1
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Gabor CE, Hazen TH, Delaine-Elias BC, Rasko DA, Barry EM. Genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic differences among archetype Shigella flexneri strains of serotypes 2a, 3a, and 6. mSphere 2023; 8:e0040823. [PMID: 37830809 PMCID: PMC10732043 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00408-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Given the genomic diversity between S. flexneri serotypes and the paucity of data to support serotype-specific phenotypic differences, we applied in silico and in vitro functional analyses of archetype strains of 2457T (Sf2a), J17B (Sf3a), and CH060 (Sf6). These archetype strains represent the three leading S. flexneri serotypes recommended for inclusion in multivalent vaccines. Characterizing the genomic and phenotypic variation among these clinically prevalent serotypes is an important step toward understanding serotype-specific host-pathogen interactions to optimize the efficacy of multivalent vaccines and therapeutics. This study underpins the importance for further large-scale serotype-targeted analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Gabor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy H. Hazen
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - BreOnna C. Delaine-Elias
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A. Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Baro B, Kim CY, Lin C, Kongsomboonvech AK, Tetard M, Peterson NA, Salinas ND, Tolia NH, Egan ES. Plasmodium falciparum exploits CD44 as a coreceptor for erythrocyte invasion. Blood 2023; 142:2016-2028. [PMID: 37832027 PMCID: PMC10783654 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum invades and replicates asexually within human erythrocytes. CD44 expressed on erythrocytes was previously identified as an important host factor for P falciparum infection through a forward genetic screen, but little is known about its regulation or function in these cells, nor how it may be used by the parasite. We found that CD44 can be efficiently deleted from primary human hematopoietic stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and that the efficiency of ex vivo erythropoiesis to enucleated cultured red blood cells (cRBCs) is not affected by lack of CD44. However, the rate of P falciparum invasion was reduced in CD44-null cRBCs relative to isogenic wild-type control cells, validating CD44 as an important host factor for this parasite. We identified 2 P falciparum invasion ligands as binding partners for CD44, erythrocyte binding antigen 175 (EBA-175) and EBA-140 and demonstrated that their ability to bind to human erythrocytes relies primarily on their canonical receptors, glycophorin A and glycophorin C, respectively. We further show that EBA-175 induces phosphorylation of erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins in a CD44-dependent manner. Our findings support a model in which P falciparum exploits CD44 as a coreceptor during invasion of human erythrocytes, stimulating CD44-dependent phosphorylation of host cytoskeletal proteins that alter host cell deformability and facilitate parasite entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Baro
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Chi Yong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Carrie Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Marilou Tetard
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Nichole D. Salinas
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Niraj H. Tolia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth S. Egan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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3
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Matanza XM, Clements A. Pathogenicity and virulence of Shigella sonnei: A highly drug-resistant pathogen of increasing prevalence. Virulence 2023; 14:2280838. [PMID: 37994877 PMCID: PMC10732612 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2280838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4 species included in the genus, Shigella flexneri is principally responsible for the disease in the developing world while Shigella sonnei is the main causative agent in high-income countries. Remarkably, as more countries improve their socioeconomic conditions, we observe an increase in the relative prevalence of S. sonnei. To date, the reasons behind this change in aetiology depending on economic growth are not understood. S. flexneri has been widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of the genus, but as more research data are collected, important discrepancies with S. sonnei have come to light. In comparison to S. flexneri, S. sonnei can be differentiated in numerous aspects; it presents a characteristic O-antigen identical to that of one serogroup of the environmental bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides, a group 4 capsule, antibacterial mechanisms to outcompete and displace gut commensal bacteria, and a poorer adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the significant threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. sonnei, demanding new approaches. This review gathers knowledge on what is known about S. sonnei within the context of other Shigella spp. and aims to open the door for future research on understanding the increasing spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé M. Matanza
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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4
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Boero E, Vezzani G, Micoli F, Pizza M, Rossi O. Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171213. [PMID: 37260708 PMCID: PMC10227456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vezzani
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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5
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Baro-Sastre B, Kim CY, Lin C, Kongsomboonvech AK, Tetard M, Salinas ND, Tolia NH, Egan ES. Plasmodium falciparum exploits CD44 as a co-receptor for erythrocyte invasion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536503. [PMID: 37090581 PMCID: PMC10120705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum invades and replicates asexually within human erythrocytes. CD44 expressed on erythrocytes was previously identified as an important host factor for P. falciparum infection through a forward genetic screen, but little is known about its regulation or function in these cells, nor how it may be utilized by the parasite. We found that CD44 can be efficiently deleted from primary human hematopoietic stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, and that the efficiency of ex-vivo erythropoiesis to enucleated cultured red blood cells (cRBCs) is not impacted by lack of CD44. However, the rate of P. falciparum invasion was substantially reduced in CD44-null cRBCs relative to isogenic wild-type (WT) control cells, validating CD44 as an important host factor for this parasite. We identified two P. falciparum invasion ligands as binding partners for CD44, Erythrocyte Binding Antigen-175 (EBA-175) and EBA-140, and demonstrated that their ability to bind to human erythrocytes relies primarily on their canonical receptors-glycophorin A and glycophorin C, respectively. We further show that EBA-175 induces phosphorylation of erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins in a CD44-dependent manner. Our findings support a model where P. falciparum exploits CD44 as a co-receptor during invasion of human erythrocytes, stimulating CD44-dependent phosphorylation of host cytoskeletal proteins that alter host cell deformability and facilitate parasite entry.
