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Gundersen CB. Cysteine string proteins. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 188:101758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Carlson SW, Dixon CE. Lithium Improves Dopamine Neurotransmission and Increases Dopaminergic Protein Abundance in the Striatum after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2827-2836. [PMID: 29699444 PMCID: PMC6247981 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) recapitulate secondary injury sequela and cognitive dysfunction reported in patients afflicted with a TBI. Impairments in neurotransmission are reported in multiple brain regions in the weeks following experimental TBI and may contribute to behavioral dysfunction. Formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex is an important mechanism for neurotransmitter exocytosis. We previously showed that lithium treatment attenuated hippocampal decreases in α-synuclein and VAMP2, enhanced SNARE complex formation, and improved cognitive performance after TBI. However, the effect of TBI on striatal SNARE complex formation is not known. We hypothesized lithium treatment would attenuate TBI-induced impairments in evoked dopamine release and increase the abundance of synaptic proteins associated with dopamine neurotransmission. The current study evaluated the effect of lithium (1 mmol/kg/day) administration on striatal evoked dopamine neurotransmission, SNARE complex formation, and proposed actions of lithium, including inhibition of GSK3β, assessment of synaptic marker protein abundance, and synaptic proteins important for dopamine synthesis and transport following controlled cortical impact (CCI). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CCI or sham injury and treated daily with lithium chloride or vehicle for 7 days post-injury. We provide novel evidence that CCI reduces SNARE protein and SNARE complex abundance in the striatum at 1 week post-injury. Lithium administration improved evoked dopamine release and increased the abundance of α-synuclein, D2 receptor, and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase in striatal synaptosomes post-injury. These findings show that lithium treatment attenuated dopamine neurotransmission deficits and increased the abundance of synaptic proteins important for dopamine signaling after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W. Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Carlson SW, Yan H, Dixon CE. Lithium increases hippocampal SNARE protein abundance after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 289:55-63. [PMID: 28011122 PMCID: PMC6206433 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) reproduce secondary injury sequela and cognitive impairments observed in patients afflicted by a TBI. Impaired neurotransmission has been reported in the weeks following experimental TBI, and may be a contributor to behavioral dysfunction. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, the machinery facilitating vesicular docking and fusion, is a highly-conserved mechanism important for neurotransmission. Following TBI, there is a reduction in both the formation of the SNARE complex and the abundance of multiple SNARE proteins, including the chaperone protein cysteine string protein α (CSPα). Treatment with lithium in naïve rats reportedly increases the expression of CSPα. In the context of TBI, brain-injured rats treated with lithium exhibit improved outcome in published reports, but the mechanisms underlying the improvement are poorly understood. The current study evaluated the effect of lithium administration on the abundance of SNARE proteins and SNARE complex formation, hemispheric tissue loss, and neurobehavioral performance following controlled cortical impact (CCI). Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to CCI or sham injury, and treated daily with lithium chloride or vehicle for up to 14days. Administration of lithium after TBI modestly improved spatial memory at 14days post-injury. Semi-quantitative immunoblot analysis of hippocampal lysates revealed that treatment with lithium attenuated reductions in key SNARE proteins and SNARE complex formation at multiple time points post-injury. These findings highlight that treatment with lithium increased the abundance of synaptic proteins that facilitate neurotransmission and may contribute to improved cognitive function after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Carlson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Scarr E, Dean B. Altered neuronal markers following treatment with mood stabilizer and antipsychotic drugs indicate an increased likelihood of neurotransmitter release. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 10:25-33. [PMID: 23429852 PMCID: PMC3569157 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2012.10.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Given the ability of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics to promote cell proliferation, we wanted to determine the effects of these drugs on neuronal markers previously reported to be altered in subjects with psychiatric disorders. Methods Male Sprauge-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle (ethanol), lithium (25.5 mg per day), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg) or a combination of lithium and either of the antipsychotic drugs for 28 days. Levels of cortical synaptic (synaptosomal associated protein-25, synaptophysin, vesicle associated protein and syntaxin) and structural (neural cell adhesion molecule and alpha-synuclein) proteins were determined in each treatment group using Western blots. Results Compared to the vehicle treated group; animals treated with haloperidol had greater levels of synaptosomal associated protein-25 (p<0.01) and neural cell adhesion molecule (p<0.05), those treated with olanzapine had greater levels of synaptophysin (p<0.01) and syntaxin (p<0.01). Treatment with lithium alone did not affect the levels of any of the proteins. Combining lithium and haloperidol resulted in greater levels of synaptophysin (p<0.01), synaptosomal associated protein-25 (p<0.01) and neural cell adhesion molecule (p<0.01). The combination of lithium and olanzapine produced greater levels of synaptophysin (p<0.01) and alpha-synuclein (p<0.05). Conclusion Lithium alone had no effect on the neuronal markers. However, haloperidol and olanzapine affected different presynaptic markers. Combining lithium with olanzapine additionally increased alpha-synuclein. These drug effects need to be taken into account by future studies examining presynaptic and neuronal markers in tissue from subjects with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Scarr
- Department of Psychiatry, Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The Mental Health Research Institute, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Abstract
Cysteine-string protein (CSP), a member of the DnaJ/Hsp40 family of cochaperones, is critical for maintaining neurotransmitter release and preventing neurodegeneration. CSP likely forms a chaperone complex on synaptic vesicles together with the 70-kDa heat shock cognate (Hsc70) and the small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing protein (SGT) that may control or protect the assembly and activity of SNARE proteins and various other protein substrates. Here, the author summarizes studies that elucidated CSP's neuroprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad E Zinsmaier
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, USA.
