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Mei X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang H, Chen R, Ma K, Yang Y, Jiang P, Feng Z, Zhang C, Zhang Z. Necroptosis in Pneumonia: Therapeutic Strategies and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2024; 16:94. [PMID: 38257794 PMCID: PMC10818625 DOI: 10.3390/v16010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic approaches. Recently, necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, has garnered attention in the fields of pharmacology and immunology for its role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Characterized by cell death and inflammatory responses, necroptosis is a key mechanism contributing to tissue damage and immune dysregulation in various diseases, including pneumonia. This review comprehensively analyzes the role of necroptosis in pneumonia and explores potential pharmacological interventions targeting this cell death pathway. Moreover, we highlight the intricate interplay between necroptosis and immune responses in pneumonia, revealing a bidirectional relationship between necrotic cell death and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, we assess current therapeutic strategies modulating necroptosis, encompassing synthetic inhibitors, natural products, and other drugs targeting key components of the programmed necrosis pathway. The article also discusses challenges and future directions in targeting programmed necrosis for pneumonia treatment, proposing novel therapeutic strategies that combine antibiotics with necroptosis inhibitors. This review underscores the importance of understanding necroptosis in pneumonia and highlights the potential of pharmacological interventions to mitigate tissue damage and restore immune homeostasis in this devastating respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
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Kumar S, Kumar S. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Among the smallest bacterial pathogens with great clinical significance in children. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 46:100480. [PMID: 37741157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasmas are the smallest prokaryotic microorganisms found in nature. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the most commonly studied among human mycoplasmas. OBJECTIVES In this review, we briefly focus on the recent developments that have enhanced our understanding of M. pneumoniae, one of the smallest pathogenic bacteria of great clinical importance in children. CONTENT M. pneumoniae infections may involve either upper or lower respiratory tract or both of them. Extrapulmonary manifestations have been reported in almost every organ, including the skin and the hematologic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous system due to direct local effects, after dissemination of bacteria or indirect effects. The correct identification of M. pneumoniae infections is vital for prescription of the appropriate therapy.There are scarce specific findings of clinical laboratory results for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection. Detection of M. pneumoniae infections can be achieved using culture, serology, or molecular-based methods. Culture is time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. The major types of serological tests for M. pneumoniae include the microtiter plate enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the membrane EIA, indirect immunofluorescence, and particle agglutination. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) include traditional PCR, nested PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology, and RNA simultaneous amplification and testing (SAT). Macrolides have been the drug of choice for treating M. pneumoniae infection in past years. Clinically significant acquired macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP)has emerged worldwide which may be associated with more extrapulmonary complications, and severe clinical and radiological features. Since molecular-based assays can detect M. pnueumoniae in clinical specimens, there is a need for real point of care testing for fast detection of M. pneumoniae or its DNA and mutations in macrolide resistance gene. It is necessary to develop safe vaccines that provide protective immunity against M.pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Sourabh Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, 160030, India
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Guo S, Zeng M, Chen L, Chen H, Gao W, Wang Z, Shi Q, Song Z. Characterization and expression profiling of fadd gene in response to exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila or Edwardsiella tarda challenge in the hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × P. vachelli ♂). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109021. [PMID: 37633342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) is involved in the process of cell apoptosis and plays a key role in innate immune signaling. Nevertheless, its detailed molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis and immune responses to exogenous bacterial infections in teleosts remain largely unknown. In this study, a group of 60 hybrid yellow catfish (with the body weight of 25 ± 0.5 g) were used in subsequent experiments, we examined the expression profiling of fadd gene through comparative genomics and comparative immunological methods. Our results showed that fadd in the hybrid yellow catfish (hycfadd) exhibited similar gene and spatial structures to those in other vertebrates, and formed an independent clade in phylogeny. An expression pattern analysis revealed that hycfadd widely transcribed in various tissues, with the highest transcription level in the liver. Furthermore, expression profiling of hycfadd when intraperitoneally infected with 50 μL of exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila (2.0 × 107 CFU/mL) or Edwardsiella tarda (2.0 × 107 CFU/mL) within 48 h were significantly up-regulated in the kidney, spleen, liver and intestine. Important genes in the toll like receptor (tlr) 1-tlr2- myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-fadd-caspase (casp) 8 cascades of TLR signaling pathway in liver were significantly up-regulated after the A. hydrophila stimulation, suggesting that apoptosis through the TLR signaling pathway may have been triggered and activated, which were further verified in the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and gill by a TUNEL assay. Overall, this study provides solid evidence for the bacterial induction of fadd-related apoptosis in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mengsha Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hanxi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenxue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Zhaobin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Li Y, Du X, Li W, Jiang Q, Ye Y, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhao Y, Che X. Two genes related to apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of juvenile prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense: Molecular characterization and transcriptional response to nanoplastic exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162863. [PMID: 36931509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics have been widely found in the global water environment, causing plastic pollution and affecting human beings and numerous organisms. Studies involving freshwater crustacean exposure to nanoplastics, however, are limited. In this study, juvenile prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) were exposed to 75 nm polystyrene nanoplastics at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/L) for a 28-d chronic exposure experiment. To study the effects of exposure to nanoplastics on hepatopancreas cell apoptosis, C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) genes were selected, and hepatotoxic enzyme activities and Toll pathway- and apoptosis-related gene expression were determined. For the first time, full-length Mn-JNK and Mn-PIK3CA cDNAs were cloned from M. nipponense. Homologous comparisons showed that JNK and PIK3CA had conserved functional sequences. The apoptosis rate in the high-concentration nanoplastic group (40 mg/L) was significantly higher than in the low-concentration nanoplastic (5 mg/L) and control groups (0 mg/L). The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) enzyme activities in the hepatopancreas increased with exposure to higher concentrations of nanoplastics. In addition, the levels of apoptosis- and Toll pathway-related gene expression and JNK and PIK3CA gene expression were initially increased, then decreased with exposure to higher concentrations of nanoplastics. This study showed that polystyrene nanoplastics activate toll-related pathways leading to apoptosis and hepatopancreas damage, which provides theoretical support for future aquatic toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xuan Che
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Jahejo AR, Bukhari SAR, Rajput N, Kalhoro NH, Leghari IH, Raza SHA, Li Z, Liu WZ, Tian WX. Transcriptome-based biomarker gene screening and evaluation of the extracellular fatty acid-binding protein (Ex-FABP) on immune and angiogenesis-related genes in chicken erythrocytes of tibial dyschondroplasia. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:323. [PMID: 35459093 PMCID: PMC9034513 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a bone disorder in which dead chondrocytes accumulate as a result of apoptosis and non-vascularization in the tibial bone of broiler chickens. The pathogenicity of TD is under extensive research but is yet not fully understood. Several studies have linked it to apoptosis and non-vascularization in the tibial growth plate (GP). We conceived the idea to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in chicken erythrocytes which vary in expression over time using a likelihood-ratio test (LRT). Thiram was used to induce TD in chickens, and then injected Ex-FABP protein at 0, 20, and 50 μg.kg-1 to evaluate its therapeutic effect on 30 screened immunity and angiogenesis-related genes using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The histopathology was also performed in TD chickens to explore the shape, circularity, arrangements of chondrocytes and blood vessels. RESULTS Clinical lameness was observed in TD chickens, which decreased with the injection of Ex-FABP. Histopathological findings support Ex-FABP as a therapeutic agent for the morphology and vascularization of affected chondrocytes in TD chickens. qPCR results of 10 immunity (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, IL-7, MyD88, MHCII, and TRAF6) and 20 angiogenesis-related genes (ITGAV, ITGA2, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGA5, IL1R1, TBXA2R, RPL17, F13A1, CLU, RAC2, RAP1B, GIT1, FYN, IQGAP2, PTCH1, NCOR2, VAV-like, PTPN11, MAML3) regulated when Ex-FABP is injected to TD chickens. CONCLUSION Immunity and angiogenesis-related genes can be responsible for apoptosis of chondrocytes and vascularization in tibial GP. Injection of Ex-FABP protein to thiram induced TD chickens decrease the chondrocytes damage and improves vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | | | - Nasir Rajput
- Department of Poultry Husbandry, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Zhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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Hu DN, Zhang R, Iacob CE, Yao S, Yang SF, Chan CC, Rosen RB. Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide increases expression and secretion of CXCL1 and CXCL2 by uveal melanocytes. Exp Eye Res 2022; 216:108943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Mahmoud NN, Zakaria ZZ, Kheraldine H, Gupta I, Vranic S, Al-Asmakh M, Al Moustafa AE. The Effect of Surface-Modified Gold Nanorods on the Early Stage of Embryonic Development and Angiogenesis: Insight into the Molecular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11036. [PMID: 34681694 PMCID: PMC8537453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods have been implicated in several biomedical applications. Herein, the effect of two surface-modified gold nanorods on the early stages of embryogenesis and angiogenesis was investigated using avian embryos at three days and their chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) at five days of incubation. We found that gold nanorods (GNR) modified with PEGylated phospholipid moiety show a high mortality rate in embryos after four days of exposure compared to GNR modified with PEGylated cholesterol moiety. Meanwhile, our data revealed that surface modified-GNR significantly inhibit the formation of new blood vessels in the treated CAM model after 48 h of exposure. Moreover, we report that surface-modified GNR significantly deregulate the expression of several genes implicated in cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, cellular energy metabolism, and angiogenesis. On the other hand, our data point out that GNR treatments can modulate the expression patterns of JNK1/2/3, NF-KB/p38, and MAPK, which could be the main molecular pathways of the nanorods in our experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf N. Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Zain Zaki Zakaria
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (Z.Z.Z.); (H.K.); (M.A.-A.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hadeel Kheraldine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (Z.Z.Z.); (H.K.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Ishita Gupta
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (Z.Z.Z.); (H.K.); (M.A.-A.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (Z.Z.Z.); (H.K.); (M.A.-A.)
