F, Glauche V, Büchel C, Binkofski F. Localization of human intraparietal areas AIP, CIP, and LIP using surface orientation and saccadic eye movement tasks. Hum Brain Mapp 2008; 29:411-21. [PMID: 17497631 PMCID: PMC6870972 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In monkeys, areas in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) play a crucial role in visuospatial information processing. Despite many human neuroimaging studies, the location of the human functional homologs of some IPS areas is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to identify the distinct locations of specific human IPS areas based on their functional properties using stimuli adapted from nonhuman primate experiments, in particular, surface orientation discrimination and memory guided saccadic eye movements (SEM). Intersubject anatomical variability likely accounts for much of the debate. By applying subject by subject analysis, we can demonstrate that sufficient intersubject anatomical and functional commonalities exist. Both the lateral bank of the anterior part of IPS, the putative human homolog of the area AIP, and the caudal part of the IPS (putative CIP) showed activation related to spatial discrimination of surface orientation. Eye tracking conducted during fMRI data acquisition allowed us to show that both areas were separated by an area related to SEM. This area was located in the middle region of the IPS (most probably including LIP), i.e., similar to the location observed in nonhuman primates. In 10 of 11 subjects our putative CIP activation was located in a medial side branch of the posterior part of the IPS, on the opposite side as described in nonhuman primates, making this landmark a useful anatomical marker for the location of CIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Shikata
- Neuroimage Nord, Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Georgieva SS, Todd JT, Peeters R, Orban GA. The extraction of 3D shape from texture and shading in the human brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:2416-38. [PMID: 18281304 PMCID: PMC2536698 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the human cortical areas involved in processing 3-dimensional (3D) shape from texture (SfT) and shading. The stimuli included monocular images of randomly shaped 3D surfaces and a wide variety of 2-dimensional (2D) controls. The results of both passive and active experiments reveal that the extraction of 3D SfT involves the bilateral caudal inferior temporal gyrus (caudal ITG), lateral occipital sulcus (LOS) and several bilateral sites along the intraparietal sulcus. These areas are largely consistent with those involved in the processing of 3D shape from motion and stereo. The experiments also demonstrate, however, that the analysis of 3D shape from shading is primarily restricted to the caudal ITG areas. Additional results from psychophysical experiments reveal that this difference in neuronal substrate cannot be explained by a difference in strength between the 2 cues. These results underscore the importance of the posterior part of the lateral occipital complex for the extraction of visual 3D shape information from all depth cues, and they suggest strongly that the importance of shading is diminished relative to other cues for the analysis of 3D shape in parietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Georgieva
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven School of Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Mevorach C, Shalev L, Allen HA, Humphreys GW. The Left Intraparietal Sulcus Modulates the Selection of Low Salient Stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 21:303-15. [PMID: 18564052 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have suggested a general right hemisphere advantage for processing global visual information and a left hemisphere advantage for processing local information. In contrast, a recent transcranial magnetic stimulation study [Mevorach, C., Humphreys, G. W., & Shalev, L. Opposite biases in salience-based selection for the left and right posterior parietal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 740–742, 2006b] demonstrated that functional lateralization of selection in the parietal cortices on the basis of the relative salience of stimuli might provide an alternative explanation for previous results. In the present study, we applied a whole-brain analysis of the functional magnetic resonance signal when participants responded to either the local or the global levels of hierarchical figures. The task (respond to local or global) was crossed with the saliency of the target level (local salient, global salient) to provide, for the first time, a direct contrast between brain activation related to the stimulus level and that related to relative saliency. We found evidence for lateralization of salience-based selection but not for selection based on the level of processing. Activation along the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) was found when a low saliency stimulus had to be selected irrespective of its level. A control task showed that this was not simply an effect of task difficulty. The data suggest a specific role for regions along the left IPS in salience-based selection, supporting the argument that previous reports of lateralized responses to local and global stimuli were contaminated by effects of saliency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilach Shalev
