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Le VA, Sterley TL, Cheng N, Bains JS, Murari K. Markerless Mouse Tracking for Social Experiments. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0154-22.2023. [PMID: 38233144 PMCID: PMC10901195 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0154-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Automated behavior quantification in socially interacting animals requires accurate tracking. While many methods have been very successful and highly generalizable to different settings, issues of mistaken identities and lost information on key anatomical features are common, although they can be alleviated by increased human effort in training or post-processing. We propose a markerless video-based tool to simultaneously track two interacting mice of the same appearance in controlled settings for quantifying behaviors such as different types of sniffing, touching, and locomotion to improve tracking accuracy under these settings without increased human effort. It incorporates conventional handcrafted tracking and deep-learning-based techniques. The tool is trained on a small number of manually annotated images from a basic experimental setup and outputs body masks and coordinates of the snout and tail-base for each mouse. The method was tested on several commonly used experimental conditions including bedding in the cage and fiberoptic or headstage implants on the mice. Results obtained without any human corrections after the automated analysis showed a near elimination of identities switches and a ∼15% improvement in tracking accuracy over pure deep-learning-based pose estimation tracking approaches. Our approach can be optionally ensembled with such techniques for further improvement. Finally, we demonstrated an application of this approach in studies of social behavior of mice by quantifying and comparing interactions between pairs of mice in which some lack olfaction. Together, these results suggest that our approach could be valuable for studying group behaviors in rodents, such as social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Le
- Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Toni-Lee Sterley
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ning Cheng
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jaideep S Bains
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kartikeya Murari
- Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Liu X, Yan D, Peng S, Zhang Y, Xu B, Li L, Shi X, Ma T, Li X, Teng Q, Yuan C, Liu Q, Li Z. 326K at E Protein Is Critical for Mammalian Adaption of TMUV. Viruses 2023; 15:2376. [PMID: 38140617 PMCID: PMC10747068 DOI: 10.3390/v15122376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry in China since 2010. However, the potential threat of TMUV to mammals has not been well studied. In this study, a TMUV HB strain isolated from diseased ducks showed high virulence in BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally compared with the reference duck TMUV strain. Further studies revealed that the olfactory epithelium is one pathway for the TMUV HB strain to invade the central nervous system of mice. Genetic analysis revealed that the TMUV HB virus contains two unique residues in E and NS3 proteins (326K and 519T) compared with duck TMUV reference strains. K326E substitution weakens the neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of TMUV HB in mice. Remarkably, the TMUV HB strain induced significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-α/β than mutant virus with K326E substitution in the brain tissue of the infected mice, which suggested that TMUV HB caused more severe inflammation in the mouse brains. Moreover, application of IFN-β to infected mouse brain exacerbated the disease, indicating that overstimulated IFN response in the brain is harmful to mice upon TMUV infection. Further studies showed that TMUV HB upregulated RIG-I and IRF7 more significantly than mutant virus containing the K326E mutation in mouse brain, which suggested that HB stimulated the IFN response through the RIG-I-IRF7 pathway. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis and potential risk of TMUV to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpo Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Dawei Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Shan Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Yuee Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Bangfeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Luzhao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiaona Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Tianxin Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunxiu Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (X.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (B.X.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (T.M.); (X.L.); (Q.T.); (C.Y.)
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3
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Etievant A, Monnin J, Lihoreau T, Tamadazte B, Rougeot P, Magnin E, Tavernier L, Pazart L, Haffen E. Comparison of Noninvasive Imagery Methods to Observe Healthy and Degenerated Olfactory Epithelium in Mice for the Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:34. [PMID: 32760253 PMCID: PMC7371997 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction could be an early and reliable indicator for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. In this paper, we compare the potential of different noninvasive medical imaging modalities (optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence endomicroscopy) to distinguish how the olfactory epithelium, both at the cellular and the structural levels, is altered. Investigations were carried out on three experimental groups: two pathological groups (mice models with deliberately altered olfactory epithelium and Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice models) were compared with healthy mice models. As histological staining, the three tested noninvasive imaging tools demonstrated the general tubular organization of the olfactory epithelium on healthy mice. Contrary to OCT, confocal microscopy, and endomicroscopy allowed visualizing the inner structure of olfactory epithelium as well as its morphological or functional changes on pathological models, alterations classically observed with histological assessment. The results could lead to relevant development of imaging tools for noninvasive and early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases through the in situ characterization of the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Etievant
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Julie Monnin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, INSERM, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Lihoreau
- CHU Besançon, INSERM, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, France
| | - Brahim Tamadazte
- FEMTO-ST, Dép. AS2M, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Savary, Besançon, France.,Institut des Systémes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7222, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Rougeot
- FEMTO-ST, Dép. AS2M, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Savary, Besançon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Tavernier
- Service d'oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, CHU Besançon, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Lionel Pazart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, INSERM, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,CHU Besançon, INSERM, CIC 1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Besançon, France
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4
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Kondo K, Kikuta S, Ueha R, Suzukawa K, Yamasoba T. Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:208. [PMID: 32733233 PMCID: PMC7358644 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other sensory systems, olfactory function deteriorates with age. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction increases at the age of 60 and older and males are more affected than females. Moreover, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sinonasal diseases, and Down’s syndrome are associated with an increased incidence of olfactory dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains largely unknown, studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that both the peripheral and central olfactory nervous systems are affected by aging. Aged olfactory neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity shows the loss of mature olfactory neurons, replacement of olfactory neuroepithelium by respiratory epithelium, and a decrease in basal cell proliferation both in the normal state and after injury. In the central olfactory pathway, a decrease in the turnover of interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and reduced activity in the olfactory cortex under olfactory stimulation is observed. Recently, the association between olfactory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), has gained attention. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy to suppress or improve age-related olfactory dysfunction has not yet been established, but preliminary results suggest that olfactory training using odorants may be useful to improve some aspects of age-related olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Glendinning JI, Maleh J, Ortiz G, Touzani K, Sclafani A. Olfaction contributes to the learned avidity for glucose relative to fructose in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R901-R916. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When offered glucose and fructose solutions, rodents consume more glucose solution because it produces stronger postoral reinforcement. Intake of these sugars also conditions a higher avidity for glucose relative to fructose. We asked which chemosensory cue mediates the learned avidity for glucose. We subjected mice to 18 days of sugar training, offering them 0.3, 0.6, and 1 M glucose and fructose solutions. Before and after training, we measured avidity for 0.3 and 0.6 M glucose and fructose in brief-access lick tests. First, we replicated prior work in C57BL/6 mice. Before training, the mice licked at a slightly higher rate for 0.6 M fructose; after training, they licked at a higher rate for 0.6 M glucose. Second, we assessed the necessity of the glucose-specific ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) taste pathway for the learned avidity for glucose, using mice with a nonfunctional KATPchannel [regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) knockout (KO) mice]. Before training, SUR1 KO and wild-type mice licked at similar rates for 0.6 M glucose and fructose; after training, both strains licked at a higher rate for 0.6 M glucose, indicating that the KATPpathway is not necessary for the learned discrimination. Third, we investigated the necessity of olfaction by comparing sham-treated and anosmic mice. The mice were made anosmic by olfactory bulbectomy or ZnSO4treatment. Before training, sham-treated and anosmic mice licked at similar rates for 0.6 M glucose and fructose; after training, sham-treated mice licked at a higher rate for 0.6 M glucose, whereas anosmic mice licked at similar rates for both sugars. This demonstrates that olfaction contributes significantly to the learned avidity for glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I. Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Maleh
