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Howarth ERI, Szott ID, Witham CL, Wilding CS, Bethell EJ. Genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin, dopamine and opioid pathways influence social attention in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288108. [PMID: 37531334 PMCID: PMC10395878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Behaviour has a significant heritable component; however, unpicking the variants of interest in the neural circuits and molecular pathways that underpin these has proven difficult. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between known and new candidate genes from identified pathways and key behaviours for survival in 109 adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Eight genes involved in emotion were analysed for variation at a total of nine loci. Genetic data were then correlated with cognitive and observational measures of behaviour associated with wellbeing and survival using MCMC-based Bayesian GLMM in R, to account for relatedness within the macaque population. For four loci the variants genotyped were length polymorphisms (SLC6A4 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter length-polymorphic repeat (5-HTTLPR), SLC6A4 STin polymorphism, Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)) whilst for the other five (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A), Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4), Oxytocin receptor (OXTR), Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1a), Opioid receptor mu(μ) 1 (OPRM1)) SNPs were analysed. STin genotype, DRD4 haplotype and OXTR haplotype were significantly associated with the cognitive and observational measures of behaviour associated with wellbeing and survival. Genotype for 5-HTTLPR, STin and AVPR1a, and haplotype for HTR2A, DRD4 and OXTR were significantly associated with the duration of behaviours including fear and anxiety. Understanding the biological underpinnings of individual variation in negative emotion (e.g., fear and anxiety), together with their impact on social behaviour (e.g., social attention including vigilance for threat) has application for managing primate populations in the wild and captivity, as well as potential translational application for understanding of the genetic basis of emotions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline R. I. Howarth
- Research Centre in Brain and Behaviour, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle D. Szott
- Research Centre in Brain and Behaviour, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Witham
- Centre for Macaques, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S. Wilding
- Biodiversity and Conservation Group, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. Bethell
- Research Centre in Brain and Behaviour, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Sudden infant death syndrome revisited: serotonin transporter gene, polymorphisms and promoter methylation. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:694-699. [PMID: 34764460 PMCID: PMC9556327 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on findings in the brain stems of SIDS victims, the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been discussed to be associated with SIDS. METHODS In the largest study to date, we investigated the promoter length (5-HTTLPR) and intron 2 VNTR polymorphisms in 274 cases and 264 controls and the Ile425Val polymorphism in 65 cases and 64 controls. Moreover, the methylation of the internal promoter region was investigated in 35 cases and 14 controls. RESULTS For 5-HTTLPR, we observed a trend towards an association of allele L (58.8% vs. 53.4%) with SIDS and significant results were observed after stratifying for age, season at death, and prone position. Nevertheless, when pooling all published data, a significant association of allele L with SIDS is confirmed (p: 0.001). For the intron 2 VNTR polymorphism, no significant differences were observed. After pooling, a significant accumulation of the rare allele 9 was observed in SIDS (2.1% vs. 0.6%; p: 0.018). For the Ile425Val polymorphism, no differences were observed. CONCLUSION We conclude that genetic variation at this gene might be of some importance in SIDS. Epigenetic analysis of the internal promoter, however, revealed no influence on the relative risk to succumb to SIDS. IMPACT This is the largest study published up to now on 5-HTT gene polymorphisms and SIDS. Polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene appear to contribute (although to a small degree) to the risk to die from SIDS. There is no evidence that a methylation of the promoter region is of impact for the etiology of SIDS.
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Eslami Rasekh M, Hernández Y, Drinan SD, Fuxman Bass J, Benson G. Genome-wide characterization of human minisatellite VNTRs: population-specific alleles and gene expression differences. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4308-4324. [PMID: 33849068 PMCID: PMC8096271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are tandem repeat (TR) loci that vary in copy number across a population. Using our program, VNTRseek, we analyzed human whole genome sequencing datasets from 2770 individuals in order to detect minisatellite VNTRs, i.e., those with pattern sizes ≥7 bp. We detected 35 638 VNTR loci and classified 5676 as commonly polymorphic (i.e. with non-reference alleles occurring in >5% of the population). Commonly polymorphic VNTR loci were found to be enriched in genomic regions with regulatory function, i.e. transcription start sites and enhancers. Investigation of the commonly polymorphic VNTRs in the context of population ancestry revealed that 1096 loci contained population-specific alleles and that those could be used to classify individuals into super-populations with near-perfect accuracy. Search for quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), among the VNTRs proximal to genes, indicated that in 187 genes expression differences correlated with VNTR genotype. We validated our predictions in several ways, including experimentally, through the identification of predicted alleles in long reads, and by comparisons showing consistency between sequencing platforms. This study is the most comprehensive analysis of minisatellite VNTRs in the human population to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yözen Hernández
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Juan I Fuxman Bass
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gary Benson
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Vincentiis S, Alcantara JA, Rzezak P, Kerr DS, Gattaz WF, van der Linden H, Dos Santos B, Arruda F, Chaim-Avancini T, Serpa MH, Fernandes F, Moreno RA, Busatto GF, Alessi R, Demarque R, Valente KD. Genetic polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter are not related with depression in temporal lobe epilepsy caused by hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 117:107854. [PMID: 33639436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders are the most frequent psychiatric disorders in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy caused by hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). The pathophysiological mechanisms in common between TLE and mood disorders include abnormalities in the serotonergic pathway. We aimed to evaluate the association between serotonin transporter genetic polymorphisms - 5-HTTLPR and 5-HTTVNTR - and the presence of mood disorders in patients with TLE-HS. METHODS We evaluated 119 patients with TLE-HS, with and without psychiatric disorder; 146 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 113 healthy volunteers. Individuals were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR and 5-HTTVNTR polymorphisms. RESULTS No difference was observed between the TLE-HS groups, healthy controls, and MDD without epilepsy. There was a correlation between the 12-allele of the 5-HTTVNTR and the family history of patients with epilepsy with TLE-HS (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS In this study conducted in two Brazilian centers, the serotonin transporter polymorphisms evaluated cannot be associated with depressive disorder in patients with TLE-HS. Still, they do have some influence over some clinical characteristics of epilepsy in TLE-HS. These data may not be reproduced in other populations with distinct ethnic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vincentiis
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Juliana A Alcantara
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rzezak
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Kerr
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Helio van der Linden
- Goiania Neurological Institute, Praça Gilson Alves de Souza, 140, Setor Bueno, Goiania, GO 74210-250, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Francisco Arruda
- Goiania Neurological Institute, Praça Gilson Alves de Souza, 140, Setor Bueno, Goiania, GO 74210-250, Brazil
| | - Tiffany Chaim-Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Mauricio H Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandes
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Moreno
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Ruda Alessi
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Renata Demarque
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Kette D Valente
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira Cesar, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-010, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Hu D, Chen W, Xue H, Du Y. Prenatal Tobacco Exposure Modulated the Association of Genetic variants with Diagnosed ADHD and its symptom domain in children: A Community Based Case-Control Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4274. [PMID: 30862909 PMCID: PMC6414688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that prenatal tobacco smoking exposure (PSE) could modulate the association of genetic variants with ADHD. A community based case-control study was conducted among Chinese children and 168 ADHD patients and 233 controls were recruited by using combination diagnosis of DSM-IV, SNAP-IV and semi-structured clinical interview. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of prenatal tobacco smoking exposure and genotype frequencies on ADHD susceptibility individually by adjustment for potential confounders. Multiplicative and additive interaction analysis were performed to evaluate the interactions between risk genes and PSE with regard to ADHD. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure was a significant risk factor of ADHD even after adjusted for other potential confounders. ADRA2A rs553668, DRD2 rs1124491 and SLC6A4 rs6354 were identified to be associated with ADHD. A significant multiplicative and additive gene-environment interactions were observed between the PSE and the ADRA2A rs553668 in relation to ADHD and ADHD-ODD. The risk of the genetic variants in ADHD was increased significantly if the child had prenatal tobacco exposure. The genetic risk for ADHD could be influenced by the presence of environmental risks. The environmental and the genetic risks are not distinct to each other. More gene-environment interaction studies were needed to reveal the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Hospital of Maternal and Child Health of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Xue
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yukai Du
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