- 2The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Schendan HE, Stern CE. Where vision meets memory: prefrontal-posterior networks for visual object constancy during categorization and recognition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 18:1695-711. [PMID: 18033768 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objects seen from unusual relative to more canonical views require more time to categorize and recognize, and, according to object model verification theories, additionally recruit prefrontal processes for cognitive control that interact with parietal processes for mental rotation. To test this using functional magnetic resonance imaging, people categorized and recognized known objects from unusual and canonical views. Canonical views activated some components of a default network more on categorization than recognition. Activation to unusual views showed that both ventral and dorsal visual pathways, and prefrontal cortex, have key roles in visual object constancy. Unusual views activated object-sensitive and mental rotation (and not saccade) regions in ventrocaudal intraparietal, transverse occipital, and inferotemporal sulci, and ventral premotor cortex for verification processes of model testing on any task. A collateral-lingual sulci "place" area activated for mental rotation, working memory, and unusual views on correct recognition and categorization trials to accomplish detailed spatial matching. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and object-sensitive lateral occipital sulcus activated for mental rotation and unusual views on categorization more than recognition, supporting verification processes of model prediction. This visual knowledge framework integrates vision and memory theories to explain how distinct prefrontal-posterior networks enable meaningful interactions with objects in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haline E Schendan
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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22
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Rothmayr C, Baumann O, Endestad T, Rutschmann RM, Magnussen S, Greenlee MW. Dissociation of neural correlates of verbal and non-verbal visual working memory with different delays. Behav Brain Funct 2007; 3:56. [PMID: 17958919 PMCID: PMC2151069 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-3-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), posterior parietal cortex, and regions in the occipital cortex have been identified as neural sites for visual working memory (WM). The exact involvement of the DLPFC in verbal and non-verbal working memory processes, and how these processes depend on the time-span for retention, remains disputed. Methods We used functional MRI to explore the neural correlates of the delayed discrimination of Gabor stimuli differing in orientation. Twelve subjects were instructed to code the relative orientation either verbally or non-verbally with memory delays of short (2 s) or long (8 s) duration. Results Blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) 3-Tesla fMRI revealed significantly more activity for the short verbal condition compared to the short non-verbal condition in bilateral superior temporal gyrus, insula and supramarginal gyrus. Activity in the long verbal condition was greater than in the long non-verbal condition in left language-associated areas (STG) and bilateral posterior parietal areas, including precuneus. Interestingly, right DLPFC and bilateral superior frontal gyrus was more active in the non-verbal long delay condition than in the long verbal condition. Conclusion The results point to a dissociation between the cortical sites involved in verbal and non-verbal WM for long and short delays. Right DLPFC seems to be engaged in non-verbal WM tasks especially for long delays. Furthermore, the results indicate that even slightly different memory maintenance intervals engage largely differing networks and that this novel finding may explain differing results in previous verbal/non-verbal WM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rothmayr
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Conner IP, Odom JV, Schwartz TL, Mendola JD. Retinotopic maps and foveal suppression in the visual cortex of amblyopic adults. J Physiol 2007; 583:159-73. [PMID: 17627994 PMCID: PMC2277220 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.136242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a developmental visual disorder associated with loss of monocular acuity and sensitivity as well as profound alterations in binocular integration. Abnormal connections in visual cortex are known to underlie this loss, but the extent to which these abnormalities are regionally or retinotopically specific has not been fully determined. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study compared the retinotopic maps in visual cortex produced by each individual eye in 19 adults (7 esotropic strabismics, 6 anisometropes and 6 controls). In our standard viewing condition, the non-tested eye viewed a dichoptic homogeneous mid-level grey stimulus, thereby permitting some degree of binocular interaction. Regions-of-interest analysis was performed for extrafoveal V1, extrafoveal V2 and the foveal representation at the occipital pole. In general, the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was reduced for the amblyopic eye. At the occipital pole, population receptive fields were shifted to represent more parafoveal locations for the amblyopic eye, compared with the fellow eye, in some subjects. Interestingly, occluding the fellow eye caused an expanded foveal representation for the amblyopic eye in one early-onset strabismic subject with binocular suppression, indicating real-time cortical remapping. In addition, a few subjects actually showed increased activity in parietal and temporal cortex when viewing with the amblyopic eye. We conclude that, even in a heterogeneous population, abnormal early visual experience commonly leads to regionally specific cortical adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Conner
- Center for Advanced Imaging, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506-9236, USA
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24