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Gibbs SJ, Barren B, Beck KE, Proft J, Zhao X, Noskova T, Braun AP, Artemyev NO, Braun JEA. Hsp40 couples with the CSPalpha chaperone complex upon induction of the heat shock response. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4595. [PMID: 19242542 PMCID: PMC2643527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to a conditioning stress, the expression of a set of molecular chaperones called heat shock proteins is increased. In neurons, stress-induced and constitutively expressed molecular chaperones protect against damage induced by ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, however the molecular basis of this protection is not known. Here we have investigated the crosstalk between stress-induced chaperones and cysteine string protein (CSPα). CSPα is a constitutively expressed synaptic vesicle protein bearing a J domain and a cysteine rich “string” region that has been implicated in the long term functional integrity of synaptic transmission and the defense against neurodegeneration. We have shown previously that the CSPα chaperone complex increases isoproterenol-mediated signaling by stimulating GDP/GTP exchange of Gαs. In this report we demonstrate that in response to heat shock or treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin, the J protein Hsp40 becomes a major component of the CSPα complex. Association of Hsp40 with CSPα decreases CSPα-CSPα dimerization and enhances the CSPα-induced increase in steady state GTP hydrolysis of Gαs. This newly identified CSPα-Hsp40 association reveals a previously undescribed coupling of J proteins. In view of the crucial importance of stress-induced chaperones in the protection against cell death, our data attribute a role for Hsp40 crosstalk with CSPα in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Gibbs
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brandy Barren
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Katy E. Beck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juliane Proft
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tatiana Noskova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics & Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikolai O. Artemyev
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Janice E. A. Braun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bai L, Swayne LA, Braun JEA. The CSPα/G protein complex in PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352:123-9. [PMID: 17113038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine string proteinalpha (CSPalpha) is a regulated vesicle protein and molecular chaperone that has been found to be critical for continuous synaptic transmission and is implicated in the defense against neurodegeneration. Previous work has revealed links between CSPalpha and heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein) signal transduction pathways. We have shown that CSPalpha is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Galphas. In vitro Hsc70 (70 kDa heat shock cognate protein) and SGT (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein) switch CSPalpha from an inactive GEF to an active GEF. Here we have examined the cellular distribution of the CSPalpha system in the PC12 neuroendocrine cell line. CSPalpha, an established secretory vesicle protein, was found to concentrate in the processes of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells as expected. Gbeta subunits co-localized and Galphas subunits partially co-localized with CSPalpha. However, under the conditions examined, the GEF activity of CSPalpha is expected to be inactive, in that Hsc70 was not found in PC12 processes. These results indicate that CSPalpha activity is subject to regulation by factors that alter Hsc70 distribution and translocation within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Bai
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1
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Swayne LA, Beck KE, Braun JEA. The cysteine string protein multimeric complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:83-91. [PMID: 16875662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine string protein (CSPalpha) is a member of the cellular folding machinery that is located on regulated secretory vesicles. We have previously shown that CSPalpha in association with Hsc70 (70kDa heat shock cognate protein) and SGT (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for G(alphas). Association of this CSPalpha complex with N-type calcium channels, a channel key in coupling calcium influx with synaptic vesicle exocytosis, triggers tonic G protein inhibition of the channels. Syntaxin 1A, a plasma membrane SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) critical for neurotransmission, coimmunoprecipitates with the CSPalpha/G protein/N-type calcium channel complex, however the significance of syntaxin 1A as a component of this complex remains unknown. In this report, we establish that syntaxin 1A interacts with CSPalpha, Hsc70 as well as the synaptic protein interaction (synprint) region of N-type channels. We demonstrate that huntingtin(exon1), a putative biologically active fragment of huntingtin, displaces both syntaxin 1A and CSPalpha from N-type channels. Identification of the protein components of the CSPalpha/GEF system is essential in establishing its precise role in synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Swayne
