1
|
Raval P, Khaire K, Sharma S, Balakrishnan S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition contrast in the amputated tail and limb of the northern house gecko, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:285-296. [PMID: 38600055 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The northern house gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis exhibits appendage-specific responses to injuries. The autotomized tail regenerates, whereas the severed limb fails to regrow. Many site-specific cellular processes influence tail regeneration. Herein, we analyzed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition contrast in the lizard's amputated appendages (tail and limb). Morphological observations in the healing frame indicated the formation of regeneration blastema in the tail and scar formation in limb. Histology of the tail showed that epithelial cells closer to mesenchyme appeared less columnar and loosely packed, with little intercellular matrix. Whereas in the limb, the columnar epithelial cells remained tightly packed. Collagen deposition was seen in the limb at the intersection of wound epithelium and mesenchyme, favoring scarring by blocking the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition were assessed at transcript and protein levels. The regenerating tail showed upregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, and PCNA, favoring epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and proliferation, respectively. In contrast, the scarring limb showed persistently elevated levels of E-cadherin and EpCAM, indicating retention of epithelial characteristics. An attempt was made to screen the resident epithelial stem cell population in both appendages to check their potential role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), hence the differential wound healing. Upregulation in transcript and protein levels of Nanog and Sox2 was observed in the regenerating tail. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) provided supporting evidence that the epithelial stem cell population in tail remained significantly higher than in limb. Thus, this study focuses on the mechanistic role of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in wound healing, highlighting the molecular details of regeneration and scarring events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Raval
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Kashmira Khaire
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Shashikant Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seifert AW, Duncan EM, Zayas RM. Enduring questions in regenerative biology and the search for answers. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1139. [PMID: 37945686 PMCID: PMC10636051 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for basic research to uncover the inner workings of regenerative processes and produce meaningful medical therapies has inspired scientists, clinicians, and patients for hundreds of years. Decades of studies using a handful of highly regenerative model organisms have significantly advanced our knowledge of key cell types and molecular pathways involved in regeneration. However, many questions remain about how regenerative processes unfold in regeneration-competent species, how they are curtailed in non-regenerative organisms, and how they might be induced (or restored) in humans. Recent technological advances in genomics, molecular biology, computer science, bioengineering, and stem cell research hold promise to collectively provide new experimental evidence for how different organisms accomplish the process of regeneration. In theory, this new evidence should inform the design of new clinical approaches for regenerative medicine. A deeper understanding of how tissues and organs regenerate will also undoubtedly impact many adjacent scientific fields. To best apply and adapt these new technologies in ways that break long-standing barriers and answer critical questions about regeneration, we must combine the deep knowledge of developmental and evolutionary biologists with the hard-earned expertise of scientists in mechanistic and technical fields. To this end, this perspective is based on conversations from a workshop we organized at the Banbury Center, during which a diverse cross-section of the regeneration research community and experts in various technologies discussed enduring questions in regenerative biology. Here, we share the questions this group identified as significant and unanswered, i.e., known unknowns. We also describe the obstacles limiting our progress in answering these questions and how expanding the number and diversity of organisms used in regeneration research is essential for deepening our understanding of regenerative capacity. Finally, we propose that investigating these problems collaboratively across a diverse network of researchers has the potential to advance our field and produce unexpected insights into important questions in related areas of biology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Elizabeth M Duncan
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okamura DM, Nguyen ED, Collins SJ, Yoon K, Gere JB, Weiser-Evans MCM, Beier DR, Majesky MW. Mammalian organ regeneration in spiny mice. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:39-52. [PMID: 36131170 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis-driven solid organ failure is a major world-wide health burden with few therapeutic options. Spiny mice (genus: Acomys) are terrestrial mammals that regenerate severe skin wounds without fibrotic scars to evade predators. Recent studies have shown that spiny mice also regenerate acute ischemic and traumatic injuries to kidney, heart, spinal cord, and skeletal muscle. A common feature of this evolved wound healing response is a lack of formation of fibrotic scar tissue that degrades organ function, inhibits regeneration, and leads to organ failure. Complex tissue regeneration is an extremely rare property among mammalian species. In this article, we discuss the evidence that Acomys represents an emerging model organism that offers a unique opportunity for the biomedical community to investigate and clinically translate molecular mechanisms of scarless wound healing and regeneration of organ function in a mammalian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M Okamura
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Nguyen
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sarah J Collins
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Kevin Yoon
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Joshua B Gere
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David R Beier
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, M/S C9S-5, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao X, Yan B. The mechanism and diagnostic value of Tbx20 in cardiovascular diseases. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
5
|
Alvarado AS. Developmental biology is poised to discover altogether new principles in biology in the 21st century. Dev Biol 2022; 488:47-53. [PMID: 35580728 PMCID: PMC9326816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the 20th century, developmental biology spearheaded a revolution in our understanding of complex biological problems. Its success rests in great part on a truly unique approach that has recruited a diversity of systems and research organisms rather than focusing on isolated cells or molecules, while also employing a wide variety of technological and intellectual approaches. But what will developmental biology contribute to this century? Advances in technology and instrumentation are presently moving at neck-breaking speed and herald the advent of an age of technological wonders in which previously inaccessible biology is now tangibly within our grasps. For instance, single-cell RNAseq has revealed novel, transient cell states in both stem and differentiated cells that are specified by defined changes in gene expression frequency during regeneration. Additionally, genome-wide epigenetic analyses combined with gene editing and transgenic methodologies have identified the existence of regeneration responsive enhancers in adult vertebrate tissues. These circumstances combined with our discipline’s diversity of experimental and intellectual approaches offer unimaginable opportunities for developmental biologists not only to discover new biology but also to reveal entirely new principles of biology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gholami N, Colagar AH, Sinkakarimi MH, Sohbatzadeh F. In vivo assessment of APPJ discharge on the earthworm: coelomic TAC and MDA levels, cell death, and tissue regeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16045-16051. [PMID: 34637123 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effective medical applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) have been reported by many researchers, including sterilization of liquid and solid surfaces, treatment of chronic wounds, treatment of cancer tumors, and blood clots. Therefore, in this study, we exposed Aporrectodea trapezoides and Eisenia fetida earthworms to APPJ discharge (0-30 s) to evaluate the impacts on regeneration of missed segments, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation (LPo), catalase activity (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total proteins, and protein profile. Results showed APPJ induced significant effects on regeneration ability of earthworms after 20 and 30 s of exposure (p < 0.05). Atmospheric pressure plasma jet did not have significant effects on MDA content and TUNEL-positive cells, but this effect was significant for TAC and CAT in both species (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed for the first time that regeneration of missed segments in earthworms can be stimulated by plasma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Gholami
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, CP: 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, CP: 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sinkakarimi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, CP: 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sohbatzadeh
- Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Mazandaran, CP: 47416-95447, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chowdhury K, Lin S, Lai SL. Comparative Study in Zebrafish and Medaka Unravels the Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.783818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration has been in the spotlight of research for its fascinating nature and potential applications in human diseases. The trait of regenerative capacity occurs diversely across species and tissue contexts, while it seems to decline over evolution. Organisms with variable regenerative capacity are usually distinct in phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology. This phenomenon hinders the feasibility of studying tissue regeneration by directly comparing regenerative with non-regenerative animals, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and mice (Mus musculus). Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a fish model with a complete reference genome and shares a common ancestor with zebrafish approximately 110–200 million years ago (compared to 650 million years with mice). Medaka shares similar features with zebrafish, including size, diet, organ system, gross anatomy, and living environment. However, while zebrafish regenerate almost every organ upon experimental injury, medaka shows uneven regenerative capacity. Their common and distinct biological features make them a unique platform for reciprocal analyses to understand the mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Here we summarize current knowledge about tissue regeneration in these fish models in terms of injured tissues, repairing mechanisms, available materials, and established technologies. We further highlight the concept of inter-species and inter-organ comparisons, which may reveal mechanistic insights and hint at therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Brewer CM, Nelson BR, Wakenight P, Collins SJ, Okamura DM, Dong XR, Mahoney WM, McKenna A, Shendure J, Timms A, Millen KJ, Majesky MW. Adaptations in Hippo-Yap signaling and myofibroblast fate underlie scar-free ear appendage wound healing in spiny mice. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2722-2740.e6. [PMID: 34610329 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) are terrestrial mammals that evolved unique scar-free regenerative wound-healing properties. Myofibroblasts (MFs) are the major scar-forming cell type in skin. We found that following traumatic injury to ear pinnae, MFs appeared rapidly in both Acomys and mouse yet persisted only in mouse. The timing of MF loss in Acomys correlated with wound closure, blastema differentiation, and nuclear localization of the Hippo pathway target protein Yap. Experiments in vitro revealed an accelerated PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation activity that maintained nuclear Yap in Acomys dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and was not detected in mouse or human DFs. Treatment of Acomys in vivo with the nuclear Yap-TEAD inhibitor verteporfin prolonged MF persistence and converted tissue regeneration to fibrosis. Forced Yap activity prevented and rescued TGF-β1-induced human MF formation in vitro. These results suggest that Acomys evolved modifications of Yap activity and MF fate important for scar-free regenerative wound healing in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Brewer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Branden R Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Paul Wakenight
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sarah J Collins
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Daryl M Okamura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Xiu Rong Dong
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William M Mahoney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aaron McKenna
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Tentacular Spectacular: Evolution of Regeneration in Sea Anemones. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071072. [PMID: 34356088 PMCID: PMC8306839 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea anemones vary immensely in life history strategies, environmental niches and their ability to regenerate. While the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is the starlet of many key regeneration studies, recent work is emerging on the diverse regeneration strategies employed by other sea anemones. This manuscript will explore current molecular mechanisms of regeneration employed by non-model sea anemones Exaiptasia diaphana (an emerging model species for coral symbiosis studies) and Calliactis polypus (a less well-studied species) and examine how these species compare to the model sea anemone N. vectensis. We summarize the field of regeneration within sea anemones, within the greater context of phylum Cnidaria and in other invertebrate models of regeneration. We also address the current knowledge on two key systems that may be implemented in regeneration: the innate immune system and developmental pathways, including future aspects of work and current limitations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gordon T, Upadhyay AK, Manni L, Huchon D, Shenkar N. And Then There Were Three…: Extreme Regeneration Ability of the Solitary Chordate Polycarpa mytiligera. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652466. [PMID: 33937252 PMCID: PMC8083962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive regenerative ability is a common trait of animals capable of asexual development. The current study reveals the extraordinary regeneration abilities of the solitary ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera. Dissection of a single individual into separate fragments along two body axes resulted in the complete regeneration of each fragment into an independent, functional individual. The ability of a solitary ascidian, incapable of asexual development, to achieve bidirectional regeneration and fully regenerate all body structures and organs is described here for the first time. Amputation initiated cell proliferation in proximity to the amputation line. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the close affinity of P. mytiligera to colonial species. This evolutionary proximity suggests the ability for regeneration as an exaptation feature for colonial lifestyle. P. mytiligera’s exceptional regenerative abilities and phylogenetic position highlight its potential to serve as a new comparative system for studies seeking to uncover the evolution of regeneration and coloniality among the chordates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gordon
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnav Kumar Upadhyay
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Dorothée Huchon
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Lou WPK, Fei JF. The engine initiating tissue regeneration: does a common mechanism exist during evolution? CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:12. [PMID: 33817749 PMCID: PMC8019671 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A successful tissue regeneration is a very complex process that requires a precise coordination of many molecular, cellular and physiological events. One of the critical steps is to convert the injury signals into regeneration signals to initiate tissue regeneration. Although many efforts have been made to investigate the mechanisms triggering tissue regeneration, the fundamental questions remain unresolved. One of the major obstacles is that the injury and the initiation of regeneration are two highly coupled processes and hard to separate from one another. In this article, we review the major events occurring at the early injury/regeneration stage in a range of species, and discuss the possible common mechanisms during initiation of tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wilson Pak-Kin Lou
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Michaud JP, Abdelwahab AH, Bayoumy MH, Awadalla SS, El-Gendy M. Measuring the Costs of Limb Regeneration and Their Transgenerational Consequences in Two Nearctic Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1780-1785. [PMID: 32449513 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined the ability of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville to regenerate, during pupation, a foreleg amputated in the fourth instar. Leg regeneration was complete for 80.7% of amputated H. convergens larvae, with 12.5% regenerating partially, and 6.8% showing no regeneration. Regeneration in C. maculata was 72.2% complete, 20.5% partial, and 7.2% none, but mortality following ablation was slightly higher than for H. convergens (7.4 vs. 0.6%). Ablation/regeneration caused a slight delay in pupation, but pupation time, fresh mass at emergence, and reproductive performance remained unaffected in either species. Reciprocal crosses were made between regenerated and unoperated beetles, and 12 progeny reared from the second clutch of each female in all treatments. Mating treatment affected eclosion time in H. convergens, whereas in C. maculata, larval development and pupation time were also affected. Considering all treatments, larval mortality was higher in H. convergens than in C. maculata, but lower when both H. convergens parents regenerated. Parental mating treatment did not affect adult weight in either species, but development of C. maculata progeny was faster when only the sire regenerated, and slower when the only the dame regenerated, whereas progeny of regenerated sires completed pupated faster than those sired by controls. We infer that genes activated during regeneration have pleiotropic effects with subtle, gender-specific, epigenetic consequences. If these pleiotropic effects are genetically linked to important traits, regenerative genetic elements could be conserved in coccinellids via natural selection acting on these traits, rather than on regenerative ability per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Michaud
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, KS
| | - Ahmed H Abdelwahab
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, KS
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center - Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Bayoumy
- Faculty of Agriculture, Economic Entomology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - S S Awadalla
- Faculty of Agriculture, Economic Entomology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M El-Gendy