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gabriella Ortiz
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Khalid Touzani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
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6
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Iwamura H, Kondo K, Kikuta S, Nishijima H, Kagoya R, Suzukawa K, Ando M, Fujimoto C, Toma-Hirano M, Yamasoba T. Caloric restriction reduces basal cell proliferation and results in the deterioration of neuroepithelial regeneration following olfactotoxic mucosal damage in mouse olfactory mucosa. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:175-193. [PMID: 31168693 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on cell dynamics and gene expression in the mouse olfactory neuroepithelium are evaluated. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either control pellets (104 kcal/week) or CR pellets (67 kcal/week). The cytoarchitecture of the olfactory neuroepithelium in the uninjured condition and its regeneration after injury by an olfactotoxic chemical, methimazole, were compared between mice fed with the control and CR diets. In the uninjured condition, there were significantly fewer olfactory marker protein (OMP)-positive olfactory receptor neurons and Ki67-positive proliferating basal cells at 3 months in the CR group than in the control group. The number of Ki67-positive basal cells increased after methimazole-induced mucosal injury in both the control and the CR groups, but the increase was less robust in the CR group. The recovery of the neuroepithelium at 2 months after methimazole administration was less complete in the CR group than in the control group. These histological changes were region-specific. The decrease in the OMP-positive neurons was prominent in the anterior region of the olfactory mucosa. Gene expression analysis using a DNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the expression levels of two inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and chemokine ligand 1, were elevated in the olfactory mucosa of the CR group compared with the control group. These findings suggest that CR may be disadvantageous to the maintenance of the olfactory neuroepithelium, especially when it is injured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Iwamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kagoya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mizuo Ando
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Chisato Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makiko Toma-Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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7
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Delay ER, Weaver B, Lane DR, Kondoh T. Dried bonito dashi: Contributions of mineral salts and organic acids to the taste of dashi. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:127-136. [PMID: 30447220 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dried bonito dashi is often used in Japanese cuisine with a number of documented positive health effects. Its major taste is thought to be umami, elicited by inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and L-amino acids. Previously we found that lactic acid, a major component of dried bonito dashi, enhanced the contribution of many of these amino acids to the taste of dried bonito dashi, and reduced the contribution of other amino acids. In addition to amino acids, dried bonito dashi also has a significant mineral salt component. The present study used conditioned taste aversion methods with mice (all had compromised olfactory systems) to compare the taste qualities of dried bonito dashi with four salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2), with and without lactic acid or citric acid. A conditioned taste aversion to 25% dried bonitio dashi generalized significantly to NaCl and KCl, with or without 0.9% lactic acid added but not when citric acid was added. Generalization of the CTA to dried bonito dashi was much stronger to the divalent salts, but when either lactic acid or citric acid was added, this aversion was eliminated. These results suggest that these salts contribute to the complex taste of dried bonito dashi and that both organic acids appear able to modify the tastes of divalent salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Delay
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Benjamin Weaver
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Douglas R Lane
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Takashi Kondoh
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
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8
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Ma EY, Heffern K, Cheresh J, Gallagher EP. Differential copper-induced death and regeneration of olfactory sensory neuron populations and neurobehavioral function in larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:141-151. [PMID: 30292653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fish rely heavily on their sense of smell to maintain behaviors essential for survival, such as predator detection and avoidance, prey selection, social behavior, imprinting, and homing to natal streams and spawning sites. Due to its direct contact with the outside environment, the peripheral olfactory system of fish is particularly susceptible to dissolved contaminants. In particular, environmental exposures to copper (Cu) can cause a rapid loss of olfactory function. In this study, confocal imaging of double-transgenic zebrafish larvae with differentially labeled ciliated and microvillous olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were used to examine cell death and regeneration following Cu exposure. Changes in cell morphologies were observed at varying degrees within both ciliated and microvillous OSNs, including the presence of round dense cell bodies, cell loss and fragmentation, retraction or loss of axons, disorganized cell arrangements, and loss of cells and fluorescence signal intensity, which are all indicators of cell death after Cu exposure. A marked loss of ciliated OSNs relative to microvillous OSNs occurred after exposure to low Cu concentrations for 3 h, with some regeneration observed after 72 h. At higher Cu concentrations and 24-h exposures, ciliated and microvillous OSNs were damaged with increased severity of injury with longer Cu exposures. Interestingly, microvillous, but not ciliated OSNs, regenerated rapidly within the 72-h time period of recovery after death from Cu exposure, suggesting that microvillous OSNs may be replaced in lieu of ciliated OSNs. An increase in bromodeoxyuridine labeling was observed 24 h after Cu-induced OSN death, suggesting that increased proliferation of the olfactory stem cells replaced the damaged OSNs. Olfactory behavioral analyses supported our imaging studies and revealed both initial loss and restoration of olfactory function after Cu exposures. In summary, our studies indicate that following zebrafish OSN damage by Cu, regeneration of microvillous OSNs may occur exceeding ciliated OSNs, likely via increased proliferation of the cellular reservoir of neuronal OSC precursors. Transgenic zebrafish are a valuable tool to study metal olfactory injury and recovery and to characterize sensitive olfactory neuron populations in fish exposed to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y Ma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Kevin Heffern
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Julia Cheresh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA.
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9
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Chalansonnet M, Carabin N, Boucard S, Merlen L, Melczer M, Antoine G, Devoy J, Remy A, Gagnaire F. Study of potential transfer of aluminum to the brain via the olfactory pathway. Toxicol Lett 2017; 283:77-85. [PMID: 29180288 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many employees in the aluminum industry are exposed to a range of aluminum compounds by inhalation, and the presence of ultrafine particles in the workplace has become a concern to occupational health professionals. Some metal salts and metal oxides have been shown to enter the brain through the olfactory route, bypassing the blood-brain barrier, but few studies have examined whether aluminum compounds also use this pathway. In this context, we sought to determine whether aluminum was found in rat olfactory bulbs and whether its transfer depended on physicochemical characteristics such as solubility and granulometry. Aluminum salts (chloride and fluoride) and various nanometric aluminum oxides (13nm, 20nm and 40-50nm) were administered to rats by intranasal instillation through one nostril (10μg Al/30μL for 10days). Olfactory bulbs (ipsilateral and contralateral relative to instilled nostril) were harvested and the aluminum content was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after tissue mineralization. Some transfer of aluminum salts to the central nervous system via the olfactory route was observed, with the more soluble aluminum chloride being transferred at higher levels than aluminum fluoride. No cerebral translocation of any of the aluminas studied was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chalansonnet
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Nathalie Carabin
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Boucard
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lise Merlen
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mathieu Melczer
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Guillaume Antoine
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jérôme Devoy
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Remy
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - François Gagnaire
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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10