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Xu FL, Wang BJ, Yao J. Association between the SLC6A4 gene and schizophrenia: an updated meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:143-155. [PMID: 30643413 PMCID: PMC6314053 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s190563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to explore the association between the SLC6A4 gene and the risk of schizophrenia, an updated meta-analysis was conducted using a total of 46 scientific articles. METHODS Through a literature search, papers studied included 35 articles on serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) with 8,752 cases and 10,610 controls, 17 articles on second intron variable number of tandem repeats with 7,284 cases and 8,544 controls, four studies on rs1042173 with 1,351 cases and 2,101 controls, and four studies on rs140700 with 1,770 cases and 2,386 controls. Pooled, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were performed, and the results were visualized by forest and funnel plots. RESULTS An association between 5-HTTLPR and the risk of schizophrenia was not found, except for an Indian subgroup analysis (Pz =0.014, OR =1.749, 95% CI =1.120-2.731). A 10 repeats/12 repeats (10R/12R) genotype was a protective factor against schizophrenia (Pz =0.020, OR =0.789, 95% CI =0.646-0.963), but a 12R/12R genotype was a risk factor for schizophrenia (Pz =0.004, OR =1.936, 95% CI =1.238-3.029) in the pooled analyses. In Caucasians, a GG genotype of rs1042173 may be a risk factor for schizophrenia (Pz =0.006, OR =1.299, 95% CI =1.079-1.565). No association was found between rs140700 and the risk for schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Through meta-analysis, we were able to gain insight into previously reported associations between SLC6A4 polymorphism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China, ;
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Gomes CKF, Vieira-Fonseca T, Melo-Felippe FB, de Salles Andrade JB, Fontenelle LF, Kohlrausch FB. Association analysis of SLC6A4 and HTR2A genes with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Influence of the STin2 polymorphism. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:1-6. [PMID: 29331882 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex and chronic disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. Given the potent anti-obsessional effects of the so-called serotonin reuptake inhibitors, genes related to serotonergic system may be well implicated in the etiopathogenesis of OCD. The gene encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), which shows a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 2 (STin2), have been previously associated with OCD. Additionally, the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) has two polymorphisms (A-1438G - rs6311, and T102C - rs6313), which have also been overrepresented among OCD patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the association of these three polymorphisms with OCD, through the examination of potential sources of heterogeneity in previous studies including age of onset, sex and symptom dimensions. METHODS Polymorphisms were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in a sample of 203 OCD patients and 205 healthy controls from Brazil. RESULTS Although we did not observe any statistically significant association between the HTR2A gene polymorphisms and OCD or its clinical features, SLC6A4 STin2 polymorphism was significantly more common among OCD patients as compared to health controls. Further, a significant association between the STin2.12 allele and OCD, as well as a dominant effect of the STin2.12 allele in OCD was seen. Of note, late-onset (>18years) OCD was significantly more often seen in association with homozygosis for STin2.12 allele. No significant associations were observed with different OCD symptom dimensions. CONCLUSION Our results indicate an important influence of the STin2 polymorphism in OCD, but more studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamiris Vieira-Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brito Melo-Felippe
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Juliana Braga de Salles Andrade
- Programa de Transtornos Obsessivo-Compulsivos e de Ansiedade, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Programa de Transtornos Obsessivo-Compulsivos e de Ansiedade, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Psychological Sciences, MONASH University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fabiana Barzotti Kohlrausch
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.
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Lee EJ, Oh MS, Kim JS, Chang DI, Park JH, Cha JK, Heo JH, Sohn SI, Kim DE, Kim HY, Kim J, Seo WK, Lee J, Park SW, Kim YJ, Lee BC. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms may be associated with poststroke neurological recovery after escitalopram use. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:271-276. [PMID: 29030421 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) putatively improve neurological recovery after stroke. We aimed to investigate whether serotonin transporter (SERT) gene polymorphisms are related to the responsiveness to SSRIs in the poststroke neurological recovery. METHODS This was a post hoc analysis of the EMOTION study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01278498), a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial examining the efficacy of escitalopram on emotional and neurological disturbances after acute stroke. Patients with no/minimal disability initially (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-1) were excluded. Of the participants, 301 underwent genetic studies of the STin2 (a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in intron 2) (STin2 12/10 and STin2 12/12 genotypes) and 5-HTTLPR (a variable-length repeat in the promoter region) polymorphisms of SERT. We explored whether neurological function (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and mRS) at 3 months would differ according to SERT polymorphisms within each treatment arm (escitalopram and placebo). RESULTS Among the escitalopram users (n=159), neurological function in subjects with STin2 12/10 (n=29) improved significantly more than that in STin2 12/12 carriers (n=130) at 3 months. After adjusting for age, initial NIHSS and depression, STin2 12/10 independently predicted a good clinical outcome (mRS 0-1) (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.04 to 8.58) at 3 months. However, differences between STin2 polymorphisms were not shown in the placebo group (n=142). 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms were not associated with neurological recovery in any treatment group. CONCLUSION STin2 VNTR polymorphisms may be associated with poststroke neurological recovery after SSRI therapy. Further studies are needed to identify the role of serotonin in neurological recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong S Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seonam University, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Cha
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University, Ilsan hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Seo
- Department of Neurology, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Kalungi A, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ, van der Merwe L, Joloba ML, Nanteza A, Nakassujja N, Birabwa H, Serwanga J, Kaleebu P, Kinyanda E. Association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and increased suicidal risk among HIV positive patients in Uganda. BMC Genet 2017; 18:71. [PMID: 28743254 PMCID: PMC5526289 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at an increased risk of suicide. Increased suicidal risk is a predictor of future attempted and completed suicides and has been associated with poor quality of life and poor adherence with antiretroviral therapy. Clinical risk factors have low predictive value for suicide, hence the interest in potential neurobiological correlates and specific heritable markers of suicide vulnerability. The serotonin transporter gene has previously been implicated in the aetiology of increased suicidal risk in non-HIV infected study populations and its variations may provide a platform for identifying genetic risk for suicidality among PLWHA. The present cross-sectional study aimed at identifying two common genetic variants of the serotonin transporter gene and their association with increased suicidal risk among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults in Uganda. RESULTS The prevalence of increased suicidal risk (defined as moderate to high risk suicidality on the suicidality module of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) was 3.3% (95% CI, 2.0-5.3). The 5-HTTLPR was found to be associated with increased suicidal risk before Bonferroni correction (p-value = 0.0174). A protective effect on increased suicidal risk was found for the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S A allele (p-value = 0.0046)- which directs reduced expression of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT). CONCLUSION The S A allele at the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 locus is associated with increased suicidal risk among Ugandan PLWHA. Further studies are needed to validate this finding in Ugandan and other sub-Saharan samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Kalungi
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Mental Health Project, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Statistics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moses L. Joloba
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Nanteza
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noeline Nakassujja
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Birabwa
- Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Basic Science Programme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Basic Science Programme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Mental Health Project, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Resequencing three candidate genes discovers seven potentially deleterious variants susceptibility to major depressive disorder and suicide attempts in Chinese. Gene 2016; 603:34-41. [PMID: 27964944 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date almost 200 genes were found to be associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) or suicide attempts (SA), but very few genes were reported for their molecular mechanisms. This study aimed to find out whether there were common or rare variants in three candidate genes altering the risk for MDD and SA in Chinese. METHODS Three candidate genes (HOMER1, SLC6A4 and TEF) were chosen for resequencing analysis and association studies as they were reported to be involved in the etiology of MDD and SA. Following that, bioinformatics analyses were applied on those variants of interest. RESULTS After resequencing analysis and alignment for the amplicons, a total of 34 common or rare variants were found in the randomly selected 36 Hong Kong Chinese patients with both MDD and SA. Among those, seven variants show potentially deleterious features. Rs60029191 and a rare variant located in regulatory region of the HOMER1 gene may affect the promoter activities through interacting with predicted transcription factors. Two missense mutations existed in the SLC6A4 coding regions were firstly reported in Hong Kong Chinese MDD and SA patients, and both of them could affect the transport efficiency of SLC6A4 to serotonin. Moreover, a common variant rs6354 located in the untranslated region of this gene may affect the expression level or exonic splicing of serotonin transporter. In addition, both of a most studied polymorphism rs738499 and a low-frequency variant in the promoter region of the TEF gene were found to be located in potential transcription factor binding sites, which may let the two variants be able to influence the promoter activities of the gene. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidated the potentially molecular mechanisms of the three candidate genes altering the risk for MDD and SA. These findings implied that not only common variants but rare variants could make contributions to the genetic susceptibility to MDD and SA in Chinese.