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center - Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van der Burg CA, Pavasovic A, Gilding EK, Pelzer ES, Surm JM, Smith HL, Walsh TP, Prentis PJ. The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Characterised by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:285-307. [PMID: 32016679 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of a limb or tissue can be achieved through multiple different pathways and mechanisms. The sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida has been observed to have excellent regenerative proficiency, but this has not yet been described transcriptionally. In this study, we examined the genetic expression changes during a regenerative timecourse and reported key genes involved in regeneration and wound healing. We found that the major response was an early (within the first 8 h) upregulation of genes involved in cellular movement and cell communication, which likely contribute to a high level of tissue plasticity resulting in the rapid regeneration response observed in this species. We find the immune system was only transcriptionally active in the first 8 h post-amputation and conclude, in accordance with previous literature, that the immune system and regeneration have an inverse relationship. Fifty-nine genes (3.8% of total) differentially expressed during regeneration were identified as having no orthologues in other species, indicating that regeneration in E. pallida may rely on the activation of species-specific novel genes. Additionally, taxonomically restricted novel genes, including species-specific novels, and highly conserved genes were identified throughout the regenerative timecourse, showing that both may work in concert to achieve complete regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé A van der Burg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Edward K Gilding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Elise S Pelzer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Joachim M Surm
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hayden L Smith
- Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Terence P Walsh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Peter J Prentis
- Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lenzi L, Santos J, Raduan Neto J, Fernandes CH, Faloppa F. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale: Translation for portuguese language, cultural adaptation, and validation. Int Wound J 2019; 16:1513-1520. [PMID: 31599117 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating scars is fundamental to analyse the outcome of treatments that include surgical intervention. Scales facilitate this type of assessment, but most of these measuring instruments are in different languages. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) is one of the most robust instruments available in the literature for the evaluation of scars, although there is no validated version in Brazilian Portuguese. The aims of this study were to culturally translate and validate POSAS for the Portuguese language of Brazil and to test its reproducibility, face validity, content, and construct. Following the methodology proposed by Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz, MB, Spine 2000, 25, 3186, the questionnaire was translated and adapted to the Brazilian culture. The reproducibility, face, content, and construct validity were then analysed. In all, the scale was applied to 35 patients with postoperative scars (patient version) and 35 hand surgery specialists (version for the observer). The internal consistency was tested by Cronbach's alpha, and construct validation was performed by correlating the translated instrument with the Brazilian Portuguese translation of the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). The cultural adaptation of POSAS Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP) was confirmed. Both subscales showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.77-0.93), demonstrating reliability. The reproducibility was excellent, and the adapted scale demonstrated significant intra- and inter-observer reproducibility (r > 0.9) (P < 0.05). The validity of the construct was significant and showed good sensitivity between POSAS EMP/UNIFESP and the VSS. This study confirmed that POSAS EPM/UNIFESP can be used to evaluate patients with surgical scars in the Brazilian population. It has proven to be useful for clinical and research purposes, lending itself to capturing medical opinions and those of the patients themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lgs Lenzi
- Department of Orthopedics and Hand Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jbg Santos
- Department of Orthopedics and Hand Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Raduan Neto
- Department of Orthopedics and Hand Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C H Fernandes
- Department of Orthopedics and Hand Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Faloppa
- Department of Orthopedics and Hand Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu Y, Liu L, Wang C, Zhu F, Liu X. Suppression of limb regeneration by RNA interference of WNT4 in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 234:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
16
|
Yang K, Kang J. Tissue Regeneration Enhancer Elements: A Way to Unlock Endogenous Healing Power. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:34-42. [PMID: 30291668 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative capacity is widespread throughout almost all animal phyla. However, the distribution pattern remains incompletely understood. Various examples show that very closely related species display different regenerative capacities. Why and how have diverse regenerative capacities evolved across species? One prevailing thought in the field of regeneration is that most regeneration-associated factors are evolutionarily conserved, suggesting the existence of an innate tissue regeneration ability in all species. However, its regulation is differentially controlled in distinct species, resulting in heterogeneous regenerative capabilities. In this review, we discuss regeneration-associated enhancers, the key cis-regulatory elements controlling gene expression, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and their influence on regenerative capacity. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of regeneration enhancers can provide fundamental insights into tissue regeneration and further help us develop therapeutic strategies to unlock latent healing powers in humans. Developmental Dynamics 248:34-42, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KaHoua Yang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Murawala H, Ranadive I, Patel S, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Protein expression pattern and analysis of differentially expressed peptides during various stages of tail regeneration in Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Mech Dev 2018; 150:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
18
|
Gordon T, Shenkar N. Solitary Ascidians as Model Organisms in Regenerative Biology Studies. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 65:321-336. [PMID: 30083926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92486-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration, the process of replacing lost or damaged body parts, has long captured human imagination and is a key feature among all animal phyla. Due to their close phylogenetic relationship to vertebrates and their high regenerative abilities, ascidians (Chordata, Ascidiacea) are often used as models to shed light on the cellular and genetic process involved in tissue regeneration. Surprisingly, ascidian regeneration studies are based on only a few model species. In this chapter, we point out the important potential of solitary ascidians in regenerative and stem cell studies. We review recent studies of regeneration among solitary ascidians and discuss the cellular mechanism of tissue regeneration and the possible involvement of circulating cells in these processes. New data regarding the relationship between age and regeneration abilities of the solitary ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera (Stolidobranchia, Styelidae) are presented. The unique regeneration abilities found in P. mytiligera following evisceration of its digestive system and following amputation of its neural complex and siphon-associated structures and nerves imply on its potential to serve as a novel model system for understanding tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gordon
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Food availability drives plastic self-repair response in a basal metazoan- case study on the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16419. [PMID: 29180635 PMCID: PMC5703731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine invertebrates including ctenophores are capable of extensive body regeneration when injured. However, as for the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, there is a constant subportion of individuals not undergoing whole body regeneration but forming functionally stable half-animals instead. Yet, the driving factors of this phenomenon have not been addressed so far. This study sheds new light on how differences in food availability affect self-repair choice and regeneration success in cydippid larvae of M. leidyi. As expected, high food availability favored whole-body regeneration. However, under low food conditions half-animals became the preferential self-repair mode. Remarkably, both regenerating and half-animals showed very similar survival chances under respective food quantities. As a consequence of impaired food uptake after injury, degeneration of the digestive system would often occur indicating limited energy storage capacities. Taken together, this indicates that half-animals may represent an alternative energy-saving trajectory which implies self-repair plasticity as an adaptive trade-off between high regeneration costs and low energy storage capacities. We conclude that self-repair plasticity could lead to higher population fitness of ctenophores under adverse conditions such as in ships’ ballast water tanks which is postulated to be the major vector source for the species’ spreading around the globe.