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Lazzari M, Bettini S, Milani L, Maurizii MG, Franceschini V. Differential response of olfactory sensory neuron populations to copper ion exposure in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 183:54-62. [PMID: 27992776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral olfactory system of fish is in direct contact with the external aqueous environment, so dissolved contaminants can easily impair sensory functions and cause neurobehavioral injuries. The olfactory epithelium of fish is arranged in lamellae forming a rosette in the olfactory cavity and contains three main types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs): ciliated (cOSNs) and microvillous olfactory sensory neurons (mOSNs), common to all vertebrates, and a third minor group of olfactory neurons, crypt cells, absent in tetrapods. Since copper is a ubiquitously diffusing olfactory toxicant and a spreading contaminant in urban runoff, we investigated the effect of low copper concentration on the three different OSNs in the olfactory epithelium of zebrafish, a model system widely used in biological research. Image analysis was applied for morphometry and quantification of immunohistochemically detected OSNs. Copper exposure resulted in an evident decrease in olfactory epithelium thickness. Moreover, after exposure, the lamellae of the dorsal and ventral halves of the olfactory rosettes showed a different increase in their sensory areas, suggesting a lateral migration of new cells into non-sensory regions. The results of the present study provide clear evidence of a differential response of the three neural cell populations of zebrafish olfactory mucosa after 96h of exposure to copper ions at the sublethal concentration of 30μgL-1. Densitometric values of cONS, immunostained with anti-G αolf, decreased of about 60% compared to the control. When the fish were transferred to water without copper addition and examined after 3, 10 and 30days, we observed a partial restoration of anti-G αolf staining intensity to normal condition. The recovery of cOSNs appeared sustained by neuronal proliferation, quantified with anti-PCNA immunostaining, in particular in the early days after exposure. The densitometric analysis applied to mOSNs, immunostained with anti-TRPC2, revealed a statistically significant decrease of about 30% compared to the control. For cOSNs and mOSNs, the decrement in staining intensity may be indicative of cell death, but reduction in antigen expression may not be excluded. In the post-exposure period of 1 month we did not find recovery of mOSNs. We hypothesize that cOSNs are more sensitive than mOSNs to copper treatment, but also more prompted to tissue repair. Anti-TrkA-immunopositive crypt cells appeared not to be affected by copper exposure since statistical analysis excluded any significant difference between the control and treated fish. Comparative studies on OSNs would greatly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Lazzari
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Simone Bettini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Liliana Milani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Maurizii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Franceschini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Van de Bittner GC, Riley MM, Cao L, Ehses J, Herrick SP, Ricq EL, Wey HY, O’Neill MJ, Ahmed Z, Murray TK, Smith JE, Wang C, Schroeder FA, Albers MW, Hooker JM. Nasal neuron PET imaging quantifies neuron generation and degeneration. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:681-694. [PMID: 28112682 PMCID: PMC5272198 DOI: 10.1172/jci89162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is broadly associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases and predicts increased mortality rates in healthy individuals. Conventional measurements of olfactory health assess odor processing pathways within the brain and provide a limited understanding of primary odor detection. Quantification of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which detect odors within the nasal cavity, would provide insight into the etiology of olfactory dysfunction associated with disease and mortality. Notably, OSNs are continually replenished by adult neurogenesis in mammals, including humans, so OSN measurements are primed to provide specialized insights into neurological disease. Here, we have evaluated a PET radiotracer, [11C]GV1-57, that specifically binds mature OSNs and quantifies the mature OSN population in vivo. [11C]GV1-57 monitored native OSN population dynamics in rodents, detecting OSN generation during postnatal development and aging-associated neurodegeneration. [11C]GV1-57 additionally measured rates of neuron regeneration after acute injury and early-stage OSN deficits in a rodent tauopathy model of neurodegenerative disease. Preliminary assessment in nonhuman primates suggested maintained uptake and saturable binding of [18F]GV1-57 in primate nasal epithelium, supporting its translational potential. Future applications for GV1-57 include monitoring additional diseases or conditions associated with olfactory dysregulation, including cognitive decline, as well as monitoring effects of neuroregenerative or neuroprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha M. Riley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Luxiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janina Ehses
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Scott P. Herrick
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily L. Ricq
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Michael J. O’Neill
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Zeshan Ahmed
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey K. Murray
- Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd., Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jaclyn E. Smith
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
| | | | - Mark W. Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
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12
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Hsieh H, Horwath MC, Genter MB. Zinc gluconate toxicity in wild-type vs. MT1/2-deficient mice. Neurotoxicology 2016; 58:130-136. [PMID: 27979773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that oral zinc supplementation can help reduce the duration of the common cold; however, the use of intranasal (IN) zinc is strongly associated with anosmia, or the loss of the sense of smell, in humans. Prior studies from this lab showed that upregulation of metallothioneins (MT) is a rapid and robust response to zinc gluconate (ZG). Therefore, we assessed the role of MT in the recovery of nasal epithelial damage resulting from IN zinc administration. The main studies in this investigation used a high dose of ZG (170mM) to ensure ablation of the olfactory mucosa, so that the progression of histological and functional recovery could be assessed. In vivo studies using wild-type, MT1/2 knockout mice (MT KO), and heterozygotes administered ZG by IN instillation showed profound loss of the olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavity. Recovery was monitored, and a lower percentage of the MT KO mice were able to smell 28 d after treatment; however, no significant difference was observed in the rate of cell proliferation in the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium between MT KO and wild-type mice. A lower concentration of ZG (33mM), equivalent to that found in homeopathic IN ZG preparations, also caused olfactory epithelial toxicity in mice. These studies suggest that the use of zinc in drug formulations intended for IN administration in humans must be carefully evaluated for their potential to cause olfactory functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Michael C Horwath
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0557, United States; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Mary Beth Genter
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
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13
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88(fl/fl)) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
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14
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Franks KH, Chuah MI, King AE, Vickers JC. Connectivity of Pathology: The Olfactory System as a Model for Network-Driven Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:234. [PMID: 26696886 PMCID: PMC4678206 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been postulated to preferentially impact specific neural networks in the brain. The olfactory system is a well-defined network that has been implicated in early stages of the disease, marked by impairment in olfaction and the presence of pathological hallmarks of the disease, even before clinical presentation. Discovering the cellular mechanisms involved in the connectivity of pathology will provide insight into potential targets for treatment. We review evidence from animal studies on sensory alteration through denervation or enrichment, which supports the notion of using the olfactory system to investigate the implications of connectivity and activity in the spread of pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Franks
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - Meng Inn Chuah
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - Anna E King
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
| | - James C Vickers
- Faculty of Health, Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
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16
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88(fl/fl)) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
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17
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MacRae M, Kenkel WM, Kentner AC. Social rejection following neonatal inflammation is mediated by olfactory scent cues. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:43-8. [PMID: 25744105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life exposure to inflammation has been associated with several behavioral and cognitive deficits detected in adulthood. However, early behavioral changes have not been well described in rodent models of infection, specifically with respect to social behavior. In the present work we show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge at 3 and 5days of age reduced overall social contact time in male juvenile rats, primarily mediated by the amount of contact they received from a novel conspecific. Given that there are important sensory, motor, and motivational components that underlie social interaction we sought to uncover the mechanism(s) responsible for the reduced social contact directed towards neonatal (n)LPS treated animals. Using an intranasal perfusion procedure, we induced a ZnSO4 lesion in a subset of novel conspecifics, effectively disrupting their olfactory processing via olfactory neuroepithelium degeneration. Overall, this procedure equalized the amount of social contact directed towards nLPS animals compared to nsaline rats. To determine whether nLPS disrupted auditory communication we evaluated ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for the total number and duration of calls, and the average duration and frequency from each vocalization recording. There were no differences in USVs across treatment groups. Treating nLPS rats with diazepam maintained the level of social contact they initiated, compared to the stress-induced decrease observed in their saline treated counterparts. However, diazepam did not stabilize the amount of contact directed towards them. Together, this indicates that neither vocalized motor pathways nor anxiety cues, mediated by auditory/motor communication, are involved in the social deficits following nLPS. Instead, our data suggest that olfactory indicators, likely mediated through microbiota/immunomodulatory scent signals underlie the reductions in social contact that follow neonatal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M MacRae