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Scarr E, Gray L, Keriakous D, Robinson PJ, Dean B. Increased levels of SNAP-25 and synaptophysin in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:133-43. [PMID: 16542183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to identify whether the mechanisms associated with neurotransmitter release are involved in the pathologies of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, levels of presynaptic [synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25), syntaxin, synaptophysin, vesicle-associated membrane protein, dynamin I] and structural (neuronal cell adhesion molecule and alpha-synuclein) neuronal markers were measured in Brodmann's area 9 obtained postmortem from eight subjects with bipolar I disorder (BPDI), 20 with schizophrenia and 20 controls. METHODS Determinations of protein levels were carried out using Western blot techniques with specific antibodies. Levels of mRNA were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In BPDI, levels of SNAP-25 (p < 0.01) and synaptophysin (p < 0.05) increased. There were no changes in schizophrenia or any other changes in BPDI. Levels of mRNA for SNAP-25 were decreased in BPDI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Changes in SNAP-25 and synaptophysin in BPDI suggest that changes in specific neuronal functions could be linked to the pathology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scarr
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Umbach JA, Zhao Y, Gundersen CB. Lithium enhances secretion from large dense-core vesicles in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurochem 2005; 94:1306-14. [PMID: 16111479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been focused on the therapeutic role of lithium (Li) in bipolar disorders. Although no consensus has emerged, Li presumably influences the behavior of neurons that regulate mood and behavior. Using PC12 cells to study cellular and molecular actions of Li, we previously reported that Li modulates the expression of proteins associated with large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs; organelles typically containing monoamines, neuropeptides and other cargo proteins). The current investigation indicates that this enhanced expression of LDCV proteins correlates with an altered secretory phenotype in Li-treated cells. Immunoblotting detects significant increases in the cellular content and secretion of the LDCV cargo proteins chromogranin B and secretogranin II. Amperometry reveals an increase of spike number elicited by K+-depolarization of Li-treated cells but no change of spike amplitude or kinetics. Electron microscopy reveals no significant change in LDCV number per unit area in Li-treated cells. However, there is a significant increase (about 15%) in the diameter of LDCVs after Li. Thus, Li induces changes in the properties of LDCVs that culminate in augmented regulated secretion in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. These results extend our understanding of Li-dependent changes of cellular function that may be germane to the therapeutic action of Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy A Umbach
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-177019, USA.
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Umbach JA, Cordeiro ML, Gundersen CB. Lithium regulates the expression of dense core vesicle proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cordeiro ML, Gundersen CB, Umbach JA. Convergent effects of lithium and valproate on the expression of proteins associated with large dense core vesicles in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:39-44. [PMID: 12955095 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lithium and valproate are chemically unrelated compounds that are used to treat manic-depressive illness. Previously, we reported that lithium ions upregulate genes encoding proteins primarily associated with large dense core vesicles (LDCV) in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells, but not in undifferentiated PC12 cells. Moreover, lithium did not alter the expression of proteins associated with small-clear, synaptic-like vesicles (SSV) in these cells. Based on these observations, we investigated whether valproate had actions similar to those of lithium in PC12 cells. Thus, undifferentiated or NGF-differentiated PC12 cells were exposed to lithium (1 mM) or valproate (1 mM) for 48 h. Extracts from these cells were submitted to semiquantitative Northern and Western analyses. In NGF-differentiated cells, both agents increased the expression of proteins associated with LDCV, the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1), and cysteine string protein (CSP). These same treatments did not alter the expression of proteins primarily associated with SSV, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and synaptophysin (SY). Furthermore, neither drug affected the expression of these proteins in undifferentiated cells. Interestingly, secretion of (3)H-dopamine was increased in cells exhibiting the increase of VMAT1 and csp. Taken together, the convergent effects of these chemically diverse compounds suggest that altered dynamics of LDCV may play a vital role in the biochemical pathway, leading to the relief of the symptoms of manic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Cordeiro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
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Serretti A, Artioli P. Predicting response to lithium in mood disorders: role of genetic polymorphisms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 3:17-30. [PMID: 12562213 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200303010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is considered to be the first choice mood stabilizer in recurrent mood disorders. Its widespread and large-scale use is the result of its proven efficacy. In spite of this fact, patients have been observed to show a variable response to lithium treatment: in some cases it is completely effective in preventing manic or depressive relapses, while in other cases it appears to show no influence on the disease course. The possible definition of a genetic liability profile for adverse effects and efficacy will be of great help, as lithium therapy needs at least 6 months to be effective in stabilizing mood disorders. During