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11
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Iurescia S, Seripa D, Rinaldi M. Looking Beyond the 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism: Genetic and Epigenetic Layers of Regulation Affecting the Serotonin Transporter Gene Expression. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8386-8403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Rao S, Lam MHB, Yeung VSY, Wing YK, Waye MMY. Association of HOMER1 rs2290639 with suicide attempts in Hong Kong Chinese and the potentially functional role of this polymorphism. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:767. [PMID: 27386253 PMCID: PMC4912501 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal evidence and genetic studies suggest that HOMER1 (homer homolog 1) is involved in the etiology of suicidal behavior and major depression disorder (MDD). However, most of genetic studies were performed in Caucasians and the potentially functional role of associated polymorphisms in HOMER1 was seldom reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of a HOMER1 polymorphism rs2290639 with suicide attempts (SA) and MDD in Hong Kong Chinese, and then briefly elucidate the potentially functional role of the associated polymorphism. METHODS NEO personality inventory, impulsiveness and depression rating scales were completed by the subjects. The association studies of HOMER1 rs2290639 with SA or MDD were performed by case-control association studies. The bioinformatics analyses were adapted to predict potential transcription factors binding sites for the associated polymorphism. RESULTS The association studies and meta-analysis suggested that the HOMER1 rs2290639 was significantly associated with susceptibility to SA but seemed not to be associated with MDD in Hong Kong Chinese. This polymorphism might affect the transcription of the HOMER1 gene through interacting with a reliable transcription factor as found by three of four bioinformatics tools. In addition, close correlations between impulsiveness and NEO personality five factors were found in SA and MDD patients, which provide a possible way to assess the impulsiveness of patients through subjects' personality profiles for Hong Kong Chinese. CONCLUSIONS The HOMER1 rs2290639 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to SA in Hong Kong Chinese affected by psychiatric disorders, which might be explained by the potentially functional role of this polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Rao
- />Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, Rm324A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, School of Biomedical Sciences, Area 39; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Marco H. B. Lam
- />Department of Psychiatry, Shatin Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 33 Ah Kong Kok Street, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Venus S. Y. Yeung
- />Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, Rm324A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, School of Biomedical Sciences, Area 39; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Yun Kwok Wing
- />Department of Psychiatry, Shatin Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 33 Ah Kong Kok Street, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong
| | - Mary Miu Yee Waye
- />Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, Rm324A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, School of Biomedical Sciences, Area 39; The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong
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13
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Esmail EH, Labib DM, Rabie WA. Association of serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) polymorphism and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a case-control study. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:247-51. [PMID: 25481722 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin levels might alter susceptibility to seizures. Serotonin transporter (5HTT) gene polymorphisms were found to be associated with some forms of epilepsy. Here, we attempted to examine an association between 5HTT VNTR allele variants in a serotonin transporter gene and epileptogenesis in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) cases. We conducted a case-control candidate gene study evaluating the frequencies of 5HTT VNTR allele variants using SYBR green real-time PCR with melting curve analysis in JME patients and healthy subjects. Forty patients with JME were selected from the Epilepsy Outpatient Clinic of Kasr Al Ainy Hospital, Cairo University, who had been classified according to the electroclinical classification of the ILAE. The control group consisted of 40 healthy Egyptian subjects. The less efficient transcriptional genotypes for 5-HTT polymorphisms were more frequent in JME patients (OR 9.33, CI 2.85-30.60; p value < 0.001). In our study we detected an association between the presence of 5-HTTVNTR with less transcriptional efficient genotypes and JME, which suggests that modulation of the serotoninergic system might be indicated in epileptogenesis in JME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Esmail
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,
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14
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Tang H, McGowan OO, Reynolds GP. Polymorphisms of serotonin neurotransmission and their effects on antipsychotic drug action. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1599-609. [PMID: 25340734 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor pharmacology of many antipsychotic drugs includes actions at various serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors. The 5-HT neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in many of the consequences of treatment with antipsychotic drugs, including both symptom response, primarily of negative and depressive symptoms, and adverse effects, notably extrapyramidal side effects and weight gain. There is substantial interindividual variability in these drug effects, to which genetic variability contributes. We review here the influence of functional polymorphisms in genes associated with 5-HT function, including the various processes of neurotransmitter synthesis, receptors, transporters and metabolism, on the clinical response to, and adverse effects of, antipsychotic drugs. The relatively young field of epigenetics also contributes to the variability of 5-HT-related genes in influencing drug response. Several of these findings inform our understanding of the mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action, and also provide the opportunity for the development of genetic testing for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650021 China
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15
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Serotonergic genes and depressive disorder in acute coronary syndrome: The Korean depression in ACS (K-DEPACS) study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:882-8. [PMID: 25772786 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Genes coding for the serotonergic pathway have been associated with depressive disorders. However, these associations have rarely been tested in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients vulnerable to depression. This study aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and serotonin 2a receptor (5-HTR2a) genes are associated with occurrence of depressive disorder in ACS. 969 patients with recently developed ACS were recruited at baseline, and 711 were followed 1 year thereafter. Depressive disorder was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and analysed as an outcome at baseline (prevalence), and follow up (incidence and persistence). Genotypes were ascertained for 5-HTTLPR, STin2 VNTR, 5-HTR2a 102T/C, and 5-HTR2a 1438A/G. Logistic regression models were used to investigate associations. The 5-HTTLPR s/s genotype was independently associated with depressive disorder prevalence and persistence following ACS, but no significant associations were found with the other polymorphisms. ACS patients with the 5-HTTLPR s allele are thus potentially susceptible to depressive disorder in the early phase after ACS, and with its persistence over the subsequent year.
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16
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Jaiswal P, Mohanakumar KP, Rajamma U. Serotonin mediated immunoregulation and neural functions: Complicity in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:413-31. [PMID: 26021727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic system has long been implicated in the aetiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), since platelet hyperserotonemia is consistently observed in a subset of autistic patients, who respond well to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Apart from being a neurotransmitter, serotonin functions as a neurotrophic factor directing brain development and as an immunoregulator modulating immune responses. Serotonin transporter (SERT) regulates serotonin level in lymphoid tissues to ensure its proper functioning in innate and adaptive responses. Immunological molecules such as cytokines in turn regulate the transcription and activity of SERT. Dysregulation of serotonergic system could trigger signalling cascades that affect normal neural-immune interactions culminating in neurodevelopmental and neural connectivity defects precipitating behavioural abnormalities, or the disease phenotypes. Therefore, we suggest that a better understanding of the cross talk between serotonergic genes, immune systems and serotonergic neurotransmission will open wider avenues to develop pharmacological leads for addressing the core ASD behavioural deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jaiswal
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology & Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Usha Rajamma
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector-J, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700 107, India.