Collapse
|
20
|
van der Vos W, Witzmann F, Fröbisch NB. Tail regeneration in the Paleozoic tetrapodMicrobrachis pelikaniand comparison with extant salamanders and squamates. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. van der Vos
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung; Berlin Germany
| | - F. Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung; Berlin Germany
| | - N. B. Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung; Berlin Germany
- Institut für Biologie; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao R, Liang H, Clarke E, Jackson C, Xue M. Inflammation in Chronic Wounds. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122085. [PMID: 27973441 PMCID: PMC5187885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-healing chronic wounds present a major biological, psychological, social, and financial burden on both individual patients and the broader health system. Pathologically extensive inflammation plays a major role in the disruption of the normal healing cascade. The causes of chronic wounds (venous, arterial, pressure, and diabetic ulcers) can be examined through a juxtaposition of normal healing and the rogue inflammatory response created by the common components within chronic wounds (ageing, hypoxia, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and bacterial colonisation). Wound bed care through debridement, dressings, and antibiotics currently form the basic mode of treatment. Despite recent setbacks, pharmaceutical adjuncts form an interesting area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Zhao
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Helena Liang
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Clarke
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grillo M, Konstantinides N, Averof M. Old questions, new models: unraveling complex organ regeneration with new experimental approaches. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Willbanks A, Leary M, Greenshields M, Tyminski C, Heerboth S, Lapinska K, Haskins K, Sarkar S. The Evolution of Epigenetics: From Prokaryotes to Humans and Its Biological Consequences. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2016; 8:25-36. [PMID: 27512339 PMCID: PMC4973776 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s31863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The evolution process includes genetic alterations that started with prokaryotes and now continues in humans. A distinct difference between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes involves histones. As evolution progressed, genetic alterations accumulated and a mechanism for gene selection developed. It was as if nature was experimenting to optimally utilize the gene pool without changing individual gene sequences. This mechanism is called epigenetics, as it is above the genome. Curiously, the mechanism of epigenetic regulation in prokaryotes is strikingly different from that in eukaryotes, mainly higher eukaryotes, like mammals. In fact, epigenetics plays a significant role in the conserved process of embryogenesis and human development. Malfunction of epigenetic regulation results in many types of undesirable effects, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. This review provides a comparative analysis and new insights into these aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Willbanks
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Leary
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly Greenshields
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camila Tyminski
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Heerboth
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karolina Lapinska
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sibaji Sarkar
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.; Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
King BL, Yin VP. A Conserved MicroRNA Regulatory Circuit Is Differentially Controlled during Limb/Appendage Regeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157106. [PMID: 27355827 PMCID: PMC4927183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although regenerative capacity is evident throughout the animal kingdom, it is not equally distributed throughout evolution. For instance, complex limb/appendage regeneration is muted in mammals but enhanced in amphibians and teleosts. The defining characteristic of limb/appendage regenerative systems is the formation of a dedifferentiated tissue, termed blastema, which serves as the progenitor reservoir for regenerating tissues. In order to identify a genetic signature that accompanies blastema formation, we employ next-generation sequencing to identify shared, differentially regulated mRNAs and noncoding RNAs in three different, highly regenerative animal systems: zebrafish caudal fins, bichir pectoral fins and axolotl forelimbs. Results These studies identified a core group of 5 microRNAs (miRNAs) that were commonly upregulated and 5 miRNAs that were commonly downregulated, as well as 4 novel tRNAs fragments with sequences conserved with humans. To understand the potential function of these miRNAs, we built a network of 1,550 commonly differentially expressed mRNAs that had functional relationships to 11 orthologous blastema-associated genes. As miR-21 was the most highly upregulated and most highly expressed miRNA in all three models, we validated the expression of known target genes, including the tumor suppressor, pdcd4, and TGFβ receptor subunit, tgfbr2 and novel putative target genes such as the anti-apoptotic factor, bcl2l13, Choline kinase alpha, chka and the regulator of G-protein signaling, rgs5. Conclusions Our extensive analysis of RNA-seq transcriptome profiling studies in three regenerative animal models, that diverged in evolution ~420 million years ago, reveals a common miRNA-regulated genetic network of blastema genes. These comparative studies extend our current understanding of limb/appendage regeneration by identifying previously unassociated blastema genes and the extensive regulation by miRNAs, which could serve as a foundation for future functional studies to examine the process of natural cellular reprogramming in an injury context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. King
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Mount Desert Island, Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Viravuth P. Yin
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Mount Desert Island, Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nelson AM, Reddy SK, Ratliff TS, Hossain MZ, Katseff AS, Zhu AS, Chang E, Resnik SR, Page C, Kim D, Whittam AJ, Miller LS, Garza LA. dsRNA Released by Tissue Damage Activates TLR3 to Drive Skin Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 17:139-51. [PMID: 26253200 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of skin and hair follicles after wounding--a process known as wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN)--is a rare example of adult organogenesis in mammals. As such, WIHN provides a unique model system for deciphering mechanisms underlying mammalian regeneration. Here, we show that dsRNA, which is released from damaged skin, activates Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and its downstream effectors IL-6 and STAT3 to promote hair follicle regeneration. Conversely, TLR3-deficient animals fail to initiate WIHN. TLR3 activation promotes expression of hair follicle stem cell markers and induces elements of the core hair morphogenetic program, including ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) and the Wnt and Shh pathways. Our results therefore show that dsRNA and TLR3 link the earliest events of mammalian skin wounding to regeneration and suggest potential therapeutic approaches for promoting hair neogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sashank K Reddy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tabetha S Ratliff
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - M Zulfiquer Hossain
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Adiya S Katseff
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Amadeus S Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Emily Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sydney R Resnik
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Carly Page
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Dongwon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alexander J Whittam
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jaźwińska A, Sallin P. Regeneration versus scarring in vertebrate appendages and heart. J Pathol 2016; 238:233-46. [PMID: 26414617 PMCID: PMC5057359 DOI: 10.1002/path.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to complex human organs, such as the limbs and the heart, result in pathological conditions, for which we often lack adequate treatments. While modern regenerative approaches are based on the transplantation of stem cell-derived cells, natural regeneration in lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish and newts, relies predominantly on the intrinsic plasticity of mature tissues. This property involves local activation of the remaining material at the site of injury to promote cell division, cell migration and complete reproduction of the missing structure. It remains an unresolved question why adult mammals are not equally competent to reactivate morphogenetic programmes. Although organ regeneration depends strongly on the proliferative properties of cells in the injured tissue, it is apparent that various organismic factors, such as innervation, vascularization, hormones, metabolism and the immune system, can affect this process. Here, we focus on a correlation between the regenerative capacity and cellular specialization in the context of functional demands, as illustrated by appendages and heart in diverse vertebrates. Elucidation of the differences between homologous regenerative and non-regenerative tissues from various animal models is essential for understanding the applicability of lessons learned from the study of regenerative biology to clinical strategies for the treatment of injured human organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaźwińska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Sallin
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gearhart MD, Erickson JR, Walsh A, Echeverri K. Identification of Conserved and Novel MicroRNAs during Tail Regeneration in the Mexican Axolotl. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22046-61. [PMID: 26378530 PMCID: PMC4613296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mexican axolotl salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum) is one member of a select group of vertebrate animals that have retained the amazing ability to regenerate multiple body parts. In addition to being an important model system for regeneration, the axolotl has also contributed extensively to studies of basic development. While many genes known to play key roles during development have now been implicated in various forms of regeneration, much of the regulatory apparatus controlling the underlying molecular circuitry remains unknown. In recent years, microRNAs have been identified as key regulators of gene expression during development, in many diseases and also, increasingly, in regeneration. Here, we have used deep sequencing combined with qRT-PCR to undertake a comprehensive identification of microRNAs involved in regulating regeneration in the axolotl. Specifically, among the microRNAs that we have found to be expressed in axolotl tissues, we have identified 4564 microRNA families known to be widely conserved among vertebrates, as well as 59,811 reads of putative novel microRNAs. These findings support the hypothesis that microRNAs play key roles in managing the precise spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression that ensures the correct regeneration of missing tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah D Gearhart
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jami R Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Andrew Walsh
- Cenix BioScience GmbH, Dresden 01307, Germany.
