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Spekker E, Fejes-Szabó A, Nagy-Grócz G. Models of Trigeminal Activation: Is There an Animal Model of Migraine? Brain Sci 2024; 14:317. [PMID: 38671969 PMCID: PMC11048078 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Migraine, recognized as a severe headache disorder, is widely prevalent, significantly impacting the quality of life for those affected. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the application of animal model technologies in unraveling the pathomechanism of migraine and developing more effective therapies. It introduces a variety of animal experimental models used in migraine research, emphasizing their versatility and importance in simulating various aspects of the condition. It details the benefits arising from the utilization of these models, emphasizing their role in elucidating pain mechanisms, clarifying trigeminal activation, as well as replicating migraine symptoms and histological changes. In addition, the article consciously acknowledges the inherent limitations and challenges associated with the application of animal experimental models. Recognizing these constraints is a fundamental step toward fine-tuning and optimizing the models for a more accurate reflection of and translatability to the human environment. Overall, a detailed and comprehensive understanding of migraine animal models is crucial for navigating the complexity of the disease. These findings not only provide a deeper insight into the multifaceted nature of migraine but also serve as a foundation for developing effective therapeutic strategies that specifically address the unique challenges arising from migraine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Spekker
- Interdisciplinary Research Development and Innovation, Center of Excellence, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- HUN-REN–SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Theoretical Health Sciences and Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Temesvári Krt. 31., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Sureda-Gibert P, Romero-Reyes M, Akerman S. Nitroglycerin as a model of migraine: Clinical and preclinical review. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 12:100105. [PMID: 36974065 PMCID: PMC10039393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Migraine stands as one of the most disabling neurological conditions worldwide. It is a disorder of great challenge to study given its heterogeneous representation, cyclic nature, and complexity of neural networks involved. Despite this, clinical and preclinical research has greatly benefitted from the use of the nitric oxide donor, nitroglycerin (NTG), to model this disorder, dissect underlying mechanisms, and to facilitate the development and screening of effective therapeutics. NTG is capable of triggering a migraine attack, only in migraineurs or patients with a history of migraine and inducing migraine-like phenotypes in rodent models. It is however unclear to what extent NTG and NO, as its breakdown product, is a determinant factor in the underlying pathophysiology of migraine, and importantly, whether it really does facilitate the translation from the bench to the bedside, and vice-versa. This review provides an insight into the evidence supporting the strengths of this model, as well as its limitations, and shines a light into the possible role of NO-related mechanisms in altered molecular signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sureda-Gibert
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcela Romero-Reyes
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Simon Akerman
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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3
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Tajti J, Szok D, Nyári A, Vécsei L. CGRP and CGRP-receptor as targets of migraine therapy: Brain Prize-2021. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:460-478. [PMID: 34635045 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211011110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a highly prevalent primary headache with an unclear pathomechanism. During the last 40 years numerous hypotheses have arisen, among them the theory of the trigeminovascular system is the primary one. It serves as a skeleton in successful preclinical studies and in the development of effective therapeutic options for migraine headache. OBJECTIVE The Brain Prize (awarded annually by the Lundbeck Foundation) is the most prestigious tribute in neuroscience. The winners in 2021 were Lars Edvinsson, Peter Goadsby, Michael Moskowitz and Jes Olesen. They are the fathers of the migraine pathomechanism which led to revolutionary new treatments. This review summarizes their landmark findings. METHODS Data related to this topic were reviewed from PubMed records published between 1979 and May 2021. Searches were based on preclinical and clinical studies in the covered field. The findings were listed in chronological order. From a therapeutic perspective, only randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis were discussed. RESULTS The calcitonin gene-related peptide-related pathogenesis of migraine is based on the activation of the trigeminovascular system. The therapeutic triad for migraine is triptans, gepants and calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeted monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION In the past 40 years, the systematic work of leading headache scientists has resulted in robust theoretical and therapeutic knowledge in the preclinical and clinical study of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged. Hungary
| | - Délia Szok
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged. Hungary
| | - Aliz Nyári
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged. Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725, Szeged. Hungary
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4
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Uchida K, Takano S, Takata K, Mukai M, Koyama T, Ohashi Y, Saito H, Takaso M, Miyagi M, Inoue G. Differential Synovial CGRP/RAMP1 Expression in Men and Women With Knee Osteoarthritis. Cureus 2021; 13:e15483. [PMID: 34109089 PMCID: PMC8180472 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female patients with osteoarthritis report more severe knee pain compared to men. However, the mechanism underlying sex differences in pain remains unclear. We previously found that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was expressed in synovial tissue and that this localization may play a role in pain associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Several animal studies have shown that the expression of CGRP and its receptor (receptor activity modifying protein 1, RAMP1) differs by sex. Here, we investigated synovial CGRP and RAMP1 expression in male and female patients with KOA. Methods Synovial tissue (ST) was harvested from male and female subjects (n=30 each) with radiographically confirmed unilateral Kellgren/Lawrence grade 3-4 KOA during total knee arthroplasty. Patients’ subjective pain severity was scored on a 0 to 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS). We compared the expression of CGRP and RAMP1 in ST from men and women and examined the correlation between mRNA levels of CGRP and RAMP1 and pain severity. Results Synovial expression of CGRP and RAMP1 was significantly elevated in women compared to men (CGRP, P=0.017; RAMP1, P=0.028). While CGRP expression was positively correlated with pain severity in females (ρ=0.443, P=0.014), no correlation was observed in men (ρ=-0.021, P=0.913). RAMP1 expression was not correlated with pain severity in either men or women (male, ρ=-0.114, P=0.939; female, ρ=-0.047, P=0.807). Conclusion CGRP and RAMP1 expression levels differ between men and women. Differential CGRP levels may suggest the presence of different pain mechanisms in men and women with KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Ken Takata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Manabu Mukai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Tomohisa Koyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Yoshihisa Ohashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Gen Inoue
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, JPN
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Tzeng HR, Lee MT, Fan PC, Knutson DE, Lai TH, Sieghart W, Cook J, Chiou LC. α6GABA A Receptor Positive Modulators Alleviate Migraine-like Grimaces in Mice via Compensating GABAergic Deficits in Trigeminal Ganglia. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:569-585. [PMID: 33111258 PMCID: PMC8116449 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is caused by hyperactivity of the trigeminovascular system, where trigeminal ganglia (TG) play an important role. This hyperactivity might originate from an underfunctional GABAergic system in TG. To investigate this possibility, we adapted a mouse model of migraine by inducing migraine-like grimaces in male mice via repeated injections of nitroglycerin (NTG, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), once every 2 days, for up to 5 sessions. Migraine-like facial pain scores were measured using the mouse grimace scale. Repeated NTG treatments in mice caused significant increases in migraine-like grimaces that were aborted and prevented by two anti-migraine agents sumatriptan and topiramate, respectively. After 5 sessions of NTG injections, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, 65-kDa glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), but not the GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) or the α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α6GABAARs), was downregulated in mouse TG tissues. Taking advantage of the unaffected TG α6GABAAR expression in NTG-treated mice, we demonstrated that an α6GABAAR-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), DK-I-56-1, exhibited both abortive and prophylactic effects, comparable to those of sumatriptan and topiramate, respectively, in this migraine-mimicking mouse model. The brain-impermeable furosemide significantly prevented the effects of DK-I-56-1, suggesting its peripheral site of action, likely via preventing α6GABAAR modulation in TG. Results suggest that a decreased GABA synthesis caused by the reduced GAD65 expression in TG contributes to the trigeminovascular activation in this repeated NTG-induced migraine-mimicking model and that the unaltered α6GABAARs in TG are potential targets for migraine treatment. Thus, α6GABAAR-selective PAMs are potential anti-migraine agents for both abortive and preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ruei Tzeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Pharmacology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pi-Chuan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Pharmacology College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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6