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17
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Warburton A, Breen G, Rujescu D, Bubb VJ, Quinn JP. Characterization of a REST-Regulated Internal Promoter in the Schizophrenia Genome-Wide Associated Gene MIR137. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:698-707. [PMID: 25154622 PMCID: PMC4393679 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MIR137 has been identified as a candidate gene for schizophrenia from genome-wide association studies via association with an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1625579. The location of the SNP suggests one mechanism in which transcriptional or posttranscriptional regulation of miR-137 expression could underlie schizophrenia. We identified and validated a novel promoter of the MIR137 gene adjacent to miR-137 itself which can direct the expression of distinct mRNA isoforms encoding miR-137. Analysis of both endogenous gene expression and reporter gene assays determined that this internal promoter is regulated by repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which has previously been associated with pathways linked to schizophrenia. Distinct isoforms of REST mediate differential expression at this locus, suggesting the relative levels of these isoforms are important for miR-137 expression profiles. The internal promoter contains a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) domain adjacent to the pre-miR-137 sequence. The reporter gene activity directed by this promoter was modified by the genotype of the VNTR. Differential expression was also observed in response to cocaine, which is known to regulate the REST pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Our data support the hypothesis that a "gene × environment" interaction could modify the level of miR-137 expression via this internal promoter and that the genotype of the VNTR could modulate transcriptional responses. We demonstrate that this promoter region is not in disequilibrium with rs1625579 and therefore would supply a distinct pathway to potentially alter miR-137 levels in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Warburton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Gerome Breen
- King’s College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK; ,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London SE5 8DF, UK;
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Vivien J. Bubb
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; ,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; tel: +44-151-794-5498, fax: +44-151-794-5517, e-mail:
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18
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O'Leary OF, O'Brien FE, O'Connor RM, Cryan JF. Drugs, genes and the blues: Pharmacogenetics of the antidepressant response from mouse to man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 123:55-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Staeker J, Leucht S, Laika B, Steimer W. Polymorphisms in serotonergic pathways influence the outcome of antidepressant therapy in psychiatric inpatients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 18:20-31. [PMID: 24192302 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic pathways are known to play an essential role in the effects generated by antidepressants. Polymorphisms in serotonin receptor and transporter genes have been identified as an important factor. To investigate which of these polymorphisms may be useful to predict clinical outcome, we assessed their effect in a naturalistic clinical study. We studied the influence of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 and a 5-HTR2A intron 2 SNP with regard to response and side effects in 273 psychiatric inpatients. Main clinical assessments included Clinical Global Impressions ratings, paranoid depression scale self-rating scale and Dosage Record, and Treatment Emergent Symptoms (DOTES) Scale. We found significant associations between 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S/L(G) alleles and response and side effects in 100 patients with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment (p = 0.037, CGI-I ≤ 2: 0% vs. 19% and p = 0.0005, DOTES cluster c: 0.76 vs. 0.19). 5-HTT VNTR and 5-HTR2A intron 2 polymorphisms were associated significantly with adverse effects in patients with selective and nonselective SRI (5-HTT VNTR 12/12: n = 170, p = 0.0001, side effect rates: 51% vs. 19% and rs7997012 [A/A]: n = 50, p = 0.020, side effects rates: 43% vs. 11%). No impact of the polymorphisms on mirtazapine treatment was found. Our study confirms the influence of serotonergic polymorphisms at the receptor and transporter level on SSRI response and side effects, supporting previous reports based on various study designs. The effects were strong enough to be noticed clinically in this naturalistic setting. However, randomized controlled trials are warranted to provide unequivocal evidence of the clinical usefulness of pretherapeutic screening for these polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Staeker
- 1 Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , München, Germany
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20
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Nishioka G, Yashima H, Kiuchi Y, Nakamura S, Oyamada H, Ishii M, Kudo I. Prediction and structural equation model of sertraline treatment response in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:576-85. [PMID: 24519691 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to extract the factors possibly associated with sertraline treatment response and elucidate their interactions and extent of influence. METHODS Demographic state, stress state, personality, and eight genetic polymorphisms at baseline and clinical symptoms at baseline and 8 weeks were analyzed and examined by logistic regression and a structural equation model in sertraline treatment study of 96 Japanese patients with major depressive disorder. RESULTS Non-responders were associated with higher scores of harm avoidance in Temperament and Character Inventory, higher scores (≥24) of 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression at baseline, recurrence, and 12/12 genotype of the serotonin transporter variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 2 (5HTTSTin2). When we calculated the response index using four factors extracted, the mean response index value of non-responders was significantly higher than that of responders. The symptoms at baseline, personality, recurrence, and polymorphism of 5HTTSTin2 showed significantly direct and positive influences on the symptoms at 8 weeks in our final structural equation model with a good model fit. CONCLUSION Considering the combination of four factors extracted may be useful for predicting a worse response to sertraline treatment and selecting different treatment other than sertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentaro Nishioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan; Kawaguchi Hospital, Kawaguchi, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
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21
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Study of the association of serotonin transporter triallelic 5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR polymorphisms with lithium prophylaxis response in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2013; 23:77-81. [PMID: 23277128 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32835d6fad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxy tryptamine transporter (5-HTT) gene has been previously implicated in lithium response, but the roles of the triallelic 5-HTT linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) and variable number tandem repeats in the second intron [serotonin transporter intron 2 (STin2)] have not been reported. We examined these polymorphisms in 122 patients with bipolar I disorder, among which 49 patients were classified as good responders, 49 as nonresponders, and 24 as partial responders to lithium prophylaxis. We observed significant variation in the genotype frequencies of STin2 polymorphism among the response groups (P=0.02). There was also a significant association of haplotype consisting of the S allele of 5-HTTLPR and 10 repeat allele of STin2 with lithium response (P=0.01) and no such relationship was found with 5-HTTLPR variants. Our data support preliminary information of a possible association of STin2 and its combined effect with 5-HTTLPR variants with lithium response and also suggest that lithium is likely to be more effective for patients carrying 5-HTT polymorphisms associated with reduced transcriptional activity.
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Pramod AB, Foster J, Carvelli L, Henry LK. SLC6 transporters: structure, function, regulation, disease association and therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:197-219. [PMID: 23506866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The SLC6 family of secondary active transporters are integral membrane solute carrier proteins characterized by the Na(+)-dependent translocation of small amino acid or amino acid-like substrates. SLC6 transporters, which include the serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, taurine, creatine, as well as amino acid transporters, are associated with a number of human diseases and disorders making this family a critical target for therapeutic development. In addition, several members of this family are directly involved in the action of drugs of abuse such as cocaine, amphetamines, and ecstasy. Recent advances providing structural insight into this family have vastly accelerated our ability to study these proteins and their involvement in complex biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akula Bala Pramod
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States
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23
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D'Souza UM, Powell-Smith G, Haddley K, Powell TR, Bubb VJ, Price T, McGuffin P, Quinn JP, Farmer AE. Allele-specific expression of the serotonin transporter and its transcription factors following lamotrigine treatment in vitro. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:474-83. [PMID: 23765727 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lamotrigine, a mood stabilizer used clinically in the treatment of bipolar disorder, is thought to exert actions on the serotonin system. However lamotrigine's exact mechanism of action remains unclear. The current study investigated whether lamotrigine might exert its effects through altering the expression of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene and its regulatory transcription factors Y box binding protein 1 (YB-1) and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF). We further considered whether functional variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the promoter region of 5-HTT, (5-HTTLPR) and within intron 2 (Stin2) of the gene, moderated any putative gene expression changes. The study employed an in vitro design carried out in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) to investigate the effects of lamotrigine treatment at 0.04, 0.2, and 0.4 mM doses for 24 hr on the mRNA expression of 5-HTT, YB-1, and CTCF. LCLs were selected based on combinations of haplotypes of the two VNTRs in the serotonin transporter gene; creating low-expressing and high-expressing LCL groups. Ubiquitin C (UBC) and topoisomerase I (TOP1) genes were found to be the most stably expressed housekeeping genes in drug-treated LCLs. Subsequently, quantitative PCR revealed that higher doses of lamotrigine significantly lowered 5-HTT expression and increased CTCF expression. Haplotype-specific differences in CTCF expression were found in response to lamotrigine, with strongest expression changes observed in the high-expressing LCLs. These data provide an allele-specific in vitro model for examining the molecular targets of lamotrigine, and support the important role of the serotonin transporter gene in its clinical mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M D'Souza
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Stjepanović D, Lorenzetti V, Yücel M, Hawi Z, Bellgrove MA. Human amygdala volume is predicted by common DNA variation in the stathmin and serotonin transporter genes. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e283. [PMID: 23860484 PMCID: PMC3731781 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of changes in amygdala volume to psychiatric illnesses and its heritability in both health and disease, the influence of common genetic variation on amygdala morphology remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the influence of a number of novel genetic variants on amygdala volume in 139 neurologically healthy individuals of European descent. Amygdala volume was significantly associated with allelic variation in the stathmin (STMN1) and serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) genes, which have been linked to healthy and disordered affective processing. These results were replicated across both manual and automated methods of amygdala parcellation, although manual tracing showed stronger effects, providing a cautionary note to studies relying on automated parcellation methods. Future studies will need to determine whether amygdala volume mediates the impact of stathmin and serotonin transporter gene variants on normal and dysfunctional emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stjepanović
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - V Lorenzetti
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Z Hawi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M A Bellgrove
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Personalized medicine in Alzheimer's disease and depression. Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 36:616-23. [PMID: 23816492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Latest research in the mental health field brings new hope to patients and promises to revolutionize the field of psychiatry. Personalized pharmacogenetic tests that aid in diagnosis and treatment choice are now becoming available for clinical practice. Amyloid beta peptide biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease are now available. For the first time, radiologists are able to visualize amyloid plaques specific to Alzheimer's disease in live patients using Positron Emission Tomography-based tests approved by the FDA. A novel blood-based assay has been developed to aid in the diagnosis of depression based on activation of the HPA axis, metabolic, inflammatory and neurochemical pathways. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors have shown increased remission rates in specific ethnic subgroups and Cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms can predict antidepressant tolerability. The latest research will help to eradicate "trial and error" prescription, ushering in the most personalized medicine to date. Like all major medical breakthroughs, integration of new algorithms and technologies requires sound science and time. But for many mentally ill patients, diagnosis and effective therapy cannot happen fast enough. This review will describe the newest diagnostic tests, treatments and clinical studies for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and unipolar, major depressive disorder.