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Cavina-Pratesi C, Goodale MA, Culham JC. FMRI reveals a dissociation between grasping and perceiving the size of real 3D objects. PLoS One 2007; 2:e424. [PMID: 17487272 PMCID: PMC1855433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost 15 years after its formulation, evidence for the neuro-functional dissociation between a dorsal action stream and a ventral perception stream in the human cerebral cortex is still based largely on neuropsychological case studies. To date, there is no unequivocal evidence for separate visual computations of object features for performance of goal-directed actions versus perceptual tasks in the neurologically intact human brain. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test explicitly whether or not brain areas mediating size computation for grasping are distinct from those mediating size computation for perception. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Subjects were presented with the same real graspable 3D objects and were required to perform a number of different tasks: grasping, reaching, size discrimination, pattern discrimination or passive viewing. As in prior studies, the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) in the dorsal stream was more active during grasping, when object size was relevant for planning the grasp, than during reaching, when object properties were irrelevant for movement planning (grasping>reaching). Activity in AIP showed no modulation, however, when size was computed in the context of a purely perceptual task (size = pattern discrimination). Conversely, the lateral occipital (LO) cortex in the ventral stream was modulated when size was computed for perception (size>pattern discrimination) but not for action (grasping = reaching). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE While areas in both the dorsal and ventral streams responded to the simple presentation of 3D objects (passive viewing), these areas were differentially activated depending on whether the task was grasping or perceptual discrimination, respectively. The demonstration of dual coding of an object for the purposes of action on the one hand and perception on the other in the same healthy brains offers a substantial contribution to the current debate about the nature of the neural coding that takes place in the dorsal and ventral streams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melvyn A. Goodale
- Department of Psychology, University or Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jody C. Culham
- Department of Psychology, University or Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Mental rotation and object categorization share a common network of prefrontal and dorsal and ventral regions of posterior cortex. Neuroimage 2007; 35:1264-77. [PMID: 17346989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple-views-plus-transformation variant of object model verification theories predicts that parietal regions that are critical for mental rotation contribute to visual object cognition. Some neuroimaging studies have shown that the intraparietal sulcus region is critically involved in mental rotation. Other studies indicate that both ventral and dorsal posterior regions are object-sensitive and involved in object perception and categorization tasks. However, it is unknown whether dorsal object-sensitive areas overlap with regions recruited for object mental rotation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to test this directly. Participants performed standard tasks of object categorization, mental rotation, and eye movements. Results provided clear support for the prediction, demonstrating overlap between dorsal object-sensitive regions in ventral-caudal intraparietal sulcus (vcIPS) and an adjacent dorsal occipital area and the regions that are activated during mental rotation but not during saccades. In addition, object mental rotation (but not saccades) activated object-sensitive areas in lateral dorsal occipitotemporal cortex (DOT), and both mental rotation and object categorization recruited ventrolateral prefrontal cortex areas implicated in attention, working memory, and cognitive control. These findings provide clear evidence that a prefrontal-posterior cortical system implicated in mental rotation, including the occipitoparietal regions critical for this spatial task, is recruited during visual object categorization. Altogether, the findings provide a key link in understanding the role of dorsal and ventral visual areas in spatial and object perception and cognition: Regions in occipitoparietal cortex, as well as DOT cortex, have a general role in visual object cognition, supporting not only mental rotation but also categorization.
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26
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Rice NJ, Valyear KF, Goodale MA, Milner AD, Culham JC. Orientation sensitivity to graspable objects: An fMRI adaptation study. Neuroimage 2007; 36 Suppl 2:T87-93. [PMID: 17499174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that vision-for-perception and vision-for-action are subserved by distinct streams of visual processing, the ventral and dorsal stream, respectively [Milner, A. D., Goodale, M. A., 1995. The visual brain in action. Oxford University Press, Oxford]. Such a distinction has been supported by a recent functional magnetic resonance (fMR) adaptation study [Valyear, K. F., Culham, J. C., Sharif, N., Westwood, D., Goodale, M. A., 2006. A double dissociation between sensitivity to changes in object identity and object orientation in the ventral and dorsal visual streams: A human fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 44, 218-228], which demonstrated selectivity to object identity but not object orientation within the ventral stream, and selectivity to object orientation but not object identity within the dorsal stream. These results were interpreted as suggesting that changes to object identity (but not to orientation) would alter the representation of the stimulus in the perceptual/recognition system, whereas changes in object orientation (but not necessarily identity) would alter the coding of the stimulus within a visuomotor system concerned with behaviour such as grasping. If orientation sensitivity in the dorsal stream does reflect such a potential for action, then this sensitivity should be specific to graspable objects. Using an fMR adaptation paradigm, we presented participants with an image of either a graspable or non-graspable stimulus, followed by the same image in either the original orientation or its mirror image. One region within the dorsal stream, the lateral occipito-parietal junction (lOPJ), was shown to be sensitive to orientation changes for graspable stimuli; this region did not show orientation sensitivity for non-graspable stimuli. Thus, it appears that the sensitivity to orientation changes in this region is specific to graspable objects, presumably because such changes affect the affordances of graspable but not non-graspable objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J Rice