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
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Beukema M, Jermendi É, Koster T, Kitaguchi K, de Haan BJ, van den Berg MA, Faas MM, Schols HA, de Vos P. Attenuation of Doxorubicin-Induced Small Intestinal Mucositis by Pectins is Dependent on Pectin's Methyl-Ester Number and Distribution. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100222. [PMID: 34268870 PMCID: PMC8519125 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Intestinal mucositis is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which is characterized by severe Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-mediated inflammation. The dietary fiber pectin is shown to prevent this intestinal inflammation through direct inhibition of TLR2 in a microbiota-independent manner. Recent in vitro studies show that inhibition of TLR2 is determined by the number and distribution of methyl-esters of pectins. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the degree of methyl-esterification (DM) and the degree of blockiness (DB) of pectins determine attenuating efficacy on doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis. METHODS AND RESULTS Four structurally different pectins that differed in DM and DB are tested on inhibitory effects on murine TLR2 in vitro, and on doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. These data demonstrate that low DM pectins or intermediate DM pectins with high DB have the strongest inhibitory impact on murine TLR2-1 and the strongest attenuating effect on TLR2-induced apoptosis and peritonitis. Intermediate DM pectin with a low DB is, however, also effective in preventing the induction of doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage. CONCLUSION These pectin structures with stronger TLR2-inhibiting properties may prevent the development of doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment with doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beukema
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Éva Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, WageningenWG6708The Netherlands
| | - Taco Koster
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kohji Kitaguchi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological SciencesGifu University1‐1 YanagidoGifu City501‐1193Japan
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marijke M. Faas
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, WageningenWG6708The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections: Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020119. [PMID: 33503845 PMCID: PMC7911756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia which can lead to both acute upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation, and extrapulmonary syndromes. Refractory pneumonia caused by M. pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially in infants and the elderly. Here, based on a comprehensive review of the scientific literature related to the respective area, we summarize the virulence factors of M. pneumoniae and the major pathogenic mechanisms mediated by the pathogen: adhesion to host cells, direct cytotoxicity against host cells, inflammatory response-induced immune injury, and immune evasion. The increasing rate of macrolide-resistant strains and the harmful side effects of other sensitive antibiotics (e.g., respiratory quinolones and tetracyclines) in young children make it difficult to treat, and increase the health risk or re-infections. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of an effective vaccine to prevent M. pneumoniae infections in children. Various types of M. pneumoniae vaccines have been reported, including whole-cell vaccines (inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines), subunit vaccines (involving M. pneumoniae protein P1, protein P30, protein P116 and CARDS toxin) and DNA vaccines. This narrative review summarizes the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying M. pneumoniae infection and highlights the relevant vaccines that have been developed and their reported effectiveness.
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10
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Jahejo AR, Jia FJ, Raza SHA, Shah MA, Yin JJ, Ahsan A, Waqas M, Niu S, Ning GB, Zhang D, Khan A, Tian WX. Screening of toll-like receptor signaling pathway-related genes and the response of recombinant glutathione S-transferase A3 protein to thiram induced apoptosis in chicken erythrocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103831. [PMID: 32818608 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes related to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathway were determined. Group A, B and C fed with basal diet and group D, E and F induced TD by feeding a basal diet containing 100 mg·kg-1 thiram. rGSTA3 protein was injected at 20 μg·kg-1 in group B, E and at 50 μg·kg-1 in C, F. Results suggested that lameness and death of chondrocytes were significant on day 14. TLRs signaling pathway related genes were screened based on the transcriptome enrichment, and validated on qPCR. IL-7, TLR2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, MyD88, MHC-II, MDA5 and TRAF6 were significantly (p < 0.05) expressed in group E and F as compared to group D on day 14 and 23. IL-7, MHCII, TRAF6, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR15 determined insignificant in group D compared to group A on day 23. TD occur in an early phase and alleviated in the later period. rGSTA3 protein can prevent apoptosis and repair degraded chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Fa-Jie Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | | | - Mujahid Ali Shah
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiao-Jiao Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Anam Ahsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, District Poonch, 12350, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Sheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Guan-Bao Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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11
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Zou M, Yang L, Niu L, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Fu Y, Peng X. Baicalin ameliorates Mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced lung inflammation in chicken by inhibiting TLR6-mediated NF-κB signalling. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:199-210. [PMID: 33252265 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1847251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) causes severe lung inflammation and cell damage by activating toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Baicalin (BA) is a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. This study investigated the effect of BA in MG-induced lung inflammation and its potential mechanism in MG-infected chicken embryo lungs and DF-1 cells.2. The histopathological examination result showed that BA treatment alleviated MG-induced lung pathological changes. In addition, CCK-8 and cell cycle assays showed that BA treatment inhibited MG-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in DF-1 cells.3. The ELISA and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that BA treatment decreased the expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) both in MG-infected chicken embryo lungs and DF-1 cells.4. The results revealed that BA inhibited mRNA expression levels of toll-like receptor-6 (TLR6), myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p655. In conclusion, the results showed that BA has a protective effect against MG-induced lung inflammation in chicken by inhibiting the TLR6-mediated NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - L Niu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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13
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Polydatin attenuates Mycoplasma gallisepticum (HS strain)-induced inflammation injury via inhibiting the TLR6/ MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104552. [PMID: 33010363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is the main cause of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) characterized by severe respiratory inflammation in chickens. Polydatin (PD) is a resveratrol glycoside isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum, which has prominent anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of PD against MG-induced inflammation in chicken and its underlying mechanism. Histopathological analysis showed that PD treatment (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg) apparently alleviated MG-induced pathological changes of chicken embryonic lung. In chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells, PD treatment (15, 30, and 60 μg/mL) could effectively suppress MG propagation, promote MG-infected cell proliferation and cell cycle progress, and inhibit MG-induced cell apoptosis. ELISA and qPCR assays showed that PD treatment significantly suppressed the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced by MG both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, molecular studies indicated that the MG-induced levels of toll-like receptor-6 TLR6, myeloid differentiation-88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were significantly decreased by PD treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis showed that PD treatment restrained the MG-induced NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation. Taken together, these results indicate the protective effects of PD against MG-induced inflammation injury in chicken were mainly by inhibiting the TLR6/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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14
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Integration of gene expression profile data to screen and verify immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes involved in Marek's disease virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104454. [PMID: 32818575 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken erythrocytes participated in immunity, but the role of erythrocytes in the immunity of Marek's disease virus (MDV) has not been reported related to the immunity genes. The purpose of this study was to screen and verify the immune-related genes of chicken erythrocytes which could be proven as a biomarker in MDV. The datasets (GPL8764-Chicken Gene Expression Microarray) were downloaded from the GEO profile database for control and MDV infected chickens to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through bioinformatics methods. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed to find enriched pathways, including Gene Ontology (GO). Based on enriched pathways, the top 19 immune-related genes were screened-out and process further to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The screened genes were validated on RT-PCR and qPCR. Results suggested that the mRNA transcription of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, 6 (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6), major histocompatibility complex-II (MHCII), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interferon-βeta (IFN-β), chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) were significantly up-regulated. The expression of toll-like receptor 5, 7 (TLR5, TLR7) interleukin-12 (IL-12 p40), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interferon-αlpha (IFN-α) were significantly down-regulated in the erythrocytes of the infected group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of toll-like receptor-1, 15, 21 (TLR1, TLR15, TLR21), major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were not significant. In conclusion, it has been verified on qRT-PCR results that 19 immune-related genes, which included TLRs, cytokines and MHC have immune functions in MDV infected chickens.