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6
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Bernshtein B, Ndungo E, Cizmeci D, Xu P, Kováč P, Kelly M, Islam D, Ryan ET, Kotloff KL, Pasetti MF, Alter G. Systems approach to define humoral correlates of immunity to Shigella. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111216. [PMID: 35977496 PMCID: PMC9396529 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella infection is the second leading cause of death due to diarrheal disease in young children worldwide. With the rise of antibiotic resistance, initiatives to design and deploy a safe and effective Shigella vaccine are urgently needed. However, efforts to date have been hindered by the limited understanding of immunological correlates of protection against shigellosis. We applied systems serology to perform a comprehensive analysis of Shigella-specific antibody responses in sera obtained from volunteers before and after experimental infection with S. flexneri 2a in a series of controlled human challenge studies. Polysaccharide-specific antibody responses are infrequent prior to infection and evolve concomitantly with disease severity. In contrast, pre-existing antibody responses to type 3 secretion system proteins, particularly IpaB, consistently associate with clinical protection from disease. Linked to particular Fc-receptor binding patterns, IpaB-specific antibodies leverage neutrophils and monocytes, and complement and strongly associate with protective immunity. IpaB antibody-mediated functions improve with a subsequent rechallenge resulting in complete clinical protection. Collectively, our systems serological analyses indicate protein-specific functional correlates of immunity against Shigella in humans. Serological profiling of Shigella human challenge studies indicates protective markers Pre-existing IpaB-specific functional antibodies associate with less severe disease OPS immune responses post challenge are linked to less severe disease Shigella rechallenge boosts IpaB but not OPS functional antibody responses
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Ndungo
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dilara Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Distel JS, Flores RMO, Bienvenu A, Aguilera MO, Bonazzi M, Berón W. Ezrin and CD44 participate in the internalization process of
Coxiella burnetii
into non‐phagocytic cells. Biol Cell 2022; 114:237-253. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús S. Distel
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad Nacional de Cuyo ‐ CONICET Mendoza 5500 Argentina
| | - Rodolfo M. Ortiz Flores
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad Nacional de Cuyo ‐ CONICET Mendoza 5500 Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina
| | - Arthur Bienvenu
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Milton O. Aguilera
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad Nacional de Cuyo ‐ CONICET Mendoza 5500 Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología Parasitología e Inmunología Facultad de Odontología Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) UMR 9004 CNRS Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Walter Berón
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Universidad Nacional de Cuyo ‐ CONICET Mendoza 5500 Argentina
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8
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Nasser A, Mosadegh M, Azimi T, Shariati A. Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population. Mol Cell Pediatr 2022; 9:12. [PMID: 35718793 PMCID: PMC9207015 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mosadegh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and medicine research center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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9
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Jin T, Guan N, Du Y, Zhang X, Li J, Xia X. Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 Translocated Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Endocytosis, Apoptosis Induction, and Disruption of Tight Junction. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675020. [PMID: 34163451 PMCID: PMC8215149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is an emerging opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, sepsis in neonates and infants with a relatively high mortality rate. Bacterial transcytosis across the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) is vital for C. sakazakii to induce neonatal meningitis. However, few studies focus on the mechanisms by which C. sakazakii translocates HBMEC. In this study, the translocation processes of C. sakazakii on HBMEC were explored. C. sakazakii strains could effectively adhere to, invade and intracellularly survive in HBMEC. The strain ATCC 29544 exhibited the highest translocation efficiency across HBMEC monolayer among four tested strains. Bacteria-contained intracellular endosomes were detected in C. sakazakii-infected HBMEC by a transmission electron microscope. Endocytosis-related proteins CD44, Rab5, Rab7, and LAMP2 were increased after infection, while the level of Cathepsin L did not change. C. sakazakii induced TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway activation in HBMEC, with increased NO production and elevated mRNA levels of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2. C. sakazakii infection also caused LDH release, caspase-3 activation, and HBMEC apoptosis. Meanwhile, increased Dextran-FITC permeability and decreased trans epithelial electric resistance indicated that C. sakazakii disrupted tight junction of HBMEC monolayers, which was confirmed by the decreased levels of tight junction-related proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. These findings suggest that C. sakazakii induced intracellular bacterial endocytosis, stimulated inflammation and apoptosis, disrupted monolayer tight junction in HBMEC, which all together contribute to bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ning Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuhang Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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10
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Whelan R, McVicker G, Leo JC. Staying out or Going in? The Interplay between Type 3 and Type 5 Secretion Systems in Adhesion and Invasion of Enterobacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4102. [PMID: 32521829 PMCID: PMC7312957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens rely on a variety of toxins, adhesins and other virulence factors to cause infections. Some of the best studied pathogens belong to the Enterobacterales order; these include enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and the enteropathogenic Yersiniae. The pathogenesis of these organisms involves two different secretion systems, a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and type 5 secretion systems (T5SSs). The T3SS forms a syringe-like structure spanning both bacterial membranes and the host cell plasma membrane that translocates toxic effector proteins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. T5SSs are also known as autotransporters, and they export part of their own polypeptide to the bacterial cell surface where it exerts its function, such as adhesion to host cell receptors. During infection with these enteropathogens, the T3SS and T5SS act in concert to bring about rearrangements of the host cell cytoskeleton, either to invade the cell, confer intracellular motility, evade phagocytosis or produce novel structures to shelter the bacteria. Thus, in these bacteria, not only the T3SS effectors but also T5SS proteins could be considered "cytoskeletoxins" that bring about profound alterations in host cell cytoskeletal dynamics and lead to pathogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack C. Leo
- Antimicrobial Resistance, Omics and Microbiota Group, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (R.W.); (G.M.)
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11
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Mukhopadhyay S, Ganguli S, Chakrabarti S. <em>Shigella</em> pathogenesis: molecular and computational insights. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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12
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Wang X, Pernicone N, Pertz L, Hua D, Zhang T, Listovsky T, Xie W. REV7 has a dynamic adaptor region to accommodate small GTPase RAN/ Shigella IpaB ligands, and its activity is regulated by the RanGTP/GDP switch. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15733-15742. [PMID: 31484720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
REV7, also termed mitotic arrest-deficient 2-like 2 (MAD2L2 or MAD2B), acts as an interaction module in a broad array of cellular pathways, including translesion DNA synthesis, cell cycle control, and nonhomologous end joining. Numerous REV7 binding partners have been identified, including the human small GTPase Ras-associated nuclear protein (RAN), which acts as a potential upstream regulator of REV7. Notably, the Shigella invasin IpaB hijacks REV7 to disrupt cell cycle control to prevent intestinal epithelial cell renewal and facilitate bacterial colonization. However, the structural details of the REV7-RAN and REV7-IpaB interactions are mostly unknown. Here, using fusion protein and rigid maltose-binding protein tagging strategies, we determined the crystal structures of these two complexes at 2.00-2.35 Å resolutions. The structures revealed that both RAN and IpaB fragments bind the "safety belt" region of REV7, inducing rearrangement of the C-terminal β-sheet region of REV7, conserved among REV7-related complexes. Of note, the REV7-binding motifs of RAN and IpaB each displayed some unique interactions with REV7 despite sharing consensus residues. Structural alignments revealed that REV7 has an adaptor region within the safety belt region that can rearrange secondary structures to fit a variety of different ligands. Our structural and biochemical results further indicated that REV7 preferentially binds GTP-bound RAN, implying that a GTP/GDP-bound transition of RAN may serve as the molecular switch that controls REV7's activity. These results provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of REV7 in cell cycle control, which may help with the development of small-molecule inhibitors that target REV7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nomi Pernicone
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Limor Pertz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Deping Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tamar Listovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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13
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shigella
is a genus of Gram-negative enteropathogens that have long been, and continue to be, an important public health concern worldwide. Over the past several decades,
Shigella
spp. have also served as model pathogens in the study of bacterial pathogenesis, and
Shigella flexneri
has become one of the best-studied pathogens on a molecular, cellular, and tissue level. In the arms race between
Shigella
and the host immune system,
Shigella
has developed highly sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host cell processes in order to promote infection, escape immune detection, and prevent bacterial clearance. Here, we give an overview of
Shigella
pathogenesis while highlighting innovative techniques and methods whose application has significantly advanced our understanding of
Shigella
pathogenesis in recent years.