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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Lammertyn J, Notebaert W, Gevers W, Fias W. The Size of the Simon Effect Depends on the Nature of the Relevant Task. Exp Psychol 2007; 54:202-14. [PMID: 17725161 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.54.3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Four experiments were conducted to investigate contextual modulations of the Simon effect. The results showed that the Simon effect was quantitatively different depending on which kind of task needed to be performed. Importantly, this effect did not depend on the relative processing time of the relevant dimension, nor on a direct or indirect overlap between the relevant and irrelevant stimulus part. To account for the data, we refer to the neural overlap hypothesis, which extends the definition of dimensional overlap ( Kornblum, Hasbroucq, & Osman, 1990 ) with similarity of processing regions as the key factor for the interaction between relevant and irrelevant information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lammertyn
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Kitada R, Kito T, Saito DN, Kochiyama T, Matsumura M, Sadato N, Lederman SJ. Multisensory activation of the intraparietal area when classifying grating orientation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2006; 26:7491-501. [PMID: 16837597 PMCID: PMC6674180 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0822-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can judge grating orientation by touch. Previous studies indicate that the extrastriate cortex is involved in tactile orientation judgments, suggesting that this area is related to visual imagery. However, it has been unclear which neural mechanisms are crucial for the tactile processing of orientation, because visual imagery is not always required for tactile spatial tasks. We expect that such neural mechanisms involve multisensory areas, because our perception of space is highly integrated across modalities. The current study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging during the classification of grating orientations to evaluate the neural substrates responsible for the multisensory spatial processing of orientation. We hypothesized that a region within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) would be engaged in orientation processing, regardless of the sensory modality. Sixteen human subjects classified the orientations of passively touched gratings and performed two control tasks with both the right and left hands. Tactile orientation classification activated regions around the right postcentral sulcus and IPS, regardless of the hand used, when contrasted with roughness classification of the same stimuli. Right-lateralized activation was confirmed in these regions by evaluating the hemispheric effects of tactile spatial processing with both hands. In contrast, visual orientation classification activated the left middle occipital gyrus when contrasted with color classification of the same stimuli. Furthermore, visual orientation classification activated a part of the right IPS that was also activated by the tactile orientation task. Thus, we suggest that a part of the right IPS is engaged in the multisensory spatial processing of grating orientation.
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Castelo-Branco M, Mendes M, Silva MF, Januário C, Machado E, Pinto A, Figueiredo P, Freire A. Specific retinotopically based magnocellular impairment in a patient with medial visual dorsal stream damage. Neuropsychologia 2006; 44:238-53. [PMID: 16005479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here retinotopically based magnocellular deficits in a patient with a unilateral parieto-occipital lesion. We applied convergent methodologies to study his dorsal stream processing, using psychophysics as well as structural and functional imaging. Using standard perimetry we found deficits involving the periphery of the left inferior quadrant abutting the horizontal meridian, suggesting damage of dorsal retinotopic representations beyond V1. Retinotopic damage was much more extensive when probed with frequency-doubling based contrast sensitivity measurements, which isolate processing within the magnocellular pathway: sensitivity losses now encroached on the visual central representation and did not respect the horizontal meridian, suggesting further damage to dorsal stream retinotopic areas that contain full hemi-field representations, such as human V3A or V6. Functional imaging revealed normal responses of human MT+ to motion contrast. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a recent proposal of two distinct magnocellular dorsal stream pathways: a latero-dorsal pathway passing to MT+ and concerned with the processing of coherent motion, and a medio-dorsal pathway that routes information from V3A to the human homologue of V6. Anatomical evidence was consistent with sparing of the latero-dorsal pathway in our patient, and was corroborated by his normal performance in speed, direction discrimination and motion coherence tasks with 2D and 3D objects. His pattern of dysfunction suggests damage only to the medio-dorsal pathway, an inference that is consistent with structural imaging data, which revealed a lesion encompassing the right parieto-occipital sulcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Department of Biophysics and Center for Ophthalmology, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, Az. de Sta Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal.