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Activation orexin 1 receptors in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter attenuate nitroglycerin-induced migraine attacks and calcitonin gene related peptide up-regulation in trigeminal nucleus caudalis of rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:107981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Parikh SK, Delbono MV, Silberstein SD. Managing migraine in pregnancy and breastfeeding. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 255:275-309. [PMID: 33008509 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The disproportionate prevalence of migraine among women in their reproductive years underscores the clinical significance of migraine during pregnancy. This paper discusses how migraine evolves during pregnancy, secondary headache disorders presenting in pregnancy and puerperium, and acute and preventive options for migraine management during pregnancy and lactation. Migraine is influenced by rising estrogen levels during pregnancy and their sharp decline in puerperium. Migraine, and migraine aura, can present for the first time during pregnancy and puerperium. There is also a higher risk for the development of preeclampsia and cerebrovascular headache during these periods. New or refractory headache, hypertension, and abnormal neurological signs are important "red flags" to consider. This paper reviews the diagnostic utility of neuroimaging studies and the risks of each during pregnancy. Untreated migraine can itself lead to preterm delivery, preeclampsia, and low birth weight infants. Behavioral interventions and lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone for migraine treatment during pregnancy. In addition, one should consider the risks and efficacy of each treatment during pregnancy on an individual basis. The protective nature of breastfeeding for migraine is debated, but there is no evidence to suggest breastfeeding worsens migraine. Acute and preventive migraine treatment options are available for nursing mothers. Neuromodulation and neurostimulation devices are additional options for treatment during pregnancy and lactation, while the safety of using calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists during these times remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simy K Parikh
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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A Pre-Existing Myogenic Temporomandibular Disorder Increases Trigeminal Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Enhances Nitroglycerin-Induced Hypersensitivity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114049. [PMID: 32516986 PMCID: PMC7313473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is commonly reported among patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), especially myogenic TMD. The pathophysiologic mechanisms related to the comorbidity of the two conditions remain elusive. In the present study, we combined masseter muscle tendon ligation (MMTL)-produced myogenic TMD with systemic injection of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine-like hypersensitivity in mice. Facial mechanical allodynia, functional allodynia, and light-aversive behavior were evaluated. Sumatriptan, an FDA-approved medication for migraine, was used to validate migraine-like hypersensitivity. Additionally, we examined the protein level of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis using immunohistochemistry. We observed that mice with MMTL pretreatment have a prolonged NTG-induced migraine-like hypersensitivity, and MMTL also enabled a non-sensitizing dose of NTG to trigger migraine-like hypersensitivity. Systemic injection of sumatriptan inhibited the MMTL-enhanced migraine-like hypersensitivity. MMTL pretreatment significantly upregulated the protein level of CGRP in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis after NTG injection. Our results indicate that a pre-existing myogenic TMD can upregulate NTG-induced trigeminal CGRP and enhance migraine-like hypersensitivity.
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Casili G, Lanza M, Filippone A, Campolo M, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Dimethyl fumarate alleviates the nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:59. [PMID: 32066464 PMCID: PMC7469611 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways are involved in migraine and endogenous antioxidant defense system has a role in the prevention of hyperalgesia in migraine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of the most pharmacologically effective molecules among the fumaric acid esters (FAEs), dimethyl fumarate, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf-2/ARE) pathway-mediated, in regulating the hypersensitivity in a mouse model of nitroglycerine (NTG)-induced migraine. Methods Mice were orally administered with DMF at the doses of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, 5 min after NTG intraperitoneal injections. We performed histological and molecular analysis on the whole brain and behavioral tests after 4 h by NTG-migraine induction. The expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-кB) subunit p65, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα), inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Nrf-2, manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by Western blot. Tail flick, hot plate, orofacial formalin, and photophobia tests were used to evaluate migraine-like pain and migraine-related light sensitivity. Moreover, we evaluate Nrf-2-dependent mechanism by the in vitro stimulation of cells extracted by trigeminal ganglia with diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide (DETA/NO), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. The cells were pre-treated with DMF and an antagonist of Nrf-2, trigonelline (TR) 2 h before DETA/NO stimulation. Results DMF treatment notably reduced histological damage as showed by cresyl violet staining; also, regulating both NF-κB and Nrf-2 pathway, DMF treatment decreased the severity of inflammation and increased the protective antioxidant action. Moreover, the headache was significantly reduced. The protective effect of DMF treatment, via Nrf-2, was confirmed in in vitro studies, through inhibition of Nrf-2 by trigonelline. Cytotoxicity, iNOS, and MnSOD expression were evaluated. Conclusion These results provided the evidence that DMF, by Nrf-2 modulation, has a protective effect on central sensitization induced by NTG, suggesting a new insight into the potential application of DMF as novel candidates in drug development for migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University, Room M 36-1402 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D 'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
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Demartini C, Greco R, Zanaboni AM, Sances G, De Icco R, Borsook D, Tassorelli C. Nitroglycerin as a comparative experimental model of migraine pain: From animal to human and back. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:15-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Fejes-Szabó A, Spekker E, Tar L, Nagy-Grócz G, Bohár Z, Laborc KF, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Chronic 17β-estradiol pretreatment has pronociceptive effect on behavioral and morphological changes induced by orofacial formalin in ovariectomized rats. J Pain Res 2018; 11:2011-2021. [PMID: 30310305 PMCID: PMC6165783 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s165969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of craniofacial pain disorders show sexual dimorphism with generally more common appearance in women suggesting the influence of estradiol, but the exact cause remains unknown. The common point in the pathogenesis of these disorders is the activation of trigeminal system. One of the animal experimental models of trigeminal activation is the orofacial formalin test, in which we investigated the effect of chronic 17β-estradiol pretreatment on the trigeminal pain-related behavior and activation of trigeminal second-order neurons at the level of spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis (TNC). Methods Female Sprague Dawley rats were ovariectomized and silicone capsules were implanted subcutaneously containing cholesterol in the OVX group and 17β-estradiol and cholesterol in 1:1 ratio in the OVX+E2 group. We determined 17β-estradiol levels in serum after the implantation of capsules. Three weeks after operation, 50 µL of physiological saline or 1.5% of formalin solution was injected subcutaneously into the right whisker pad of rats. The time spent on rubbing directed to the injected area and c-Fos immunoreactivity in TNC was measured as the formalin-induced pain-related behavior, and as the marker of pain-related neuronal activation, respectively. Results The chronic 17β-estradiol pretreatment mimics the plasma levels of estrogen occurring in the proestrus phase and significantly increased the formalin-induced pain-related behavior and neuronal activation in TNC. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the chronic 17β-estradiol treatment has strong pronociceptive effect on orofacial formalin-induced inflammatory pain suggesting modulatory action of estradiol on head pain through estrogen receptors, which are present in the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Lilla Tar
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, .,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Klaudia Flóra Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, .,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary, .,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