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14
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Montanari E, Oates A, Di Meo C, Meade J, Cerrone R, Francioso A, Devine D, Coviello T, Mancini P, Mosca L, Matricardi P. Hyaluronan-Based Nanohydrogels for Targeting Intracellular S. Aureus in Human Keratinocytes. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701483. [PMID: 29696813 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most significant human pathogens that is frequently isolated in a wide range of superficial and systemic infections. The ability of S. aureus to invade and survive within host cells such as keratinocytes and host immune cells has been increasingly recognized as a potential factor in persistent infections and treatment failures. The incorporation of antibiotics into hyaluronan-cholesterol nanohydrogels represents a novel paradigm in the delivery of therapeutic agents against intracellular bacteria. The work presented herein shows that NHs quickly enter human keratinocytes and accumulate into lysosomes. When used for targeting intracellular S. aureus the antimicrobial activity of loaded levofloxacin is enhanced, possibly changing the antibiotic intracellular fate from cytosol to lysosome. Indeed, gentamicin, an antibiotic that predominantly accumulates in lysosomes, shows significant and equal antibacterial activity when entrapped into NHs. These results strongly suggest that lysosomal formulations may display preferential activity toward intracellular S. aureus, opening new avenues for the use of HA-based NHs for treatment of such skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Montanari
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
| | - Angela Oates
- School of Healthcare; Faculty of Medicine and Health; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
| | - Josephine Meade
- Division of Oral Biology; Faculty of Medicine and Health; School of Dentistry; University of Leeds; Leeds LS7 9TF UK
| | - Rugiada Cerrone
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
| | - Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
| | - Deirdre Devine
- Division of Oral Biology; School of Dentistry; Faculty of Medicine and Health; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9LU UK
| | - Tommasina Coviello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Sapienza University of Rome; V.le Regina Elena 291 Rome 00161 Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; P.le Aldo Moro 5 Rome 00185 Italy
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15
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Montanari E, Di Meo C, Oates A, Coviello T, Matricardi P. Pursuing Intracellular Pathogens with Hyaluronan. From a 'Pro-Infection' Polymer to a Biomaterial for 'Trojan Horse' Systems. Molecules 2018; 23:E939. [PMID: 29670009 PMCID: PMC6017551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is among the most important bioactive polymers in mammals, playing a key role in a number of biological functions. In the last decades, it has been increasingly studied as a biomaterial for drug delivery systems, thanks to its physico-chemical features and ability to target and enter certain cells. The most important receptor of HA is ‘Cluster of Differentiation 44’ (CD44), a cell surface glycoprotein over-expressed by a number of cancers and heavily involved in HA endocytosis. Moreover, CD44 is highly expressed by keratinocytes, activated macrophages and fibroblasts, all of which can act as ‘reservoirs’ for intracellular pathogens. Interestingly, both CD44 and HA appear to play a key role for the invasion and persistence of such microorganisms within the cells. As such, HA is increasingly recognised as a potential target for nano-carriers development, to pursuit and target intracellular pathogens, acting as a ‘Trojan Horse’. This review describes the biological relationship between HA, CD44 and the entry and survival of a number of pathogens within the cells and the subsequent development of HA-based nano-carriers for enhancing the intracellular activity of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Montanari
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Oates
- School of Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Tommasina Coviello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Li C, Wu Y, Riehle A, Orian-Rousseau V, Zhang Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Infection of Macrophages by CD44, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Acid Sphingomyelinase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:916-934. [PMID: 28747072 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.6994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in sepsis, pneumonia, and wound infections. Acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)-deficient mice are highly susceptible to pulmonary S. aureus infections. Here, we investigated the role of CD44 as a molecule that mediates important aspects of the infection of macrophages with S. aureus. Results: We showed that CD44 activation by S. aureus stimulated Asm via the formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ceramide release, clustering of CD44 in ceramide-enriched membrane platforms, CD44/Asm-dependent activation of Rho family GTPases, translocation of phospho-ezrin/radixin/moesin to the plasma-membrane, and a rapid rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton with cortical actin polymerization. Genetic deficiency of CD44 or Asm abrogated these signaling events and thereby reduced internalization of S. aureus into macrophages by 60-80%. Asm-deficient macrophages also exhibited reduced fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, which prevented intracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophages and thereby allowed internalized S. aureus to replicate and cause severe pneumonia. Innovation and Conclusion: The CD44-Asm-ceramide system plays an important role in the infection of macrophages with S. aureus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 916-934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Riehle
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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17
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Toapanta FR, Bernal PJ, Kotloff KL, Levine MM, Sztein MB. T cell mediated immunity induced by the live-attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate CVD 1208S in humans. J Transl Med 2018. [PMID: 29534721 PMCID: PMC5851169 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigellosis persists as a public health problem worldwide causing ~ 165,000 deaths every year, of which ~ 55,000 are in children less than 5 years of age. No vaccine against shigellosis is currently licensed. The live-attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate CVD 1208S (S. flexneri 2a; ΔguaBA, Δset, Δsen) demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Earlier reports focused on humoral immunity. However, Shigella is an intracellular pathogen and therefore, T cell mediated immunity (T-CMI) is also expected to play an important role. T-CMI responses after CVD 1208S immunization are the focus of the current study. Methods Consenting volunteers were immunized orally (3 doses, 108 CFU/dose, 28 days apart) with CVD 1208S. T-CMI to IpaB was assessed using autologous EBV-transformed B-Lymphocytic cell lines as stimulator cells. T-CMI was assessed by the production of 4 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17A and TNF-α) and/or expression of the degranulation marker CD107a in 14 volunteers (11 vaccine and 3 placebo recipients). Results Following the first immunization, T-CMI was detected in CD8 and CD4 T cells obtained from CVD 1208S recipients. Among CD8 T cells, the T effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) subsets were the main cytokine/CD107a producers/expressors. Multifunctional (MF) cells were also detected in CD8 TEM cells. Cells with 2 and 3 functions were the most abundant. Interestingly, TNF-α appeared to be dominant in CD8 TEM MF cells. In CD4 T cells, TEM responses predominated. Following subsequent immunizations, no booster effect was detected. However, production of cytokines/expression of CD107a was detected in individuals who had previously not responded. After three doses, production of at least one cytokine/CD107a was detected in 8 vaccinees (73%) in CD8 TEM cells and in 10 vaccinees (90%) in CD4 TEM cells. Conclusions CVD 1208S induces diverse T-CMI responses, which likely complement the humoral responses in protection from disease. Trial registration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT01531530) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1439-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R Toapanta
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Paula J Bernal
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Myron M Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Direct interactions between bacterial and host glycans have been recently reported to be involved in the binding of pathogenic bacteria to host cells. In the case of Shigella, the Gram-negative enteroinvasive bacterium responsible for acute rectocolitis, such interactions contribute to bacterial adherence to epithelial cells. However, the role of glycans in the tropism of Shigella for immune cells whose glycosylation pattern varies depending on their activation state is unknown. We previously reported that Shigella targets activated, but not nonactivated, human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Here, we show that nonactivated CD4+ T lymphocytes can be turned into Shigella-targetable cells upon loading of their plasma membrane with sialylated glycosphingolipids (also termed gangliosides). The Shigella targeting profile of ganglioside-loaded nonactivated T cells is similar to that of activated T cells, with a predominance of injection of effectors from the type III secretion system (T3SS) not resulting in cell invasion. We demonstrate that gangliosides interact with the O-antigen polysaccharide moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major bacterial surface antigen, thus promoting Shigella binding to CD4+ T cells. This binding step is critical for the subsequent injection of T3SS effectors, a step which we univocally demonstrate to be dependent on actin polymerization. Altogether, these findings highlight the critical role of glycan-glycan interactions in Shigella pathogenesis. Glycosylation of host cell surface varies with species and location in the body, thus contributing to species specificity and tropism of microorganisms. Cross talk by Shigella, the Gram-negative enteroinvasive bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery, with its exclusively human host has been extensively studied. However, the molecular determinants of the step of binding to host cells are poorly defined. Taking advantage of the observation that human-activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, but not nonactivated cells, are targets of Shigella, we succeeded in rendering the refractory cells susceptible to targeting upon loading of their plasma membrane with sialylated glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) that are abundantly present on activated cells. We show that interactions between the sugar polar part of gangliosides and the polysaccharide moiety of Shigella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promote bacterial binding, which results in the injection of effectors via the type III secretion system. Whereas LPS interaction with gangliosides was proposed long ago and recently extended to a large variety of glycans, our findings reveal that such glycan-glycan interactions are critical for Shigella pathogenesis by driving selective interactions with host cells, including immune cells.