- Sitools Biotech GmbH, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Borisenko IE, Adamska M, Tokina DB, Ereskovsky AV. Transdifferentiation is a driving force of regeneration in Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Porifera). PeerJ 2015; 3:e1211. [PMID: 26336645 PMCID: PMC4556153 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate is widespread in the animal kingdom, but the regenerative capacities and mechanisms vary widely. To understand the evolutionary history of the diverse regeneration mechanisms, the regeneration processes must be studied in early-evolved metazoans in addition to the traditional bilaterian and cnidarian models. For this purpose, we have combined several microscopy techniques to study mechanisms of regeneration in the demosponge Halisarca dujardini. The objectives of this work are to detect the cells and morphogenetic processes involved in Halisarca regeneration. We show that in Halisarca there are three main sources of the new exopinacoderm during regeneration: choanocytes, archaeocytes and (rarely) endopinacocytes. Here we show that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) occur during Halisarca regeneration. EMT is the principal mechanism during the first stages of regeneration, soon after the injury. Epithelial cells from damaged and adjacent intact choanocyte chambers and aquiferous canals assume mesenchymal phenotype and migrate into the mesohyl. Together with archaeocytes, these cells form an undifferentiated cell mass beneath of wound, which we refer to as a blastema. After the blastema is formed, MET becomes the principal mechanism of regeneration. Altogether, we demonstrate that regeneration in demosponges involves a variety of processes utilized during regeneration in other animals (e.g., cell migration, dedifferentiation, blastema formation) and points to the particular importance of transdifferentiation in this process. Further studies will be needed to uncover the molecular mechanisms governing regeneration in sponges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maja Adamska
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Current affiliation: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daria B. Tokina
- Current affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander V. Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Current affiliation: Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ereskovsky AV, Borisenko IE, Lapébie P, Gazave E, Tokina DB, Borchiellini C. Oscarella lobularis (Homoscleromorpha, Porifera) Regeneration: Epithelial Morphogenesis and Metaplasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134566. [PMID: 26270639 PMCID: PMC4536211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponges are known to possess remarkable reconstitutive and regenerative abilities ranging from common wounding or body part regeneration to more impressive re-building of a functional body from dissociated cells. Among the four sponge classes, Homoscleromorpha is notably the only sponge group to possess morphologically distinct basement membrane and specialized cell-junctions, and is therefore considered to possess true epithelia. The consequence of this peculiar organization is the predominance of epithelial morphogenesis during ontogenesis of these sponges. In this work we reveal the underlying cellular mechanisms used during morphogenesis accompanying ectosome regeneration in the homoscleromorph sponge model: Oscarella lobularis. We identified three main sources of novel exopinacoderm during the processes of its regeneration and the restoration of functional peripheral parts of the aquiferous system in O. lobularis: (1) intact exopinacoderm surrounding the wound surface, (2) the endopinacoderm from peripheral exhalant and inhalant canals, and (3) the intact choanoderm found on the wound surface. The basic morphogenetic processes during regeneration are the spreading and fusion of epithelial sheets that merge into one continuous epithelium. Transdifferentiation of choanocytes into exopinacocytes is also present. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is absent during regeneration. Moreover, we cannot reveal any other morphologically distinct pluripotent cells. In Oscarella, neither blastema formation nor local dedifferentiation and proliferation have been detected, which is probably due to the high morphogenetic plasticity of the tissue. Regeneration in O. lobularis goes through cell transdifferentiation and through the processes, when lost body parts are replaced by the remodeling of the remaining tissue. Morphogenesis during ectosome regeneration in O. lobularis is correlated with its true epithelial organization. Knowledge of the morphological basis of morphogenesis during Oscarella regeneration could have important implications for our understanding of the diversity and evolution of regeneration mechanisms in metazoans, and is a strong basis for future investigations with molecular-biological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya E. Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pascal Lapébie
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer UMR7009 CNRS/UPMC Observatoire Océanologique Quai de la Darse, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Eve Gazave
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daria B. Tokina
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Petersen HO, Höger SK, Looso M, Lengfeld T, Kuhn A, Warnken U, Nishimiya-Fujisawa C, Schnölzer M, Krüger M, Özbek S, Simakov O, Holstein TW. A Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Hydra Head Regeneration. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1928-47. [PMID: 25841488 PMCID: PMC4833066 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cnidarian freshwater polyp Hydra sp. exhibits an unparalleled regeneration capacity in the animal kingdom. Using an integrative transcriptomic and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture proteomic/phosphoproteomic approach, we studied stem cell-based regeneration in Hydra polyps. As major contributors to head regeneration, we identified diverse signaling pathways adopted for the regeneration response as well as enriched novel genes. Our global analysis reveals two distinct molecular cascades: an early injury response and a subsequent, signaling driven patterning of the regenerating tissue. A key factor of the initial injury response is a general stabilization of proteins and a net upregulation of transcripts, which is followed by a subsequent activation cascade of signaling molecules including Wnts and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-related factors. We observed moderate overlap between the factors contributing to proteomic and transcriptomic responses suggesting a decoupled regulation between the transcriptional and translational levels. Our data also indicate that interstitial stem cells and their derivatives (e.g., neurons) have no major role in Hydra head regeneration. Remarkably, we found an enrichment of evolutionarily more recent genes in the early regeneration response, whereas conserved genes are more enriched in the late phase. In addition, genes specific to the early injury response were enriched in transposon insertions. Genetic dynamicity and taxon-specific factors might therefore play a hitherto underestimated role in Hydra regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik O Petersen
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie K Höger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Lengfeld
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Kuhn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiemi Nishimiya-Fujisawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany CECAD, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas W Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fröbisch NB, Bickelmann C, Witzmann F. Early evolution of limb regeneration in tetrapods: evidence from a 300-million-year-old amphibian. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141550. [PMID: 25253458 PMCID: PMC4211449 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders are the only tetrapods capable of fully regenerating their limbs throughout their entire lives. Much data on the underlying molecular mechanisms of limb regeneration have been gathered in recent years allowing for new comparative studies between salamanders and other tetrapods that lack this unique regenerative potential. By contrast, the evolution of animal regeneration just recently shifted back into focus, despite being highly relevant for research designs aiming to unravel the factors allowing for limb regeneration. We show that the 300-million-year-old temnospondyl amphibian Micromelerpeton, a distant relative of modern amphibians, was already capable of regenerating its limbs. A number of exceptionally well-preserved specimens from fossil deposits show a unique pattern and combination of abnormalities in their limbs that is distinctive of irregular regenerative activity in modern salamanders and does not occur as variants of normal limb development. This demonstrates that the capacity to regenerate limbs is not a derived feature of modern salamanders, but may be an ancient feature of non-amniote tetrapods and possibly even shared by all bony fish. The finding provides a new framework for understanding the evolution of regenerative capacity of paired appendages in vertebrates in the search for conserved versus derived molecular mechanisms of limb regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia B Fröbisch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Constanze Bickelmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mechanisms underlying vertebrate limb regeneration: lessons from the salamander. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:625-30. [PMID: 24849229 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Limb regeneration in adult salamanders proceeds by formation of a mound of progenitor cells called the limb blastema. It provides several pointers for regenerative medicine. These include the role of differentiated cells in the origin of the blastema, the role of regenerating axons of peripheral nerves and the importance of cell specification in conferring morphogenetic autonomy on the blastema. One aspect of regeneration that has received less attention is the ability to undergo multiple episodes without detectable change in the outcome, and with minimal effect of aging. We suggest that, although such pointers are valuable, it is important to understand why salamanders are the only adult tetrapod vertebrates able to regenerate their limbs. Although this remains a controversial issue, the existence of salamander-specific genes that play a significant role in the mechanism of regeneration provides evidence for the importance of local evolution, rather than a purely ancestral mechanism. The three-finger protein called Prod1 is discussed in the present article as an exemplar of this approach.