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30
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Culham JC, Cavina-Pratesi C, Singhal A. The role of parietal cortex in visuomotor control: what have we learned from neuroimaging? Neuropsychologia 2005; 44:2668-84. [PMID: 16337974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Research from macaque neurophysiology and human neuropsychology has implicated the parietal cortex in the sensory control of action. Functional neuroimaging has been very valuable in localizing and characterizing specific regions of the human brain involved in visuomotor actions involving different effectors, such as the eyes, head, arms and hands. Here, we review the areas discovered by human neuroimaging, including the putative functional equivalents of the following macaque regions: parietal eye fields (PEF), ventral intraparietal (VIP) area, parietal reach region (PRR) and the anterior intraparietal (AIP) area. We discuss the challenges of studying realistic movements in the imaging environment, the lateralization of visuomotor function, caveats involved in proposing interspecies homologies and the limitations and future directions for neuroimaging studies of visuomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C Culham
- Department of Psychology, Social Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, London Ont., Canada N6A 5C2.
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31
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Abstract
In macaque monkeys, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is concerned with the integration of multimodal information for constructing a spatial representation of the external world (in relation to the macaque's body or parts thereof), and planning and executing object-centred movements. The areas within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in particular, serve as interfaces between the perceptive and motor systems for controlling arm and eye movements in space. We review here the latest evidence for the existence of the IPS areas AIP (anterior intraparietal area), VIP (ventral intraparietal area), MIP (medial intraparietal area), LIP (lateral intraparietal area) and CIP (caudal intraparietal area) in macaques, and discuss putative human equivalents as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The data suggest that anterior parts of the IPS comprising areas AIP and VIP are relatively well preserved across species. By contrast, posterior areas such as area LIP and CIP have been found more medially in humans, possibly reflecting differences in the evolution of the dorsal visual stream and the inferior parietal lobule. Despite interspecies differences in the precise functional anatomy of the IPS areas, the functional relevance of this sulcus for visuomotor tasks comprising target selections for arm and eye movements, object manipulation and visuospatial attention is similar in humans and macaques, as is also suggested by studies of neurological deficits (apraxia, neglect, Bálint's syndrome) resulting from lesions to this region.
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Van Boven RW, Ingeholm JE, Beauchamp MS, Bikle PC, Ungerleider LG. Tactile form and location processing in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12601-5. [PMID: 16116098 PMCID: PMC1188260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505907102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the neural basis of the recognition of tactile form and location, we used functional MRI while subjects discriminated gratings delivered to the fingertip of either the right or left hand. Subjects were required to selectively attend to either grating orientation or grating location under identical stimulus conditions. Independent of the hand that was stimulated, grating orientation discrimination selectively activated the left intraparietal sulcus, whereas grating location discrimination selectively activated the right temporoparietal junction. Hence, hemispheric dominance appears to be an organizing principle for cortical processing of tactile form and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Van Boven
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Joseph JE, Farley AB. Cortical regions associated with different aspects of object recognition performance. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2004; 4:364-78. [PMID: 15535172 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.4.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present object recognition study, we examined the relationship between brain activation and four behavioral measures: error rate, reaction time, observer sensitivity, and response bias. Subjects perceptually matched object pairs in which structural similarity (SS), an index of structural differentiation, and exposure duration (DUR), an index of task difficulty, were manipulated. The SS manipulation affected the fMRI signal in the left anterior fusiform and parietal cortices, which in turn reflected a bias to respond same. Conversely, an SS-modulated fMRI signal in the right middle frontal gyrus reflected a bias to respond different. The DUR manipulation affected the fMRI signal in occipital and posterior fusiform regions, which in turn reflected greater sensitivity, longer reaction times, and greater accuracy. These findings demonstrate that the regions most strongly implicated in processing object shape (SS-modulated regions) are associated with response bias, whereas regions that are not directly involved in shape processing are associated with successful recognition performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Davis-Mills Building, Room 308, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Peuskens H, Claeys KG, Todd JT, Norman JF, Van Hecke P, Orban GA. Attention to 3-D shape, 3-D motion, and texture in 3-D structure from motion displays. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16:665-82. [PMID: 15165355 DOI: 10.1162/089892904323057371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We used fMRI to directly compare the neural substrates of three-dimensional (3-D) shape and motion processing for realistic textured objects rotating in depth. Subjects made judgments about several different attributes of these objects, including 3-D shape, the 3-D motion, and the scale of surface texture. For all of these tasks, we equated visual input, motor output, and task difficulty, and we controlled for differences in spatial attention. Judgments about 3-D shape from motion involve both parietal and occipito-temporal regions. The processing of 3-D shape is associated with the analysis of 3-D motion in parietal regions and the analysis of surface texture in occipito-temporal regions, which is consistent with the different behavioral roles that are typically attributed to the dorsal and ventral processing streams.