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19
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Belotserkovsky I, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia Coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:1-26. [PMID: 30218158 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) in humans, which is characterized by invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. Different EIEC and Shigella subgroups rose independently from commensal E. coli through patho-adaptive evolution that included loss of functional genes interfering with the virulence and/or with the intracellular lifestyle of the bacteria, as well as acquisition of genetic elements harboring virulence genes. Among the latter is the large virulence plasmid encoding for a type three secretion system (T3SS), which enables translocation of virulence proteins (effectors) from the bacterium directly into the host cell cytoplasm. These effectors enable the pathogen to subvert epithelial cell functions, promoting its own uptake, replication in the host cytosol, and dissemination to adjacent cells while concomitantly inhibiting pro-inflammatory cell death. Furthermore, T3SS effectors are directly involved in Shigella manipulation of immune cells causing their dysfunction and promoting cell death. In the current chapter, we first describe the evolution of the enteroinvasive pathovars and then summarize the overall knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of these bacteria, with a particular focus on Shigella flexneri. Subversion of host cell functions in the human gut, both epithelial and immune cells, by different virulence factors is especially highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Belotserkovsky
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724 Cedex 15, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France
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20
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Chitrala KN, Guan H, Singh NP, Busbee B, Gandy A, Mehrpouya-Bahrami P, Ganewatta MS, Tang C, Chatterjee S, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. CD44 deletion leading to attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis results from alterations in gut microbiome in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1188-1199. [PMID: 28543188 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis in gut microbiome has been shown to be associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated the pivotal role played by CD44 in the regulation of EAE, a murine model of multiple sclerosis. In the current study, we determined whether these effects resulted from an alteration in gut microbiota and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in CD44 knockout (CD44KO) mice. Fecal transfer from naïve CD44KO but not C57BL/6 wild type (CD44WT) mice, into EAE-induced CD44WT mice, led to significant amelioration of EAE. High-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by clustering sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and biochemical analysis, revealed that EAE-induced CD44KO mice showed significant diversity, richness, and evenness when compared to EAE-induced CD44WT mice at the phylum level, with dominant Bacteroidetes (68.5%) and low Firmicutes (26.8%). Further, data showed a significant change in the abundance of SCFAs, propionic acid, and i-butyric acid in EAE-CD44KO compared to EAE-CD44WT mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the attenuation of EAE seen following CD44 gene deletion in mice may result from alterations in the gut microbiota and SCFAs. Furthermore, our studies also demonstrate that the phenotype of gene knock-out animals may be shaped by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brandon Busbee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexa Gandy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pegah Mehrpouya-Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,WJB Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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21
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Mattock E, Blocker AJ. How Do the Virulence Factors of Shigella Work Together to Cause Disease? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:64. [PMID: 28393050 PMCID: PMC5364150 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is the major cause of bacillary dysentery world-wide. It is divided into four species, named S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii, which are distinct genomically and in their ability to cause disease. Shigellosis, the clinical presentation of Shigella infection, is characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Shigella's ability to cause disease has been attributed to virulence factors, which are encoded on chromosomal pathogenicity islands and the virulence plasmid. However, information on these virulence factors is not often brought together to create a detailed picture of infection, and how this translates into shigellosis symptoms. Firstly, Shigella secretes virulence factors that induce severe inflammation and mediate enterotoxic effects on the colon, producing the classic watery diarrhea seen early in infection. Secondly, Shigella injects virulence effectors into epithelial cells via its Type III Secretion System to subvert the host cell structure and function. This allows invasion of epithelial cells, establishing a replicative niche, and causes erratic destruction of the colonic epithelium. Thirdly, Shigella produces effectors to down-regulate inflammation and the innate immune response. This promotes infection and limits the adaptive immune response, causing the host to remain partially susceptible to re-infection. Combinations of these virulence factors may contribute to the different symptoms and infection capabilities of the diverse Shigella species, in addition to distinct transmission patterns. Further investigation of the dominant species causing disease, using whole-genome sequencing and genotyping, will allow comparison and identification of crucial virulence factors and may contribute to the production of a pan-Shigella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mattock
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Schools of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Ariel J Blocker
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Schools of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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22
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Blondel CJ, Park JS, Hubbard TP, Pacheco AR, Kuehl CJ, Walsh MJ, Davis BM, Gewurz BE, Doench JG, Waldor MK. CRISPR/Cas9 Screens Reveal Requirements for Host Cell Sulfation and Fucosylation in Bacterial Type III Secretion System-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:226-37. [PMID: 27453484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) inject bacterial effector proteins into host cells and underlie the virulence of many gram-negative pathogens. Studies have illuminated bacterial factors required for T3SS function, but the required host processes remain largely undefined. We coupled CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology with the cytotoxicity of two Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SSs (T3SS1 and T3SS2) to identify human genome disruptions conferring resistance to T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity. We identity non-overlapping genes required for T3SS1- and T3SS2-mediated cytotoxicity. Genetic ablation of cell surface sulfation reduces bacterial adhesion and thereby alters the kinetics of T3SS1-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell surface fucosylation is required for T3SS2-dependent killing, and genetic inhibition of fucosylation prevents membrane insertion of the T3SS2 translocon complex. These findings reveal the importance of ubiquitous surface modifications for T3SS function, potentially explaining the broad tropism of V. parahaemolyticus, and highlight the utility of genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens to discover processes underlying host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Blondel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph S Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Troy P Hubbard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alline R Pacheco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carole J Kuehl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brigid M Davis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew K Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Manipulation of host membranes by the bacterial pathogens Listeria, Francisella, Shigella and Yersinia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:155-167. [PMID: 27448494 PMCID: PMC7082150 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens display an impressive arsenal of molecular mechanisms that allow survival in diverse host niches. Subversion of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal functions are common themes associated to infection by both extracellular and intracellular pathogens. Moreover, intracellular pathogens modify the structure/stability of their membrane-bound compartments and escape degradation from phagocytic or autophagic pathways. Here, we review the manipulation of host membranes by Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, Shigella flexneri and Yersinia spp. These four bacterial model pathogens exemplify generalized strategies as well as specific features observed during bacterial infection processes.