the last few years, a number of groups have reported possible liability genes. Lithium long-term prophylactic efficacy has been associated with serotonin transporter protein, tryptophan hydroxylase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase variants. A number of other candidate genes and anonymous markers did not yield positive associations. Therefore, even if some positive results have been reported, no unequivocal susceptibility gene for lithium efficacy has been identified. Although the available data may not currently allow a meaningful prediction of lithium response, future research is aimed at the development of individualized treament of mood disorders, including the possibility of 'pharmacological genetic counseling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Cordeiro ML, Gundersen CB, Umbach JA. Dietary lithium induces regional increases of mRNA encoding cysteine string protein in rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:865-9. [PMID: 12949913 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts are used to treat manic-depressive disorders; however, the mechanism by which lithium produces its therapeutic benefit remains obscure. The action of lithium may involve alterations of proteins important for regulating synaptic function. In this context, we observed recently that lithium at therapeutically relevant concentrations enhanced expression of cysteine string protein (csp) at the level of both mRNA and protein, in cell culture and in rat brain. Several lines of evidence have shown that csps are vital components of the regulated secretory pathway. We were interested whether lithium modulates expression of csp in specific brain regions. To study this issue, we analyzed the effects of chronic lithium administration (21 days) on csp mRNA levels in rat brain using in situ hybridization. Densitometric analysis revealed that lithium upregulated csp mRNA in several brain areas that are important for mood and behavior. This effect may be germane to understanding the beneficial action of lithium in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Cordeiro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Yamada M, Takahashi K, Tsunoda M, Nishioka G, Kudo K, Ohata H, Kamijima K, Higuchi T, Momose K, Yamada M. Differential expression of VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2 after antidepressant and electroconvulsive treatment in rat frontal cortex. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2003; 2:377-82. [PMID: 12629503 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2002] [Revised: 06/30/2002] [Accepted: 07/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis for the therapeutic mechanisms of depression is still unknown. We have previously performed expressed-sequence tag (EST) analysis to identify some molecular machinery responsible for antidepressant effect. Then, we developed our original cDNA microarray, on which cDNA fragments identified as antidepressant-related genes/ESTs were spotted. In this study, with this microarray followed by Western blot analysis, we have demonstrated the induction of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2(VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2) in rat frontal cortex not only after chronic antidepressant treatment, but also after repeated electroconvulsive treatment. On the other hand, expression of SNAP-25 and syntaxin-1 was not changed by these treatments. These components make a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor complex with VAMP2 and mediate the synaptic vesicle docking/fusion machinery. In conclusion, it is suggested that VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2 plays important roles in the antidepressant effects. Our results may contribute to a novel model for the therapeutic mechanism of depression and new molecular targets for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lenox RH, Wang L. Molecular basis of lithium action: integration of lithium-responsive signaling and gene expression networks. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:135-44. [PMID: 12610644 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of lithium in the prophylaxis of recurrent affective episodes in bipolar disorder is characterized by a lag in onset and remains for weeks to months after discontinuation. Thus, the long-term therapeutic effect of lithium likely requires reprogramming of gene expression. Protein kinase C and glycogen synthase kinase-3 signal transduction pathways are perturbed by chronic lithium at therapeutically relevant concentrations and have been implicated in modulating synaptic function in nerve terminals. These signaling pathways offer an opportunity to model critical signals for altering gene expression programs that underlie adaptive responses of neurons to long-term lithium exposure. While the precise physiological events critical for the clinical efficacy of lithium remain unknown, we propose that linking lithium-responsive genes as a regulatory network will provide a strategy to identify signature gene expression patterns that distinguish between therapeutic and nontherapeutic actions of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Lenox
- Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Recent work has indicated that lithium (at 1 mM, a concentration that is efficacious in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders) modulates the level of vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) mRNA in PC12 cells as a function of the differentiation status of these cells. To ascertain whether VMAT expression in neurons is sensitive to lithium, in vivo, rats were fed a lithium-supplemented diet for 21 days (which raised serum lithium to 0.98+/-0.1 mM). Northern analysis revealed an overall increase (199+/-27%) of the neuronal VMAT isoform (VMAT2) in rat brain after lithium. However, in situ hybridization analysis revealed regional differences in the effects of lithium. Thus, VMAT2 mRNA increased by 50-100% over control in the raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra of rats fed the lithium diet. Concomitantly, VMAT2 mRNA declined by about 50% in the locus coeruleus. Because VMAT2 is expressed in neurons that are strongly implicated in regulating mood and behavior, these data support the hypothesis that alterations of VMAT2 expression contribute to the therapeutic effects of lithium in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Cordeiro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging 1220, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