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Kéri S, Decety J, Roland PE, Gulyás B. Feature uncertainty activates anterior cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 21:26-33. [PMID: 14689507 PMCID: PMC6871971 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In visual discrimination tasks, the relevant feature to discriminate is defined before stimulus presentation. In feature uncertainty tasks, a cue about the relevant feature is provided after stimulus offset. We used (15)O-butanol positron emission tomography (PET) in order to investigate brain activation during a feature uncertainty task. There was greater activity during the feature uncertainty task, compared with stimulus detection and discrimination of orientation and spatial frequency, in the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex, the cuneus, superior temporal and inferior parietal cortex, cortical motor areas, and the cerebellum. The most robust and consistent activation was observed in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 32; x = 0 y = 16, z = 40). The insula, located near the claustrum (x = -38, y = 8, z = 4), was activated during the discrimination tasks compared with the feature uncertainty condition. These results suggest that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is important in feature uncertainty conditions, which include divided attention, expectancy under uncertainty, and cognitive monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospitals, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jean Decety
- Social Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Washington Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, Seattle, Washington
| | - Per E. Roland
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Hospitals, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lux S, Marshall JC, Ritzl A, Zilles K, Fink GR. Neural mechanisms associated with attention to temporal synchrony versus spatial orientation: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003; 20 Suppl 1:S58-65. [PMID: 14597297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous neuropsychological and functional imaging studies have suggested that the right hemisphere is crucially involved in spatial cognition. By contrast, much less is known about the putative left hemisphere specialization for aspects of temporal cognition. Accordingly, we studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging the neural mechanisms underlying attention to stimulus onset synchrony or orientational congruence with identical pairs of geometric figures. In each trial, two rhombuses were presented, each 4 degrees peripheral to a central fixation cross, in the left and right visual hemifields. In half of the trials, subjects were asked to judge and indicate via button presses whether the rhombuses appeared simultaneously. In the other half of the trials, subjects indicated whether the orientation of the rhombuses was the same (Factor 1, task, temporal synchrony, orientation). In half of the trials, subjects responded with their right hand and in the other half with their left hand (Factor 2, hand, right, left). Data were analyzed using SPM99 and a random-effects model. Attention to orientation differentially activated right temporo-occipital cortex. Attention to stimulus onset synchrony activated left anterior superior temporal gyrus, left inferior parietal cortex, left medial frontal gyrus, and right operculum. Activation of right temporo-occipital cortex for attention to stimulus orientation is in good agreement with previous functional neuroimaging studies of stimulus orientation. More importantly, activation of a predominantly left-hemispheric network with attention to stimulus onset synchrony extends the results of previous functional imaging, psychophysical, and neuropsychological studies of temporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lux
- Institute of Medicine, Research Center Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Isaacs EB, Edmonds CJ, Chong WK, Lucas A, Gadian DG. Cortical anomalies associated with visuospatial processing deficits. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:768-73. [PMID: 12783423 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Children born preterm provide a fruitful population for studying structure-function relationships because they often have specific functional deficits in the context of normal neurological status. We selected a group of preterm adolescents with deficits in judgment of line orientation. Despite their very low birth weight, all were neurologically normal with no consistent abnormalities on conventional magnetic resonance imaging. However, voxel-based morphometric analysis of their magnetic resonance imaging scans showed areas of decreased gray matter and increased white matter most prominently in right ventral extrastriate cortex, close to an area previously implicated in the line orientation task. We suggest that these anomalies of cortical architecture relate to impaired performance on the line orientation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Isaacs
- MRC Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, United Kingdom.