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15
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Saeki A, Tsuchiya K, Suda T, Into T, Hasebe A, Suzuki T, Shibata KI. Gasdermin D-independent release of interleukin-1β by living macrophages in response to mycoplasmal lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Immunology 2020; 161:114-122. [PMID: 32592165 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays pivotal roles in controlling bacterial infections and is produced after the processing of pro-IL-1β by caspase-1, which is activated by the inflammasome. In addition, caspase-1 cleaves the cytosolic protein, gasdermin-D (GSDMD), whose N-terminal fragment subsequently forms a pore in the plasma membrane, leading to the pyroptic cell-death-mediated release of IL-1β. Living cells can also release IL-1β via GSDMD pores or other unconventional secretory pathways. However, the precise mechanisms are poorly defined. Here, we show that lipoproteins from Mycoplasma salivarium (MsLP) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpLP) and an M. salivarium-derived lipopeptide (FSL-1), which are activators of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, induce IL-1β release from mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) without inducing cell death. The levels of IL-1β release induced by MsLP, MpLP and FSL-1 were more than 100 times lower than those induced by the canonical NLRP3 activator nigericin. The IL-1β release-inducing activities of MsLP, MpLP and FSL-1 were not attenuated in BMMs from GSDMD-deficient mice. Furthermore, both active caspase-1 and cleaved GSDMD were detected in response to transfection of FSL-1 into the cytosol of BMMs, but the release of IL-1β was unaffected by GSDMD deficiency. Meanwhile, punicalagin, a membrane-stabilizing agent, drastically down-regulated the release of IL-1β in response to FSL-1. These results suggest that mycoplasmal lipoprotein/lipopeptide-induced IL-1β release by living macrophages is not mediated via GSDMD but rather through changes in membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Saeki
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Suda
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Hozumi, Japan
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shibata
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Comprehensive RNA-Seq profiling of the lung transcriptome of Bashbay sheep in response to experimental Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0214497. [PMID: 32639963 PMCID: PMC7343132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bashbay sheep (Ovis aries), an indigenous breed of Xinjiang, China, has many excellent characteristics. It is resistant to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection, the causative agent of mycoplasma ovipneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease that is harmful to the sheep industry. To date, knowledge regarding the mechanisms responsible for M. ovipneumoniae pathogenesis in scant. Herein, we report the results of transcriptome profiling of lung tissues from Bashbay sheep experimentally infected with an M. ovipneumoniae strain at 4 and 14 days post-infection, in comparison to mock-infected animals (0 d). Transcriptome profiling was performed by deep RNA sequencing, using the Illumina platform. The analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed to determine concomitant gene-specific temporal patterns of mRNA expression in the lungs after M. ovipneumoniae infection. We found 1048 differentially expressed genes (575 up-regulated, 473 down-regulated) when comparing transcriptomic data at 4 and 0 days post-infection, and 2823 (1362 up-regulated, 1461 down-regulated) when comparing 14 versus 0 days post-infection. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes at 4 and 14 versus 0 days post-infection were enriched in 245 and 287 pathways, respectively, and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was considered most closely related to MO infection (p < 0.01). Two pathways (LAMP-TLR2/TLR6-MyD88-MKK6-AP1-IL1B and LAMP-TLR8MyD88-IRF5-RANTES) were identified based on the TLR signaling pathway from differentially expressed genes related M. ovipneumoniae infection. Gene Ontology analysis showed that differentially expressed genes in different groups were enriched for 1580 and 4561 terms, where those most closely related to M. ovipneumoniae infection are positive regulators of inflammatory responses (p < 0.01). These results could aid in understanding how M. ovipneumoniae infection progresses in the lungs and may provide useful information regarding key regulatory pathways.
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17
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Blötz C, Singh N, Dumke R, Stülke J. Characterization of an Immunoglobulin Binding Protein (IbpM) From Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32373096 PMCID: PMC7176901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria evolved many ways to invade, colonize and survive in the host tissue. Such complex infection strategies of other bacteria are not present in the cell-wall less Mycoplasmas. Due to their strongly reduced genomes, these bacteria have only a minimal metabolism. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogenic bacterium using its virulence repertoire very efficiently, infecting the human lung. M. pneumoniae can cause a variety of conditions including fever, inflammation, atypical pneumoniae, and even death. Due to its strongly reduced metabolism, M. pneumoniae is dependent on nutrients from the host and aims to persist as long as possible, resulting in chronic diseases. Mycoplasmas evolved strategies to subvert the host immune system which involve proteins fending off immunoglobulins (Igs). In this study, we investigated the role of MPN400 as the putative factor responsible for Ig-binding and host immune evasion. MPN400 is a cell-surface localized protein which binds strongly to human IgG, IgA, and IgM. We therefore named the protein MPN400 immunoglobulin binding protein of Mycoplasma (IbpM). A strain devoid of IbpM is slightly compromised in cytotoxicity. Taken together, our study indicates that M. pneumoniae uses a refined mechanism for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Blötz
- Department of General Microbiology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neil Singh
- Department of General Microbiology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roger Dumke
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Hu L, Huang Z, Ishii H, Wu H, Suzuki S, Inoue A, Kim W, Jiang H, Li X, Zhu E, Piao L, Zhao G, Lei Y, Okumura K, Shi GP, Murohara T, Kuzuya M, Cheng XW. PLF-1 (Proliferin-1) Modulates Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Development of Experimental Intimal Hyperplasia. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e005886. [PMID: 31838975 PMCID: PMC6951060 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Although apoptosis and cell proliferation have been extensively investigated in atherosclerosis and restenosis postinjury, the communication between these 2 cellular events has not been evaluated. Here, we report an inextricable communicative link between apoptosis and smooth muscle cell proliferation in the promotion of vascular remodeling postinjury. Methods and Results Cathepsin K-mediated caspase-8 maturation is a key initial step for oxidative stress-induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Apoptotic cells generate a potential growth-stimulating signal to facilitate cellular mass changes in response to injury. One downstream mediator that cathepsin K regulates is PLF-1 (proliferin-1), which can potently stimulate growth of surviving neighboring smooth muscle cells through activation of PI3K/Akt/p38MAPK (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase)-dependent and -independent mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling cascades. We observed that cathepsin K deficiency substantially mitigated neointimal hyperplasia by reduction of Toll-like receptor-2/caspase-8-mediated PLF-1 expression. Interestingly, PLF-1 blocking, with its neutralizing antibody, suppressed neointima formation and remodeling in response to injury in wild-type mice. Contrarily, administration of recombinant mouse PLF-1 accelerated injury-induced vascular actions. Conclusions This is the first study detailing PLF-1 as a communicator between apoptosis and proliferation during injury-related vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. These data suggested that apoptosis-driven expression of PLF-1 is thus a novel target for treatment of apoptosis-based hyperproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hu
- Department of Public Health Guilin Medical College Guilin Guangxi China.,Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China.,Department of Community & Geriatrics Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Neurology Occupational and Environmental Health Kitakyushu Hukuoka Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Hongxian Wu
- Department of Cardiology Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Susumu Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Aiko Inoue
- Department of Community & Geriatrics Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Weon Kim
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea
| | - Haiying Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology Yanbian University School of Medicine Yanji Jinlin China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China
| | - Enbo Zhu
- Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China
| | - Limei Piao
- Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China.,Department of Community & Geriatrics Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Guangxian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China
| | - Yanna Lei
- Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China
| | - Kenji Okumura
- Department of Cardiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Department of Community & Geriatrics Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology/Hypertension and Heart Center Yanbian University Hospital Yanji Jilin China.,Department of Community & Geriatrics Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan.,Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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19