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, MCPHS University (formerly Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences), Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - W M Kenkel
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - A C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, MCPHS University (formerly Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences), Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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18
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Delay ER, Kondoh T. Dried bonito dashi: taste qualities evaluated using conditioned taste aversion methods in wild-type and T1R1 knockout mice. Chem Senses 2015; 40:125-40. [PMID: 25604941 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary taste of dried bonito dashi is thought to be umami, elicited by inosine 5'-monphosphate (IMP) and L-amino acids. The present study compared the taste qualities of 25% dashi with 5 basic tastes and amino acids using conditioned taste aversion methods. Although wild-type C57BL/6J mice with compromised olfactory systems generalized an aversion of dashi to all 5 basic tastes, generalization was greater to sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), and quinine (bitter) than to NaCl (salty) or monosodium L-glutamate (umami) with amiloride. At neutral pH (6.5-6.9), the aversion generalized to l-histidine, L-alanine, L-proline, glycine, L-aspartic acid, L-serine, and monosodium L-glutamate, all mixed with IMP. Lowering pH of the test solutions to 5.7-5.8 (matching dashi) with HCl decreased generalization to some amino acids. However, adding lactic acid to test solutions with the same pH increased generalization to 5'-inosine monophosphate, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, L-arginine, and taurine but eliminated generalization to L-histidine. T1R1 knockout mice readily learned the aversion to dashi and generalized the aversion to sucrose, citric acid, and quinine but not to NaCl, glutamate, or any amino acid. These results suggest that dashi elicits a complex taste in mice that is more than umami, and deleting T1R1 receptor altered but did not eliminate their ability to taste dashi. In addition, lactic acid may alter or modulate taste transduction or cell-to-cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Delay
- Department of Biology and Vermont Chemical Senses Group, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA and
| | - Takashi Kondoh
- Ajinomoto Integrative Research for Advanced Dieting, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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19
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Brann JH, Firestein SJ. A lifetime of neurogenesis in the olfactory system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:182. [PMID: 25018692 PMCID: PMC4071289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues well beyond embryonic and early postnatal ages in three areas of the nervous system. The subgranular zone supplies new neurons to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The subventricular zone supplies new interneurons to the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory neuroepithelia generate new excitatory sensory neurons that send their axons to the olfactory bulb. The latter two areas are of particular interest as they contribute new neurons to both ends of a first-level circuit governing olfactory perception. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium comprise the primary peripheral olfactory epithelia. These anatomically distinct areas share common features, as each exhibits extensive neurogenesis well beyond the juvenile phase of development. Here we will discuss the effect of age on the structural and functional significance of neurogenesis in the vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia, from juvenile to advanced adult ages, in several common model systems. We will next discuss how age affects the regenerative capacity of these neural stem cells in response to injury. Finally, we will consider the integration of newborn neurons into an existing circuit as it is modified by the age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Brann
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stuart J Firestein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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20
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Bracey EF, Pichler B, Schaefer AT, Wallace DJ, Margrie TW. Perceptual judgements and chronic imaging of altered odour maps indicate comprehensive stimulus template matching in olfaction. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2100. [PMID: 23820818 PMCID: PMC3715885 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion experiments suggest that odour input to the olfactory bulb contains significant redundant signal such that rodents can discern odours using minimal stimulus-related information. Here we investigate the dependence of odour-quality perception on the integrity of glomerular activity by comparing odour-evoked activity maps before and after epithelial lesions. Lesions prevent mice from recognizing previously experienced odours and differentially delay discrimination learning of unrecognized and novel odour pairs. Poor recognition results not from mice experiencing an altered concentration of an odour but from perception of apparent novel qualities. Consistent with this, relative intensity of glomerular activity following lesions is altered compared with maps recorded in shams and by varying odour concentration. Together, these data show that odour recognition relies on comprehensively matching input patterns to a previously generated stimulus template. When encountering novel odours, access to all glomerular activity ensures rapid generation of new templates to perform accurate perceptual judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Bracey
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, University Street, London, UK
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21
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Gribaudo S, Bovetti S, Friard O, Denorme M, Oboti L, Fasolo A, De Marchis S. Transitory and activity-dependent expression of neurogranin in olfactory bulb tufted cells during mouse postnatal development. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3055-69. [PMID: 22592880 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurogranin (Ng) is a brain-specific postsynaptic calmodulin-binding protein involved in synaptic activity-dependent plasticity. In the adult olfactory bulb (OB), Ng is expressed by a large population of GABAergic interneurons in the granule cell layer. We show here that, during postnatal development, Ng is also expressed by OB neurons in the superficial external plexiform layer (sEPL) and glomerular layer (GL). These Ng-positive neurons display morphological and neurochemical features of superficial and external tufted cells. Ng expression in these cells is transient during OB development: few elements express Ng at postnatal day (P) 5, increasing in number and reaching a peak at P10, then progressively decreasing. At P30, Ng is rarely detectable in these neurons. Ng expression in developing tufted cells is also modulated at the cellular level: at earlier stages, Ng labeling is distributed throughout the cell body and dendritic arborization in the GL, but, at P20, when the glomerular circuits are fully matured, Ng becomes restricted to the soma and proximal portion of tufted cell apical dendrites. We show that olfactory deprivation at early postnatal stages induces a strong increase in Ng-positive tufted cells from P10 to P20, whereas no changes have been observed following olfactory deprivation in adult mice. These findings demonstrate that Ng expression in sEPL-GL is restricted to developmental stages and indicate its activity-dependent regulation in a time window critical for glomerular circuit development, suggesting a role for Ng in maturation and dendritic remodeling of tufted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
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22
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Blanco-Hernández E, Valle-Leija P, Zomosa-Signoret V, Drucker-Colín R, Vidaltamayo R. Odor memory stability after reinnervation of the olfactory bulb. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46338. [PMID: 23071557 PMCID: PMC3468571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system, particularly the olfactory epithelium, presents a unique opportunity to study the regenerative capabilities of the brain, because of its ability to recover after damage. In this study, we ablated olfactory sensory neurons with methimazole and followed the anatomical and functional recovery of circuits expressing genetic markers for I7 and M72 receptors (M72-IRES-tau-LacZ and I7-IRES-tau-GFP). Our results show that 45 days after methimazole-induced lesion, axonal projections to the bulb of M72 and I7 populations are largely reestablished. Furthermore, regenerated glomeruli are re-formed within the same areas as those of control, unexposed mice. This anatomical regeneration correlates with functional recovery of a previously learned odorant-discrimination task, dependent on the cognate ligands for M72 and I7. Following regeneration, mice also recover innate responsiveness to TMT and urine. Our findings show that regeneration of neuronal circuits in the olfactory system can be achieved with remarkable precision and underscore the importance of glomerular organization to evoke memory traces stored in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Blanco-Hernández
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Pablo Valle-Leija
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Viviana Zomosa-Signoret
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, México
| | - René Drucker-Colín
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Román Vidaltamayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Diagnóstico Molecular y Medicina Personalizada, Universidad de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- * E-mail:
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Galliot E, Laurent L, Hacquemand R, Pourié G, Millot JL. Fear-like behavioral responses in mice in different odorant environments: Trigeminal versus olfactory mediation under low doses. Behav Processes 2012; 90:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Lyubartseva G, Lovell MA. A potential role for zinc alterations in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:98-106. [PMID: 22447723 PMCID: PMC3635097 DOI: 10.1002/biof.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the major causes of disability and mortality in Western societies, is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Increasing evidence suggests that the etiology of AD may involve disruptions of zinc (Zn) homeostasis. This review discusses current evidence supporting a potential role of Zn and zinc transporters (ZnTs) in processing of the amyloid beta protein precursor (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide generation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Lyubartseva
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71753, USA.