Collapse
|
33
|
Grivas J, Haag M, Johnson A, Manalo T, Roell J, Das TL, Brown E, Burns AR, Lafontant PJ. Cardiac repair and regenerative potential in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) heart. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 163:14-23. [PMID: 24548889 PMCID: PMC4032620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable ability of the heart to regenerate has been demonstrated in the zebrafish and giant danio, two fish members of the cyprinid family. Here we use light and electron microscopy to examine the repair response in the heart of another cyprinid, the goldfish (Carassius auratus), following cautery injury to a small portion of its ventricular myocardium. We observed a robust inflammatory response in the first two weeks consisting primarily of infiltrating macrophages, heterophils, and melanomacrophages. These inflammatory cells were identified in the lumen of the spongy heart, within the site of the wound, and attached to endocardial cells adjacent to the site of injury. Marked accumulation of collagen fibers and increased connective tissue were also observed during the first and second weeks in a transition zone between healthy and injured myocardium as well as in adjacent sub-epicardial regions. The accumulation of collagen and connective tissue however did not persist. The presence of capillaries was also noted in the injured area during repair. The replacement of the cauterized region of the ventricle by myocardial tissue was achieved in 6weeks. The presence of ethynyl deoxyuridine-positive cardiac myocytes and partially differentiated cardiac myocytes during repair suggest effective cardiac myocyte driven regeneration mechanisms also operate in the injured goldfish heart, and are similar to those observed in zebrafish and giant danio. Our data suggest the ability for cardiac regeneration may be widely conserved among cyprinids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Grivas
- DePauw University, Department of Biology, Greencastle, IN, USA
| | - Maria Haag
- DePauw University, Department of Biology, Greencastle, IN, USA
| | | | - Trina Manalo
- DePauw University, Department of Biology, Greencastle, IN, USA
| | - Julia Roell
- DePauw University, Department of Biology, Greencastle, IN, USA
| | - Tanmoy L. Das
- DePauw University, Department of Biology, Greencastle, IN, USA
| | - Evelyn Brown
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alan R. Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pascal J. Lafontant
- DePauw University, Department of Biology, Greencastle, IN, USA
- Corresponding Author: Pascal J. Lafontant 1 E Hanna St, Olin 258 DePauw University Greencastle, IN 46135 Ph: (765) 721-0515 Fax: (765) 648-4766
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kang J, Nachtrab G, Poss KD. Local Dkk1 crosstalk from breeding ornaments impedes regeneration of injured male zebrafish fins. Dev Cell 2013; 27:19-31. [PMID: 24135229 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal regulation of signaling activators and inhibitors can help limit developmental crosstalk between neighboring tissues during morphogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration. Here, we find that the secreted Wnt inhibitor Dkk1b is abundantly produced by dense regions of androgen-regulated epidermal tubercles (ETs) on the surfaces of adult male zebrafish pectoral fins. High-speed videos and amputation experiments reveal that pectoral fins and their ETs are used for male spawning. Formation and vigorous turnover of ETs involve Dkk1b induction and maintenance, whereas Dkk1b is typically restricted from the regeneration blastema after an amputation injury. When amputation occurs through a region containing ETs, a Dkk1b-enriched wound epidermis forms and blastema formation is disrupted, compromising regeneration. Thus, homeostatic signaling by key breeding ornaments can interfere with injury-activated tissue regeneration. Our findings help explain sexually dimorphic fin regeneration in zebrafish and have implications for how regenerative potential might decline as development progresses or during species evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mescher AL, Neff AW, King MW. Changes in the inflammatory response to injury and its resolution during the loss of regenerative capacity in developing Xenopus limbs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80477. [PMID: 24278286 PMCID: PMC3835323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue and organ regeneration, unlike development, involves an injury that in postembryonic animals triggers inflammation followed by resolution. How inflammation affects epimorphic regeneration is largely uninvestigated. Here we examine inflammation and its resolution in Xenopus laevis hindlimb regeneration, which declines during larval development. During the first 5 days postamputation, both regeneration-competent stage 53 and regeneration-deficient stage 57 hindlimbs showed very rapid accumulation of leukocytes and cells expressing interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Expression of genes for factors mediating inflammatory resolution appeared more persistent at stages 55 and 57 than at stage 53, suggesting changes in this process during development. FoxP3, a marker for regulatory T cells, was upregulated by amputation in limbs at all three stages but only persisted at stage 57, when it was also detected before amputation. Expression of genes for cellular reprogramming, such as SALL4, was upregulated in limbs at all 3 stages, but markers of limb patterning, such as Shh, were expressed later and less actively after amputation in regeneration-deficient limbs. Topical application of specific proinflammatory agents to freshly amputated limbs increased interleukin-1β expression locally. With aqueous solutions of the proinflammatory metal beryllium sulfate, this effect persisted through 7 days postamputation and was accompanied by inhibition of regeneration. In BeSO4-treated limbs expression of markers for both inflammation and resolution, including FoxP3, was prolonged, while genes for cellular reprogramming were relatively unaffected and those for limb patterning failed to be expressed normally. These data imply that in Xenopus hindlimbs postamputation inflammation and its resolution change during development, with little effect on cellular dedifferentiation or reprogramming, but potentially interfering with the expression of genes required for blastema patterning. The results suggest that developmental changes in the larval anuran immune system may be involved in the ontogenetic loss of epimorphic regeneration in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Mescher
- Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anton W. Neff
- Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael W. King
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Extensive regeneration of the vertebrate body plan is found in salamander and fish species. In these organisms, regeneration takes place through reprogramming of differentiated cells, proliferation, and subsequent redifferentiation of adult tissues. Such plasticity is rarely found in adult mammalian tissues, and this has been proposed as the basis of their inability to regenerate complex structures. Despite their importance, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the differentiated state during regeneration remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the role of the tumor-suppressor p53 during salamander limb regeneration. The activity of p53 initially decreases and then returns to baseline. Its down-regulation is required for formation of the blastema, and its up-regulation is necessary for the redifferentiation phase. Importantly, we show that a decrease in the level of p53 activity is critical for cell cycle reentry of postmitotic, differentiated cells, whereas an increase is required for muscle differentiation. In addition, we have uncovered a potential mechanism for the regulation of p53 during limb regeneration, based on its competitive inhibition by ΔNp73. Our results suggest that the regulation of p53 activity is a pivotal mechanism that controls the plasticity of the differentiated state during regeneration.