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24
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Murillo I, Martinez-Argudo I, Blocker AJ. Genetic Dissection of the Signaling Cascade that Controls Activation of the Shigella Type III Secretion System from the Needle Tip. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27649. [PMID: 27277624 PMCID: PMC4899799 DOI: 10.1038/srep27649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems (T3SSs) for virulence. The Shigella T3SS consists of a hollow needle, made of MxiH and protruding from the bacterial surface, anchored in both bacterial membranes by multimeric protein rings. Atop the needle lies the tip complex (TC), formed by IpaD and IpaB. Upon physical contact with eukaryotic host cells, T3S is initiated leading to formation of a pore in the eukaryotic cell membrane, which is made of IpaB and IpaC. Through the needle and pore channels, further bacterial proteins are translocated inside the host cell to meditate its invasion. IpaD and the needle are implicated in transduction of the host cell-sensing signal to the T3S apparatus. Furthermore, the sensing-competent TC seems formed of 4 IpaDs topped by 1 IpaB. However, nothing further is known about the activation process. To investigate IpaB’s role during T3SS activation, we isolated secretion-deregulated IpaB mutants using random mutagenesis and a genetic screen. We found ipaB point mutations in leading to defects in secretion activation, which sometimes diminished pore insertion and host cell invasion. We also demonstrated IpaB communicates intramolecularly and intermolecularly with IpaD and MxiH within the TC because mutations affecting these interactions impair signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Murillo
- School of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - I Martinez-Argudo
- School of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universitdad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - A J Blocker
- Schools of Cellular &Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom
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25
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Weiner A, Mellouk N, Lopez-Montero N, Chang YY, Souque C, Schmitt C, Enninga J. Macropinosomes are Key Players in Early Shigella Invasion and Vacuolar Escape in Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005602. [PMID: 27182929 PMCID: PMC4868309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens include all viruses, many bacteria and parasites capable of invading and surviving within host cells. Key to survival is the subversion of host cell pathways by the pathogen for the purpose of propagation and evading the immune system. The intracellular bacterium Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades host cells in a vacuole that is subsequently ruptured to allow growth of the pathogen within the host cytoplasm. S. flexneri invasion has been classically described as a macropinocytosis-like process, however the underlying details and the role of macropinosomes in the intracellular bacterial lifestyle have remained elusive. We applied dynamic imaging and advanced large volume correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) to study the highly transient events of S. flexneri's early invasion into host epithelial cells and elucidate some of its fundamental features. First, we demonstrate a clear distinction between two compartments formed during the first step of invasion: the bacterial containing vacuole and surrounding macropinosomes, often considered identical. Next, we report a functional link between macropinosomes and the process of vacuolar rupture, demonstrating that rupture timing is dependent on the availability of macropinosomes as well as the activity of the small GTPase Rab11 recruited directly to macropinosomes. We go on to reveal that the bacterial containing vacuole and macropinosomes come into direct contact at the onset of vacuolar rupture. Finally, we demonstrate that S. flexneri does not subvert pre-existing host endocytic vesicles during the invasion steps leading to vacuolar rupture, and propose that macropinosomes are the major compartment involved in these events. These results provide the basis for a new model of the early steps of S. flexneri epithelial cell invasion, establishing a different view of the enigmatic process of cytoplasmic access by invasive bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allon Weiner
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen interactions Unit, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AW); (JE)
| | - Nora Mellouk
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen interactions Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Yuen-Yan Chang
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen interactions Unit, Paris, France
| | - Célia Souque
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen interactions Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen interactions Unit, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AW); (JE)
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The HC, Thanh DP, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Baker S. The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:235-50. [PMID: 26923111 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The genus Shigella comprises four different species, each consisting of several serogroups, all of which show phenotypic similarity, including invasive pathogenicity. DNA sequencing suggests that this similarity results from the convergent evolution of different Shigella spp. founders. Here, we review the evolutionary relationships between Shigella spp. and E . coli, and we highlight how the genomic plasticity of these bacteria and their acquisition of a distinctive virulence plasmid have enabled the development of such highly specialized pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the insights that genotyping and whole-genome sequencing have provided into the phylogenetics and intercontinental spread of Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Bacterial Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Department of Pathogen and Molecular Biology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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27
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Picking WL, Picking WD. The Many Faces of IpaB. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:12. [PMID: 26904511 PMCID: PMC4746235 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is Shigella's most important virulence factor. The T3SS apparatus (T3SA) is comprised of an envelope-spanning basal body and an external needle topped by a tip complex protein called IpaD. This nanomachine is used to deliver effector proteins into host cells to promote pathogen entry. A key component of the matured T3SS needle tip complex is the translocator protein IpaB. IpaB can exist in multiple states when prepared as a recombinant protein, however, it has also been described as having additional roles in Shigella pathogenesis. This mini-review will briefly describe some of the features of IpaB as a T3SS needle tip protein, as a pore-forming translocator protein and as an effector protein. Reflection on the potential importance of the different in vitro states of IpaB on its function and importance in serotype-independent vaccines is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - William D Picking
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
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28
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Lee SJ, Jung YH, Ryu JM, Jang KK, Choi SH, Han HJ. VvpE mediates the intestinal colonization of Vibrio vulnificus by the disruption of tight junctions. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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29
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Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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30
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Chasing bacteria within the cells using levofloxacin-loaded hyaluronic acid nanohydrogels. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:518-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The periplasmic enzyme, AnsB, of Shigella flexneri modulates bacterial adherence to host epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94954. [PMID: 24762742 PMCID: PMC3998974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
S. flexneri strains, most frequently linked with endemic outbreaks of shigellosis, invade the colonic and rectal epithelium of their host and cause severe tissue damage. Here we have attempted to elucidate the contribution of the periplasmic enzyme, L-asparaginase (AnsB) to the pathogenesis of S. flexneri. Using a reverse genetic approach we found that ansB mutants showed reduced adherence to epithelial cells in vitro and attenuation in two in vivo models of shigellosis, the Caenorhabditis elegans and the murine pulmonary model. To investigate how AnsB affects bacterial adherence, we compared the proteomes of the ansB mutant with its wild type parental strain using two dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and identified the outer membrane protein, OmpA as up-regulated in ansB mutant cells. Bacterial OmpA, is a prominent outer membrane protein whose activity has been found to be required for bacterial pathogenesis. Overexpression of OmpA in wild type S. flexneri serotype 3b resulted in decreasing the adherence of this virulent strain, suggesting that the up-regulation of OmpA in ansB mutants contributes to the reduced adherence of this mutant strain. The data presented here is the first report that links the metabolic enzyme AnsB to S. flexneri pathogenesis.