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Long T, He W, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu Q, Qin G, Chen L, Zhou J. Microglia P2X4 receptor contributes to central sensitization following recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:245. [PMID: 30165876 PMCID: PMC6117935 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underlying migraine chronification remains unclear. Central sensitization may account for this progression. The microglia P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) plays a pivotal role in the central sensitization of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but there is no information about P2X4R in migraine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of microglia P2X4R in chronic migraine (CM). METHODS We used an animal model with recurrent intermittent administration of nitroglycerin (NTG), which closely mimics CM. NTG-induced basal and acute mechanical hypersensitivity were evaluated using the von Frey filament test. Then, we detected Iba1 immunoreactivity (Iba1-IR) and P2X4R expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). To understand the effect of microglia and P2X4R on central sensitization of CM, we examined whether minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia activation, and 5-BDBD, a P2X4R antagonist, altered NTG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, we also evaluated the effect of 5-BDBD on c-Fos and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression within the TNC. RESULTS Chronic intermittent administration of NTG resulted in acute and chronic basal mechanical hyperalgesia, accompanied with microglia activation and upregulation of P2X4R expression. Minocycline significantly decreased basal pain hypersensitivity but did not alter acute NTG-induced hyperalgesia. Minocycline also reduced microglia activation. 5-BDBD completely blocked the basal and acute hyperalgesia induced by NTG. This effect was associated with a significant inhibition of the NTG-induced increase in c-Fos protein and CGRP release in the TNC. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that blocking microglia activation may have an effect on the prevention of migraine chronification. Moreover, we speculate that the P2X4R may be implicated in the microglia-neuronal signal in the TNC, which contributes to the central sensitization of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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13
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Transcriptomic profiling of trigeminal nucleus caudalis and spinal cord dorsal horn. Brain Res 2018; 1692:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Tassorelli C. Chronic and intermittent administration of systemic nitroglycerin in the rat induces an increase in the gene expression of CGRP in central areas: potential contribution to pain processing. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:51. [PMID: 30003352 PMCID: PMC6043463 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a key neuropeptide involved in the activation of the trigeminovascular system and it is likely related to migraine chronification. Here, we investigated the role of CGRP in an animal model that mimics the chronic migraine condition via repeated and intermittent nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. We also evaluated the modulatory effect of topiramate on this experimental paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with NTG (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle, every 2 days over a 9-day period (5 total injections). A group of animals was injected with topiramate (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline every day for 9 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of NTG or vehicle, animals underwent tail flick test and orofacial Von Frey test. Rats were subsequently sacrificed to evaluate c-Fos and CGRP gene expression in medulla-pons region, cervical spinal cord and trigeminal ganglia. Results NTG administration induced spinal hyperalgesia and orofacial allodynia, together with a significant increase in the expression of CGRP and c-Fos genes in trigeminal ganglia and central areas. Topiramate treatment prevented NTG-induced changes by reversing NTG-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia, and inhibiting CGRP and c-Fos gene expression in all areas evaluated. Conclusions These findings point to the role of CGRP in the processes underlying migraine chronification and suggest a possible interaction with gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) and glutamate transmission to induce/maintain central sensitization and to contribute to the dysregulation of descending pain system involved in chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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15
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Calhoun AH. Understanding Menstrual Migraine. Headache 2018; 58:626-630. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne H. Calhoun
- Carolina Headache Institute; Durham NC USA
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
- Department of Psychiatry; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
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16
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Nitroglycerin increases serotonin transporter expression in rat spinal cord but anandamide modulated this effect. J Chem Neuroanat 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Background Migraine is two to three times more prevalent in women than in men, but the mechanisms involved in this gender disparity are still poorly understood. In this respect, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology and, more recently, the functional interactions between ovarian steroid hormones, CGRP and the trigeminovascular system have been recognized and studied in more detail. Aims To provide an overview of CGRP studies that have addressed gender differences utilizing animal and human migraine preclinical research models to highlight how the female trigeminovascular system responds differently in the presence of varying ovarian steroid hormones. Conclusions Gender differences are evident in migraine. Several studies indicate that fluctuations of ovarian steroid hormone (mainly estrogen) levels modulate CGRP in the trigeminovascular system during different reproductive milestones. Such interactions need to be considered when conducting future animal and human experiments, since these differences may contribute to the development of gender-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Labastida-Ramírez
- 1 Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eloísa Rubio-Beltrán
- 1 Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- 2 Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-I.P.N. (Unidad Sur), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- 1 Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Berliocchi L, Piomelli D, Tassorelli C. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase: Another signalling pathway for potential therapeutic targets in migraine? Cephalalgia 2017; 38:1138-1147. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102417727537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Drugs that modulate endocannabinoid signalling are effective in reducing nociception in animal models of pain and may be of value in the treatment of migraine. Methods We investigated the anti-nociceptive effects of inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol, in a rat model of migraine based on nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. We evaluated c-fos expression in specific brain areas and nociceptive behavior in trigeminal and extra-trigeminal body areas. Results URB602, a reversible MGL inhibitor, did not show any analgesic effect in the tail flick test, but it inhibited NTG-induced hyperalgesia in both the tail flick test and the formalin test applied to the hind paw or to the orofacial area. Quite unexpectedly, URB602 potentiated formalin-induced hyperalgesia in the trigeminal area when used alone. The latter result was also confirmed using a structurally distinct, irreversible MGL inhibitor, JZL184. URB602 did not induce neuronal activation in the area of interest, but significantly reduced the NTG-induced neuronal activation in the ventrolateral column of the periaqueductal grey and the nucleus trigeminalis caudalis. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that modulation of the endocannabinoid system may be a valuable approach for the treatment of migraine. The topographically segregated effect of MGL inhibition in trigeminal/extra-trigeminal areas calls for further mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Berliocchi
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, USA
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
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19
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Goadsby PJ, Holland PR, Martins-Oliveira M, Hoffmann J, Schankin C, Akerman S. Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:553-622. [PMID: 28179394 PMCID: PMC5539409 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth most common cause of disability on the planet. The pathophysiology of migraine has emerged from a historical consideration of the "humors" through mid-20th century distraction of the now defunct Vascular Theory to a clear place as a neurological disorder. It could be said there are three questions: why, how, and when? Why: migraine is largely accepted to be an inherited tendency for the brain to lose control of its inputs. How: the now classical trigeminal durovascular afferent pathway has been explored in laboratory and clinic; interrogated with immunohistochemistry to functional brain imaging to offer a roadmap of the attack. When: migraine attacks emerge due to a disorder of brain sensory processing that itself likely cycles, influenced by genetics and the environment. In the first, premonitory, phase that precedes headache, brain stem and diencephalic systems modulating afferent signals, light-photophobia or sound-phonophobia, begin to dysfunction and eventually to evolve to the pain phase and with time the resolution or postdromal phase. Understanding the biology of migraine through careful bench-based research has led to major classes of therapeutics being identified: triptans, serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists; gepants, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists; ditans, 5-HT1F receptor agonists, CGRP mechanisms monoclonal antibodies; and glurants, mGlu5 modulators; with the promise of more to come. Investment in understanding migraine has been very successful and leaves us at a new dawn, able to transform its impact on a global scale, as well as understand fundamental aspects of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Goadsby
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip R Holland
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margarida Martins-Oliveira
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schankin
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Akerman
- Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Neurology, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern-Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Kokavec A. Migraine: A disorder of metabolism? Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:117-130. [PMID: 27876120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and prevention of migraine within the last decade has become largely pharmacological. While there is little doubt that the advent of drugs (e.g. triptans) has helped many migraine sufferers to lead a normal life, there is still little knowledge with respect to the factors responsible for precipitating a migraine attack. Evidence from biochemical and behavioural studies from a number of disciplines is integrated to put forward the proposal that migraine is part of a cascade of events, which together act to protect the organism when confronted by a metabolic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokavec
- University of New England, School of Health, Armidale, NSW 2350, United States.