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Rosas-Martínez M, Gutiérrez-Venegas G. Myricetin Inhibition of Peptidoglycan-Induced COX-2 Expression in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:202-209. [PMID: 31328126 PMCID: PMC6615347 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a cell wall constituent in dental plaque bacteria that triggers inflammatory responses. PGN binds Toll-like receptors, leading to increases in prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1β, which play crucial roles in the inflammatory response and tissue destruction. Dental surgery can give plaque bacteria access to blood circulation, thereby creating a risk of septic inflammation of the endocardium. Plant-derived flavonoids have been reported to reduce inflammatory cytokine secretion by host cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of flavonoid myricetin on expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the H9c2 cells treated with PGN from Streptococcus sanguinis, a bacterial constituent of dental plaque associated with infective endocarditis. Myricetin exposure resulted in dose-dependent suppression of PGN-induced COX-2 expression, diminished phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and reduced IκB-α degradation, consistent with decreased COX-2 activity. In conclusion, the aforementioned results suggest that myricetin is useful for moderating the inflammatory response in infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Rosas-Martínez
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- Biochemistry Laboratory of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 04510, Mexico
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20
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Li Y, Yang Q, Shi ZH, Zhou M, Yan L, Li H, Xie YH, Wang SW. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule and Its Main Components on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Rats via the Regulation of the NF- κB and BAX/BCL-2 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:9585727. [PMID: 31312226 PMCID: PMC6595388 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9585727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although gastroenteritis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) occur in the gastrointestinal tract and pelvis, respectively, they display similar pathogeneses. The incidence of inflammation in these conditions is usually associated with dysbacteriosis, and, at times, they are caused by the same pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus. Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine that is widely used to treat bacterial dysentery and acute and chronic gastroenteritis. However, whether it has an effect on PID is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of FYC and its main components, gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA), and syringin (SY), on a pathogen-induced PID model and illustrate their potential mechanism of action. Female specific pathogen-free SD rats (n = 1110) were randomly divided into control, PID, FYC, GA, EA, SY, GA + EA, GA + SY, EA + SY, GA + EA + SY, and Fuke Qianjin capsule (FKC) positive groups. Histological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out as well as western blot analysis to detect the expression of NF-κB, BAX, BCL-2, and JNK. In this study, FYC and its main components dramatically suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1, and elevated the IL-10 level to varying degrees. We also found that FYC and its main components inhibited the expression of BAX induced by infection and increased the expression of Bcl-2. FYC, GA, EA, and SY could also block the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Finally, we found that the phosphorylation of JNK could be decreased by FYC, GA, and SY. FYC and its main components exhibit anti-inflammatory effect on a pathogen-induced PID model by regulating the NF-κB and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhi-hui Shi
- Shaanxi Junbisha Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan-hua Xie
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Si-wang Wang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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21
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Jeong MH, Park YJ, Kim HR, Chung KH. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate-induced upregulation of MUC5AC via activation of the TLR-p38 MAPK and JNK axis. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:119-126. [PMID: 30935901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and toxicological studies indicate that polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-p) is a guanidine-based cationic disinfectant strongly associated with interstitial lung diseases. As individuals exposed to aerosolized PHMG-p complain of respiratory problems (asthma and rhinitis), whether PHMG-p can cause respiratory diseases other than interstitial fibrosis should be investigated. MUC5AC, the predominant mucin gene expressed in airways, is associated with obstructive respiratory disease pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we elucidated the relationship between PHMG-p and MUC5AC overexpression. First, in immunofluorescence studies, the bronchial epithelia of mice intratracheally administrated PHMG-p appeared to be sloughing and tethered by MUC5AC. Second, Calu-3 cells exposed to PHMG-p showed concentration-dependent increases in MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and c-jun were phosphorylated in cells exposed to PHMG-p. SP600125 and SB203580, JNK and p38 inhibitors, respectively, reduced the upregulation of MUC5AC by PHMG-p in Calu-3 cells. When toll-like receptor (TLR)2, 4, and 6 were silenced, PHMG-p-induced JNK and p38 phosphorylation decreased. Furthermore, TLR2-, 4-, and 6-silenced cells showed reduced levels of MUC5AC mRNA and protein induced by PHMG-p, with TLR6 knockdown showing the greatest effect. In conclusion, PHMG-p induced MUC5AC overexpression via activation of the TLR-p38 MAPK and JNK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ho Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joo Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38430, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyu Hyuck Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Hatakeyama M, Nakada F, Ichinose H, Kitaoka T. Direct stimulation of cellular immune response via TLR2 signaling triggered by contact with hybrid glyco-biointerfaces composed of chitohexaose and cellohexaose. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:517-522. [PMID: 30576996 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of carbohydrates by cell receptors activates various cell signaling processes. In this report, hybrid self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of chitohexaose (βGlcNAc6) and cellohexaose (βGlc6) are prepared to induce a highly sensitive, glyco-density-dependent inflammatory response by HEK293 cells expressing toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which recognizes oligo-βGlcNAc moieties. Thiosemicarbazide-labeled βGlcNAc6 and βGlc6, as a bio-signal inducer and a spacer molecule, respectively, were immobilized on a gold substrate via spontaneous chemisorption to control the βGlcNAc6 density on the SAM surface. The βGlcNAc6 density ranged from 0 to 0.65 chains nm-2. The inflammatory response of HEK293 cells varied as a function of the surface glyco-density, and the hybrid SAM with 0.146 chains nm-2 of βGlcNAc6 induced a stronger response than pure βGlcNAc6-SAM with 0.654 chains nm-2. Thus, direct activation of TLR2-mediated cellular stimulation triggered by as-designed glyco-biointerfaces was possible through a mutual interaction between the fittingly βGlcNAc6 moieties assembled on hybrid glyco-SAMs and TLR2 on the surface of HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hatakeyama
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Fumi Nakada
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ichinose
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
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Christodoulides A, Gupta N, Yacoubian V, Maithel N, Parker J, Kelesidis T. The Role of Lipoproteins in Mycoplasma-Mediated Immunomodulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1682. [PMID: 30108558 PMCID: PMC6080569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections, such as walking pneumonia or pelvic inflammatory diseases, are a major threat to public health. Despite their relatively small physical and genomic size, mycoplasmas are known to elicit strong host immune responses, generally inflammatory, while also being able to evade the immune system. The mycoplasma membrane is composed of approximately two-thirds protein and one-third lipid and contains several lipoproteins that are known to regulate host immune responses. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of mycoplasma lipoproteins are reviewed. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects, both activating and evasive, of Mycoplasma surface lipoproteins will contribute to understanding mechanisms potentially relevant to mycoplasma disease vaccine development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Christodoulides
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neha Gupta
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vahe Yacoubian
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neil Maithel
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Parker
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Feiyangchangweiyan Capsule on Rat Pelvic Inflammatory Disease through JNK/NF- κB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8476147. [PMID: 29681986 PMCID: PMC5851019 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8476147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In this study, we aimed to illustrate the preventive effect and possible mechanisms of Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FYCWYC) on rat pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) model. Methods To construct the rat PID model, upper genital tract was infected by multipathogen, and then drugs were orally administered for 8 days. The histological examination, immunohistochemical analysis, and ELISA were carried out. Furthermore, Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of Akt, MAPKs, NF-κB p65, and IκB-α in uterus. Results As the results showed, infiltrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes in uterus were significantly suppressed, and IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, and TNF-α were also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that FYCWYC inhibited apoptosis induced by infection. Furthermore, FYCWYC could block the infection-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. We found that FYCWYC treatment only decreased the phosphorylation of JNK induced by infection and had no effects on Akt and P38. Additional, the effects of SP600125, an inhibitor of phospho-JNK, were similar to the results of FYCWYC. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrated that FYCWYC had anti-inflammatory effect in pathogen-induced PID model, and the mechanism might be through inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation which is mediated by JNK.