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32
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Hong S, Cha I, Kim NO, Kim SH, Jung KT, Lee JH, Kim DW, Park MS, Kang YH. Enhanced Type III Secretion System Expression of Atypical Shigella flexneri II:(3)4,7(8). Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 3:222-8. [PMID: 24159518 PMCID: PMC3747661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed at evaluating the virulence of atypical Shigella flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) by DNA microarray and invasion assay. METHODS We used a customized S. flexneri DNA microarray to analyze an atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) gene expression profile and compared it with that of the S. flexneri 2b strain. RESULTS Approximately one-quarter of the atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) strain genes showed significantly altered expression profiles; 344 genes were more than two-fold upregulated, and 442 genes were more than 0.5-fold downregulated. The upregulated genes were divided into the category of 21 clusters of orthologous groups (COGs), and the "not in COGs" category included 170 genes. This category had virulence plasmid genes, including the ipa-mxi-spa genes required for invasion of colorectal epithelium (type III secretion system). Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction results also showed the same pattern in two more atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) strains. Atypical S. flexneri II:(3)4,7(8) showed four times increased invasion activity in Caco-2 cells than that of typical strains. CONCLUSION Our results provide the intracellularly regulated genes that may be important for adaptation and growth strategies of this atypical S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahyun Hong
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
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33
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Schmutz C, Ahrné E, Kasper CA, Tschon T, Sorg I, Dreier RF, Schmidt A, Arrieumerlou C. Systems-level overview of host protein phosphorylation during Shigella flexneri infection revealed by phosphoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2952-68. [PMID: 23828894 PMCID: PMC3790303 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri invades the intestinal epithelium of humans. During infection, several injected effector proteins promote bacterial internalization, and interfere with multiple host cell responses. To obtain a systems-level overview of host signaling during infection, we analyzed the global dynamics of protein phosphorylation by liquid chromatography-tandem MS and identified several hundred of proteins undergoing a phosphorylation change during the first hours of infection. Functional bioinformatic analysis revealed that they were mostly related to the cytoskeleton, transcription, signal transduction, and cell cycle. Fuzzy c-means clustering identified six temporal profiles of phosphorylation and a functional module composed of ATM-phosphorylated proteins related to genotoxic stress. Pathway enrichment analysis defined mTOR as the most overrepresented pathway. We showed that mTOR complex 1 and 2 were required for S6 kinase and AKT activation, respectively. Comparison with a published phosphoproteome of Salmonella typhimurium-infected cells revealed a large subset of coregulated phosphoproteins. Finally, we showed that S. flexneri effector OspF affected the phosphorylation of several hundred proteins, thereby demonstrating the wide-reaching impact of a single bacterial effector on the host signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmutz
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik Ahrné
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A. Kasper
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Therese Tschon
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Sorg
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland F. Dreier
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Arrieumerlou
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB. Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:822-80. [PMID: 24092857 PMCID: PMC3811233 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli.
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35
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Mounier J, Boncompain G, Senerovic L, Lagache T, Chrétien F, Perez F, Kolbe M, Olivo-Marin JC, Sansonetti PJ, Sauvonnet N. Shigella effector IpaB-induced cholesterol relocation disrupts the Golgi complex and recycling network to inhibit host cell secretion. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:381-9. [PMID: 22980334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Shigella infection causes destruction of the human colonic epithelial barrier. The Golgi network and recycling endosomes are essential for maintaining epithelial barrier function. Here we show that Shigella epithelial invasion induces fragmentation of the Golgi complex with consequent inhibition of both secretion and retrograde transport in the infected host cell. Shigella induces tubulation of the Rab11-positive compartment, thereby affecting cell surface receptor recycling. The molecular process underlying the observed damage to the Golgi complex and receptor recycling is a massive redistribution of plasma membrane cholesterol to the sites of Shigella entry. IpaB, a virulence factor of Shigella that is known to bind cholesterol, is necessary and sufficient to induce Golgi fragmentation and reorganization of the recycling compartment. Shigella infection-induced Golgi disorganization was also observed in vivo, suggesting that this mechanism affecting the sorting of cell surface molecules likely contributes to host epithelial barrier disruption associated with Shigella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Mounier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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36
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Actin cytoskeleton manipulation by effector proteins secreted by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:374395. [PMID: 23509714 PMCID: PMC3591105 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure necessary for cell and tissue organization, including the maintenance of epithelial barriers. Disruption of the epithelial barrier coincides with alterations of the actin cytoskeleton in several disease states. These disruptions primarily affect the paracellular space, which is normally regulated by tight junctions. Thereby, the actin cytoskeleton is a common and recurring target of bacterial virulence factors. In order to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton, bacteria secrete and inject toxins and effectors to hijack the host cell machinery, which interferes with host-cell pathways and with a number of actin binding proteins. An interesting model to study actin manipulation by bacterial effectors is Escherichia coli since due to its genome plasticity it has acquired diverse genetic mobile elements, which allow having different E. coli varieties in one bacterial species. These E. coli pathotypes, including intracellular and extracellular bacteria, interact with epithelial cells, and their interactions depend on a specific combination of virulence factors. In this paper we focus on E. coli effectors that mimic host cell proteins to manipulate the actin cytoskeleton. The study of bacterial effector-cytoskeleton interaction will contribute not only to the comprehension of the molecular causes of infectious diseases but also to increase our knowledge of cell biology.