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Friedman-Hill SR, Robertson LC, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG. Posterior parietal cortex and the filtering of distractors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4263-8. [PMID: 12646699 PMCID: PMC153081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0730772100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural systems for visual processing can focus attention on behaviorally relevant objects, filtering out competing distractors. Neurophysiological studies in animals and brain imaging studies in humans suggest that such filtering depends on top-down inputs to extrastriate visual areas, originating in structures important for attentional control. To test whether the posterior parietal cortex may be a necessary source of signals that filter distractors, we measured the ability of a patient with bilateral parietal lesions to discriminate the features of a target surrounded by distractors of variable contrast. In the presence of distractors, the patient was impaired at discriminating both grating orientation and faces, and the magnitude of the impairment increased with distractor salience. These attentional deficits are remarkably similar to those caused by damage to monkey extrastriate regions V4 andor TEO, which are thought to be recipients of top-down attentional feedback. In contrast to the effects of V4 and TEO lesions, however, the parietal lesions impaired performance even with widely spaced targets and distractors, a finding consistent with the projections of parietal cortex to visual processing areas covering a wide range of receptive field sizes and eccentricities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia R Friedman-Hill
- Laboratories of Brain and Cognition and Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Dupont P, Sáry G, Peuskens H, Orban GA. Cerebral regions processing first- and higher-order motion in an opposed-direction discrimination task. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1509-17. [PMID: 12713654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using PET, we studied the processing of different types of motion in an opposed-direction discrimination task. We used first-order motion and two types of higher-order motion (presented as moving gratings with stripes defined by flickering texture and kinetic boundaries, respectively). In these experiments, we found that all types of motion activate a common set of cortical regions when comparing a direction discrimination task to a detection of the dimming of the fixation point. This set includes left hV3A, bilateral hMT/V5+ and regions in the middle occipital gyrus, bilateral activations in the posterior and anterior parts of the intraparietal sulcus, bilateral precentral gyrus, medial frontal cortex and regions in the cerebellum. No significant differences were observed between different types of motion, even at low statistical thresholds. From this we conclude that, under our experimental conditions, the same cerebral regions are involved in the processing of first-order and higher-order motion in an opposed-direction discrimination task.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dupont
- K.U.Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie; Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Shikata E, Hamzei F, Glauche V, Koch M, Weiller C, Binkofski F, Büchel C. Functional properties and interaction of the anterior and posterior intraparietal areas in humans. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1105-10. [PMID: 12653987 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the monkey the lateral bank of the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus (area AIP), contains neurons that are involved in visually guided, object-related hand movements. It has also been shown that neurons in the caudal part of the intraparietal sulcus (area CIP) preferentially respond to 3D surface orientation. According to these results, it has been hypothesized that neurons in area CIP primarily encode the 3D features of an object and forwards this information to area AIP. AIP then utilizes this information for appropriate hand actions towards the object. Based on analogies to these primate studies, recent neuroimaging studies have suggested human homologues of areas AIP and CIP, however, the functional interaction between these areas remains unclear. Our event related fMRI study was designed to address specifically the question, how CIP and AIP interact in the process of adjustment of hand orientation towards objects. Volunteers were asked to perform three tasks: discrimination of surface orientation, imaging of visually guided hand movements and execution of visually guided hand movements. Our data show that the human AIP was activated both during discrimination of surface orientation and during the subsequent spatial adjustment of the thumb and index finger position towards the surface orientation. In contrast, human CIP was activated by the surface orientation but not by spatial adjustment of finger position. These data clearly indicate that the function of human CIP is more involved in coding 3D features of the objects, whereas human AIP is more involved in visually guided hand movements, similar to its role in the monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Shikata
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hamburg University School of Medicine, Martinstrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Pessoa L, Gutierrez E, Bandettini P, Ungerleider L. Neural correlates of visual working memory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron 2002; 35:975-87. [PMID: 12372290 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We used fMRI to investigate how moment-to-moment neural activity contributes to success or failure on individual trials of a visual working memory (WM) task. We found that different nodes of a distributed cortical network were activated to a greater extent for correct compared to incorrect trials during stimulus encoding, memory maintenance during delays, and at test. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the fMRI signal amplitude during the delay interval in a network of frontoparietal regions predicted successful performance on a trial-by-trial basis. Differential delay activity occurred even for only those trials in which BOLD activity during encoding was strong, demonstrating that it was not a simple consequence of effective versus ineffective encoding. Our results indicate that accurate memory depends on strong sustained signals that span the delay interval of WM tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Pessoa