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Li P, Xu J, Rao HM, Li X, Zhang YK, Jiang F, Wu WX. Mechanism of Apoptosis Induction by Mycoplasmal Nuclease MGA_0676 in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:105. [PMID: 29670864 PMCID: PMC5893762 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MGA_0676 has been characterized as a Mycoplasma gallisepticum nuclease that can induce apoptosis of chicken cells. However, the mechanism by which MGA_0676 induces apoptosis has remained unclear. In this study, we evaluated MGA_0676-induced apoptosis and internalization in immortalized chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1) and cancer cell lines. The internalization of MGA_0676 was proven through caveolin-mediated endocytosis by blocking the endocytosis with specific inhibitors or with siRNA. We identified the Thif domain of NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit (NAE) in DF-1 as the target region interacting with the SNC domain of MGA_0676. The interaction between the Thif and SNC domains was observed co-located in the perinuclear and nuclear of DF-1. We found that the interaction between NAE and MGA_0676 increased the ability of apoptosis and accelerated the process of cullin neddylation in DF-1 cells, in turn activating NF-κB. This resulted in the observed aggregation of NF-κB in the nuclei of DF-1 cells. Moreover, the apoptosis induced by MGA_0676 decreased significantly when NF-κB was inhibited by siRNA or BAY 11-7082 or when NAE was silenced by siRNA. Overall, our results demonstrate that MGA_0676 is internalized through caveolin-mediated endocytosis, interacts with SNC-dependent Thif to accelerate the process of cullin neddylation and activates NF-κB in DF-1 cells, ultimately playing a key role in apoptosis in chicken cells. Our results indicate MGA_0676 constitutes a critical etiological virulence factor of the respiratory disease caused by M. gallisepticum. This study also opens a venue to investigate MGA_0676 as a potential candidate as pro-apoptotic drug in cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Rao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Vidya MK, Kumar VG, Sejian V, Bagath M, Krishnan G, Bhatta R. Toll-like receptors: Significance, ligands, signaling pathways, and functions in mammals. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:20-36. [PMID: 29028369 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1380200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression patterns. The tripartite TLRs are type I integral transmembrane receptors that are involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These paralogs are located on cell surfaces or within endosomes. The TLRs are found to be functionally involved in the recognition of self and non-self-antigens, maturation of DCs and initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses as they bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. Interestingly, they also have a significant role in immunotherapy and vaccination. Signals generated by TLRs are transduced through NFκB signaling and MAP kinases pathway to recruit pro-inflammatory cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, which promote inflammatory responses. The excess production of these cytokines leads to grave systemic disorders like tumor growth and autoimmune disorders. Hence, regulation of the TLR signaling pathway is necessary to keep the host system safe. Many molecules like LPS, SOCS1, IRAK1, NFκB, and TRAF3 are involved in modulating the TLR pathways to induce appropriate response. Though quantification of these TLRs helps in correlating the magnitude of immune response exhibited by the animal, there are several internal, external, genetic and animal factors that affect their expression patterns. So it can be concluded that any identification based on those expression profiles may lead to improper diagnosis during certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallenahally Kusha Vidya
- a Department of Veterinary Biochemistry , Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Hebbal, Bangalore , Karnataka , India.,b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - V Girish Kumar
- a Department of Veterinary Biochemistry , Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University , Hebbal, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Madiajagan Bagath
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Govindan Krishnan
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- b Animal Physiology Division , ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Adugodi, Bangalore , Karnataka , India
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Yu QW, Wang H, Huo JT, An XF, Gao P, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY, Yan M. Suppression of Baeckea frutescens L. and its components on MyD88-dependent NF-κB pathway in MALP-2-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 207:92-99. [PMID: 28576579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baeckea frutescens L. is commonly used as a folk medicinal material. There are nineteen components in its volatile oil, including Pcymol which has effects of eliminating phlegm, relieving asthma and antiviral. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-infectious inflammatory activities of Baeckea frutescens L. and its conponents and analyzing the mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-infectious inflammation of Baeckea frutescens L. were studied by using macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model in vitro. Secretion of nitric oxide (NO), expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were detected as classic inflammatory index. Expression of Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), degradation of inhibitory κBα (IκBα) and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were further investigated. RESULTS The results suggested that Baeckea frutescens L. has effect on suppression of MALP-2-mediated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. The secretion of NO and the expression of iNOS could be inhibited. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also declined. Baeckea frutescens L. significantly decreased the expression of MyD88, therefore, inhibited the degradation of IκBα, reduced the level of nuclear translocation of p65. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that Baeckea frutescens L. and its components could inhibit the anti-infectious inflammatory events and iNOS expression in MALP-2 stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among them, BF-2 might play a role through the inhibition of the MyD88 and NF-κB pathway. Our study might provide a new strategy to design and develop this kind of drug towards mycoplasma-infected inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Wei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing-Ting Huo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Fei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ming Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Battin C, Hennig A, Mayrhofer P, Kunert R, Zlabinger GJ, Steinberger P, Paster W. A human monocytic NF-κB fluorescent reporter cell line for detection of microbial contaminants in biological samples. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178220. [PMID: 28542462 PMCID: PMC5443541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of pathogens by innate immune cells is essential for the initiation of appropriate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are highly sensitive for various structurally and evolutionary conserved molecules derived from microbes have a prominent role in this process. TLR engagement results in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which induces the expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. The exquisite sensitivity of TLR signalling can be exploited for the detection of bacteria and microbial contaminants in tissue cultures and in protein preparations. Here we describe a cellular reporter system for the detection of TLR ligands in biological samples. The well-characterized human monocytic THP-1 cell line was chosen as host for an NF-ᴋB-inducible enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene. We studied the sensitivity of the resultant reporter cells for a variety of microbial components and observed a strong reactivity towards TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 ligands. Mycoplasma lipoproteins are potent TLR2/6 agonists and we demonstrate that our reporter cells can be used as reliable and robust detection system for mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures. In addition, a TLR4-sensitive subline of our reporters was engineered, and probed with recombinant proteins expressed in different host systems. Bacterially expressed but not mammalian expressed proteins induced strong reporter activity. We also tested proteins expressed in an E. coli strain engineered to lack TLR4 agonists. Such preparations also induced reporter activation in THP-1 cells highlighting the importance of testing recombinant protein preparations for microbial contaminations beyond endotoxins. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of monocytic reporter cells for high-throughput screening for microbial contaminations in diverse biological samples, including tissue culture supernatants and recombinant protein preparations. Fluorescent reporter assays can be measured on standard flow cytometers and in contrast to established detection methods, like luciferase-based systems or Limulus Amebocyte Lysate tests, they do not require costly reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Hennig
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PS); (WP), (WP)
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PS); (WP), (WP)
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29
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Lu Z, Xie D, Chen Y, Tian E, Muhammad I, Chen X, Miao Y, Hu W, Wu Z, Ni H, Xin J, Li Y, Li J. TLR2 mediates autophagy through ERK signaling pathway in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected RAW264.7 cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:161-170. [PMID: 28478286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a crucial role in early innate immune response of host to various microorganisms. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the major pathogen that can cause chronic respiratory diseases in chickens, but the molecular mechanism of MG infection still remained unclear. In this study, we examined the typical hallmarks of autophagy and multiple signaling pathways by western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. The results indicated that infection of mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 with MG activated autophagy and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Silencing of TLR2 by siRNA substantially down-regulated MG-triggered autophagy in macrophages, and markedly reduced MG-induced extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) in macrophages but did not down-regulate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Importantly, in macrophages, inhibition of ERK by PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) also significantly attenuated the level of autophagy upon MG infection, and the simultaneous treatment of TLR2 siRNA and PD98059 showed a similar effect on MG-induced autophagy as compared with TLR2 siRNA treatment alone. These findings thus demonstrate that TLR2 may mediate MG-induced autophagy through ERK signaling pathway in macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Daoyuan Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Erjie Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xueping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yusong Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wanjun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ziyong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Huili Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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30
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Basal autophagy prevents autoactivation or enhancement of inflammatory signals by targeting monomeric MyD88. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1009. [PMID: 28432355 PMCID: PMC5430896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, the processes of delivery of intracellular components to lysosomes, regulates induction of inflammation. Inducible macroautophagy degrades inflammasomes and dysfunctional mitochondria to downregulate inflammatory signals. Nonetheless, the effects of constitutive basal autophagy on inflammatory signals are largely unknown. Here, we report a previously unknown effect of basal autophagy. Lysosomal inhibition induced weak inflammatory signals in the absence of a cellular stimulus and in the presence of a nutrient supply, and their induction was impaired by MyD88 deficiency. During lysosomal inhibition, MyD88 was accumulated, and overabundant MyD88 autoactivated downstream signaling or enhanced TLR/IL-1R-mediated signaling. MyD88 is probably degraded via basal microautophagy because macroautophagy inhibitors, ATG5 deficiency, and an activator of chaperone-mediated autophagy did not affect MyD88. Analysis using a chimeric protein whose monomerization/dimerization can be switched revealed that monomeric MyD88 is susceptible to degradation. Immunoprecipitation of monomeric MyD88 revealed its interaction with TRAF6. In TRAF6-deficient cells, degradation of basal MyD88 was enhanced, suggesting that TRAF6 participates in protection from basal autophagy. Thus, basal autophagy lowers monomeric MyD88 expression, and thereby autoactivation of inflammatory signals is prevented. Given that impairment of lysosomes occurs in various settings, our results provide novel insights into the etiology of inflammatory signals that affect consequences of inflammation.