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21
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Tassorelli C, Greco R, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Sandrini G, Nappi G. Parthenolide is the Component of Tanacetum Parthenium that Inhibits Nitroglycerin-Induced Fos Activation: Studies in an Animal Model of Migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 25:612-21. [PMID: 16033387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tanacetum parthenium (TP) is a member of the Asteracee family long used empirically as a herbal remedy for migraine. So far, however, clinical trials have failed to prove consistently the effectiveness of TP extracts in preventing migraine attacks, probably as a consequence of the uncertainty as regards the active principle. In this study, the biological effects of different TP extracts and purified parthenolide were tested in an animal model of migraine based on the quantification of neuronal activation induced by nitroglycerin. The extract enriched in parthenolide significantly reduced nitroglycerin-induced Fos expression in the nucleus trigeminalis caudalis. Purified parthenolide inhibited nitroglycerin-induced neuronal activation in additional brain nuclei and, significantly, the activity of nuclear factor-κB. These findings strongly suggest that parthenolide is the component responsible for the biological activity of TP as regards its antimigraine effect and provide important information for future controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation and University Centre for the Study of Adaptive Disorder and Headache, Pavia, Italy.
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22
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Pardutz A, Hoyk Z, Varga H, Vecsei L, Schoenen J. Oestrogen-Modulated Increase of Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II (CamKII) in Rat Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus After Systemic Nitroglycerin. Cephalalgia 2016; 27:46-53. [PMID: 17212683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Migraine can be triggered by systemic administration of the nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroglycerin (NTG) and by abrupt falls in plasma oestradiol. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) present in superficial dorsal horns is thought to play a role in sensitization of central nociceptors, a phenomen present in migraineurs. We therefore examined in rats the expression of CamKII in the caudal trigeminal nucleus (TNC) after subcutaneous NTG (10 mg/kg) and its modulation by oestrogen. In male rats and in ovariectomized females, after 4 h NTG increased significantly CamKII expression in the superficial layers of TNC, but not in the upper thoracic spinal cord. NTG had no effect on CamKII expression in oestradiol-treated ovariectomized animals. Thus NTG, i.e. NO, selectively enhances CamKII in the rat TNC and oestradiol blocks this effect. These data may help to understand the mechanisms by which NO triggers migraine attacks and oestrogens influence migraine severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pardutz
- Research Centre for Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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23
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Abstract
Migraine is prevalent in women during the fertile age. Indeed, both neuroendocrine events related to reproductive stages (menarche, pregnancy, and menopause) and menstrual cyclicity and the use of exogenous sex hormones, such as hormonal contraception and replacement therapy, may cause significant changes in the clinical pattern of migraine. Menstrual migraine may be more severe, long-lasting, and refractory to both acute and prophylactic treatment and, therefore, requires tailored strategies. The use of headache diaries, which makes it possible to record prospectively the characteristics of every attack, is of paramount importance for evaluating the time pattern of headache and for identifying a clear link with menstrual cycle-related features. Estrogen variations are highly implicated in modulating the threshold to challenges by altering neuronal excitability, cerebral vasoactivity, pain sensitivity, and neuroendocrine axes throughout the menstrual cycle and not only at the time of menstruation. On the other hand, estrogen withdrawal may really constitute a triggering factor for migraine in women with peculiar characteristics of vulnerability with menstruation or following the discontinuation of exogenous estrogen, as happens with hormonal contraception during the fertile age or with hormone therapy at menopause. In addition, exogenous estrogen may contribute to the occurrence of neurological symptoms, such as aura. When aura occurs, hormonal treatment should be discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella E Nappi
- Research Center of Reproductive Medicine and Unit of Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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24
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García-Martín E, Martínez C, Serrador M, Alonso-Navarro H, Navacerrada F, García-Albea E, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS, NOS1) rs693534 and rs7977109 Variants and Risk for Migraine. Headache 2015; 55:1209-17. [PMID: 26283425 DOI: 10.1111/head.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Many biochemical, pharmacological, neuropathological, and experimental data suggest a possible role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of migraine. We investigated the possible association between functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS1 or nNOS; chromosome 12q24.22) and the risk for migraine. METHODS We studied the frequency of the of rs7977109 and rs693534 genotypes and allelic variants in 197 patients with migraine and 308 healthy controls using a TaqMan-based qPCR assay. As a secondary analysis, we studied the possible influence of gender, age at onset of migraine, positive family history of migraine, and presence or absence of aura on the genotypes frequency. RESULTS The frequencies of rs7977109 and rs693534 genotypes and allelic variants were not associated with the risk for migraine with OR for minor alleles = 0.94 (95% CI 0.72-1.23) and = 0.88 (0.68-1.15), respectively, and the lack of association was not influenced by gender, age at onset of migraine, positive family history of migraine, and presence or absence of aura. CONCLUSION NOS1 rs7977109 and rs693534 genotypes and allelic variants are not associated with the risk for migraine in Caucasian Spanish people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,AMGenomics, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrador
- Department of Family Medicine, Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias,", Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Alonso-Navarro
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias,", Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navacerrada
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Madrid, Spain.,Service of Neurology, Hospital "Ramón y Cajal,", Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban García-Albea
