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Linking physiological and cellular responses to thermal stress: β-adrenergic blockade reduces the heat shock response in fish. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:719-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Lubarda J, Groleau SE, Thomas N, Ferro MA, Mishra RK, Gabriele JP. Dysregulation of novel catecholamine-regulated protein 40 (CRP40) in Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1460-1. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Lubarda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Sarah E. Groleau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Nancy Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Mark A. Ferro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Joseph P. Gabriele
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada
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3
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Groleau SE, Lubarda J, Thomas N, Ferro MA, Pristupa ZB, Mishra RK, Gabriele JP. Human blood analysis reveals differences in gene expression of catecholamine-regulated protein 40 (CRP40) in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013. [PMID: 23182727 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important players in neurodegeneration and psychiatric disorders. We previously reported significant reductions of a 40-kDa Catecholamine Regulated Protein (CRP40) in schizophrenia post-mortem brain specimens. This study investigated whether gene expression of CRP40 is altered in living subjects with schizophrenia. CRP40 mRNA was analyzed in white blood cells of first episode and chronic/treated schizophrenia subjects compared to healthy controls. Significant reductions in CRP40 mRNA were found among first episode schizophrenia subjects and chronic schizophrenia subjects compared to healthy controls (p<0.05 for both). These results suggest a possible functional role of CRP40 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Groleau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Antipsychotic drug use is correlated with CRP40/mortalin mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of human postmortem brain specimens. Schizophr Res 2010; 119:228-31. [PMID: 20100649 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins act as intracellular chaperones by assisting with proper protein folding in response to various cellular stresses. In doing so, these proteins protect the cell from unwanted protein aggregation, which in turn, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders. Previous reports from our laboratory have described a 40 kDa catecholamine regulated heat shock-like protein (CRP40), an alternate gene product of the 70 kDa mitochondrial heat shock protein, mortalin. CRP40 shares an intimate association with dopaminergic activity, specifically as it pertains to dopamine dysregulation in schizophrenia. This study investigates human CRP40/mortalin mRNA expression within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex postmortem specimens from normal control, schizophrenic and bipolar patients obtained from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out for all patient samples (n=105; n=35 per group) in a blinded manner. No significant alterations in CRP40/mortalin mRNA expression levels were observed between control, bipolar and schizophrenic patients. However, multiple regression demonstrated a distinct positive correlation between CRP40/mortalin mRNA expression and lifetime use of antipsychotic drugs within the schizophrenic patient profile, after controlling for important confounding factors. Thus, the data suggest that human CRP40/mortalin is modulated by dopaminergic activity and may act to protect neurons from excess catecholamine activity in regions of the brain associated with psychosis.
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5
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Gabriele J, Pontoriero GF, Thomas N, Thomson CA, Skoblenick K, Pristupa ZB, Mishra RK. Cloning, characterization, and functional studies of a human 40-kDa catecholamine-regulated protein: implications in central nervous system disorders. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:555-67. [PMID: 19280369 PMCID: PMC2866950 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine-regulated proteins (CRPs) have been shown to bind dopamine and other structurally related catecholamines; in particular, the 40-kDa CRP (CRP40) protein has been previously cloned and functionally characterized. To determine putative human homologs, BLAST analysis using the bovine CRP40 sequence identified a human established sequence tag (EST) with significant homology (accession #BQ224193). Using this EST, we cloned a recombinant human brain CRP40-like protein, which possessed chaperone activity. Radiolabeled dopamine binding studies with recombinant human CRP40 protein demonstrated the ability of this protein to bind dopamine with low affinity and high capacity. The full-length human CRP40 nucleotide sequence was elucidated (accession #DQ480334) with RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends polymerase chain reaction, while Northern blot hybridization suggested that human CRP40 is an alternative splice variant of the 70-kDa mitochondrial heat shock protein, mortalin. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, exhibited a significant increase in CRP40 messenger RNA expression compared to untreated control cells, while other dopamine agonists/antagonists also altered CRP40 expression and immunolocalization. In conclusion, these results show that we have cloned a splice variant of mortalin with a novel catecholamine binding function and that this chaperone-like protein may be neuroprotective in dopamine-related central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gabriele