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Abstract
Although antidepressants have been used clinically for more than 50 years, no consensus has been reached concerning their precise molecular mechanism of action. Functional genomics is a powerful tool that can be used to identify genes affected by antidepressants or by other effective therapeutic manipulations. Using this tool we have previously identified more than 300 cDNA fragments as antidepressant related genes and from these, original cDNA microarrays were developed. Some of these candidate genes may encode common functional molecules induced by chronic antidepressant treatment. Defining the roles of these genes in drug-induced neural plasticity is likely to transform the course of research on the biological basis of depression. Such detailed knowledge will have profound effects on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of depression. Novel biological approaches beyond the "monoamine hypothesis" are expected to evoke paradigm shifts in the future of depression research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
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Abstract
Pharmacogenetics will be of substantial help in the field of affective disorders pharmacotherapy. The possible definition of a genetic liability profile for drug side-effects and efficacy will be of great help in treatments that need weeks to months to be effective. During the last few years, a number of groups have reported possible liability genes. The efficacy and time of onset of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been associated with a polymorphism in the promoter region of the transporter (SERTPR) in many independent studies, while variants at the tryptophan hydroxylase gene, 5-HT2a receptor and G-protein beta3 have been associated with them in pilot studies. Lithium long-term prophylactic efficacy has been associated with SERTPR, TPH and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase variants, though in unreplicated samples. A number of further candidate genes were not associated with these treatments. In conclusion, both acute and long-term treatments appear to be, at least to some extent, under genetic influence and preliminary data have identified possible liability genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Fondazione Centro San Raffaele del Monte Tabor, Via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Serretti A. Lithium long-term treatment in mood disorders: clinical and genetic predictors. Pharmacogenomics 2002; 3:117-29. [PMID: 11966408 DOI: 10.1517/14622416.3.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is the most widely used long-term treatment for recurrent mood disorders. Despite its proven efficacy, patients show a variable response, ranging from complete efficacy to no influence at all. This paper reviews possible predictors of response focusing on molecular genetic studies. The functional polymorphism in the upstream regulatory region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) has been associated with lithium long-term efficacy in two independent studies, marginal associations have been reported for tryptophan hydroxylase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (INPP1). A number of other candidate genes and anonymous markers did not yield positive associations. Therefore, even though some positive results have been reported, no unequivocal susceptibility gene for lithium efficacy has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, via Stamira D'Ancona 20, 20127 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Sassi RB, Soares JC. Emerging therapeutic targets in bipolar mood disorder. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2001; 5:587-599. [PMID: 12540285 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.5.5.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar mood disorder is a chronic, severe and life-threatening psychiatric illness, whose underlying pathophysiology is still obscure. Lithium is the mainstay of treatment for this illness, with robust acute antimanic and long-term prophylactic effects. Over the past decade, valproate has been another medication shown to have possibly similar mood-stabilising properties to lithium, in double-blind controlled trials. Nonetheless, among patients suffering from bipolar disorder, a substantial percentage appears to respond poorly to currently available pharmacological therapies, including lithium, valproate, carbamazepine and other newer compounds, clearly demonstrating that there is a substantial need for improved therapeutic agents. Very significant effort has been made in the past several years to elucidate the cellular mechanisms by which lithium and valproate produce their therapeutic effects. The available evidence points to a modulatory action of these compounds over multiple neural biochemical pathways and most investigations have found relevant actions of mood stabilisers on intracellular signal transduction mechanisms. Moreover, it has been shown in recent years that lithium and valproate lead to long-term changes in neural plasticity, with eventual neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Although these actions are not fully understood, stimulation of transcription factors and effects on gene expression are potentially involved. The search for the mechanisms of action of well-established mood-stabilisers has helped to reveal promising molecular targets to test novel therapeutic approaches. This review will examine the current investigations on the diverse biochemical and molecular pathways regulated by either lithium or valproate and highlight the potential cellular targets for the development of novel mood stabilisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto B Sassi