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Key Words
- 5-HTT
- 5-HTTLPR
- 5-Hydroxytryptamine Transporter gene
- AD
- ADNI
- ADRDA
- Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association
- Alzheimer's disease
- Aβ40
- Aβ42
- CREB
- CSF
- CT
- CV
- CYP2C19
- CYP2D6
- CYP450
- Coefficient of Variation
- Computed Tomography
- Cytochrome P450
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- DNA
- DSM
- DSM-IV-TR
- DSM-V
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Depression
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition-Text Revision
- ELISA
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epigenetics
- FDA
- FK506-binding protein
- FKBP5
- Food and Drug Administration
- GRIA
- GRIK
- HPA
- IL28RA
- KCNK2
- MDDScore
- MRI
- MTC
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Major Depressive Disorder Score
- Methylthioninium Chloride
- NINCDS
- National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke
- P-tau181P
- PAPLN
- PET
- Personalized medicine
- Positron Emission Tomography
- QC
- Quality Control
- RDoC
- RNA
- Research Domain Criteria
- Ribonucleic Acid
- SSRI
- STAR*D
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression
- Serotonin-Transporter-Gene-Linked Polymorphic Region
- T-tau
- Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181
- VNTR
- WHO
- World Health Organization
- beta-amyloid, amino acids 1–40
- beta-amyloid, amino acids 1–42
- cAMP response element-binding protein
- cerebrospinal fluid
- glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA
- glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate
- hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
- interleukin 28 receptor, alpha (interferon, lambda receptor)
- papilin, proteoglycan-like sulfated glycoprotein
- potassium channel, subfamily K, member 2
- total Tau
- variable nucleotide terminal repeat
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Pitychoutis PM, Kokras N, Sanoudou D, Dalla C, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Pharmacogenetic considerations for late life depression therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:989-99. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.794786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abe H, Takeuchi HA, Yamada S, Nakamura A, Nagao K, Nirasawa K, Ito S, Inoue-Murayama M. Characterization of the intronic VNTR polymorphisms found in a paralog of chicken serotonin transporter gene. Anim Sci J 2013; 84:281-8. [PMID: 23590500 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the neurotransmitter-related genes can be a major source of behavioral variations. We searched for polymorphic sites in chicken neurotransmitter-related genes and identified two variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci encompassing the paralog of chicken serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT). Both intronic VNTR were highly polymorphic across chicken breeds and the other Galliformes species, even though predominant alleles were considerably different among breeds. One VNTR locus contained sequences complementary to a conserved motif of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) within each repetitive unit, indicating that transcription of chicken 5-HTT paralog may be regulated by the CTCF protein. It is of great interest to contrast these results with previous knowledge on the human 5-HTT that also has CTCF binding sites in the repetitive units of intronic VNTR. Additionally, we measured the degree of impulsiveness in domestic chicks for their preference of immediate/small to large/delayed rewards. A significant difference in the impulsiveness score was detected between two chicken breeds (White Leghorn vs. Boris Brown; P < 0.01), as well as between White Leghorn chicks with different 5-HTT genotypes. These findings imply the possibility that 5-HTT VNTR genotypes may have some impact on chicks' impulsive choice by modifying the serotonergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Abe
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
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Booij L, Wang D, Lévesque ML, Tremblay RE, Szyf M. Looking beyond the DNA sequence: the relevance of DNA methylation processes for the stress-diathesis model of depression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120251. [PMID: 23440465 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and serotonergic (5-HT) system are known to be intertwined with mood. Alterations in these systems are often associated with depression. However, neither are sufficient to cause depression in and of themselves. It is now becoming increasingly clear that the environment plays a crucial role, particularly, the perinatal environment. In this review, we posit that early environmental stress triggers a series of epigenetic mechanisms that adapt the genome and programme the HPA axis and 5-HT system for survival in a harsh environment. We focus on DNA methylation as it is the most stable epigenetic mark. Given that DNA methylation patterns are in large part set within the perinatal period, long-term gene expression programming by DNA methylation is especially vulnerable to environmental insults during this period. We discuss specific examples of genes in the 5-HT system (serotonin transporter) and HPA axis (glucocorticoid receptor and arginine vasopressin enhancer) whose DNA methylation state is associated with early life experience and may potentially lead to depression vulnerability. We conclude with a discussion on the relevance of studying epigenetic mechanisms in peripheral tissue as a proxy for those occurring in the human brain and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Booij
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Kim JM, Stewart R, Kang HJ, Bae KY, Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JT, Park MS, Cho KH, Yoon JS. Associations of serotonergic genes with poststroke emotional incontinence. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 27:799-806. [PMID: 21915913 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poststroke emotional incontinence (PSEI) has been associated with serotonergic dysfunction. Polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and serotonin 2a receptor (5-HTR2a) genes may regulate serotonergic signaling at brain synapses, and this study was to investigate associations with PSEI in an East Asian population. METHODS In 276 stroke cases, PSEI was diagnosed by Kim's criteria. Covariates included age, gender, education, history of depression or stroke, current depression, and stroke severity and location. Genotypes were ascertained for 5-HTT gene-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), serotonin transporter intron 2 variable number tandem repeat, 5-HTR2a 1438A/G, and 5-HTR2a 102 T/C. Associations with PSEI were estimated by using logistic regression models, and gene-gene interactions were investigated by using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method. RESULTS PSEI was present in 37 (13.4%) patients. The 5-HTT gene-linked promoter region s/s genotype was independently associated with PSEI. No associations with STin2 VNTR and 5-HTR2a genes were found, and no significant gene-gene interactions were identified. CONCLUSIONS Stroke patients with 5-HTTLPR s allele had higher susceptibility to PSEI, which underlines the potential role of serotonergic pathways in its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
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Kim JM, Stewart R, Bae KY, Kim SW, Kang HJ, Shin IS, Kim JT, Park MS, Kim MK, Park SW, Kim YH, Kim JK, Cho KH, Yoon JS. Serotonergic and BDNF genes and risk of depression after stroke. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:833-40. [PMID: 22014446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been investigated as candidate genes for post-stroke depression (PSD). Serotonin 2a receptor (5-HTR2a) genes have not been yet investigated in PSD. This study aimed to investigate whether the 5-HTT, 5-HTR2a, and BDNF genes are associated with PSD independently and/or interactively in a Korean sample with high prevalence of risk alleles. METHODS In 276 stroke cases, depression was diagnosed using DSM-IV at 2 weeks after stroke, further classified to major PSD (N=29), all (major plus minor) PSD (N=77), and control (N=199) groups. Associations between PSD and 5-HTTLPR, STin2 VNTR, 5-HTR2a 1438A/G, 5-HTR2a 102T/C, and BDNF val66met genotypes were estimated using logistic regression models, and gene-gene interactions were investigated using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method. RESULTS 5-HTR2a 1438 A/A genotype was associated with major PSD, while 5-HTTLPR s/s and BDNF met/met genotypes were associated with all PSD. There was a significant interaction between 5-HTR2a 1438A/G and BDNF val66met polymorphisms for major PSD and a borderline significant interaction between 5-HTTLPR and BDNF val66met polymorphisms for all PSD. CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort, we found evidence for serotonin and BDNF polymorphisms as susceptibility factors and gene-gene interactions between these systems for depression at 2 weeks post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea.