Collapse
|
37
|
The "Stars and Stripes" Metaphor for Animal Regeneration-Elucidating Two Fundamental Strategies along a Continuum. Cells 2012; 2:1-18. [PMID: 24709641 PMCID: PMC3972663 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of challenges have hindered the development of a unified theory for metazoan regeneration. To describe the full range of complex regeneration phenomena in Animalia, we suggest that metazoans that regenerate missing body parts exhibit biological attributes that are tailored along a morpho-spatial regeneration continuum, illustrated in its polar scenarios by the USA “stars and stripes” flag. Type 1 organisms (“T1, ‘stars’”) are typical colonial organisms (but contain unitary taxa) that are able to regenerate “whole new stars”, namely, whole bodies and colonial modules, through systemic induction and sometimes multiple regeneration foci (hollow regeneration spheres, resembling the blastula) that compete for dominance. They regenerate soma and germ constituents with pluripotent adult stem cells and exhibit somatic-embryogenesis mode of ontogeny. Type 2 organisms (“T2, ‘stripes’”) are capable of limited regeneration of somatic constituents via fate-restricted stem cells, and regenerate through centralized inductions that lead to a single regeneration front. T2 organisms are unitary and use preformistic mode of ontogeny. T1 and T2 organisms also differ in interpretation of what constitutes positional information. T2 organisms also execute alternative, less effective, regeneration designs (i.e., scar formation). We assigned 15 characteristics that distinguish between T1/T2 strategies: those involving specific regeneration features and those operating on biological features at the whole-organism level. Two model organisms are discussed, representing the two strategies of T1/T2 along the regeneration continuum, the Botrylloides whole body regeneration (T1) and the mouse digit-tip regeneration (T2) phenomena. The above working hypothesis also postulates that regeneration is a primeval attribute of metazoans. As specified, the “stars and stripes” paradigm allows various combinations of the biological features assigned to T1 and T2 regeneration strategies. It does not consider any concentration gradient or thresholds and does not refer to the “epimorphosis” and “morphallaxis” terms, regeneration types across phyla or across body plans. The “stars and stripes” paradigm also ignores, at this stage of analysis, cases of regeneration loss that may obscure biological trajectories. The main advantage of the “stars and stripes” paradigm is that it allows us to compare T1/T2 regeneration, as well as other modes of regeneration, through critical determining characteristics.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sánchez Alvarado A. Q&A: what is regeneration, and why look to planarians for answers? BMC Biol 2012; 10:88. [PMID: 23136835 PMCID: PMC3493261 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lien CL, Harrison MR, Tuan TL, Starnes VA. Heart repair and regeneration: recent insights from zebrafish studies. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:638-46. [PMID: 22818295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and worldwide. Failure to properly repair or regenerate damaged cardiac tissues after myocardial infarction is a major cause of heart failure. In contrast to humans and other mammals, zebrafish hearts regenerate after substantial injury or tissue damage. Here, we review recent progress in studying zebrafish heart regeneration, addressing the molecular and cellular responses in the three tissue layers of the heart: myocardium, epicardium, and endocardium. We also compare different injury models utilized to study zebrafish heart regeneration and discuss the differences in responses to injury between mammalian and zebrafish hearts. By learning how zebrafish hearts regenerate naturally, we can better design therapeutic strategies for repairing human hearts after myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ling Lien
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Simon A, Tanaka EM. Limb regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:291-300. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
The plastic-adherent fibroblast-looking cells that can be isolated and culture-expanded from bone marrow and many other tissues are widely known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). In addition to their fibroblast-like morphology, they are characterized by a panel of cell-surface markers and their potential to differentiate into bone, fat and cartilage. Based on their intriguing immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, MSC are being investigated as cellular therapeutics for a variety of clinical indications. However, many questions regarding the true identity and functionality of these cells in vivo remain unanswered. Fibroblasts, known for a much longer time but still poorly characterized, are also considered to be a ubiquitous stromal element of almost all tissues and are believed to play a role in tissue homeostasis. Despite the presence of MSC and fibroblasts in almost all tissues, similar morphology and other shared characteristics, the exact relationship between MSC and fibroblasts has remained undetermined. In this review, based on recent and old, but often neglected, literature it is suggested that ex vivo culture-expanded MSC and fibroblasts are indistinguishable by morphology, cell-surface markers, differentiation potential and immunologic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Moseley FL, Faircloth ME, Lockwood W, Marber MS, Bicknell KA, Valasek P, Brooks G. Limitations of the MRL mouse as a model for cardiac regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:648-56. [PMID: 21492166 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial repair following injury in mammals is restricted such that damaged areas are replaced by scar tissue, impairing cardiac function. MRL mice exhibit exceptional regenerative healing in an ear punch wound model. Some myocardial repair with restoration of heart function has also been reported following cryoinjury. Increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and a foetal liver stem cell population were implicated. We investigated molecular mechanisms facilitating myocardial repair in MRL mice to identify potential therapeutic targets in non-regenerative species. METHODS Expressions of specific cell-cycle regulators that might account for regeneration (CDKs 1, 2, 4 and 6; cyclins A, E, D1 and B1; p21, p27 and E2F5) were compared by immunoblotting in MRL and control C57BL/6 ventricles during development. Flow cytometry was used to investigate stem cell populations in livers from foetal mice, and infarct sizes were compared in coronary artery-ligated and sham-treated MRL and C57BL/6 adult mice. KEY FINDINGS No differences in the expressions of cell cycle regulators were observed between the two strains. Expressions of CD34+Sca1+ckit-, CD34+Sca1+ckit+ and CD34+Sca1-ckit+ increased in livers from C57BL/6 vs MRL mice. No differences were observed in infarct sizes, levels of fibrosis, Ki67 staining or cardiac function between MRL and C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSIONS No intrinsic differences were observed in cell cycle control molecules or stem cell populations between MRL and control C57BL mouse hearts. Pathophysiologically relevant ischaemic injury is not repaired more efficiently in MRL myocardium, questioning the use of the MRL mouse as a reliable model for cardiac regeneration in response to pathophysiologically relevant forms of injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fleur L Moseley
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tanaka EM, Reddien PW. The cellular basis for animal regeneration. Dev Cell 2011; 21:172-85. [PMID: 21763617 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of animals to regenerate missing parts is a dramatic and poorly understood aspect of biology. The sources of new cells for these regenerative phenomena have been sought for decades. Recent advances involving cell fate tracking in complex tissues have shed new light on the cellular underpinnings of regeneration in Hydra, planarians, zebrafish, Xenopus, and Axolotl. Planarians accomplish regeneration with use of adult pluripotent stem cells, whereas several vertebrates utilize a collection of lineage-restricted progenitors from different tissues. Together, an array of cellular strategies-from pluripotent stem cells to tissue-specific stem cells and dedifferentiation-are utilized for regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elly M Tanaka
- Technical University of Dresden, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, c/o Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kürn U, Rendulic S, Tiozzo S, Lauzon RJ. Asexual propagation and regeneration in colonial ascidians. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:43-61. [PMID: 21876110 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n1p43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration is widely distributed among the metazoans. However, clear differences exist as to the degree of regenerative capacity: some phyla can only replace missing body parts, whereas others can generate entirely new individuals. Ascidians are animals that possess a remarkable regenerative plasticity and exhibit a great diversity of mechanisms for asexual propagation and survival. They are marine invertebrate members of the subphylum Tunicata and represent modern-day descendants of the chordate ancestor; in their tadpole stage they exhibit a chordate body plan that is resorbed during metamorphosis. Solitary species grow into an adult that can reach several centimeters in length, whereas colonial species grow by asexual propagation, creating a colony of genetically identical individuals. In this review, we present an overview of the biology of colonial ascidians as a paradigm for study in stem cell and regenerative biology. Focusing on botryllid ascidians, we introduce the potential roles played by multipotent epithelia and multipotent/pluripotent stem cells as source of asexual propagation and regenerative plasticity in the different budding mechanisms, and consider the putative mechanism of body repatterning in a non-embryonic scenario. We also discuss the involvement of intra-colony homeostatic processes in regulating budding potential, and the functional link between allorecognition, chimerism, and regenerative potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kürn