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31
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Yang YX, Li L. Identification of potential biomarkers of sepsis using bioinformatics analysis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1689-1696. [PMID: 28565754 PMCID: PMC5443301 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as the systemic inflammatory response to infection and is one of the leading causes of mortality in critically ill patients. The goal of the present study is to elucidate the molecular mechanism of sepsis. Transcription profile data (GSE12624) were downloaded that had a total of 70 samples (36 sepsis samples and 34 non-sepsis samples) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Protein-protein interaction network analysis was conducted in order to comprehensively understand the interactions of genes in all samples. Hierarchical clustering and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) global test were performed to identify the differentially expressed clusters in the networks, followed by function and pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, a support vector machine (SVM) was performed to classify the clusters, and 10-fold cross-validation method was performed to evaluate the classification results. A total of 7,672 genes were obtained after preprocessing of the mRNA expression profile data. The PPI network of genes under sepsis and non-sepsis status collected 1,996/2,147 genes and 2,645/2,783 interactions. Moreover, following the ANCOVA global test (P<0.05), 24 differentially expressed clusters with 12 clusters in septic and 12 clusters in non-septic samples were identified. Finally, 207 biomarker genes, including CDC42, CSF3R, GCA, HMGB2, RHOG, SERPINB1, TYROBP SERPINA1, FCER1 G and S100P in the top six clusters, were collected using the SVM method. The SERPINA1, FCER1 G and S100P genes are thought to be potential biomarkers. Furthermore, Gene oncology terms, including the intracellular signaling cascade, regulation of programmed cell death, regulation of cell death, regulation of apoptosis and leukocyte activation may participate in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Pizzuto M, Gangloff M, Scherman D, Gay NJ, Escriou V, Ruysschaert JM, Lonez C. Toll-like receptor 2 promiscuity is responsible for the immunostimulatory activity of nucleic acid nanocarriers. J Control Release 2016; 247:182-193. [PMID: 28040465 PMCID: PMC5312493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolyamines (LPAs) are cationic lipids; they interact spontaneously with nucleic acids to form lipoplexes used for gene delivery. The main hurdle to using lipoplexes in gene therapy lies in their immunostimulatory properties, so far attributed to the nucleic acid cargo, while cationic lipids were considered as inert to the immune system. Here we demonstrate for the first time that di-C18 LPAs trigger pro-inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, and this whether they are bound to nucleic acids or not. Molecular docking experiments suggest potential TLR2 binding modes reminiscent of bacterial lipopeptide sensing. The di-C18 LPAs share the ability of burying their lipid chains in the hydrophobic cavity of TLR2 and, in some cases, TLR1, at the vicinity of the dimerization interface; the cationic headgroups form multiple hydrogen bonds, thus crosslinking TLRs into functional complexes. Unravelling the molecular basis of TLR1 and TLR6-driven heterodimerization upon LPA binding underlines the highly collaborative and promiscuous ligand binding mechanism. The prevalence of non-specific main chain-mediated interactions demonstrates that potentially any saturated LPA currently used or proposed as transfection agent is likely to activate TLR2 during transfection. Hence our study emphasizes the urgent need to test the inflammatory properties of transfection agents and proposes the use of docking analysis as a preliminary screening tool for the synthesis of new non-immunostimulatory nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Pizzuto
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Scherman
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité University, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginie Escriou
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité University, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Ruysschaert
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Lonez
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Moriwaki S, Into T, Suzuki K, Miyauchi M, Takata T, Shibayama K, Niida S. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase is an endogenous activator of Toll-like receptor 4-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35930. [PMID: 27775020 PMCID: PMC5075938 DOI: 10.1038/srep35930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation-associated bone destruction, which is observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis, is mediated by excessive osteoclastogenesis. We showed previously that γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), an enzyme involved in glutathione metabolism, acts as an endogenous activator of such pathological osteoclastogenesis, independent of its enzymatic activity. GGT accumulation is clinically observed in the joints of RA patients, and, in animals, the administration of recombinant GGT to the gingival sulcus as an in vivo periodontitis model induces an increase in the number of osteoclasts. However, the underlying mechanisms of this process remain unclear. Here, we report that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes GGT to activate inflammation-associated osteoclastogenesis. Unlike lipopolysaccharide, GGT is sensitive to proteinase K treatment and insensitive to polymyxin B treatment. TLR4 deficiency abrogates GGT-induced osteoclastogenesis and activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in precursor cells. Additionally, GGT does not induce osteoclastogenesis in cells lacking the signaling adaptor MyD88. The administration of GGT to the gingival sulcus induces increased osteoclastogenesis in wild-type mice, but does not induce it in TLR4-deficient mice. Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism of inflammation-associated osteoclastogenesis, which involves TLR4 recognition of GGT and subsequent activation of MyD88-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawako Moriwaki
- Biobank, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho 501-0296, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Institute of Biomedical &Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Institute of Biomedical &Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8522, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- Biobank, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
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Tian W, Zhao C, Hu Q, Sun J, Peng X. Roles of Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in the inflammatory response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in DF-1 cells and in chicken embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:39-47. [PMID: 26797426 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major pathogen that causes chronic respiratory diseases in chicken, the molecular mechanism of MG infection is not clear. In this study, we investigated the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and 6 (TLR6) in MG infection. We found that TLR2 type 2 (TLR2-2) and TLR6 had differential expressions in chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1 cells), where TLR6 was highly expressed, but TLR2-2 was barely expressed. Upon MG infection, TLR6 expression was upregulated, followed by upregulation of downstream factors, MyD88, NF-κB, IL2, IL6, and TNF-α. Knockdown of TLR6 expression by shRNA abolished the MG-induced inflammatory responses. More interestingly, in the presence of TLR6, TLR2-2 didn't respond to MG infection in DF-1 cells. When TLR6 was knocked down by shRNA, however, TLR2 was upregulated upon MG infection, which was followed by upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Finally, we tested effects of the MG infection on expression of TLR2-2 and TLR6 in the lungs and trachea tissues of chicken embryos. We found both TLR2-2 and TLR6 were upregulated upon MG infection, followed by upregulation of the downstream NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. This study was the first to report the differential roles of TLR2-2 and TLR6 in MG-infected DF-1 cells and chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingchuang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Knockdown of TNFR1 Suppresses Expression of TLR2 in the Cellular Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Inflammation 2016; 39:798-806. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Heidegger S, Jarosch A, Schmickl M, Endres S, Bourquin C, Hotz C. Mycoplasma hyorhinis-Contaminated Cell Lines Activate Primary Innate Immune Cells via a Protease-Sensitive Factor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142523. [PMID: 26565413 PMCID: PMC4643973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma are a frequent and occult contaminant of cell cultures, whereby these prokaryotic organisms can modify many aspects of cell physiology, rendering experiments that are conducted with such contaminated cells problematic. Chronic Mycoplasma contamination in human monocytic cells lines has been associated with suppressed Toll-like receptor (TLR) function. In contrast, we show here that components derived from a Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell line can activate innate immunity in non-infected primary immune cells. Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 by dendritic cells in response to Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell components was critically dependent on the adapter protein MyD88 but only partially on TLR2. Unlike canonical TLR2 signaling that is triggered in response to the detection of Mycoplasma infection, innate immune activation by components of Mycoplasma-infected cells was inhibited by chloroquine treatment and sensitive to protease treatment. We further show that in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, soluble factors from Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cells induce the production of large amounts of IFN-α. We conclude that Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cell lines release protein factors that can potently activate co-cultured innate immune cells via a previously unrecognized mechanism, thus limiting the validity of such co-culture experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heidegger
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Jarosch
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schmickl
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Bourquin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Hotz
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Bao S, Chen D, Yu S, Chen H, Tan L, Hu M, Qiu X, Song C, Ding C. Characterization of triosephosphate isomerase from Mycoplasma gallisepticum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv140. [PMID: 26319024 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi) is a glycolytic enzyme that is essential for efficient energy production in many pathogens. However, its function in Mycoplasma gallisepticum has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the mga0357 gene of M. gallisepticum, which encodes TpiA (MGTpiA), was amplified and expressed in Escherichia coli by IPTG induction. The purified recombinant MGTpiA protein exhibited catalytic activity that was similar to TPI from rabbit muscle, reducing NAD(+) to NADH. The MGTpiA was also found to be a surface-exposed protein by western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. In addition, cytadherence inhibition assays confirmed that the cytadherence of M. gallisepticum to the DF-1 cells was significantly inhibited by the anti-MGTpiA serum. The results of the study suggested that MGTpiA plays an important role in the metabolism and closely related to the M. gallisepticum pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Bao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China