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37
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Sasakawa C. [Pathogenesis of Shigella: the study of bacteria-host interplay at the intestinal mucosal barriers]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2012; 67:257-68. [PMID: 23269180 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.67.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Shigella are capable of invading and colonizing the intestinal epithelium, which results in strong inflammatory colitis. Shigella deliver a subset of effectors via the type III secretion system during infection into host cells. The delivered effectors mimic and usurp the host cellular functions, and modulate host cell signaling and immune response, thus playing pivotal roles in promoting the bacterial infection and circumventing host defense systems. This article overviews the characteristics of pathogenesis of Shigella, and highlights current topics related to the roles of the effectors in promoting bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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38
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Wigelsworth DJ, Ruthel G, Schnell L, Herrlich P, Blonder J, Veenstra TD, Carman RJ, Wilkins TD, Van Nhieu GT, Pauillac S, Gibert M, Sauvonnet N, Stiles BG, Popoff MR, Barth H. CD44 Promotes intoxication by the clostridial iota-family toxins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51356. [PMID: 23236484 PMCID: PMC3517468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathogenic clostridia produce binary protein toxins associated with enteric diseases of humans and animals. Separate binding/translocation (B) components bind to a protein receptor on the cell surface, assemble with enzymatic (A) component(s), and mediate endocytosis of the toxin complex. Ultimately there is translocation of A component(s) from acidified endosomes into the cytosol, leading to destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. Our results revealed that CD44, a multifunctional surface protein of mammalian cells, facilitates intoxication by the iota family of clostridial binary toxins. Specific antibody against CD44 inhibited cytotoxicity of the prototypical Clostridium perfringens iota toxin. Versus CD44+ melanoma cells, those lacking CD44 bound less toxin and were dose-dependently resistant to C. perfringens iota, as well as Clostridium difficile and Clostridium spiroforme iota-like, toxins. Purified CD44 specifically interacted in vitro with iota and iota-like, but not related Clostridium botulinum C2, toxins. Furthermore, CD44 knockout mice were resistant to iota toxin lethality. Collective data reveal an important role for CD44 during intoxication by a family of clostridial binary toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darran J. Wigelsworth
- Integrated Toxicology Division, Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Core Imaging Facility, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leonie Schnell
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Herrlich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Josip Blonder
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Department of Intracellular Communications and Infectious Microorganisms, College of France, Paris, France
| | - Serge Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Gibert
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Paris, France
| | - Bradley G. Stiles
- Biology Department, Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BGS); (HB); (MRP)
| | - Michel R. Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BGS); (HB); (MRP)
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (BGS); (HB); (MRP)
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Beeckman DS, De Puysseleyr L, De Puysseleyr K, Vanrompay D. Chlamydial biology and its associated virulence blockers. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 40:313-28. [PMID: 23134414 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.726210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. They can be distinguished from other Gram-negative bacteria through their characteristic developmental cycle, in addition to special biochemical and physical adaptations to subvert the eukaryotic host cell. The host spectrum includes humans and other mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, insects and even amoeba, causing a plethora of diseases. The first part of this review focuses on the specific chlamydial infection biology and metabolism. As resistance to classical antibiotics is emerging among Chlamydiae as well, the second part elaborates on specific compounds and tools to block chlamydial virulence traits, such as adhesion and internalization, Type III secretion and modulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Beeckman
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
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40
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Protein export according to schedule: architecture, assembly, and regulation of type III secretion systems from plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:262-310. [PMID: 22688814 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05017-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellar and translocation-associated type III secretion (T3S) systems are present in most gram-negative plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria and are often essential for bacterial motility or pathogenicity. The architectures of the complex membrane-spanning secretion apparatuses of both systems are similar, but they are associated with different extracellular appendages, including the flagellar hook and filament or the needle/pilus structures of translocation-associated T3S systems. The needle/pilus is connected to a bacterial translocon that is inserted into the host plasma membrane and mediates the transkingdom transport of bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic cells. During the last 3 to 5 years, significant progress has been made in the characterization of membrane-associated core components and extracellular structures of T3S systems. Furthermore, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators that control T3S gene expression and substrate specificity have been described. Given the architecture of the T3S system, it is assumed that extracellular components of the secretion apparatus are secreted prior to effector proteins, suggesting that there is a hierarchy in T3S. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of T3S system components and associated control proteins from both plant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria.
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41
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Romero S, Quatela A, Bornschlögl T, Bornschlög T, Guadagnini S, Bassereau P, Tran Van Nhieu G. Filopodium retraction is controlled by adhesion to its tip. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4999-5004. [PMID: 22899718 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are thin cell extensions sensing the environment. They play an essential role during cell migration, cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion, by initiating contacts and conveying signals to the cell cortex. Pathogenic microorganisms can hijack filopodia to invade cells by inducing their retraction towards the cell body. Because their dynamics depend on a discrete number of actin filaments, filopodia provide a model of choice to study elementary events linked to adhesion and downstream signalling. However, the determinants controlling filopodial sensing are not well characterized. In this study, we used beads functionalized with different ligands that triggered filopodial retraction when in contact with filopodia of epithelial cells. With optical tweezers, we were able to measure forces stalling the retraction of a single filopodium. We found that the filopodial stall force depends on the coating of the bead. Stall forces reached 8 pN for beads coated with the β1 integrin ligand Yersinia Invasin, whereas retraction was stopped with a higher force of 15 pN when beads were functionalized with carboxyl groups. In all cases, stall forces increased in relation to the density of ligands contacting filopodial tips and were independent of the optical trap stiffness. Unexpectedly, a discrete and small number of Shigella type three secretion systems induced stall forces of 10 pN. These results suggest that the number of receptor-ligand interactions at the filopodial tip determines the maximal retraction force exerted by filopodia but a discrete number of clustered receptors is sufficient to induce high retraction stall forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Romero
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
Much is known about the molecular effectors of pathogenicity of gram-negative enteric pathogens, among which Shigella can be considered a model. This is due to its capacity to recapitulate the multiple steps required for a pathogenic microbe to survive close to its mucosal target, colonize and then invade its epithelial surface, cause its inflammatory destruction and simultaneously regulate the extent of the elicited innate response to likely survive the encounter and achieve successful subsequent transmission. These various steps of the infectious process represent an array of successive environmental conditions to which the bacteria need to successfully adapt. These conditions represent the selective pressure that triggered the "arms race" in which Shigella acquired the genetic and molecular effectors of its pathogenic armory, including the regulatory hierarchies that regulate the expression and function of these effectors. They also represent cues through which Shigella achieves the temporo-spatial expression and regulation of its virulence effectors. The role of such environmental cues has recently become obvious in the case of the major virulence effector of Shigella, the type three secretion system (T3SS) and its dedicated secreted virulence effectors. It needs to be better defined for other major virulence components such as the LPS and peptidoglycan which are used as examples here, in addition to the T3SS as models of regulation as it relates to the assembly and functional regulation of complex macromolecular systems of the bacterial surface. This review also stresses the need to better define what the true and relevant environmental conditions can be at the various steps of the progression of infection. The "identity" of the pathogen differs depending whether it is cultivated under in vitro or in vivo conditions. Moreover, this "identity" may quickly change during its progression into the infected tissue. Novel concepts and relevant tools are needed to address this challenge in microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Marteyn
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Unité INSERM 786; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Gazi
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Unité INSERM 786; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Unité INSERM 786; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses; Collège de France; Paris, France,Correspondence to: Philippe Sansonetti,
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43