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias,", Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Red de Investigación de Reacciones Adversas a Alergenos y Fármacos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,AMGenomics, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine-Neurology, Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias,", Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Involvement of Anandamide Transporter in Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Expression Stimulated by Nitroglycerin and Influence of ALDH2 Glu504Lys Polymorphism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:460-4. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Labruijere S, Stolk L, Verbiest M, de Vries R, Garrelds IM, Eilers PHC, Danser AHJ, Uitterlinden AG, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Methylation of migraine-related genes in different tissues of the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87616. [PMID: 24609082 PMCID: PMC3946422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
17ß-Estradiol, an epigenetic modulator, is involved in the increased prevalence of migraine in women. Together with the prophylactic efficacy of valproate, which influences DNA methylation and histone modification, this points to the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic studies are often performed on leukocytes, but it is unclear to what extent methylation is similar in other tissues. Therefore, we investigated methylation of migraine-related genes that might be epigenetically regulated (CGRP-ergic pathway, estrogen receptors, endothelial NOS, as well as MTHFR) in different migraine-related tissues and compared this to methylation in rat as well as human leukocytes. Further, we studied whether 17ß-estradiol has a prominent role in methylation of these genes. Female rats (n = 35) were ovariectomized or sham-operated and treated with 17β-estradiol or placebo. DNA was isolated and methylation was assessed through bisulphite treatment and mass spectrometry. Human methylation data were obtained using the Illumina 450k genome-wide methylation array in 395 female subjects from a population-based cohort study. We showed that methylation of the Crcp, Calcrl, Esr1 and Nos3 genes is tissue-specific and that methylation in leukocytes was not correlated to that in other tissues. Interestingly, the interindividual variation in methylation differed considerably between genes and tissues. Furthermore we showed that methylation in human leukocytes was similar to that in rat leukocytes in our genes of interest, suggesting that rat may be a good model to study human DNA methylation in tissues that are difficult to obtain. In none of the genes a significant effect of estradiol treatment was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieneke Labruijere
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Div. of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Genetics Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Verbiest
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Genetics Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René de Vries
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Div. of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M. Garrelds
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Div. of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. C. Eilers
- Dept. of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Div. of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Genetics Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Akerman S, Romero-Reyes M. Insights into the pharmacological targeting of the trigeminocervical complex in the context of treatments of migraine. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:1041-59. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2013.827472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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28
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Fejes-Szabó A, Bohár Z, Vámos E, Nagy-Grócz G, Tar L, Veres G, Zádori D, Szentirmai M, Tajti J, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Toldi J, Párdutz Á, Vécsei L. Pre-treatment with new kynurenic acid amide dose-dependently prevents the nitroglycerine-induced neuronal activation and sensitization in cervical part of trigemino-cervical complex. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:725-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Greco R, Mangione AS, Siani F, Blandini F, Vairetti M, Nappi G, Sandrini G, Buzzi MG, Tassorelli C. Effects of CGRP receptor antagonism in nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia. Cephalalgia 2013; 34:594-604. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102413517776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from trigeminal nerves plays a central role in the pathophysiology of migraine and clinical evidence shows an antimigraine effect for CGRP receptor antagonists. Systemic administration of nitroglycerin (NTG), a nitrovasodilator, consistently provokes spontaneous-like migraine attacks in migraine sufferers; in the rat, systemic NTG induces a condition of hyperalgesia, probably through the activation of cerebral/spinal structures involved in nociceptive transmission. Aim The aim of this article is to test the analgesic effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist MK-8825 in two animal models of pain that may be relevant for migraine: the tail flick test and the formalin test performed during NTG-induced hyperalgesia. Results MK-8825 showed analgesic activity when administered alone at both the tail flick test and the formalin test. Furthermore, the CGRP antagonist proved effective in counteracting NTG-induced hyperalgesia in both tests. MK-8825 indeed reduced the nociceptive behavior when administered either simultaneously or prior to (30–60 minutes before) NTG. Conclusion These data suggest that MK-8825 may represent a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
| | - AS Mangione
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
| | - F Siani
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
| | - F Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
| | - M Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - G Nappi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
| | - G Sandrini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Italy
| | - MG Buzzi
- Department of Brain and Behaviour, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - C Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Italy
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Abstract
Migraine is number seven in WHO's list of all diseases causing disability and the third most costly neurological disorder in Europe. Acute attacks are treatable by highly selective drugs such as the triptans but there is still a huge unmet therapeutic need. Unfortunately, drug development for headache has almost come to a standstill partly because of a lack of valid animal models. Here we review previous models with emphasis on optimal characteristics of a future model. In addition to selection of animal species, the method of induction of migraine-like changes and the method of recording responses elicited by such measures are crucial. The most naturalistic way of inducing attacks is by infusion of endogenous signaling molecules that are known to cause migraine in patients. The most valid response is recording of neural activity in the trigeminal system. The most useful headache related responses are likely to be behavioral, allowing multiple experiments in each individual animal. Distinction is made between acute and prophylactic models and how to validate each of them. Modern insight into neurobiological mechanisms of migraine is so good that it is only a question of resources and efforts that determine when valid models with ability to predict efficacy in migraine will be available.