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao Y, Ju F, Zhao Y, Wang L, Sun Z, Liu M, Gao L. The expression of αA- and βB1-crystallin during normal development and regeneration, and proteomic analysis for the regenerating lens in Xenopus laevis. Mol Vis 2011; 17:768-78. [PMID: 21527991 PMCID: PMC3081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the expression of the lens crystallins (αA- and βB1-crystallin) in Xenopus laevis embryonic lens development and regeneration and to analyze the order of different crystallins generated in the regenerating lens. METHODS Real Time-PCR, Immunofluorescence, and 2D-PAGE were used to analyze the expressions of αA-crystallin and βB1-crystallin, and related factors during embryonic lens development and regeneration in Xenopus laevis. RESULTS αA-crystallin and βB1-crystallin were first detected at stage 29/30 during normal development, and the two crystallins were simultaneously detected in regeneration. During embryonic lens development, the relative expression level of the βB1-crystallin gene was higher than that of the αA-crystallin gene. In the process of the lens regeneration, however, the relative expression level of the βB1-crystallin gene was lower than that of the αA-crystallin gene. Throughout embryonic lens development, the two crystallin transcripts showed the same variation trends, and similar occurrence did in the regeneration process. Crystallins showed different localization and distribution during the ontogeny and regeneration, especially in the lens fiber region. 2D-electrophores revealed the patterns of the sequential synthesis of crystallins, with regard to the different classes and apparent variations of some auxiliary regulatory factors. CONCLUSIONS The ontogeny and localization of the crystallins during embryonic lens development and regeneration indicated a different development program, although they have identical origins, the ectoderm. The expression level of crystallin transcripts displayed a consistent variation tendency, but the presence of appreciable differences was still exposed. In addition to stably producing the crystallins of different classes in accordance with established procedure, these auxiliary factors may perform the function, to some extent, because of significant changes in their expression throughout the process of lens regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Furong Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuanlin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mingxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Bejing, China
| | - Lan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Miyamoto N, Saito Y. Morphological characterization of the asexual reproduction in the acorn worm Balanoglossus simodensis. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 52:615-27. [PMID: 20887562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The acorn worm Balanoglossus simodensis reproduces asexually by fragmentation and subsequent regeneration from the body fragments. We examined the morphogenesis of its asexual reproduction. At first, we collected asexually reproducing specimens and observed their morphogenesis. Then, we succeeded in inducing the asexual reproduction artificially by cutting the worm at the end of the genital region. The process of morphogenesis is completely the same between naturally collected and artificially induced specimens. The stages during morphogenesis were established on the basis of the external features of the asexually reproducing fragments. The internal features of the fragments were also examined at each stage. In a separate phase of the study, the capacity for regeneration of some body parts was also examined by dividing intact worms into about 10 fragments. Although the capacity for regeneration varied among the different body parts, some fragments regenerated into complete individuals in 1 month. The process of regeneration was the same as that in the asexually produced fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
In contrast to the limited regenerative ability found in human wound healing, which often results in unsatisfying and deficient scar formation, urodele amphibians, with the Mexican axolotl as a prime example, expose an extraordinary regenerative capacity. This regeneration leads to a perfect restoration of tissue architecture, function, and aesthetics with the axolotl being actually able to reclaim complete limbs. Evolutionary considerations suggest that regeneration might be a biologic principle which also underlies human wound healing. Experimental findings, such as comparative studies on transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor accentuate this assumption. Regeneration, as recent data indicate, might be a question of adaptive immunity. The loss of regenerative potency correlates with the decrease of regeneration in most species, whereas the Mexican axolotl lacks adaptive immunity throughout its life. The characterization of molecular pathways as a prerequisite for any control of regenerative processes sets an increasing indication toward the transfer into human beings. Some regenerative techniques, eg, recombinant transforming growth factor-β have already emerged. Molecular findings suggest that there is an intrinsic regenerative capacity in humans which might be initiated under appropriate circumstances. The Mexican axolotl is liable to diverse surgical and molecular approaches. Though well-known among developmental biologists, its exploitation for experimental Plastic Surgery still has to be established. We therefore intend to give an introduction to amphibian regeneration and the common evolutionary roots of regeneration and human wound healing, as we believe that Plastic Surgery takes a unique advantage of performing basic research on amphibian regeneration.
Collapse
|
48
|
Monje PV, Soto J, Bacallao K, Wood PM. Schwann cell dedifferentiation is independent of mitogenic signaling and uncoupled to proliferation: role of cAMP and JNK in the maintenance of the differentiated state. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31024-36. [PMID: 20634285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelinating Schwann cells (SCs) are highly plastic cells that are able to dedifferentiate and re-enter the cell cycle. However, the molecular signals controlling dedifferentiation are not completely understood. Because a connection between mitogenic signaling and myelin loss has been suggested, we investigated the role of cAMP, a strong inducer of the myelinating phenotype, and mitogenic factors activating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on SC dedifferentiation. We herein provide evidence indicating that cAMP was required to not only initiate but also maintain a state of differentiation because SCs rapidly dedifferentiated and became competent to resume proliferation upon the removal of cAMP stimulation. Surprisingly, isolated SCs could undergo multiple cycles of differentiation and dedifferentiation upon cAMP addition and removal, respectively, in the absence of mitogenic factors and without entering the cell cycle. Conversely, the activation of RTKs and the ERK cascade by a variety of growth factors, including neuregulin, was not sufficient to initiate dedifferentiation in the presence of cAMP. Importantly, a reduction of cAMP triggered dedifferentiation through a mechanism that required JNK, rather than ERK, activity and an induction of the expression of c-Jun, a transcriptional inhibitor of myelination. In summary, the reversible transition from an undifferentiated to a myelinating state was dependent on cAMP but independent of RTK signaling and cell cycle progression, further indicating that dedifferentiation and proliferation are uncoupled and differentially regulated events in SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula V Monje
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Regeneration is a biological phenomenon that occurs in a wide range of animals, and is considered to involve different types of cells including those that are considered to be stem cells. Among the echinoderms, which is a phylum with many regenerating members, crinoids (feather stars and sea lilies) are known to possess high potential of regeneration and are able to regenerate most of their organs. In particular, arm regeneration has been studied using the feather star. During regeneration, coelomocytes and amoebocytes originating from the coelomic canal and the brachial nerve, respectively, migrate to the distal wound area and are involved in the regenerative process. A blastema is formed at the regenerating tip and is derived from migratory amoebocytes. On the other hand, migratory coelomocytes contribute to regenerate the coelomic system. Cells proliferate at the blastema, coelomic canals and brachial nerve. Since the migrating cells differentiate into new structures of the arm, they are considered presumably undifferentiated multipotent stem cells. To deepen our understanding of stem cells in general, we may benefit from an approach from a comparative point of view. Further molecular analyses would increase our knowledge of stem cells in crinoids and allow comparative studies to be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kondo
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science and Center for Marine Biology, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Garza-Garcia AA, Driscoll PC, Brockes JP. Evidence for the local evolution of mechanisms underlying limb regeneration in salamanders. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:528-35. [PMID: 21558221 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most extensive regenerative ability in adult vertebrates is found in the salamanders. Although it is often suggested that regeneration is an ancestral property for vertebrates, our studies on the cell-surface three-finger-protein Prod 1 provide clear evidence for the importance of local evolution of limb regeneration in salamanders. Prod 1 is implicated in both patterning and growth in the regeneration of limbs. It interacts with well-conserved proteins such as the epidermal growth-factor receptor and the anterior gradient protein that are widely expressed in phylogeny. A detailed analysis of the structure and sequence of Prod 1 in relation to other vertebrate three-finger proteins in mammals and zebra fish supports the view that it is a salamander-specific protein. This is the first example of a taxon-specific protein that is clearly implicated in the mechanisms of regeneration. We propose the hypothesis that regeneration depends on the activity of taxon-specific components in orchestrating a cellular machinery that is extensively conserved between regenerating and non-regenerating taxa. This hypothesis has significant implications for our outlook on regeneration in vertebrates, as well as for the strategies employed in extending regenerative ability in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Acely Garza-Garcia
- Division of Molecular Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|