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Effects of methamphetamine abuse and serotonin transporter gene variants on aggression and emotion-processing neurocircuitry. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e80. [PMID: 22832817 PMCID: PMC3309557 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals who abuse methamphetamine (MA) exhibit heightened aggression, but the neurobiological underpinnings are poorly understood. As variability in the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene can influence aggression, this study assessed possible contributions of this gene to MA-related aggression. In all, 53 MA-dependent and 47 control participants provided self-reports of aggression, and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing pictures of faces. Participants were genotyped at two functional polymorphic loci in the SERT gene: the SERT-linked polymorphic region (SERT-LPR) and the intron 2 variable number tandem repeat polymorphism (STin2 VNTR); participants were then classified as having high or low risk for aggression according to individual SERT risk allele combinations. Comparison of SERT risk allele loads between groups showed no difference between MA-dependent and control participants. Comparison of self-report scores showed greater aggression in MA-dependent than control participants, and in high genetic risk than low-risk participants. Signal change in the amygdala was lower in high genetic risk than low-risk participants, but showed no main effect of MA abuse; however, signal change correlated negatively with MA use measures. Whole-brain differences in activation were observed between MA-dependent and control groups in the occipital and prefrontal cortex, and between genetic high- and low-risk groups in the occipital, fusiform, supramarginal and prefrontal cortex, with effects overlapping in a small region in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The findings suggest that the investigated SERT risk allele loads are comparable between MA-dependent and healthy individuals, and that MA and genetic risk influence aggression independently, with minimal overlap in associated neural substrates.
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Schenkel LC, Bragatti JA, Becker JA, Torres CM, Martin KC, de Souza AC, Manfro GG, Leistner-Segal S, Bianchin MM. Serotonin gene polymorphisms and psychiatry comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2012; 99:260-6. [PMID: 22222329 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric comorbidities are frequent in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). It is biologically plausible that alterations in serotonin-related genes may be involved in higher susceptibility to psychiatric disease in these individuals. Here we report results of an association study of serotonin gene polymorphisms and psychiatry comorbidities in TLE. METHODS Case-control study of 155 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. We evaluate the influence of 5-HTTLPR and 5-HTTVNTR polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene and the C-1019G polymorphism in the 5-HT1A gene in psychiatric comorbidities of TLE. RESULTS After logistic regression, female sex (OR=2.34; 95% CI 1.06-5.17; p=0.035) and the presence of C allele of 5-HT1A C-1019G polymorphism (OR=2.77; 95% CI 1.01-7.63; p=0.048) remained independent risk factors for anxiety disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy. CONCLUSION C allele of 5-HT1A C-1019G polymorphism might be an independent risk factor for anxiety disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy. We believe that other studies in this venue will shade some light on molecular mechanisms involved in psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Cigana Schenkel
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Haddley K, Bubb VJ, Breen G, Parades-Esquivel UM, Quinn JP. Behavioural genetics of the serotonin transporter. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:503-535. [PMID: 22261701 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter is a key regulator of the bioavailability of serotonin and therefore any modulation in the expression or action of the transporter would be expected to have consequences on behaviour. The transporter has therefore become a target for pharmaceutical intervention in behavioural and mood disorders. The search for polymorphic variants in the transporter that would associate with neurological disorders has been extensive but has become focused on two domains which are both termed variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)polymorphisms. Both of these VNTRs are in non-coding DNA and therefore proposed to be mechanistically involved in a disorder through their ability to modulate transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of the transporter. The most extensively studied is in the promoter and is a bi-allelic insertion/deletion found in the 50 promoter region of the gene 1.2 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site. This VNTR, termed, 5-HTTLPR was initially identified as two variants containing either, 14 (short/deletion) or 16 (long/insertion) copies of a 22 bp repeat. A second widely studied VNTR found in the non-coding region of the transporter is located within intron 2 and comprises 9, 10 or 12 copies of a16–17 bp repeat termed, STin2.9, STin2.10 and STin2.12, respectively. These VNTR polymorphisms have been associated with a range of behavioural and psychiatric disorders including depression, OCD, anxiety and schizophrenia, however often the lack of reproducibility in different cohorts has led to debate on the actual association of the polymorphisms with this extensive range of neurological conditions. Here we review these two polymorphic VNTRs in depth and relate that to pharmaceutical response, their ability to regulate differential transporter expression, their core involvement in gene-environment interaction and their genetic association with specific disorders.
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Biernacka JM, McElroy SL, Crow S, Sharp A, Benitez J, Veldic M, Kung S, Cunningham JM, Post RM, Mrazek D, Frye MA. Pharmacogenomics of antidepressant induced mania: a review and meta-analysis of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR) association. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:e21-e29. [PMID: 21680025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants can trigger a rapid mood switch from depression to mania. Identifying genetic risk factors associated with antidepressant induced mania (AIM) may enable individualized treatment strategies for bipolar depression. This review and meta-analysis evaluates the evidence for association between the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and AIM. METHODS Medline up to November 2009 was searched for key words bipolar, antidepressant, serotonin transporter, SLC6A4, switch, and mania. RESULTS Five studies have evaluated the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism and AIM in adults (total N=340 AIM+ cases, N=543 AIM- controls). Although a random effects meta-analysis showed weak evidence of association of the S allele with AIM+ status, a test of heterogeneity indicated significant differences in estimated genetic effects between studies. A similar weak association was observed in a meta-analysis based on a subset of three studies that excluded patients on mood stabilizers; however the result was again not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS Few pharmacogenomic studies of antidepressant treatment of bipolar disorder have been published. The completed studies were underpowered and often lacked important phenotypic information regarding potential confounders such as concurrent use of mood stabilizers or rapid cycling. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient published data to confirm an association between 5HTTLPR and antidepressant induced mania. Pharmacogenomic studies of antidepressant induced mania have high potential clinical impact provided future studies are of adequate sample size and include rigorously assessed patient characteristics (e.g. ancestry, rapid cycling, concurrent mood stabilization, and length of antidepressant exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; The Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alexis Sharp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joachim Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Medical Center, Mayo Health System, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Simon Kung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Robert M Post
- The Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Mrazek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; The Bipolar Collaborative Network, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Avula R, Rand A, Black JL, O'Kane DJ. Simultaneous genotyping of multiple polymorphisms in human serotonin transporter gene and detection of novel allelic variants. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e32. [PMID: 22832606 PMCID: PMC3309506 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter, called SLC6A4, SERT or 5-HTT, modulates neurotransmission by removal of serotonin from the synapse of serotonergic neurons, facilitating serotonin reuptake into the presynaptic terminus. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors block the action of the serotonin transporter and are used to treat depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Three polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene have been implicated in treatment response and neuropsychiatric disorders. A 44-bp promoter ins/del polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) produces primarily long and/or short alleles due to either 14 (short) or 16 (long) repeats of variably conserved 20-23 bp units. Also implicated, a 17-18 bp variable number tandem repeat found in intron2 (StIn2) is expressed as triallelic content with 9, 10, or 12 repeats (StIn2.9, StIn2.10 or StIn2.12). Finally, a single nucleotide polymorphism rs25531 located within the promoter polymorphic-linked region alters the function of the long promoter allele. We developed a PCR-based fragment analysis assay, which is analyzed on an ABI sequencer, whereby we are able to detect all three genotypes simultaneously. Using this technique, we identified novel sequences, which demonstrate promoter repeat regions containing (1) a 17 repeat with rs25531 A/G polymorphism, (2) two with 18-repeat units, (3) one with 20-repeat units and (4) a 24-repeat sequence. The novel repeats were confirmed by direct sequencing of gel-purified amplicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avula