| | - Danqing Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Meirong Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Rolf N, Kariminia A, Ivison S, Reid GS, Schultz KR. Heterodimer-specific TLR2 stimulation results in divergent functional outcomes in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1980-90. [PMID: 25867213 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reports of spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remissions following severe bacterial infections suggest that bacterial components may trigger elimination of ALL. To date, TLR2, which recognizes a broad range of bacterial pathogens through TLR1 or TLR6 heterodimerization, has not been fully evaluated for direct effects on ALL. Studies investigating TLR2 signaling in other tumor cell types utilizing single ligands have yielded contradictory results, and comparative, heterodimer-specific analyses of TLR2 stimulation are lacking. In this study, we report that two well-characterized heterodimer-specific TLR2 ligands, Pam3 CSK4 (TLR2/1), and Pam2 CSK4 (TLR2/6), induce ALL cell lines and primary ALL samples to upregulate CD40 expression. However, only Pam3 CSK4 triggers Caspase-8-mediated apoptosis and sensitizes cells to vincristine-mediated cytotoxicity. Consistent with this result, stimulation of ALL cells through TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 activates Mal, p38 and the NF-κB and PI3K signaling pathways with divergent kinetics that may underlie their distinct downstream effects. Our results reveal a novel branching in downstream responses to heterodimer-specific TLR2 stimulation in ALL cells and emphasize the need for comparative studies to determine differential biological effects observed in specific tumor cells. Based on our results, TLR2/1 ligand Pam3 CSK4 possesses potential for generating anti-ALL activity through its direct effects on leukemic blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rolf
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amina Kariminia
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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40
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Deregulation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia 2015; 29:1458-69. [PMID: 25761935 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a group of heterogeneous clonal hematologic malignancies that are characterized by defective bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis and by the occurrence of intramedullary apoptosis. During the past decade, the identification of key genetic and epigenetic alterations in patients has improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. However, the specific molecular mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis of MDS have largely remained obscure. Recently, essential evidence supporting the direct role of innate immune abnormalities in MDS has been obtained, including the identification of multiple key regulators that are overexpressed or constitutively activated in BM hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Mounting experimental results indicate that the dysregulation of these molecules leads to abnormal hematopoiesis, unbalanced cell death and proliferation in patients' BM, and has an important role in the pathogenesis of MDS. Furthermore, there is compelling evidence that the deregulation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling also affects other cells from the immune system and the BM microenvironment, which establish aberrant associations with hematopoietic precursors and contribute to the MDS phenotype. Therefore, the deregulation of innate immune and inflammatory signaling should be considered as one of the driving forces in the pathogenesis of MDS. In this article, we review and update the advances in this field, summarizing the results from the most recent studies and discussing their clinical implications.
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Abstract
In a majority of pathophysiological settings, cell death is not accidental - it is controlled by a complex molecular apparatus. Such a system operates like a computer: it receives several inputs that inform on the current state of the cell and the extracellular microenvironment, integrates them and generates an output. Thus, depending on a network of signals generated at specific subcellular sites, cells can respond to stress by attemptinwg to recover homeostasis or by activating molecular cascades that lead to cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Here, we discuss the mechanisms whereby cellular compartments - including the nucleus, mitochondria, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton and cytosol - sense homeostatic perturbations and translate them into a cell-death-initiating signal.
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Bai F, Ni B, Liu M, Feng Z, Xiong Q, Shao G. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins induce inflammation and apoptosis in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:58-67. [PMID: 25481242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that causes considerable economic losss in swine industry. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) of mycoplasma play important roles in causing mycoplasma diseases. The present study explores the pathogenic mechanisms of M. hyopneumoniae LAMPs by elucidating their role in modulating the inflammation, apoptosis, and relevant signaling pathways of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pig. LAMP treatment inhibited the growth of PBMCs. Up-regulation of cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion were all detected in the supernatant of LAMPs-treated PBMCs. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis using dual staining with annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) showed that LAMPs of M. hyopneumoniae induced a time-dependent apoptosis in lymphocyts and monocytes from PBMCs, which was blocked by NOS inhibitor or antioxidant. In addition, LAMPs induced the phosphorylation of p38, the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bax protein to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage in PBMCs. These findings demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae LAMPs induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis of PBMCs in vitro through p38 MAPK and Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, as well as caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bai
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum lipid associated membrane proteins up-regulate inflammatory genes in chicken tracheal epithelial cells via TLR-2 ligation through an NF-κB dependent pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112796. [PMID: 25401327 PMCID: PMC4234737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. However the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. We hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (LAMP) to TLRs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). To test this hypothesis, live bacteria or LAMPs isolated from a virulent (Rlow) or a non-virulent (Rhigh) strain were incubated with primary TECs or chicken tracheae ex vivo. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of several inflammatory and chemokine genes in TECs as early as 1.5 hours post-exposure. Kinetic analysis using RT-qPCR identified the peak of expression for most genes to be at either 1.5 or 6 hours. Ex-vivo exposure also showed up-regulation of inflammatory genes in epithelial cells by 1.5 hours. Among the commonly up-regulated genes were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, CCL-20, and NOS-2, all of which are important immune-modulators and/or chemo-attractants of leukocytes. While these inflammatory genes were up-regulated in all four treatment groups, Rlow exposed epithelial cells both in vitro and ex vivo showed the most dramatic up-regulation, inducing over 100 unique genes by 5-fold or more in TECs. Upon addition of a TLR-2 inhibitor, LAMP-mediated gene expression of IL-1β and CCL-20 was reduced by almost 5-fold while expression of IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-8 and NOS-2 mRNA was reduced by about 2–3 fold. Conversely, an NF-κB inhibitor abrogated the response entirely for all six genes. miRNA-146a, a negative regulator of TLR-2 signaling, was up-regulated in TECs in response to either Rlow or Rhigh exposure. Taken together we conclude that LAMPs isolated from both Rhigh and Rlow induced rapid, TLR-2 dependent but transient up-regulation of inflammatory genes in primary TECs through an NF-κB dependent pathway.
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Amorim AT, Marques LM, Santos AMOG, Martins HB, Barbosa MS, Rezende IS, Andrade EF, Campos GB, Lobão TN, Cortez BA, Monezi TA, Machado-Santelli GM, Timenetsky J. Apoptosis in HEp-2 cells infected with Ureaplasma diversum. Biol Res 2014; 47:38. [PMID: 25299837 PMCID: PMC4167145 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial pathogens have many strategies for infecting and persisting in host cells. Adhesion, invasion and intracellular life are important features in the biology of mollicutes. The intracellular location of Ureaplasma diversum may trigger disturbances in the host cell. This includes activation or inhibition of pro and anti-apoptotic factors, which facilitate the development of host damage. The aim of the present study was to associate U. diversum infection in HEp-2 cells and apoptosis induction. Cells were infected for 72hs with four U. diversum clinical isolates and an ATCC strain. The U. diversum invasion was analyzed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and gentamicin invasion assay. The apoptosis was evaluated using pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression, and FITC Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit. RESULTS The number of internalized ureaplasma in HEp-2 cells increased significantly throughout the infection. The flow cytometry analysis with fluorochromes to detect membrane depolarization and gene expression for caspase 2, 3 and 9 increased in infected cells after 24 hours. However, after 72 hours a considerable decrease of apoptotic cells was observed. CONCLUSIONS The data suggests that apoptosis may be initially induced by some isolates in association with HEp-2 cells, but over time, there was no evidence of apoptosis in the presence of ureaplasma and HEp-2 cells. The initial increase and then decrease in apoptosis could be related to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPS). Moreover, the isolates of U. diversum presented differences in the studied parameters for apoptosis. It was also observed that the amount of microorganisms was not proportional to the induction of apoptosis in HEp-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Hellen Braga Martins
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Izadora Souza Rezende
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Ewerton Ferraz Andrade
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tássia Neves Lobão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Araujo Cortez
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Telma Alvez Monezi
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Glaucia Maria Machado-Santelli
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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45
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Jang TH, Park HH. Crystal structure of TIR domain of TLR6 reveals novel dimeric interface of TIR-TIR interaction for toll-like receptor signaling pathway. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3305-3313. [PMID: 25088687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for recognition of particular pathogens during the innate immune response and cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain responsible for downstream signaling. TLR6 working with TLR2 can detect bacterial lipoprotein leading signal for nuclear factor-kappaB activation for immune response. To better understand TLR-mediated signaling event in the innate immune system, in this study, we report the first crystal structure of the TIR domain of TLR6 at 2.2Å resolution. Our structure reveals novel homo-dimerization interfaces, which might be a critical for the interaction with TIR-containing adaptor proteins and itself. We also report structural similarities and differences of TLR6 with those of other TIR domains, which may be functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Jang
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749, South Korea.