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Suzukawa K, Kondo K, Kanaya K, Sakamoto T, Watanabe K, Ushio M, Kaga K, Yamasoba T. Age-related changes of the regeneration mode in the mouse peripheral olfactory system following olfactotoxic drug methimazole-induced damage. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2154-74. [PMID: 21452219 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated age-related changes in the mode of regeneration in the mouse peripheral olfactory system after olfactotoxic drug-induced damage. Mice at postnatal ages of 10 days, 3 months, and 16 months were given an intraperitoneal injection of methimazole to produce damage in the olfactory neuroepithelium. The olfactory neuroepithelia were harvested and analyzed immunohistochemically at various postlesion timepoints, from 1 day through to 94 days, to investigate neuroepithelial cell proliferation, the time course of neuronal differentiation, the reconstitution of neuroepithelium, and the innervation of the olfactory bulb. Functional recovery was assessed using the vanillin avoidance behavioral test. The chronological pattern in the expression of Ki67, beta III tubulin, and olfactory marker protein, molecular markers for neuronal cell proliferation and differentiation, changed similarly among the different age groups. In contrast, the extent of neuroepithelial cell proliferation after injury decreased with age, and the final histological recovery of the olfactory neuroepithelium and the innervation of the olfactory bulb were significantly smaller in the 16-month-old group compared to the younger age groups. These results suggest that the age-related decline in the capacity of olfactory neuroepithelium to reconstitute neuroepithelium is associated with its age-related decrease in proliferative activity after the neuroepithelial injury rather than changes in the process of neuronal differentiation. In spite of these incomplete anatomical recoveries, 16-month-old mice regained the ability to avoid vanillin solution by 1 month postlesion, suggesting that the extent of anatomical epithelial damage is not necessarily proportional to the threshold of olfactory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Suzukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Buron G, Hacquemand R, Pourié G, Jacquot L, Brand G. Effects of pyridine inhalation exposure on olfactory epithelium in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 65:159-64. [PMID: 21917435 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory neurons in the nasal mucosa have the capacity to regenerate continuously along the lifespan by neurogenesis processes starting with progenitor cells close to the basal lamina. The cellular turnover into olfactory neuroepithelium may be modified by environmental stimuli insofar as nasal mucosa is directly in contact with airborne chemicals. However, few studies have been focused on selective changes, especially those concerning mature olfactory neurons and basal cells during specific inhalation exposure. Among chemicals, solvents are known to induce changes in smell abilities and concomitant histological and cellular modifications related to the type of molecule, concentration and time of exposure. This study was designed to characterize smell sensitivity (using behavioral tests) and immunohistochemical effects on olfactory neuroepithelium induced by pyridine exposure in mice. Olfactory marker protein (OMP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were used to characterize respectively mature olfactory neurons and basal cells. Results showed that inhalation exposure to pyridine had no impact on smell sensitivity whatever the concentration used and the time of exposure. These findings were in agreement with immunohistochemical measurements showing the same cellular kinetic whatever the condition of exposition to pyridine. Indeed, OMP-positive cells increased and PCNA-positive cells decreased as early as the beginning of exposure and cell amounts remained stable at this level until the end of exposure. These findings suggest that pyridine could have the property to rapidly activate a cellular turnover from basal cell progenitors. Rather than toxic effects, the present findings suggest that the metabolites of pyridine might have cell cycle activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buron
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, Place Leclerc, 25000 Besançon, France
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Hacquemand R, Jacquot L, Brand G. Comparative Fear-Related Behaviors to Predator Odors (TMT and Natural Fox Feces) before and after Intranasal ZnSO(4) Treatment in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:188. [PMID: 21206761 PMCID: PMC3013532 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility that synthetic 2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), frequently used to induce unconditioned fear in rodents, could be more a pungent odor activating intranasal trigeminal nerve fibers rather than a predator odor index is currently discussed. In order to explore this question, the present study compared fear-related behaviors to predator odors (synthetic 10% TMT and natural fox feces) and toluene (as an irritant compound without ecological significance) before and after intranasal ZnSO4 perfusion which is known to provoke transient anosmia. Results show that natural fox feces could be consider as a pure olfactory (CN I) nerve stimulant while 10% TMT appeared to be a mixed olfactory (CN I) and trigeminal (CN V) nerves stimulant with a great olfactory power and a low trigeminal power. These findings suggest that behavioral neuroscience studies should use concentrations lower than 10% TMT to obtain fear-related behaviors similar to those obtained with natural fox feces odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Hacquemand
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
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28
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Abstract
During normal and diseased aging, it is thought the capacity for tissue regeneration and repair in neuronal tissues diminishes. In the peripheral olfactory system, stem cell reservoirs permit regeneration of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons, a unique capacity among neurons. Following injury, a large number of new neurons can be regenerated in a young animal. However, it is unknown whether this capacity for renewal exists in aged proliferative populations. Here, we report that neuronal replacement-associated proliferation continues in the vomeronasal organ of aged (18-24 months) mice. In addition, the potential for the aged stem cell to yield a mature neuron persisted at the same rate as that observed in young animals. Furthermore, the robust regenerative capacity to respond to both acute and sustained injury following olfactory bulbectomy remains intact even in very old animals. Hence, the neuronal epithelium lining the vomeronasal organ is unique in that it contains stem cells capable of generating functional neurons throughout life and in the aged animal in particular. This persistent regenerative capacity provides hope for neuronal replacement therapies in the aged nervous system.
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Benardais K, Kasem B, Couegnas A, Samama B, Fernandez S, Schaeffer C, Antal MC, Job D, Schweitzer A, Andrieux A, Giersch A, Nehlig A, Boehm N. Loss of STOP protein impairs peripheral olfactory neurogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12753. [PMID: 20856814 PMCID: PMC2939889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background STOP (Stable Tubulin-Only Polypeptide) null mice show behavioral deficits, impaired synaptic plasticity, decrease in synaptic vesicular pools and disturbances in dopaminergic transmission, and are considered a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Olfactory neurons highly express STOP protein and are continually generated throughout life. Experimentally-induced loss of olfactory neurons leads to epithelial regeneration within two months, providing a useful model to evaluate the role played by STOP protein in adult olfactory neurogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy were used to study the structure of the glomerulus in the main olfactory bulb and neurogenesis in the neurosensorial epithelia. In STOP null mice, olfactory neurons showed presynaptic swellings with tubulovesicular profiles and autophagic-like structures. In olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia, there was an increase in neurons turnover, as shown by the increase in number of proliferating, apoptotic and immature cells with no changes in the number of mature neurons. Similar alterations in peripheral olfactory neurogenesis have been previously described in schizophrenia patients. In STOP null mice, regeneration of the olfactory epithelium did not modify these anomalies; moreover, regeneration resulted in abnormal organisation of olfactory terminals within the olfactory glomeruli in STOP null mice. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, STOP protein seems to be involved in the establishment of synapses in the olfactory glomerulus. Our results indicate that the olfactory system of STOP null mice is a well-suited experimental model (1) for the study of the mechanism of action of STOP protein in synaptic function/plasticity and (2) for pathophysiological studies of the mechanisms of altered neuronal connections in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Benardais
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Basem Kasem