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Nucleotide Polymorphism Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - A Rand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Nucleotide Polymorphism Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J L Black
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Nucleotide Polymorphism Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D J O'Kane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Nucleotide Polymorphism Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Schenkel LC, Bragatti JA, Torres CM, Martin KC, Manfro GG, Leistner-Segal S, Bianchin MM. Serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) polymorphisms and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2011; 95:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Lima KWA, Guembarovski RL, Oda JMM, Ramos G, Oliveira BV, Cavalli IJ, de Souza Fonseca Ribeiro EM, Gonçalves MSB, Aoki MN, Nunes SOV, Watanabe MAE. Association between the STin2 VNTR polymorphism and smoking behavior in oral cancer patients and healthy individuals. Clin Exp Med 2011; 12:13-9. [PMID: 21626393 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-011-0140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system may be involved in smoking behavior since the intake of nicotine increases serotonin secretion in the CNS. Moreover, evidence supporting the beneficial effect of selective serotonin reuptake for quitting smoking suggesting that the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a plausible target for the understanding and elucidation of smoking behavior. The transcriptional activity of its human gene (SLC6A4) is modulated by a polymorphism described in the second intron, the STin2 VNTR, which thus may interfere with 5-HTT synthesis. In this study was analyzed the polymorphism STin2 VNTR of 60 smokers male patients diagnosed for oral carcinoma, 61 male smokers without cancer and 65 non-smoker healthy blood donors. The STin2. 9 allele carriers were more present in smoker groups (with cancer and without cancer, respectively) than in the non-smoker (OR = 7.11, 95% CI = 0.83-60.91 and OR = 24.73; IC 95% = 3.17-192.66). Conversely, individuals carrying allele 10 were more prevalent in non-smokers compared with smokers (oral cancer patients and individuals without cancer, respectively), showing a protective factor of this allele (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.24-1.33 and OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.20-1.07). This is the first report of a study assessing the importance of STin2 VNTR smoking behavior in Brazilian individuals and the association of STin2. 9 allele carriers in nicotine dependence. It is suggested that individuals with low serotonin concentration in the central nervous system, probably due to the presence of the allele for high expression of 5-HTT,especially STin2. 9, were more susceptible to nicotine dependence. Moreover, individuals with the 10 allele might have less risk for nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalil William Alves de Lima
- Biological Science Center, Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Genetic and Immunology, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário, CEP, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Daws LC, Gould GG. Ontogeny and regulation of the serotonin transporter: providing insights into human disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:61-79. [PMID: 21447358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was one of the first neurotransmitters for which a role in development was identified. Pharmacological and gene knockout studies have revealed a critical role for 5-HT in numerous processes, including cell division, neuronal migration, differentiation and synaptogenesis. An excess in brain 5-HT appears to be mechanistically linked to abnormal brain development, which in turn is associated with neurological disorders. Ambient levels of 5-HT are controlled by a vast orchestra of proteins, including a multiplicity of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT receptors, heteroreceptors, enzymes and transporters. The 5-HT transporter (SERT, 5-HTT) is arguably the most powerful regulator of ambient extracellular 5-HT. SERT is the high-affinity uptake mechanism for 5-HT and exerts tight control over the strength and duration of serotonergic neurotransmission. Perturbation of its expression level or function has been implicated in many diseases, prominent among them are psychiatric disorders. This review synthesizes existing information on the ontogeny of SERT during embryonic and early postnatal development though adolescence, along with factors that influence its expression and function during these critical developmental windows. We integrate this knowledge to emphasize how inappropriate SERT expression or its dysregulation may be linked to the pathophysiology of psychiatric, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette C Daws
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Shiroma PR, Geda YE, Mrazek DA. Pharmacogenomic implications of variants of monoaminergic-related genes in geriatric psychiatry. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 11:1305-30. [PMID: 20860469 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to psychiatric medications in later life is highly heterogeneous and complex. Monoaminergic-related polymorphisms may influence medication response and susceptibility to side effects in elderly individuals. Individuals with the lower function short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) insertion/deletion (indel) promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) have both increased the likelihood of adverse drug events and increased the need for higher antidepressant concentrations to obtain maximum antidepressant response. By contrast, carriers of the higher expression homozygous long allele (L/L) genotype may respond at lower concentrations. The differential role of these polymorphisms appears at early stages of treatment rather than in the final antidepressant outcome. Research findings suggest that the rs25531 SNP may influence functional expression of the L allele. Similarly, a variable number of tandem repeats in the second intron of the serotonin transporter gene may influence the expression of SLC6A4 and the implications of these variants may be influenced by aging. Two polymorphisms, rs2242466 (-182T/C) and rs5569 (1287G/A), in the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2 or NET) have been associated with antidepressant response. Studies in dopamine-related polymorphisms have focused on associations with neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. The rs1800497 variant (Taq1A) of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene located in a noncoding 3´ region may regulate expression of D2 receptors. The rs6280 variant (Ser9Gly) of the dopamine receptor 3 (DRD3) gene may influence the binding affinity of D3 receptors as a result of serine to glycine substitution of the receptor protein. A multicenter collaborative research effort would be an effective strategy to increase sample sizes to further investigate how gene variants impact the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Shiroma
- Geriatric Psychiatry Clinic, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Genetic association studies of SLC6A4 (SERT) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been equivocal. We genotyped 1241 individuals in 278 pedigrees from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study for 13 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, for the linked polymorphic region (LPR) indel with molecular haplotypes at rs25531, for VNTR polymorphisms in introns 2 and 7 and for a 381-bp deletion 3' to the LPR. We analyzed using the Family-Based Association Test (FBAT) under additive, dominant, recessive and genotypic models, using both OCD and sex-stratified OCD as phenotypes. Two-point FBAT analysis detected association between Int2 (P = 0.0089) and Int7 (P = 0.0187) (genotypic model). Sex-stratified two-point analysis showed strong association in females with Int2 (P<0.0002), significant after correction for linkage disequilibrium, and multiple marker and model testing (P(Adj) = 0.0069). The SLC6A4 gene is composed of two haplotype blocks (our data and the HapMap); FBAT whole-marker analysis conducted using this structure was not significant. Several noteworthy nonsignificant results have emerged. Unlike Hu et al., we found no evidence for overtransmission of the LPR L(A) allele (genotype relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 0.77-1.60); however, rare individual haplotypes containing L(A) with P<0.05 were observed. Similarly, three individuals (two with OCD/OCPD) carried the rare I425V SLC6A4 variant, but none of them passed it on to their six OCD-affected offspring, suggesting that it is unlikely to be solely responsible for the 'OCD plus syndrome', as reported by Ozaki et al. In conclusion, we found evidence of genetic association at the SLC6A4 locus with OCD. A noteworthy lack of association at the LPR, LPR-rs25531 and rare 425V variants suggests that hypotheses about OCD risk need revision to accommodate these new findings, including a possible gender effect.