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Lee WR, Kim KH, An HJ, Kim JY, Han SM, Lee KG, Park KK. Protective effect of melittin against inflammation and apoptosis on Propionibacterium acnes-induced human THP-1 monocytic cell. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:218-26. [PMID: 25062791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide that is the main toxic component in the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It has been used in treatment of various chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the cellular mechanism and the anti-apoptotic effect of melittin in Propionibactierium acnes (P. acnes)-induced THP-1 cells have not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanism by examining the effect of melittin on P. acnes-induced THP-1 monocytic cells. THP-1 monocytic cells were stimulated by heat-killed P. acnes in the presence of melittin. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB signaling, caspase family, and PARP signaling were measured by ELISA or Western blot analysis. The number of apoptotic cells and changes of cell morphology were examined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Heat-killed P. acnes increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleavage of caspase-3 and -8 in heat-killed P. acnes-induced THP-1 cells. However, treatment with melittin inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleavage of the caspase-3 and -8. Moreover, the cleaved PARP appeared after 8h of heat-killed P. acnes treatment and its cleavage was reduced by melittin treatment. These results demonstrate that 1.0×10(7) CFU/ml of heat-killed P. acnes induces THP-1 cell apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Also, administration of melittin significantly decreases the expression of various inflammatory cytokines in heat-killed P. acnes-treated THP-1 monocytic cells. In particular, melittin exerts anti-apoptotic effects against 1.0×10(7) CFU/ml of heat-killed P. acnes injury to THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Gil Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea.
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47
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Chen SK, Chung CA, Cheng YC, Huang CJ, Chen WY, Ruaan RC, Li C, Tsao CW, Hu WW, Chien CC. Toll-like receptor 6 and connective tissue growth factor are significantly upregulated in mitomycin-C-treated urothelial carcinoma cells under hydrostatic pressure stimulation. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:410-6. [PMID: 24689870 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common histologic subtype of bladder cancer. The administration of mitomycin C (MMC) into the bladder after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) is a common treatment strategy for preventing recurrence after surgery. We previously applied hydrostatic pressure combined with MMC in UC cells and found that hydrostatic pressure synergistically enhanced MMC-induced UC cell apoptosis through the Fas/FasL pathways. To understand the alteration of gene expressions in UC cells caused by hydrostatic pressure and MMC, oligonucleotide microarray was used to explore all the differentially expressed genes. RESULTS After bioinformatics analysis and gene annotation, Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) showed significant upregulation among altered genes, and their gene and protein expressions with each treatment of UC cells were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting. CONCLUSION Under treatment with MMC and hydrostatic pressure, UC cells showed increasing apoptosis using extrinsic pathways through upregulation of TLR6 and CTGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Kuan Chen
- 1 Department of Urology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital , New Taipei City, Taiwan
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48
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Meisgen F, Xu Landén N, Wang A, Réthi B, Bouez C, Zuccolo M, Gueniche A, Ståhle M, Sonkoly E, Breton L, Pivarcsi A. MiR-146a negatively regulates TLR2-induced inflammatory responses in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1931-1940. [PMID: 24670381 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes represent the first line of defense against pathogens in the skin and have important roles in initiating and regulating inflammation during infection and autoimmunity. Here we investigated the role of miR-146a in the regulation of the innate immune response of keratinocytes. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulation of primary human keratinocytes resulted in an NF-κB- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent upregulation of miR-146a expression, which was surprisingly long lasting, contrasting with the rapid and transient induction of inflammatory mediators. Overexpression of miR-146a significantly suppressed the production of IL-8, CCL20, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which functionally suppressed the chemotactic attraction of neutrophils by keratinocytes. Inhibition of endogenous miR-146a induced the production of inflammatory mediators even in nonstimulated keratinocytes, and potentiated the effect of TLR2 stimulation. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that miR-146a suppresses the expression of a large number of immune-related genes in keratinocytes. MiR-146a downregulated interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6, two key adapter molecules downstream of TLR signaling, and suppressed NF-κB promoter-binding activity as shown by promoter luciferase experiments. Together, these data identify miR-146a as a regulatory element in keratinocyte innate immunity, which prevents the production of inflammatory mediators under homeostatic conditions and serves as a potent negative feedback regulator after TLR2 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meisgen
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bence Réthi
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Mona Ståhle
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enikö Sonkoly
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andor Pivarcsi
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Uchida K, Nakahira K, Mimura K, Shimizu T, De Seta F, Wakimoto T, Kawai Y, Nomiyama M, Kuwano K, Guaschino S, Yanagihara I. Effects of Ureaplasma parvum lipoprotein multiple-banded antigen on pregnancy outcome in mice. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 100:118-27. [PMID: 24238827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ureaplasma spp. are members of the family Mycoplasmataceae and have been considered to be associated with chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery. However, it is unclear whether Ureaplasma spp. have virulence factors related to these manifestations. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the immunogenic protein multiple-banded antigen (MBA) from Ureaplasma parvum is a virulence factor for preterm delivery. We partially purified MBA from a type strain and clinical isolates of U. parvum, and also synthesized a diacylated lipopeptide derived from U. parvum, UPM-1. Using luciferase assays, both MBA-rich fraction MRF and UPM-1 activated the NF-κB pathway via TLR2. UPM-1 upregulated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p35, TNF-α, MIP2, LIX, and iNOS in mouse peritoneal macrophage. MRF or UPM-1 was injected into uteri on day 15 of gestation on pregnant C3H/HeN mice. The intrauterine MRF injection group had a significantly higher incidence of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD; 38.5%) than the control group (14.0%). Interestingly, intrauterine injection of UPM-1 caused preterm deliveries at high concentration (80.0%). In contrast, a low concentration of UPM-1 induced a significantly higher rate of fetal deaths (55.2%) than the control group (14.0%). The placentas of the UPM-1 injection group showed neutrophil infiltration and increased iNOS protein expression. Our data indicate that MBA from the clinical isolate of U. parvum is a potential virulence factor for IUFD and preterm delivery in mice and that the N-terminal diacylated lipopeptide is essential for the initiation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Uchida
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, 840-Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
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50
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Identification of microRNAs that regulate TLR2-mediated trophoblast apoptosis and inhibition of IL-6 mRNA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77249. [PMID: 24143215 PMCID: PMC3797072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While infection-induced placental inflammation is a common mechanism of adverse pregnancy outcome, some pathogens can also trigger placental apoptosis, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate this response. Treatment of human first trimester trophoblast cells with bacterial peptidoglycan (PDG) reduces their constitutive secretion of IL-6 protein and induces apoptosis. This apoptotic response is dependent upon the cell’s expression of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR10, and their lack of TLR6, such that ectopic expression of TLR6 prevents PDG-induced apoptosis and restores IL-6 production. In this current study we have identified three microRNAs (miRs) that regulate TLR2-mediated responses in the human trophoblast. Herein we report that miR-329 plays a pivotal role in mediating PDG-induced trophoblast apoptosis and inhibition of IL-6 mRNA expression by targeting the NF-κB subunit, p65. TLR2 activation by PDG upregulates miR-329 expression and inhibits NF-κB p65 and IL-6 mRNA, and this is reversed by the presence of TLR6. Moreover, inhibition of miR-329 prevents PDG-induced inhibition of NF-κB p65 and IL-6 mRNA expression, and restores cell survival. In addition, we have found miR-23a and let-7c to directly regulate PDG-mediated inhibition of IL-6 mRNA. TLR2 activation by PDG upregulates miR23a and let-7c expression and this is reversed by the presence of TLR6. Furthermore, inhibition of both miR23a and let-7c prevents PDG-inhibition of trophoblast IL-6 mRNA expression. Together, our findings suggest that multiple miRs are involved in the molecular regulation of TLR2-mediated responses in the trophoblast towards gram-positive bacterial components.
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