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alice Couegnas
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brigitte Samama
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastien Fernandez
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Schaeffer
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria-Cristina Antal
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Job
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; iRTSV-GPC, CEA-Grenoble, France; Université Joseph Fourrier, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Schweitzer
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; iRTSV-GPC, CEA-Grenoble, France; Université Joseph Fourrier, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France; iRTSV-GPC, CEA-Grenoble, France; Université Joseph Fourrier, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Nelly Boehm
- INSERM U666, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Corps KN, Islam Z, Pestka JJ, Harkema JR. Neurotoxic, inflammatory, and mucosecretory responses in the nasal airways of mice repeatedly exposed to the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin roridin A: dose-response and persistence of injury. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:429-51. [PMID: 20430879 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310364026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins encountered in water-damaged buildings have been suggested to contribute to illnesses of the upper respiratory tract. Here, the authors characterized the adverse effects of repeated exposures to roridin A (RA), a representative macrocyclic trichothecene, on the nasal airways of mice and assessed the persistence of these effects. Young, adult, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to single daily, intranasal, instillations of RA (0.4, 2, 10, or 50 microg/kg body weight [bw]) in saline (50 microl) or saline alone (controls) over 3 weeks or 250 microg/kg RA over 2 weeks. Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and morphometric analyses of nasal airways conducted 24 hr after the last instillation revealed that the lowest-effect level was 10 microg/kg bw. RA exposure induced a dose-dependent, neutrophilic rhinitis with mucus hypersecretion, atrophy and exfoliation of nasal transitional and respiratory epithelium, olfactory epithelial atrophy and loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In a second study, the persistence of lesions in mice instilled with 250 microg/kg bw RA was assessed. Nasal inflammation and excess luminal mucus were resolved after 3 weeks, but OSN loss was still evident in olfactory epithelium (OE). These results suggest that nasal inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and olfactory neurotoxicity could be important adverse health effects associated with short-term, repeated, airborne exposures to macrocyclic trichothecenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N Corps
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Bondier JR, Michel G, Propper A, Badot PM. Harmful effects of cadmium on olfactory system in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 20:1169-77. [PMID: 18951233 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802207292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of certain metals can result in olfactory epithelial injury, an altered sense of smell, and direct delivery of the metal from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs and other parts of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to examine whether mice given an intranasal instillation of cadmium would develop altered olfactory function and to assess whether cadmium may be transported directly from the olfactory epithelium to the central nervous system. To evaluate cadmium's ability to induce anosmia and on the basis of olfactory epithelium sensitivity to metals, the aim of this study was first to study cadmium effects on the olfactory function and secondly to check whether cadmium may be transported from the nasal area to the central nervous system. After an intranasal instillation of a solution containing CdCl2 at 136 mM, we observed in treated mice: (1) a partial destruction of the olfactory epithelium, which is reduced to three or four basal cell layers followed by a progressive regeneration; (2) a loss of odor discrimination with a subsequent recovery; and (3) a cadmium uptake by olfactory bulbs demonstrated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, but not by other parts of the central nervous system. Cadmium was delivered to the olfactory bulbs, most likely along the olfactory nerve, thereby bypassing the intact blood-brain barrier. We consider that cadmium can penetrate olfactory epithelium and hence be transported to olfactory bulbs. The olfactory route could therefore be a likely way to reach the brain and should be taken into account for occupational risk assessments for this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Robert Bondier
- Laboratoirede Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, Place du Maréchal Leclerc, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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Buron G, Hacquemand R, Pourié G, Brand G. Carbon dioxide effects on olfactory functioning: behavioral, histological and immunohistochemical measurements. Toxicol Lett 2009; 188:251-7. [PMID: 19406222 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on toxic inhalation focus on solvent effects and few have dealt with gases on olfactory functioning. Among gases, the effects of carbon dioxide on general physiology have been well investigated contrary to the impact on olfactory neuroepithelium. Thus, this work was designed to evaluate in mice the possible effects of 3% CO(2) in two exposure periods: a 5h/day and a 12h/day conditions. Behavioral, histological and immunohistochemical observations were conducted every 2 weeks, i.e. before (W0), during (W2, W4) and after exposure (W6, W8). Firstly, behavioral evaluations of odor sensitivity showed differences in relation to the odor tested, i.e. no effect with congener urine odor and a reinforcement of 2,4,5-trimethythiazoline (TMT) (predator odor) repulsion. Secondly, histological evaluations showed a similar evolution of the epithelium thickness, i.e. a decrease along the exposure as well as during the post-exposure period and an increase of cell number (whatever the phenotype) although the kinetic appeared different in both experimental conditions. Thirdly, immunohistochemical quantification of olfactory marker protein (OMP)- and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells revealed that the number of mature olfactory neurons increased at the early beginning of exposure period in both conditions. While a decrease was observed in the following weeks (W4-W8) for the 12h/day condition, a stable amount of OMP-positive cells was maintained in the 5h/day condition. In contrast, the number of PCNA-positive cells followed a similar evolution, i.e. a constant decrease along the experiment. These findings indicate that the effects of CO(2) inhalation exposure are selectively dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buron
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, Place Leclerc, Besançon, France
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Distribution and severity of spontaneous lesions in the neuroepithelium and Bowman's glands in mouse olfactory mucosa: age-related progression. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 335:489-503. [PMID: 19142664 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes were examined in the distribution and severity of spontaneous lesions in the neuroepithelium and Bowman's glands in mouse olfactory mucosa. The olfactory mucosa of female ICR mice at postnatal ages from 10 days to 16 months were investigated histologically by hematoxylin and eosin staining, high-iron diamine-Alcian blue (HID-AB) staining, and immunohistochemistry for olfactory marker protein (OMP), betaIII tubulin (betaIIIT), and Ki67. The lesions in the neuroepithelium and Bowman's glands were quantitatively assessed by morphometric analyses of sections stained with anti-OMP antibody or HID-AB. The first appearance of neuroepithelial abnormality was observed in the dorsomedial portion of the olfactory mucosa in 5-month-old mice. The distribution and severity of lesions progressed with increasing age. In mildly affected epithelium in which OMP-positive olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) were present but in smaller amounts, the numbers of betaIIIT-positive and Ki67-positive neuroepithelial cells tended to be increased, indicating that neurogenesis was upregulated in these areas. In contrast, severely affected epithelium in which OMP-positive ORNs were virtually absent showed high variability in the numbers of betaIIIT- and Ki67-positive cells among the areas examined, probably reflecting differences in the capacity of the basal cells remaining in the affected area to generate new neuronal cells. Histological analysis with HID-AB revealed that spontaneous lesions in Bowman's glands also occurred in aged mouse olfactory mucosa. Lesions in the neuroepithelium and underlying Bowman's glands tended to be spatially co-localized, suggesting a close association between pathogeneses in these two structures. Moreover, lesions in Bowman's glands were associated with changes in the biochemical composition of mucus on the olfactory mucosa. This information should prove useful in improving the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying age-related changes in the peripheral olfactory system.