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Saeed A, Johansson D, Sandström G, Abd H. Temperature Depended Role of Shigella flexneri Invasion Plasmid on the Interaction with Acanthamoeba castellanii. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:917031. [PMID: 22518151 PMCID: PMC3299343 DOI: 10.1155/2012/917031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative bacterium causing the diarrhoeal disease shigellosis in humans. The virulence genes required for invasion are clustered on a large 220 kb plasmid encoding type three secretion system (TTSS) apparatus and virulence factors such as adhesions and invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa). The bacterium is transmitted by contaminated food, water, or from person to person. Acanthamoebae are free-living amoebae (FLA) which are found in diverse environments and isolated from various water sources. Different bacteria interact differently with FLA since Francisella tularensis, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, and S. dysenteriae are able to grow inside A. castellanii. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces both necrosis and apoptosis to kill A. castellanii. The aim of this study is to examine the role of invasion plasmid of S. flexneri on the interaction with A. castellanii at two different temperatures. A. castellanii in the absence or presence of wild type, IpaB mutant, or plasmid-cured strain S. flexneri was cultured at 30°C and 37°C and the interaction was analysed by viable count of both bacteria and amoebae, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and statistical analysis. The outcome of the interaction was depended on the temperature since the growth of A. castellanii was inhibited at 30°C, and A. castellanii was killed by invasion plasmid mediated necrosis at 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saeed
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Johansson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Sandström
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hadi Abd
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Verove J, Bernarde C, Bohn YST, Boulay F, Rabiet MJ, Attree I, Cretin F. Injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exo toxins into host cells can be modulated by host factors at the level of translocon assembly and/or activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30488. [PMID: 22299042 PMCID: PMC3267729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion apparatus exports and translocates four exotoxins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. The translocation requires two hydrophobic bacterial proteins, PopB and PopD, that are found associated with host cell membranes following infection. In this work we examined the influence of host cell elements on exotoxin translocation efficiency. We developed a quantitative flow cytometry based assay of translocation that used protein fusions between either ExoS or ExoY and the ß-lactamase reporter enzyme. In parallel, association of translocon proteins with host plasma membranes was evaluated by immunodetection of PopB/D following sucrose gradient fractionation of membranes. A pro-myelocytic cell line (HL-60) and a pro-monocytic cell line (U937) were found resistant to toxin injection even though PopB/D associated with host cell plasma membranes. Differentiation of these cells to either macrophage- or neutrophil-like cell lines resulted in injection-sensitive phenotype without significantly changing the level of membrane-inserted translocon proteins. As previous in vitro studies have indicated that the lysis of liposomes by PopB and PopD requires both cholesterol and phosphatidyl-serine, we first examined the role of cholesterol in translocation efficiency. Treatment of sensitive HL-60 cells with methyl-ß-cyclodextrine, a cholesterol-depleting agent, resulted in a diminished injection of ExoS-Bla. Moreover, the PopB translocator was found in the membrane fraction, obtained from sucrose-gradient purifications, containing the lipid-raft marker flotillin. Examination of components of signalling pathways influencing the toxin injection was further assayed through a pharmacological approach. A systematic detection of translocon proteins within host membranes showed that, in addition to membrane composition, some general signalling pathways involved in actin polymerization may be critical for the formation of a functional pore. In conclusion, we provide new insights in regulation of translocation process and suggest possible cross-talks between eukaryotic cell and the pathogen at the level of exotoxin translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Verove
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Cédric Bernarde
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Yu-Sing Tammy Bohn
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - François Boulay
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Josèphe Rabiet
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Ina Attree
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - François Cretin
- INSERM, U1036, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ERL 5261, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Grenoble, France
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France
- CEA, DSV/iRTSV, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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45
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Guo Y, Zhang J, Jiang L, Shi X, Yang L, Fang Q, Fang H, Wang K, Jiang K. Facile one-pot preparation of calcite mesoporous carrier for sustained and targeted drug release for cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10636-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Konradt C, Frigimelica E, Nothelfer K, Puhar A, Salgado-Pabon W, di Bartolo V, Scott-Algara D, Rodrigues C, Sansonetti P, Phalipon A. The Shigella flexneri Type Three Secretion System Effector IpgD Inhibits T Cell Migration by Manipulating Host Phosphoinositide Metabolism. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 9:263-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Matteï PJ, Faudry E, Job V, Izoré T, Attree I, Dessen A. Membrane targeting and pore formation by the type III secretion system translocon. FEBS J 2010; 278:414-26. [PMID: 21182592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a complex macromolecular machinery employed by a number of Gram-negative species to initiate infection. Toxins secreted through the system are synthesized in the bacterial cytoplasm and utilize the T3SS to pass through both bacterial membranes and the periplasm, thus being introduced directly into the eukaryotic cytoplasm. A key element of the T3SS of all bacterial pathogens is the translocon, which comprises a pore that is inserted into the membrane of the target cell, allowing toxin injection. Three macromolecular partners associate to form the translocon: two are hydrophobic and one is hydrophilic, and the latter also associates with the T3SS needle. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the biochemical and structural characterization of the proteins involved in translocon formation, as well as their participation in the modification of intracellular signalling pathways upon infection. Models of translocon assembly and regulation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jean Matteï
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075 (CNRS/CEA/UJF), Grenoble, France
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48
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Dickenson NE, Zhang L, Epler CR, Adam PR, Picking WL, Picking WD. Conformational changes in IpaD from Shigella flexneri upon binding bile salts provide insight into the second step of type III secretion. Biochemistry 2010; 50:172-80. [PMID: 21126091 DOI: 10.1021/bi101365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri uses its type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) to inject host-altering proteins into targeted eukaryotic cells. The TTSA is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle with invasion plasmid antigen D (IpaD) forming a tip complex that controls secretion. The bile salt deoxycholate (DOC) stimulates recruitment of the translocator protein IpaB into the maturing TTSA needle tip complex. This process appears to be triggered by a direct interaction between DOC and IpaD. Fluorescence spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy are used here to confirm the DOC-IpaD interaction and to reveal that IpaD conformational changes upon DOC binding trigger the appearance of IpaB at the needle tip. Förster resonance energy transfer between specific sites on IpaD was used here to identify changes in distances between IpaD domains as a result of DOC binding. To further explore the effects of DOC binding on IpaD structure, NMR chemical shift mapping was employed. The environments of residues within the proposed DOC binding site and additional residues within the "distal" globular domain were perturbed upon DOC binding, further indicating that conformational changes occur within IpaD upon DOC binding. These events are proposed to be responsible for the recruitment of IpaB at the TTSA needle tip. Mutation analyses combined with additional spectroscopic analyses confirm that conformational changes in IpaD induced by DOC binding contribute to the recruitment of IpaB to the S. flexneri TTSA needle tip. These findings lay the foundation for determining how environmental factors promote TTSA needle tip maturation prior to host cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Dickenson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, United States
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49
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Karim Z, Vepachedu R, Gorska M, Alam R. UNC119 inhibits dynamin and dynamin-dependent endocytic processes. Cell Signal 2009; 22:128-37. [PMID: 19781630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Unc119 is an adapter signaling molecule, which regulates activation of tyrosine kinases in T cells, eosinophils and fibroblasts. It plays an important role in the photoreceptor synapses of the retina. Recently, we have shown that it inhibits bacterial uptake through macropinocytosis. In this paper we demonstrate a role for Unc119 in clathrin- and caveolae-based endocytosis as well as macropinocytosis. Depletion of Unc119 in fibroblasts increases, whereas overexpression inhibits uptake of transferrin, FM4-64, albumin, viruses, and ligand-coated beads. Physiological stimuli that upregulate the expression of Unc119 also inhibits endocytosis. Unc119 has the opposite effect on cholera toxin B uptake, which represents a clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytic process. Unc119 interacts with dynamin, a key effector molecule of many endocytic processes. More importantly, Unc119 inhibits the GTPase activity of dynamin. Binding of Unc119 to dynamin decreases the association with its binding partner amphiphysin, a known regulator of dynamin activation. Thus, Unc119 regulates various endocytic pathways through dynamin and sets a threshold point for vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunayet Karim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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50
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Dupont N, Lacas-Gervais S, Bertout J, Paz I, Freche B, Van Nhieu GT, van der Goot FG, Sansonetti PJ, Lafont F. Shigella Phagocytic Vacuolar Membrane Remnants Participate in the Cellular Response to Pathogen Invasion and Are Regulated by Autophagy. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:137-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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