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Haplotypes of dopamine and serotonin transporter genes are associated with antisocial personality disorder in alcoholics. Psychiatr Genet 2010; 20:140-52. [PMID: 20505557 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a1ecb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A different genetic background is postulated for alcoholics with early onset and with antisocial personality disorder (type 2 alcoholics) compared with those with late onset and without antisocial personality disorder (type 1 alcoholics). The dopamine transporter (DAT) and the serotonin transporter (SERT) are involved in endophenotypes that are associated with these subtypes. Our study was aimed at investigating whether distinct haplotypes, defined by polymorphisms associated with the expressions of DAT and SERT, were associated with subgroups of alcohol dependence. METHODS Intron 8 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), exon 15 rs27072 and VNTR (DAT), promoter VNTR and rs25531, and intron 2 VNTR (SERT) were genotyped in a case-control sample comprising 360 alcoholics and 368 controls, and in a family-based sample of 65 trios, all of German origin. RESULTS DAT: The haplogenotypes 6-A-10/6-G-10 and 5-G-9/5-G-9 were more often present in type 2 alcoholics as compared with type 1 alcoholics [odds ratio (OR): 2.8], and controls (OR: 5.8), respectively. The daily ethanol consumption was associated with haplogenotypes. SERT: haplotypes SA-10 (OR: 2.3) and LG-12 (OR: 2.5) were more often present in type 2 alcoholics compared with controls. Haplotype LA-10 was less often present in type 2 alcoholics (OR: 0.5), and was more often transmitted, in families, to the affected offspring (transmission disequilibrium test: OR: 5.2; family-based association test: Z: 1.9). The haplotype LA-12 was significantly undertransmitted to affected offspring in the whole group (transmission disequilibrium test: OR: 0.216; family-based association test: Z: -2.2). A gene by environment interaction was observed with respect to the time course of the depression score after alcohol withdrawal and with respect to the positive family history of alcohol dependence. CONCLUSION Haplotype analysis, sub-grouping with respect to more homogeneous endophenotypes, and inclusion of quantifiable characteristics are sensible strategies to untangle the genetic background of such a complex disorder like alcohol dependence.
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Tadić A, Elsässer A, Storm N, Baade U, Wagner S, Başkaya O, Lieb K, Dahmen N. Association analysis between gene variants of the tyrosine hydroxylase and the serotonin transporter in borderline personality disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:45-58. [PMID: 20146650 DOI: 10.3109/15622970903406226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), we previously reported an independent effect of the catechol-o-methyl-transferase (COMT) low-activity (Met(158)) allele and an interaction with the low-expression allele of the deletion/insertion (short/long or S/L, resp.) polymorphism in the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR). The purpose of the present study was to extend these findings to the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) Val(81)Met single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the 5-HTTLPR S/L polymorphism incorporating the recently described functional A/G SNP within the long allele of the 5-HTTLPR (rs25531) as well as the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism within intron 2 of the serotonin transporter gene (STin2). METHODS In 156 Caucasian BPD patients and 152 healthy controls, we tested for association between BPD and the TH Val(81)Met SNP, the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 polymorphism, the STin2, the interaction of the TH Val(81)Met SNP with the tri-allelic 5-HTTLPR/rs25531, the interaction of the TH Val(81)Met SNP with STin2. RESULTS Between BPD patients and controls, we observed a slight over-representation of the TH Met(81)Met genotype in BPD patients compared to controls, but no statistically significant differences in genotype distribution of the individual markers after adjusting for multiple testing. Logistic regression analysis showed a lack of interaction between the TH Val(81)Met and the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 as well as between the TH Val(81)Met and the STin2 polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS These data do not suggest independent or interactive effects of the TH Val(81)Met, the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531, or the STin2 polymorphisms in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.
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Ali FR, Haddley K, Quinn JP. Assessing the impact of genetic variation on transcriptional regulation in vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 628:195-214. [PMID: 20238083 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-367-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two alleles of a gene that contain polymorphic cis-regulatory regions can contribute differently to expression levels. Evolutionary changes in such cis-regulatory domains are believed to have participated in the cognitive evolution of H. sapiens as well as phenotypic diversity. There have been many studies that associate genetic variations to individual's susceptibility to behavioural and affective disorders. Cis-acting regulatory polymorphisms can effect gene expression at many levels, such as transcription, mRNA processing efficiency, pre-mRNA splicing, and mRNA stability. Trans-acting modulators (such as transcription factors) also play a major role in determining mRNA concentration of a specific allele. Several studies have demonstrated that VNTRs within various genes can support differential gene expression based on copy number and that the function of the VNTR as a transcriptional regulator can be modulated, in part, by transcription factors.A better understanding of the pathways regulating expression mediated by the VNTRs would complement clinical studies, demonstrating how these domains may be mechanistically involved in the progression of the disorder and may supply more defined targets for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad R Ali
- Division of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Mrazek DA. Pharmacogenomics of methylphenidate response: making progress. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48:1140-2. [PMID: 20854782 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181bfa91b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cao H, Gu H, Qiu W, Zuo W, Zheng L, Wang Z, Hu Z, Chen Y. Association Study of Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphisms and Ventricular Septal Defects RelatedPossiblePulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Chinese Population. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:605-14. [DOI: 10.3109/10641960902993061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ali FR, Vasiliou SA, Haddley K, Paredes UM, Roberts JC, Miyajima F, Klenova E, Bubb VJ, Quinn JP. Combinatorial interaction between two human serotonin transporter gene variable number tandem repeats and their regulation by CTCF. J Neurochem 2009; 112:296-306. [PMID: 19860858 PMCID: PMC2848977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) within the human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) have been implicated as predisposing factors for CNS disorders. The linked polymorphic region in the 5′-promoter exists as short (s) and long (l) alleles of a 22 or 23 bp elements. The second within intron 2 (Stin2) exists as three variants containing 9, 10 or 12 copies of a 16 or 17 bp element. These VNTRs, individually or in combination, supported differential reporter gene expression in rat neonate prefrontal cortical cultures. The level of reporter gene activity from the dual VNTR constructs indicated combinatorial action between the two domains. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that both these VNTR domains can bind the CCCTC-binding factor and this correlated with the ability of exogenously supplied CCCTC-binding factor to modulate the expression supported by these reporter gene constructs. We suggest that the potential for interaction between multiple polymorphic domains should be incorporated into genetic association studies. J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 296–306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad R Ali
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Vijayan NN, Iwayama Y, Koshy LV, Natarajan C, Nair C, Allencherry PM, Yoshikawa T, Banerjee M. Evidence of association of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in a South Indian population. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:538-42. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have abnormalities in the serotonergic system. For example, a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5HTTLPR long/short polymorphism) has been reported to confer risk for ASDs, and to affect cortical grey matter volume in young children. However, the persistence of this association later in development is unknown. Hence, we investigated whether variation in the 5HTTLPR long/short polymorphism modulates brain anatomy in older people with ASD. We related 5HTTLPR long/short polymorphism in 43 adolescents and adults with ASD to brain anatomy using structural magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry. There were no significant associations between brain anatomy and genotype. When considered alongside evidence of a relationship between 5HTTLPR genotype and brain volume amongst children with autism, our findings raise the possibility that the relationship between 5HTTLPR polymorphism and brain anatomy in ASDs anatomy may differ as a function of age and/or ASD subdiagnosis.
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Noskova TG, Kazantseva AV, Gareeva AE, Gaisyna DA, Tuktarova SU, Khusnutdinova EK. Association of several polymorphic loci of serotoninergic genes with unipolar depression. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795409060143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Weese-Mayer DE, Berry-Kravis EM, Ceccherini I, Rand CMC. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): kindred disorders of autonomic regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 164:38-48. [PMID: 18579454 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were long considered rare disorders of respiratory control and more recently have been highlighted as part of a growing spectrum of disorders within the rubric of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation (ANSD). CCHS typically presents in the newborn period with a phenotype including alveolar hypoventilation, symptoms of ANSD and, in a subset of cases, Hirschsprung disease and later tumors of neural crest origin. Study of genes related to autonomic dysregulation and the embryologic origin of the neural crest led to the discovery of PHOX2B as the disease-defining gene for CCHS. Like CCHS, SIDS is thought to result from central deficits in control of breathing and ANSD, although SIDS risk is most likely defined by complex multifactorial genetic and environmental interactions. Some early genetic and neuropathological evidence is emerging to implicate serotonin systems in SIDS risk. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the genetic basis for CCHS and SIDS, and discuss the impact of this information on clinical practice and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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