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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6
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Gauthier MA, Eibl JK, Crispo JAG, Ross GM. Covalent arylation of metallothionein by oxidized dopamine products: a possible mechanism for zinc-mediated enhancement of dopaminergic neuron survival. Neurotox Res 2009; 14:317-28. [PMID: 19073435 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins are a group of low molecular weight proteins which can be induced upon exposure to metal ions, including Zn(II). These cysteine-rich proteins are believed to have antioxidant-like properties due to their ability to scavenge free radicals with their multiple sulfhydryl groups. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that can form toxic quinone and semi-quinone products in an oxidative environment. While Zn(II) is known to be toxic to some neuron subtypes, here we report a beneficial effect of Zn(II) on dopaminergic neurons and identify a mechanism through which metallothionein may scavenge toxic dopamine oxidation products. Cultured embryonic neurons were treated with Zn(II), and the number of dopaminergic neurons surviving after two or three weeks in culture was determined. We demonstrate that under these conditions metallothionein is upregulated and is able to form covalent arylation products with dopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine both in vitro and in culture. These experiments suggest that Zn(II) enhances the survival of dopaminergic neurons, and we propose that as a mechanism, upregulated metallothioneins form covalent adducts with both dopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine, resulting in the observed neuroprotective effect of Zn(II) on these cells. As Zn(II) homeostasis and modulation of metallothionein expression are hallmarks of neurodegeneration, these studies may have significant implications for understanding the underlying basis of degenerative diseases involving dopaminergic neurons, including Parkinson's disease.
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Gabriele J, Thomas N, N-Marandi S, Mishra R. Differential modulation of a 40 kDa catecholamine regulated protein in the core and shell subcompartments of the nucleus accumbens following chronic quinpirole and haloperidol administration in the rat. Synapse 2007; 61:835-42. [PMID: 17603808 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Past reports have shown dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) and the DA D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol (HAL) display a significant increase in expression of catecholamine regulated protein (CRP40) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the striatum, respectively. The present study investigated the in vivo effects of QNP and HAL on CRP40 protein levels within the core and shell subcompartments of the NAcc. As significant homology exists between CRP40 and Hsp70/Hsc70, parallel studies with inducible Hsp70 and constitutive Hsc70 were conducted to establish the specificity with respect to QNP on Hsp70 and CRP40. Results demonstrated that CRP40 protein was significantly expressed in the shell relative to the core region of NAcc following chronic QNP (+16.28%+/-0.42%, P<0.05) and CRP40 protein was significantly expressed in the core vs. the shell following chronic HAL (+36.02%+/-0.75%, P<0.05). There was no significant change in Hsp70 protein levels following chronic QNP or HAL administration. The results demonstrated selective modulation of CRP40 within NAcc by QNP and HAL treatment, without affecting Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gabriele
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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8
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Skoblenick KJ, Castellano JM, Rogoza RM, Dyck BA, Thomas N, Gabriele JP, Chong VZ, Mishra RK. Translocation of AIF in the human and rat striatum following protracted haloperidol, but not clozapine treatment. Apoptosis 2006; 11:663-72. [PMID: 16528470 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-5698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity and consequent release of apoptogenic factors may be involved in mediating striatal neurodegeneration after prolonged treatment with the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), an intramitochondrial protein, may have a large influence on mediating haloperidol-induced striatal neuron destruction. Translocation of this protein from mitochondria to the nucleus promotes cell death independently of the caspase cascade. To examine how AIF may contribute to haloperidol-induced apoptosis, AIF translocation was observed in three haloperidol treatment paradigms. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with both haloperidol and clozapine and examined for AIF immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry was also performed on human striatal sections obtained from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium and on rat brain sections following 28 days of antipsychotic drug treatment. In the cellular model haloperidol, but not clozapine treatment increased the nuclear AIF immunofluorescent signal and decreased cell viability. Corollary to these findings, striatal sections from patients who had taken haloperidol and rats who were administered haloperidol both had an elevated nuclear AIF signal. The results provide novel evidence implicating the involvement of AIF in haloperidol-associated apoptosis and its relevance to the development of typical antipsychotic drug-related adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Skoblenick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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9