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Yamasaki A, Sugahara K, Takemoto T, Ikeda T, Yamashita H. Effect of Ninjin-yoei-to (Rensheng-Yangrong-Tang) on olfactory behavior after olfactory nerve transection. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:358-366. [PMID: 17920255 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT), a Japanese traditional medicine, is used to treat athrepsia due to surgery, anorexia, cold constitution, and anemia. There are reports of the effects of NYT on the nervous system; however, there have been no behavioral studies of the effect of NYT on olfactory function. The olfactory system undergoes continuous replacement of sensory neurons. Morphologic and behavioral studies have shown that the olfactory system recovers after bilateral olfactory nerve transection (BNX). However, in the humans, olfactory function does not always recover. In this study, we examined the effect of oral NYT on behavioral recovery after BNX. Fourteen mice were subjected to BNX. The regular diet was mixed with 2% NYT (NYT diet). Mice were separated into two groups; seven mice were fed the regular diet (control group), and seven mice were fed the NYT diet (NYT group). NYT was administered beginning 7 days prior to BNX and continuing for 35 days after BNX. Mice in both groups had free access to food and water. Olfactory function was evaluated by testing each mouse's ability to avoid cotton balls treated with acetic acid. After BNX, mice lost their ability to avoid cotton balls treated with acetic acid. In the control group, the time for behavioral recovery after BNX was 28 days. In the NYT group, the time for behavioral recovery after BNX was 21 days. NYT hastened behavioral recovery after BNX. NYT may have therapeutic benefits for patients with olfactory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigo Yamasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Lombion S, Morand-Villeneuve N, Millot JL. Effects of anti-depressants on olfactory sensitivity in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:629-32. [PMID: 18053629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Some studies have underlined a decrease in olfactory sensitivity in patients suffering from depression. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of current anti-depressant drugs on the olfactory sensitivity in mice. METHODS MICE: (N degrees =22) were tested in a Y-maze with a choice between an odorant (butanol) or distilled water before and during 3 weeks of daily intra-peritoneal injection of either citalopram or clomipramine. Their performance was compared with those of a control group (N degrees =11) injected with a saline solution. RESULTS The results showed a significant decrease in olfactory sensitivity with both anti-depressants during the three weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The antidepressant induced alteration in serotonin and/or noradrenaline transmission in the olfactory bulb may account for the altered olfactory sensitivity observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lombion
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, 1 Place Leclerc, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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Takahata T, Hashikawa T, Higo N, Tochitani S, Yamamori T. Difference in sensory dependence of occ1/Follistatin-related protein expression between macaques and mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2007; 35:146-57. [PMID: 17950574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
occ1/Follistatin-related protein (Frp) is strongly expressed in the primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque monkeys, and its expression is strongly down-regulated by intraocular tetrodotoxin (TTX) injection. The pronounced area selectivity of occ1/Frp mRNA expression occurs in macaques and marmosets, but not in mice, rabbits and ferrets, suggesting that occ1/Frp is an important clue to the evolution of the primate cerebral cortex. To further determine species differences, we examined the sensory-input dependency of occ1/Frp mRNA expression in mice in comparison with macaque V1. In macaque V1, occ1/Frp mRNA expression level significantly decreased with even 1-day monocular deprivation (MD) by TTX injection. In contrast to that in macaques, however, the occ1/Frp mRNA expression in the visual cortex in mice was not down-regulated by 1- to 7-day MD by TTX injection. Similarly, MD had no effect on occ1/Frp mRNA expression level in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of mice. In addition, the extirpation of the cochlear or olfactory epithelium had no effect on occ1/Frp mRNA expression in either the cochlear nucleus or the olfactory bulb in mice. Thus, occ1/Frp mRNA expression is independent of sensory-input in mice. The results suggest that activity-dependent occ1/Frp mRNA expression is not common between mice and monkeys, and that primate V1 has acquired a unique gene regulatory mechanism that enables a rapid response to environmental changes. The characteristic feature of the activity dependency of occ1/Frp mRNA expression is discussed, in comparison with that of the expression of the immediate-early genes, c-fos and zif268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takahata
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaijicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Watanabe K, Kondo K, Takeuchi N, Okano H, Yamasoba T. Musashi-1 expression in postnatal mouse olfactory epithelium. Neuroreport 2007; 18:641-4. [PMID: 17426590 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280bef7e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the age-related change in the distribution of a molecular marker for neural stem and precursor cells, Musashi-1, in the olfactory epithelium of mice from 1 day up to 16 months of age using immunohistochemistry. We also compared the distribution pattern of Musashi-1 with that of growth-associated protein 43, the olfactory marker protein, and Notch-1. Musashi-1 was expressed in the globose basal cell layer and the lower part of the growth-associated protein 43-positive layer, with immunoreactivity decreasing with aging. Notch-1 was observed only in the early postnatal period. These findings are consistent with the fact that globose basal cells are proliferating olfactory precursor cells and that their ability to generate new neurons decreases with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mucignat-Caretta C, Bondí M, Caretta A. Time course of alterations after olfactory bulbectomy in mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 89:637-43. [PMID: 16973183 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory bulbectomy in rodents causes behavioral alterations, which result in a model of depression, validated for pharmacological screening of antidepressant drugs. To unravel the appearance and time course of the major behavioral effects which follow surgery, mice underwent olfactory bulb ablation or sham operation, and were analyzed after 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Bulbectomized (BX) mice were anosmic, and hyperactive when tested under stressful situations in the forced swimming test. Predatory aggression was upregulated in a time-dependent way: only after 4 weeks BX mice were faster than controls in attacking prey. At the same time, they were less aggressive against intruders; they did not differ from controls in open field exploration, but displayed a cognitive impairment in water maze. Behavioral tests thus indicated a marked hyperreactivity, a dissociation among different aggressive behaviors, and also a cognitive impairment induced by bulbectomy. Histological confirmation of the damage revealed that major modifications took place in the rostral pole of frontal lobes, with a significant increase in the width of the rostral migratory stream, 2 weeks after surgery, and in the subventricular zone, 4 weeks after surgery. These results suggest a base for the time-course of appearance of behavioral symptoms in BX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
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Jacquot L, Pourie G, Buron G, Monnin J, Brand G. Effects of toluene inhalation exposure on olfactory functioning: behavioral and histological assessment. Toxicol Lett 2006; 165:57-65. [PMID: 16567067 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to pollutant or toxic substances is known to induce adverse health effects but few studies have been devoted to study the impact on olfactory functioning although neuroreceptors in the nasal cavity are directly in contact with volatile molecules. Thus, this work was designed to evaluate in mice the potential modifications of the olfactory functioning during (1 month) and after (1 month) a prolonged toluene exposure at both sensitive/perceptive and cellular levels. Mice were exposed to 1000ppm of toluene for 5h/day, 5days/week for 4 weeks. Firstly, behavioral evaluation (T-maze test) to toluene sensitivity showed a constant decrease during all the 4 weeks of exposure (W1-W4) which continued during 2 weeks after the exposure (W5, W6). In contrast, during the last 2 weeks of the experiment (W7, W8), the sensitivity of mice to toluene went back to normal. Secondly, structural modifications, i.e. density of cells and thickness of olfactory epithelium were observed soon after the outset of exposure. The number of cells did not change at the beginning of exposure (W1, W2), decreased markedly later (W3, W4), increased significantly the first week of the recovery period (W5) and stayed stable during the following weeks (W6-W8). Concerning the thickness of neuroepithelium, the results at W1 showed a decrease followed by an increase suggesting an inflammatory process (W2, W3). In contrast, the results of W4 revealed an abrupt decrease of the thickness whereas the return to normal arose immediately at the outset of recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacquot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté-Place Leclerc, 25000 Besançon, France
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Bettini S, Ciani F, Franceschini V. Recovery of the olfactory receptor neurons in the African Tilapia mariae following exposure to low copper level. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 76:321-8. [PMID: 16309755 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of Cu(2+) are known to specifically cause olfactory neuron death in fish olfactory epithelium. This study investigated the morphological changes in the olfactory mucosa of the cichlid Tilapia mariae, after a 4-day exposure to different concentrations of Cu(2+) (20, 40 and 100 microg/l), and the regeneration time-frame, when fish exposed to 20 microg/l were returned to dechlorinated tap water. Light microscopy, combined with Fluoro Jade-B staining, permitted the observation of a dose-dependent damage which became less severe and more circumscribed to receptor cells when Cu(2+) concentration decreased. The regeneration process in the olfactory tissue was examined in fish after 0, 3, and 10 days of recovery in well water. Immunostaining with PCNA showed a massive mitotic activity in the basal region of the mucosa immediately after exposure was terminated. The mitotically produced elements were immature neurons since they expressed the neural growth-associated phosphoprotein GAP-43. After 3 days of recovery the nuclei had already completed their migration to the upper portion of the epithelium and mitotic activity was much less intensive. After 10 days the olfactory tissue did not present differences when compared to the control tissue. These results suggest that after 10 days the regeneration is completed and the integrity of the tissue restored.