- Neurochemical Brain Imaging Laboratory, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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23
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Zinsmaier KE, Bronk P. Molecular chaperones and the regulation of neurotransmitter exocytosis11Abbreviations: SNARE, soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) receptor; NSF, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor; Hsc70, 70-kDa heat-shock cognate protein; CSP, cysteine-string protein; VAMP vesicle-associated membrane protein; SNAP-25, synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa; NEM, N-ethylmaleimide; AAA ATPases, ATPases Associated to a variety of Activities; and Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp60, 70-kDa, 90-kDa, and 60-kDa heat-shock protein, respectively. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:1-11. [PMID: 11377391 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulated neurotransmitter release depends on a precise sequence of events that lead to repeated cycles of exocytosis and endocytosis. These events are mediated by a series of molecular interactions among vesicular, plasma membrane, and cytosolic proteins. An emerging theme has been that molecular chaperones may guide the sequential restructuring of stable or transient protein complexes to promote a temporal and spatial regulation of the endo- and exocytotic machinery and to ensure a vectorial passage through the vesicle cycle. Chaperones, specialized for a few substrates, are ideally suited to participate in regulatory processes that require some molecular dexterity to rearrange conformational or oligomeric protein structures. This article emphasizes the significance of three molecular chaperone systems in regulated neurotransmitter release: the regulation of soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes by N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) and the soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP), the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles by the 70 kDa heat-shock cognate protein (Hsc70), and the regulation of SNARE complex-associated protein interactions by cysteine-string protein and Hsc70.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Zinsmaier
- Department of Neuroscience, 234d Stemmler Hall, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6974, USA.
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24
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Yamada M, Yamada M, Yamazaki S, Takahashi K, Nara K, Ozawa H, Yamada S, Kiuchi Y, Oguchi K, Kamijima K, Higuchi T, Momose K. Induction of cysteine string protein after chronic antidepressant treatment in rat frontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2001; 301:183-6. [PMID: 11257428 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified 204 partial cDNA fragments (ADRG1-204) as antidepressant related genes/expressed sequence tags. Then, we developed our original cDNA microarrays, on which the 194 clones out of ADRG1-204 were spotted. With this ADRG microarray, we found that the expression of a spot, ADRG55, which representing cysteine string protein (CSP), was significantly increased in rat brain after chronic treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline. In the present study, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the induction of CSP at mRNA levels in rat frontal cortex after chronic treatment with two different classes of antidepressants, imipramine or sertraline. Western blot analysis also revealed that CSP-immunoreactivity was increased after antidepressant treatment. In conclusion, our data suggest that CSP is one of the common functional molecules induced after chronic antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, 157-8577, Tokyo, Japan.
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Cordeiro ML, Umbach JA, Gundersen CB. Lithium ions Up-regulate mRNAs encoding dense-core vesicle proteins in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurochem 2000; 75:2622-5. [PMID: 11080216 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that lithium ions induced an up-regulation of cysteine string protein (CSP) gene expression in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells but not in undifferentiated cells. Concomitantly, expression of two other proteins of regulated secretory pathways, synaptophysin (SY) and SNAP-25, was unaffected by lithium. To assess further the specificity of this effect of lithium, we used cDNA arrays. Our data indicate that lithium ions increase the level of mRNA for proteins such as secretogranin II and vesicular monoamine transporter 1 that are preferentially associated with large densecore secretory vesicles (LDCVs) without affecting mRNAs for proteins predominantly affiliated with small synaptic-like vesicles, including the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and SY. This action of lithium is detected in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells but not in undifferentiated cells. These observations suggest that lithium ions modulate the turnover of LDCVs, and this may play a role in mediating the therapeutic action of lithium in manic-depressive illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cordeiro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles 90095-1770, USA
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