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Gupta S, McCarson KE, Welch KMA, Berman NEJ. Mechanisms of pain modulation by sex hormones in migraine. Headache 2013; 51:905-22. [PMID: 21631476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of pain conditions, acute as well as chronic, are much more prevalent in women, such as temporomandibular disorder (TMD), irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and migraine. The association of female sex steroids with these nociceptive conditions is well known, but the mechanisms of their effects on pain signaling are yet to be deciphered. We reviewed the mechanisms through which female sex steroids might influence the trigeminal nociceptive pathways with a focus on migraine. Sex steroid receptors are located in trigeminal circuits, providing the molecular substrate for direct effects. In addition to classical genomic effects, sex steroids exert rapid nongenomic actions to modulate nociceptive signaling. Although there are only a handful of studies that have directly addressed the effect of sex hormones in animal models of migraine, the putative mechanisms can be extrapolated from observations in animal models of other trigeminal pain disorders, like TMD. Sex hormones may regulate sensitization of trigeminal neurons by modulating expression of nociceptive mediator such as calcitonin gene-related peptide. Its expression is mostly positively regulated by estrogen, although a few studies also report an inverse relationship. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a neurotransmitter implicated in migraine; its synthesis is enhanced in most parts of brain by estrogen, which increases expression of the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and decreases expression of the serotonin re-uptake transporter. Downstream signaling, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, calcium-dependent mechanisms, and cAMP response element-binding activation, are thought to be the major signaling events affected by sex hormones. These findings need to be confirmed in migraine-specific animal models that may also provide clues to additional ion channels, neuropeptides, and intracellular signaling cascades that contribute to the increased prevalence of migraine in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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32
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Tassorelli C, Greco R, Allena M, Terreno E, Nappi RE. Transdermal hormonal therapy in perimenstrual migraine: why, when and how? Curr Pain Headache Rep 2013; 16:467-73. [PMID: 22932815 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-012-0293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence is strongly in favor of a role for estrogens in migraine. It is clear that estrogen fluctuations represent trigger factors for the attacks, while the resolution of these fluctuations (menopause) may be associated to the remission or, conversely, to the worsening of the disease. However, the exact mechanisms and mediators underlying the effects of estrogens in migraine are largely unknown. The exact mechanisms and mediators underlying the effects of estrogens in migraine are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize clinical and preclinical data that are relevant for the role of estrogens in migraine and we discuss how estrogen modulation can be exploited positively to improve hormonal-related migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science Centre, IRCCS National Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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33
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Greco R, Tassorelli C, Mangione AS, Smeraldi A, Allena M, Sandrini G, Nappi G, Nappi RE. Effect of sex and estrogens on neuronal activation in an animal model of migraine. Headache 2012; 53:288-96. [PMID: 22913654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the influence of sex and estrogen treatment on nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced neuronal activation in the rat brain. BACKGROUND Systemic NTG activates cerebral nuclei of rat involved in nociceptive transmission, as well as in neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. These changes are considered relevant for migraine, since NTG consistently induces spontaneous-like attacks in migraineurs. METHODS Intact and castrated male and female rats, and castrated female rats treated with estradiol benzoate (or placebo) were injected with NTG and sacrificed after 4 hours. Rats were perfused, and their brains were processed for Fos protein, a marker of neuronal activation. RESULTS Data showed a reduced expression of NTG-induced Fos protein in the paraventricular nucleus (PVH), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and nucleus trigeminalis caudalis (SPVC) of male rats in comparison with female rats. Furthermore, in castrated female rats, NTG-induced neuronal activation was reduced in PVH, SON, central nucleus of the amygdala (AMI), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP), and SPVC, while in castrated male rats Fos expression was reduced uniquely in the SPVC. Chronic administration of estrogens restored Fos protein expression in PVH, SON, AMI, NTS, AP, and SPVC in castrated female rats. CONCLUSION These data provide a support for the existence of a sexual dimorphism in NTG-induced neuronal activation, and they prompt a specific model for evaluating and modulating the influence of estrogens upon the cerebral structures implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Headache Science Centre, IRCCS National Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Tuka B, Helyes Z, Markovics A, Bagoly T, Németh J, Márk L, Brubel R, Reglődi D, Párdutz A, Szolcsányi J, Vécsei L, Tajti J. Peripheral and central alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat in response to activation of the trigeminovascular system. Peptides 2012; 33:307-16. [PMID: 22245521 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is present in the cranial arteries and trigeminal sensory neurons. We therefore examined the alterations in PACAP-like immunoreactivity (PACAP-LI) in a time-dependent manner in two rat models of trigeminovascular system (TS) activation. In one group chemical stimulation (CS) was performed with i.p. nitroglycerol (NTG), and in the other one the trigeminal ganglia (TRG) were subjected to electrical stimulation (ES). The two biologically active forms, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, were determined by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and mass spectrometry (MS) in the plasma, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), the spinal cord (SC) and the TRG. The tissue concentrations of PACAP-27 were 10 times lower than those of PACAP-38 in the TNC and SC, but about half in the TRG. PACAP-38, but not PACAP-27, was present in the plasma. Neither form could be identified in the CSF. PACAP-38-LI in the plasma, SC and TRG remained unchanged after CS, but it was increased significantly in the TNC 90 and 180 min after NTG injection. In response to ES of the TRG, the level of PACAP-38 in the plasma and the TNC was significantly elevated 90 and 180 min later, but not in the SC or the TRG. The alterations in the levels of PACAP-27 in the tissue homogenates in response to both forms of stimulation were identical to those of PACAP-38. The selective increases in both forms of PACAP in the TNC suggest its important role in the central sensitization involved in migraine-like headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Tuka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u 6, Hungary
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35
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Hunter DA, Barr GA, Amador N, Shivers KY, Kemen L, Kreiter CM, Jenab S, Inturrisi CE, Quinones-Jenab V. Estradiol-induced antinociceptive responses on formalin-induced nociception are independent of COX and HPA activation. Synapse 2011; 65:643-51. [PMID: 21132813 PMCID: PMC3075311 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen modulates pain perception but how it does so is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine if estradiol reduces nociceptive responses in part via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/COX-2 activity. The first study examined the effects of estradiol (20%) or vehicle with concurrent injection nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on formalin-induced nociceptive responding (flinching) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The drugs were ibuprofen (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor), SC560 (COX-1 inhibitor), or NS398 (COX-2 inhibitor). In a second study, estradiol's effects on formalin-induced nociception were tested in adrenalectomized (ADX), OVX, and ADX+OVX rats. Serum levels of prostaglandins (PG) PGE(2) and corticosterone were measured. Estradiol significantly decreased nociceptive responses in OVX rats with effects during both the first and the second phase of the formalin test. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) did not alter nociception at the doses used here. Adrenalectomy neither altered flinching responses in female rats nor reversed estradiol-induced antinociceptive responses. Estradiol alone had no effect on corticosterone (CORT) or prostaglandin levels after the formalin test, dissociating the effects of estradiol on behavior and these serum markers. Ibuprofen and NS398 significantly reduced PGE2 levels. CORT was not decreased by OVX surgery or by estradiol below that of ADX. Only IBU significantly increased corticosterone levels. Taken together, our results suggest that estradiol-induced antinociception in female rats is independent of COX activity and HPA axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirtra A Hunter
- Hunter College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York 10065, USA.
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36
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Bolay H, Berman NEJ, Akcali D. Sex-Related Differences in Animal Models of Migraine Headache. Headache 2011; 51:891-904. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Effects of anandamide in migraine: data from an animal model. J Headache Pain 2011; 12:177-83. [PMID: 21331757 PMCID: PMC3072518 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-010-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic nitroglycerin (NTG) produces spontaneous-like migraine attacks in migraine sufferers and induces a condition of hyperalgesia in the rat 4 h after its administration. Endocannabinoid system seems to be involved in the modulation of NTG-induced hyperalgesia, and probably, in the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine. In this study, the analgesic effect of anandamide (AEA) was evaluated by means of the formalin test, performed in baseline conditions and following NTG-induced hyperalgesia in male Sprague-Dawley rats. AEA was administered 30 min before the formalin injection. In addition, the effect of AEA (administered 30 min before NTG injection) was investigated on NTG-induced Fos expression and evaluated 4 h following NTG injection. AEA induced a significant decrease in the nociceptive behavior during both phases of the formalin test in the animals treated with vehicle, while it abolished NTG-induced hyperalgesia during the phase II. Pre-treatment with AEA significantly reduced the NTG-induced neuronal activation in nucleus trigeminalis caudalis, confirming the results obtained in our previous study, and in area postrema, while the same treatment induced an increase of Fos expression in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, parabrachial nucleus, and periaqueductal grey. The study confirms that a dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to the development of migraine attacks and that a pharmacological modulation of CB receptors can be useful for the treatment of migraine pain.