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Gabriele J, Culver K, Sharma S, Zhang B, Szechtman H, Mishra R. Asymmetric modulation of a catecholamine-regulated protein in the rat brain, following quinpirole administration. Synapse 2003; 49:261-9. [PMID: 12827645 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a brain-specific 40 kDa catecholamine-regulated protein (CRP40) that binds dopamine (DA) and related catecholamines. CPR40 shares significant sequence homology with human heat shock protein (Hsp70), GRP78/BIP, and human #BQ24193 protein. Recent studies with the DA D(2) receptor antagonist, haloperidol, demonstrated a significant increase in expression of CRP40 in the striatum (STR). The objective of the present study was to investigate CRP40 expression in various brain regions following treatments with the DA D(2)/D(3) receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) in rats and examine possible relationships between neurochemical parameters and locomotor activity. Rats received injections of either QNP (0.5 mg/kg, for 27 days every third day) or saline (SAL) and their locomotor activities were measured for 90 min after each injection. At injection 9, QNP-treated rats showed locomotor activity that was significantly greater than SAL controls (F(2,28) = 3.88, P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test, P < 0.05). Neurochemically, acute QNP-treated rats demonstrated significant differential expression of CRP40 in the left/right prefrontal cortex (PFC) relative to SAL-treated rats (-17.76 +/- 2.10%, -10.35 +/- 1.23%, P < 0.001). Chronic QNP significantly decreased CRP40 expression in the STR, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and left/right PFC (-24.85+/- 2.10%, -18.15 +/- 5.64%, -49.13 +/- 7.05%, -25 +/- 3.63%, P < 0.001). Finally, chronic QNP treatment resulted in a significant increase in CRP40 levels in the nucleus accumbens (NA) (+39.32 +/- 7.00%, P < 0.001). Heat shock protein (i.e., Hsp70 or Hsc70) expression remained unaltered following QNP treatment. Since QNP is a DA D(2)/D(3) agonist, alterations in CRP40 expression following QNP treatment suggest the protein's function in dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gabriele
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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10
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Sharan N, Chong VZ, Nair VD, Mishra RK, Hayes RJ, Gardner EL. Cocaine treatment increases expression of a 40 kDa catecholamine-regulated protein in discrete brain regions. Synapse 2003; 47:33-44. [PMID: 12422371 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports from our laboratory have described brain-specific catecholamine-regulated proteins, which bind dopamine and related catecholamines. Evidence from the molecular cloning of a 40 kDa catecholamine-regulated protein (CRP40) revealed that CRP40 is dopamine-inducible and has properties similar to those of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family. The present study investigates the effects of acute and chronic cocaine treatment on CRP40 expression in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and medulla. Acute treatment with cocaine increased CRP40 expression in the nucleus accumbens and striatum, whereas chronic treatment with cocaine increased CRP40 expression in the nucleus accumbens only. Neither of these treatments affected CRP40 levels in the prefrontal cortex or medulla. In addition, pretreatment with the spin-trapping agent alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone did not attenuate cocaine-induced expression of CRP40, suggesting that the observed increases in CRP40 levels were not caused by free radicals. On the other hand, pretreatment with anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, blocked the cocaine-induced expression of CRP40. Thus, protein synthesis may be involved in the observed CRP40 level increases. Furthermore, neither acute nor chronic cocaine treatment affected levels of inducible or constitutively expressed HSP70, which indicates a specificity of cocaine's effects on CRP40. Since cocaine has been shown to increase extracellular dopamine levels, these findings suggest that increased expression of CRP40 is associated with high extracellular levels of dopamine (or its metabolites). Elevated levels of CRP40 could play a protective role for dopamine neurons in response to increased oxidative stress that has been shown to be induced by cocaine and that can lead to apoptosis and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Sharan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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11
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Gabriele J, Rajaram M, Zhang B, Sharma S, Mishra RK. Modulation of a 40-kDa catecholamine-regulated protein following D-amphetamine treatment in discrete brain regions. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 453:13-9. [PMID: 12393054 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 40-kDa catecholamine-regulated protein (CRP40) has been demonstrated to be expressed in the central nervous system, and is known to bind to dopamine and related catecholamines. Recently, it has been shown that dopamine D1 receptor antagonist and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist differentially modulated the CRP40 protein in the striatum. In the present study, we examined the effects of the indirect psychostimulant, D-amphetamine, on (CRP40) expression in discrete brain regions. The technique of Western immunoblotting was utilized for quantitation of CRP40 in different experimental paradigms following D-amphetamine treatment. Acute treatment with D-amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) caused no significant change in CRP40 levels in either of the two brain regions studied: striatum and nucleus accumbens. Chronic D-amphetamine administration (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased CRP40 levels in striatum and nucleus accumbens (37.64 +/- 14.57% and 27.86 +/- 8.40%, respectively, P < or = 0.05). Chronic and possibly sensitized D-amphetamine challenged rats (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed a significant increase in CRP40 levels in the nucleus accumbens only (40.49 +/- 15.91%, P < or = 0.05). Although CRP40 has a consensus motif with the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), levels of HSP70 remained unchanged under identical experimental conditions. The results of this study demonstrate selective modulation of CRP40 by D-amphetamine treatment, without affecting the 70-kDa heat shock protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gabriele
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
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12
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Zhang B, van Adel BA, Gabriele J, Duong M, Henry P, Ball AK, Mishra RK. Expression of the 40 kDa catecholamine regulated protein in the normal and injured rat retina. J Chem Neuroanat 2002; 24:41-8. [PMID: 12084410 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(02)00015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine regulated protein 40 (CRP40) has been shown to be expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of several mammalian species where it may function in a similar manner to members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family. Immunohistochemical and immunoblotting techniques were utilized to investigate whether CRP40 is expressed in normal rat retinas. In addition, changes in CRP40 expression were studied following optic nerve transection. The immunohistochemical results showed that CRP40 is expressed in the normal rat retina. The protein was found to be highly expressed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the outer plexiform layer (OPL). In addition, a low level of CRP40 was found in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and in the inner segment layer (ISL). No expression was found in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of normal rat retina. The immunoblotting results show that CRP40 expression decreased in a time-dependent fashion after the optic nerve transection. This decrease indicates that the expression of CRP40 is dependent on the neuron's normal physiological state and that it plays an important function in physiological and pathological conditions in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Health Sciences Centre 4N 78, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Goto A, Doering L, Nair VD, Mishra RK. Immunohistochemical localization of a 40-kDa catecholamine regulated protein in the nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res 2001; 900:314-9. [PMID: 11334812 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 40 kDa catecholamine regulated protein (CRP40) has been shown to covalently bind catcholamines in vitro. In this report we provide evidence for CRP40 localization in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Using double labeling immunohistochemistry, CRP40 was detected in the majority of substantia nigra pars compacta and striatal neurons. In addition, CRP40 was also present in tyrosine hydroxylase immunonegative neurons. Subcellular localization of CRP40 shows a predominant nuclear presence in striatal neurons while distinct outlining of the nucleus and cell body staining were seen more readily in nigral neurons. These findings suggest that CRP40 may have multiple functions in a variety of neurons in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, ON, L8N 3Z5, Hamilton, Canada
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Sharan N, Nair VD, Mishra RK. Modulation of a 40-kDa catecholamine regulated protein by dopamine receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 413:73-9. [PMID: 11173065 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that catecholamine regulated proteins (CRP) are central nervous system specific and covalently bind to catecholamines. In the present study, we report the subcellular localization and differential modulation of a 40-kDa catecholamine regulated protein (CRP40) by dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists. CRP40 was found to be localized with nuclear and synaptosomal/mitochondrial and fractions. Chronic treatment with dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol in rats significantly increased the levels of CRP40 in the striatum, whereas, chronic R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SCH 23390) dopamine D1 receptor antagonist administration significantly decreased striatal CRP40 levels. Moreover, acute haloperidol treatment did not alter the levels of CRP40 in any of the brain regions. Despite a sequence homology with the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), levels of HSP70 remained unchanged after either drug treatment, suggesting a distinct function of CRP40 than HSP70. These results further suggest that CRP40 play an important role in dopaminergic neuronal function and the dopamine D1 receptor-mediated signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of CRP40.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sharan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, HSC 4N78, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 3Z5
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