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Bon K, Adami P, Esnard F, Jouvenot M, Versaux-Bottéri C. Olfactory epithelium destruction by ZnSO4 modified sulfhydryl oxidase expression in mice. Neuroreport 2005; 16:179-82. [PMID: 15671873 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200502080-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental destruction of olfactory neurons stimulates proliferation and differentiation of local neural precursors and is used as a model to study in vivo mechanisms for degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. Quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidases (QSOX) have a potential role in the control of the cell cycle or growth regulation and have recently been described in the central nervous system. In mice, we show an expression of QSOX in olfactory mucosa. Northern- and western-blot analysis show that the destruction of olfactory epithelium is associated with a reversible reduction in QSOX expression. Interestingly, QSOX is not localized in olfactory neurons (ON) but in cells of the lamina propria, suggesting that olfactory epithelium destruction may act as a signal of down-regulation of QSOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, EA 481, IFR133, Université de Franche-Comté, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 1 Place Maréchal Leclerc, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury results from a sudden and external physical insult to the head, which is often accompanied by motor and cognitive impairment. Neurotrauma is characterized not only by focal abnormalities, but rather by multifocal, or even global structural and functional disturbances of the brain network. The impact initially causes necrotic cell death in the underlying tissue, followed by apoptotic cell death in the surrounding tissue due to multiple subsequent events, such as ischemia, excitotoxicity and altered gene expression. These pathological conditions are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite the high medical and economical relevance of neurotrauma there are currently no sufficient treatments. Supplementary therapeutic strategies have to be established. Many types of stem cells have the ability to engraft diffusely and become integral members of structures throughout the host CNS. Intrinsic factors appear to derive spontaneously from stem cells and seem to be capable of neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative functions. Furthermore stem cells can be readily engineered to express specific genes. Such observations suggest that stem cells might participate in reconstructing the molecular and cellular milieu of traumatized brains. In this paper, the state of stem cell research is reviewed and its possible application in neurotrauma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brodhun
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Bachstrasse 18, Jena 07740, Germany.
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Mucignat-Caretta C, Bondi' M, Caretta A. Animal models of depression: olfactory lesions affect amygdala, subventricular zone, and aggression. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:386-95. [PMID: 15193295 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric or depressed patients show alterations in both olfactory projection areas and mucosa. In rodents, ablation of olfactory bulbs causes a depression-like syndrome, useful to test antidepressant agents. We studied in mice the behavioral symptoms and neuroanatomical correlates after mucosal damage or ablation of the olfactory bulb. Our results are based on a battery of tests exploiting anxious, aggressive, and depressive behavior, on morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. We found similar results in both sensory-damaged and bulbectomized animals, with a behavioral dissociation concerning different forms of aggression. These findings do not support a simple downregulation of social interactions in damaged mice. The most prominent modifications in the brains of sensory damaged and bulbectomized mice are detected in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the source area of neural stem cells, and in the content of cAMP-dependent protein kinase within the amygdala, suggesting a central role of this structure in the functional modulation of behavior.
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Giannetti N, Moyse E, Ducray A, Bondier JR, Jourdan F, Propper A, Kastner A. Accumulation of Ym1/2 protein in the mouse olfactory epithelium during regeneration and aging. Neuroscience 2004; 123:907-17. [PMID: 14751284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A unique feature of the olfactory system is its efficiency to produce new neurons in the adult. Thus, destruction of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) using chemical (intranasal perfusion with ZnSO4) or surgical (axotomy or bulbectomy) methods, leads to an enhanced rate of proliferation of their progenitors and to complete ORNs regeneration. The aim of our study was to identify new factors implied in this regenerative process. Using an electrophoretic method, we observed the accumulation of a 42 kDa protein after axotomy in the olfactory mucosa, but not in the olfactory bulb. Its expression started after a few days following injury and increased massively during the phase of ORN regeneration. The purification and the sequence characterization revealed that this protein was Ym1/2, recently identified in activated macrophages present in various tissues during inflammation. Western blotting analysis of Ym1/2 confirmed the accumulation of this protein in the regenerating olfactory mucosa consecutively to olfactory axotomy or bulbectomy but also after ZnSO4 irrigation of the nasal cavity. In the olfactory mucosa of control mice, Ym1/2 was hardly detectable in young animals and became more and more abundant with increasing age. In injured and aged mice, Ym1/2 mainly accumulates in the cytoplasm of supporting cells as well as in other cells located throughout the olfactory epithelium. Our results suggest that Ym1/2 is involved in olfactory epithelium remodeling following several kinds of lesions of the adult olfactory mucosa and support the view of a critical role of inflammatory cues in neurodegeneration and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giannetti
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, EA 481, UFR Sciences et Techniques, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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Zatta P, Lucchini R, van Rensburg SJ, Taylor A. The role of metals in neurodegenerative processes: aluminum, manganese, and zinc. Brain Res Bull 2004; 62:15-28. [PMID: 14596888 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until the last decade, little attention was given by the neuroscience community to the neurometabolism of metals. However, the neurobiology of heavy metals is now receiving growing interest, since it has been linked to major neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review some metals that could possibly be involved in neurodegeneration are discussed. Two of them, manganese and zinc, are essential metals while aluminum is non-essential. Aluminum has long been known as a neurotoxic agent. It is an etiopathogenic factor in diseases related to long-term dialysis treatment, and it has been controversially invoked as an aggravating factor or cofactor in Alzheimer's disease as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases. Manganese exposure can play an important role in causing Parkinsonian disturbances, possibly enhancing physiological aging of the brain in conjunction with genetic predisposition. An increased environmental burden of manganese may have deleterious effects on more sensitive subgroups of the population, with sub-threshold neurodegeneration in the basal ganglia, generating a pre-Parkinsonian condition. In the case of zinc, there has as yet been no evidence that it is involved in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Zinc is redox-inactive and, as a result of efficient homeostatic control, does not accumulate in excess. However, adverse symptoms in humans are observed on inhalation of zinc fumes, or accidental ingestion of unusually large amounts of zinc. Also, high concentrations of zinc have been found to kill bacteria, viruses, and cultured cells. Some of the possible mechanisms for cell death are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zatta
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Metalloproteins Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Williams SK, Franklin RJM, Barnett SC. Response of olfactory ensheathing cells to the degeneration and regeneration of the peripheral olfactory system and the involvement of the neuregulins. J Comp Neurol 2004; 470:50-62. [PMID: 14755525 DOI: 10.1002/cne.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the proliferative response of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to olfactory receptor neuron injury induced by zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) irrigation and related the response of OECs within the peripheral system to the inflammatory response induced by injury and the expression profile of neuregulins. After ZnSO4 treatment, degeneration in the epithelium is reproducible and rapid, with regeneration following after 4 days, and is morphologically complete by 5 weeks. Changes in the olfactory bulb are less dramatic, although degeneration of both the outer and the glomerular layers occurred. Treatment also induced a marked inflammatory response in both the epithelium and the bulb. Unlike Schwann cell changes associated with Wallerian degeneration, OECs did not proliferate or obviously migrate within the olfactory system in response to axonal loss, suggesting that the new nerves generated from the epithelium regrow back through conduits already formed by the glia. Expression of neuregulin 1alpha was maintained in the nerve by OECs, and changes in neuregulin 1 mRNA and erbB2 mRNA expression were detected, indicating that these growth factors may play a role in the regeneration of the peripheral olfactory system but not in OEC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Williams
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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Sugaya K. Potential use of stem cells in neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 228:1-30. [PMID: 14667041 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)28001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of stem cells for neuroreplacement therapy is no longer science fiction--it is science fact. We have succeeded in the development of neural and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to produce neural cells in the brain. We have also seen improvement in cognitive function following stem cell transplantation in a memory-impaired aged animal model. These results promise a bright future for stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Before we begin to think about clinical applications beyond the present preclinical studies, we have to consider the pathophysiological environment of individual diseases and weigh the factors that affect stem cell biology. Here, I not only review potential therapeutic applications of stem cell strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, but also discuss stem cell biology regarding factors that are altered under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminobu Sugaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, The Psychiatric Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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