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38
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Hunter DA, Barr GA, Shivers KY, Amador N, Jenab S, Inturrisi C, Quinones-Jenab V. Interactions of estradiol and NSAIDS on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res 2011; 1382:181-8. [PMID: 21281615 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How exogenous estrogen affects inflammatory responses is poorly understood despite the large numbers of women receiving estrogen-alone hormone therapy. The aim of this study was to determine if estradiol alters injury- or inflammation-induced nociceptive responses after carrageenan administration in females and whether its effects are mediated through cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prostaglandins (PG). To this end, paw withdrawal latencies and serum levels of PGE2 and PGD2 were measured in rats treated with estradiol (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and/or SC560 (COX-1 inhibitor) or NS398 (COX-2 inhibitor) after intraplantar carrageenan administration. Estradiol significantly increased withdrawal latencies before (baseline condition) and after carrageenan administration to one hindpaw. NS398 was anti-nociceptive only in carrageenan treated animals. SC560 increased withdrawal latencies in both paws at 1 and 5hours after carrageenan administration. Co-administration of estradiol and NS398, but not SC560, was additive except for a prolonged anti-nociceptive effects of estradiol combined with NS398. The anti-nociceptive effect extended beyond that observed with either drug or estradiol alone at the 5-hour time point. Estradiol had no significant effect on PGE2 serum levels, but both COX antagonists decreased them. Although neither estradiol nor the COX inhibitors alone had an effect on PGD2 serum levels, co-administration of NS398 and estradiol significantly elevated PGD2 levels. Taken together, our results suggest that estradiol is anti-nociceptive in the thermal test and reduces carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. These effects are minimally altered through PG-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirtra A Hunter
- Hunter College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, NY, 10065, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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39
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Migraine is a neuronal disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:511-24. [PMID: 21161301 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common, paroxysmal, highly disabling primary headache disorder with a genetic background. The primary cause and the origin of migraine attacks are enigmatic. Numerous clinical and experimental results suggest that activation of the trigeminal system (TS) is crucial in its pathogenesis, but the primary cause of this activation is not fully understood. Since activation of the peripheral and central arms of the TS might be related to cortical spreading depression and to the activity of distinct brainstem nuclei (e.g. the periaqueductal grey), we conclude that migraine can be explained as an altered function of the neuronal elements of the TS, the brainstem, and the cortex, the centre of this process comprising activation of the TS. In light of our findings and the literature data, therefore, we can assume that migraine is mainly a neuronal disease.
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40
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Greco R, Meazza C, Mangione AS, Allena M, Bolla M, Amantea D, Mizoguchi H, Sandrini G, Nappi G, Tassorelli C. Temporal profile of vascular changes induced by systemic nitroglycerin in the meningeal and cortical districts. Cephalalgia 2010; 31:190-8. [PMID: 20693231 DOI: 10.1177/0333102410379887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies indicated that nitric oxide (NO) donors cause regional changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), similar to those reported in spontaneous migraine. Systemic nitroglycerin (NTG), a NO donor, is a well-accepted experimental model of migraine. In this study we have examined the effects of NTG on the meningeal and cortical blood flow in rats. METHODS Regional blood flow was monitored in male Sprague-Dawley rats using laser Doppler flowmetry before and after NTG/saline injection over 150 minutes. The effect of pre-treatment with Nω-nitro-L-arginine ester (L-NAME) or 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) on NTG-induced changes on blood flow was also investigated. RESULTS In the dura NTG caused a biphasic response represented by an initial decrease in blood flow followed by a significant increase. At variance, in the cortex NTG caused only an increase in blood flow. Pre-treatment with either L-NAME or 7-NI prevented NTG-induced increase in blood flow in both districts, while only L-NAME also prevented NTG-induced decrease in dural blood flow. CONCLUSION The present findings provide additional information on the timing of effects of NTG on blood flow at both the meningeal and cortical levels. These effects seem to be related to vasoregulatory mechanisms and/or metabolic activity in response to the synthesis of endogenous NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- IRCCS National Neurological Institute C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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41
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Vámos E, Fejes A, Koch J, Tajti J, Fülöp F, Toldi J, Párdutz Á, Vécsei L. Kynurenate Derivative Attenuates the Nitroglycerin-Induced CamKIIα and CGRP Expression Changes. Headache 2009; 50:834-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tashiro A, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA. NMDA receptor blockade reduces temporomandibular joint-evoked activity of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons in an estrogen-dependent manner. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1805-12. [PMID: 19799971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen status is a risk factor in painful temporomandibular disorders (TMJD). Previously we reported that estradiol (E2) enhanced nociceptive processing of TMJ input by neurons in superficial laminae at the spinomedullary (Vc/C(1-2)) region; however, the mechanisms for this enhancement are not known. The present study determined if ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to TMJ nociceptive processing in an E2-dependent manner. Ovariectomized (OvX) female rats were treated with high E2 (HE2) or low dose E2 (LE2) for 2 days and neural activity was recorded in laminae I-II at the Vc/C(1-2) region. TMJ-responsive units were activated by ATP injections into the joint space. ATP-evoked unit responses in HE2 rats were reduced significantly by topical application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) in a dose-related manner, while units from LE2 were not affected. Application of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), inhibited the ATP-evoked responses in both groups. Spontaneous activity of TMJ units was not influenced by AP5, whereas it was reduced by DNQX similarly in both groups. The high threshold convergent cutaneous receptive field area of TMJ units was not changed by AP5, whereas DNQX caused a significant reduction in both groups. These results suggest that NMDA-dependent mechanisms contribute to the enhanced ATP-evoked responses of TMJ units in superficial laminae at the Vc/C(1-2) region under high E2 conditions, while non-NMDA-dependent mechanisms modify the encoding properties of TMJ units independent of E2 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tashiro
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-214 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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43
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Vamos E, Pardutz A, Fejes A, Tajti J, Toldi J, Vecsei L. Modulatory effects of probenecid on the nitroglycerin-induced changes in the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:33-7. [PMID: 19744475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four hours after systemic administration of the nitric oxide donor nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg bodyweight, s.c.), the neurons of the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus are activated, the area covered by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive fibres is decreased and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)- and the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CamKIIalpha)-immunopositive neurons in the same area are increased. Probenecid is a non-selective inhibitor of multidrug-resistance associated proteins and organic anion transporters thus it can modulate the transport functions in the central nervous system influencing nociception. Accordingly, the aim of the present experiments was to examine the effects of probenecid administration on the nitroglycerin-induced expressions of nNOS, CamKIIalpha and CGRP in the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus. Probenecid (200 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p.) pretreatment proved to mitigate the nitroglycerin-induced changes in expression in the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus. The data suggest that the changes caused by nitroglycerin in the expressions of CGRP, nNOS and CamKIIalpha can be influenced by probenecid modulating the inflammatory functions in the nervous system. These data may be of relevance for the pathogenesis of migraine headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Vamos