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kawashima R, Watanabe J, Kato T, Nakamura A, Hatano K, Schormann T, Sato K, Fukuda H, Ito K, Zilles K. Direction of cross-modal information transfer affects human brain activation: a PET study. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:137-44. [PMID: 12153538 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the functional organization of the human brain involved in cross-modal discrimination between tactile and visual information. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by positron emission tomography in nine right-handed volunteers during four discrimination tasks; tactile-tactile (TT), tactile-visual (TV), visual-tactile (VT), and visual-visual (VV). The subjects were asked either to look at digital cylinders of different diameters or to grasp the digital cylinders with the thumb and index finger of the right hand using haptic interfaces. Compared with the motor control task in which the subjects looked at and grasped cylinders of the same diameter, the right lateral prefrontal cortex and the right inferior parietal lobule were activated in all the four discrimination tasks. In addition, the dorsal premotor cortex, the ventral premotor cortex, and the inferior temporal cortex of the right hemisphere were activated during VT but not during TV. Our results suggest that the human brain mechanisms underlying cross-modal discrimination have two different pathways depending on the temporal order in which stimuli are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kawashima
- NICHe, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Fias W, Dupont P, Reynvoet B, Orban GA. The quantitative nature of a visual task differentiates between ventral and dorsal stream. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14:646-58. [PMID: 12126505 DOI: 10.1162/08989290260045873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present positron emission tomography (PET) study was to investigate how visual processing in dorsal and ventral streams depends on the quantitative nature of the task. In the same-different task, participants identified the presence of an orientation difference between two gratings, presented centrally in succession. In the quantification task, participants estimated the magnitude of the difference and compared it to a fixed standard. Detection of dimming of the fixation point was used as a control task. Visual input, motor responses, and performance were equated across tasks. Subtracting same-different from quantification yielded significant activation in the left superior parietal lobule and left ventral premotor cortex, consistent with results obtained in number-processing tasks. The reverse subtraction yielded activation in the right inferior temporal gyrus, in agreement with earlier results. These results demonstrate that a single attribute can be processed either in the ventral or dorsal stream, depending on the cognitive operations required by the tasks.
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Cornette L, Dupont P, Orban GA. The neural substrate of orientation short-term memory and resistance to distractor items. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:165-75. [PMID: 11860517 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We used Positron Emission Tomography to map the neural substrate of human short-term memory for orientation, defined as retaining a single orientation in memory over a long delay, by comparing a successive discrimination task with a 6-s delay to the same task with a brief 0.3 s delay and to an identification control task. Short-term memory engaged the superior parietal lobe bilaterally, the middle occipital gyrus bilaterally and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, we studied the resistance to a distractor item by comparing the successive discrimination task with long delay, with and without an intervening distractor stimulus. This manipulative process engaged left ventral premotor cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The activation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is interpreted as reflecting co-ordination between task components. These results, combined with those of two previous studies using an identical reduction strategy, underscore the functional heterogeneity in the prefrontal cortex during short-term and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cornette
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Fias W, Lauwereyns J, Lammertyn J. Irrelevant digits affect feature-based attention depending on the overlap of neural circuits. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 12:415-23. [PMID: 11689301 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Feature-based attention was investigated by examining the effect of irrelevant information on the processing of relevant information. In all experiments, irrelevant information consisted of digits whose semantic information is known to be processed in parietal areas. Between experiments we varied the degree of parietal involvement in the processing of the relevant feature. The influence of the irrelevant digit on the binary manual response task on the relevant feature was measured by the SNARC effect, a spatial numerical association of response codes demonstrating faster left than right hand responses for small numbers and faster right than left hand responses for large numbers. When processing of the relevant feature depended on parietal cortex, as is the case for orientation processing (exps. 1 and 4), there was an effect of the digit's semantic value on response times. Conversely, there was no effect of the irrelevant digit on the processing of color (exps. 2 and 3) or shape (exp. 5), which rely only minimally on parietal resources. After ruling out alternative explanations we conclude that the efficiency of feature-based attention is determined by the degree of neural overlap of structures dedicated to process relevant and irrelevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fias
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Cavassila S, Deval S, Huegen C, van Ormondt D, Graveron-Demilly D. Current awareness. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2001; 14:284-288. [PMID: 11410947 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of NMR in biomedicine. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Books, Reviews ' Symposia; 2 General; 3 Technology; 4 Brain and Nerves; 5 Neuropathology; 6 Cancer; 7 Cardiac, Vascular and Respiratory Systems; 8 Liver, Kidney and Other Organs; 9 Muscle and Orthopaedic. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cavassila
- Laboratoire RMN, CNRS UMR 5012, UCB Lyon I-CPE, Villeurbanne, France
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