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Messlinger K. Migraine: where and how does the pain originate? Exp Brain Res 2009; 196:179-93. [PMID: 19288089 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a complex neurological disease with a genetic background. Headache is the most prominent and clinically important symptom of migraine but its origin is still enigmatic. Numerous clinical, histochemical, electrophysiological, molecular and genetical approaches form a puzzle of findings that slowly takes shape. The generation of primary headaches like migraine pain seems to be the consequence of multiple pathophysiological changes in meningeal tissues, the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal brainstem nuclei and descending inhibitory systems, based on specific characteristics of the trigeminovascular system. This contribution reviews the current discussion of where and how the migraine pain may originate and outlines the experimental work to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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45
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Varga H, Pardutz A, Vamos E, Bohar Z, Bago F, Tajti J, Bari F, Vecsei L. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 attenuates nitroglycerin-induced calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha in rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Neurosci Lett 2009; 451:170-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gupta P, Harte A, Sturdee DW, Sharma A, Barnett AH, Kumar S, McTernan PG. Effects of menopausal status on circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide and adipokines: implications for insulin resistance and cardiovascular risks. Climacteric 2008; 11:364-72. [PMID: 18781480 DOI: 10.1080/13697130802378493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine, first, the effects of menopausal status on circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels and, second, the correlation between circulating CGRP levels and biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. METHODS Cross-sectional study of healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women volunteers and women admitted for elective benign abdominal surgery in a district general hospital. All women were non-smokers, had no history of endocrinological problems and were not receiving any hormone therapy. Fasting blood samples (premenopausal (n = 45): follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) < 20 IU/l, estradiol (mean +/- SEM) 440.33 +/- 51.82 pmol/l; postmenopausal women (n = 28): FSH > 20 IU/l, estradiol 93.79 +/- 17.40 pmol/l) were analyzed for CGRP, resistin, leptin, adiponectin, insulin and lipids using ELISA and immunoassays. RESULTS Mean circulating CGRP levels were higher in the postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women (pre: 41.79 +/- 9.01 pg/ml, post: 138.14 +/- 45.75 pg/ml; p = 0.047). Among women who were experiencing hot flushes, the postmenopausal women had significantly higher CGRP levels than the premenopausal women (pre: 21.98 +/- 4.95 pg/ml, post: 171.08 +/- 61.80 pg/ml; p = 0.028). Serum CGRP levels positively correlated with serum insulin levels (r = 0.652, p = 0.016) and HOMA index (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data show that circulating CGRP levels are influenced by menopausal status and suggest additional mechanisms through which increased risk of hyperinsulinemia and cardiovascular disease may arise in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gupta
- Women's Unit, Solihull Hospital, Heart of England NHS Trust, Solihull, West Midlands
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Guo R, Chen XP, Guo X, Chen L, Li D, Peng J, Li YJ. Evidence for involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in nitroglycerin response and association with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys polymorphism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:953-60. [PMID: 18772068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is involved in glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) response in humans, and its association with mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys (ALDH2*2) polymorphism. BACKGROUND In animal models, CGRP contributes to the cardiovascular effects of GTN. The enzyme principally responsible for GTN bioactivation is ALDH2. The common ALDH2*2 polymorphism is associated with a lack of GTN efficacy. METHODS In 18 ALDH2*2-genotyped Chinese volunteers, we observed the changes in plasma concentrations of CGRP after sublingual GTN administration and its correlation with GTN response, and assessed the expression of CGRP messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) pre-treated with 10(-5) mol/l GTN. RESULTS In contrast to carriers of the ALDH2*2 allele, ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes showed a significantly higher extent of absolute changes in both systolic blood pressure (DeltaSBP) and HR (DeltaHR) at several time points after GTN administration. Plasma concentrations of CGRP were increased significantly 12 min after GTN administration, the percentage increase in plasma concentrations of CGRP correlated positively with both DeltaSBP and DeltaHR, and percentage increase in plasma concentrations of CGRP was significantly higher in ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes. In addition, PBMCs from ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes showed a higher-fold increase in both CGRP I and CGRP II mRNA after GTN stimulation, and the GTN-induced increase in CGRP mRNA expression in PBMCs from ALDH2*1/*1 homozygotes was inhibited by the ALDH2 inhibitor chloral hydrate. CONCLUSIONS We found that CGRP is associated with the cardiovascular effect of GTN through an ALDH2-dependent pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Silberstein SD, Dodick D, Freitag F, Pearlman SH, Hahn SR, Scher AI, Lipton RB. Pharmacological approaches to managing migraine and associated comorbidities--clinical considerations for monotherapy versus polytherapy. Headache 2007; 47:585-99. [PMID: 17445108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity is defined as an illness that occurs more frequently in association with a specific disorder than would be found as a coincidental association in the general population. Conditions that are frequently comorbid with migraine include depression, anxiety, stroke, epilepsy, sleep disorders, and other pain disorders. In addition, many common illnesses occur concomitantly (at the same time) with migraine and influence the treatment choice. Migraine management, and especially migraine prevention, can be challenging when patients have comorbid or concomitant illnesses. The objectives of this initiative are to review the literature on managing patients who have migraine and common comorbidities, present additional clinical approaches for care of these difficult patients, and evaluate the areas in which research is needed to establish evidence-based guidelines for the management of migraine with associated comorbid conditions.
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Abstract
Several pain conditions localized to the craniofacial region show a remarkable sex-related difference in their prevalence. These conditions include temporomandibular disorders and burning mouth syndrome as well as tension-type, migraine, and cluster headaches. The mechanisms that underlie sex-related differences in the prevalence of these craniofacial pain conditions remain obscure and likely involve both physiological and psychosocial factors. In terms of physiological factors relevant to the development of headache, direct evidence of sex-related differences in the properties of dural afferent fibers or durally activated second-order trigeminal sensory neurons has yet to be provided. There is, however, evidence for sex-related differences in the response properties of afferent fibers and second-order trigeminal sensory neurons that convey nociceptive input from other craniofacial tissues associated with sex-related differences in chronic pain conditions, such as those that innervate the masseter muscle and temporomandibular joint. Further, modulation of craniofacial nociceptive input by opioidergic receptor mechanisms appears to be dependent on biological sex. Research into mechanisms that may contribute to sex-related differences in trigeminal nociceptive processing has primarily focused on effect of the female sex hormone estrogen, which appears to alter the excitability of trigeminal afferent fibers and sensory neurons to noxious stimulation of craniofacial tissues. This article discusses current knowledge of potential physiological mechanisms that could contribute to sex-related differences in certain craniofacial pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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