1
|
Yu L, Zhang C, Gu L, Chen H, Huo Y, Wang S, Tao J, Xu C, Zhang Q, Ma M, Zhang J. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A and Tenuigenin Exhibit Neuroprotection Effects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia Via Differential Regulation of JAK2/STAT3 and SOCS3 Signaling Interaction. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5584-5600. [PMID: 38214838 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Numerous natural bioactive compounds extracted from Chinese medicines have been proved to be promising and potent agents in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), separated from Carthamus tinctorius, has increasingly attracted attention for its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, especially of its neuroprotective action. Our previous studies revealed that HSYA plays significant beneficial roles in a dose-dependent manner in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. However, treatment with higher doses of HSYA appeared to bring about adverse reactions in the rats. In present study, we adopted tenuigenin (TEN), extracted from the Polygala tenuifolia root, in combination with HSYA to optimize the therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke, and further explored the underlying mechanisms of action of the combination in vivo and in vitro. We firstly confirmed the pharmacological efficacies of co-treatment of HSYA and TEN in middle cerebral ischemia occlusion (MCAO) rats and observed the synergistic improvement of infarct volume, cerebral edema, and morphology of neuron cell body. Behavioral experiments indicated that combination of HSYA and TEN could synergistically improve motor and cognitive function in MCAO rats. We also observed increased viability and suppressed cell apoptosis after HSYA and TEN co-treatments in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, JAK2/STAT3 and SOCS3 signaling interaction was demonstrated to be a critical responsor to the co-treatment of HSYA and TEN. In the subsequent experiments with silencing SOCS3 in OGD/R-exposed cells, we found that HSYA and TEN might suppress JAK2/STAT3 pathway through different regulatory mechanisms targeting SOCS3-negative feedback signaling. HSYA seemed to impose excessive activation of JAK2/STAT3 to trigger SOCS3-negative feedback signaling, while TEN appeared to provoke SOCS3 inhibitory feedback role directly to further attenuate JAK2-mediated signaling. Collectively, HSYA and TEN might modulate the crosstalk between JAK2/STAT3 and SOCS3 signaling pathways in different manners that eventually contributed to their synergistic therapeutic effects against cerebral ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Lingling Gu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Neurology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Qiujuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Makowska K, Gonkowski S. Comparison of the Influence of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on the Enteric Nervous System of the Mouse Jejunum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6941. [PMID: 39000048 PMCID: PMC11241817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bisphenols are dangerous endocrine disruptors that pollute the environment. Due to their chemical properties, they are globally used to produce plastics. Structural similarities to oestrogen allow bisphenols to bind to oestrogen receptors and affect internal body systems. Most commonly used in the plastic industry is bisphenol A (BPA), which also has negative effects on the nervous, immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. A popular analogue of BPA-bisphenol S (BPS) also seems to have harmful effects similar to BPA on living organisms. Therefore, with the use of double immunofluorescence labelling, this study aimed to compare the effect of BPA and BPS on the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mouse jejunum. The study showed that both studied toxins impact the number of nerve cells immunoreactive to substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). The observed changes were similar in the case of both tested bisphenols. However, the influence of BPA showed stronger changes in neurochemical coding. The results also showed that long-term exposure to BPS significantly affects the ENS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patel A, Dharap A. An Emerging Role for Enhancer RNAs in Brain Disorders. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:7. [PMID: 38546891 PMCID: PMC11263973 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Noncoding DNA undergoes widespread context-dependent transcription to produce noncoding RNAs. In recent decades, tremendous advances in genomics and transcriptomics have revealed important regulatory roles for noncoding DNA elements and the RNAs that they produce. Enhancers are one such element that are well-established drivers of gene expression changes in response to a variety of factors such as external stimuli, cellular responses, developmental cues, and disease states. They are known to act at long distances, interact with multiple target gene loci simultaneously, synergize with other enhancers, and associate with dynamic chromatin architectures to form a complex regulatory network. Recent advances in enhancer biology have revealed that upon activation, enhancers transcribe long noncoding RNAs, known as enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), that have been shown to play important roles in enhancer-mediated gene regulation and chromatin-modifying activities. In the brain, enhancer dysregulation and eRNA transcription has been reported in numerous disorders from acute injuries to chronic neurodegeneration. Because this is an emerging area, a comprehensive understanding of eRNA function has not yet been achieved in brain disorders; however, the findings to date have illuminated a role for eRNAs in activity-driven gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. In this review, we highlight the breadth of the current literature on eRNA biology in brain health and disease and discuss the challenges as well as focus areas and strategies for future in-depth research on eRNAs in brain health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center & Research Institute, USF Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monsour M, Borlongan CV. The central role of peripheral inflammation in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:622-641. [PMID: 36601776 PMCID: PMC10108194 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221149509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke pathology and its treatments conventionally focus on the brain. Probing inflammation, a critical secondary cell death mechanism in stroke, has been largely relegated to the brain. To this end, peripheral inflammation has emerged as an equally potent contributor to the onset and progression of stroke secondary cell death. Here, we review novel concepts on peripheral organs displaying robust inflammatory response to stroke. These inflammation-plagued organs include the spleen, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, gastrointestinal system, and adrenal glands, likely converging their inflammatory effects through B and T-cells. Recognizing the significant impact of this systemic inflammation, we also discuss innovative stroke therapeutics directed at sequestration of peripheral inflammation. This review paper challenges the paradigm of a brain-centered disease pathology and treatment and offers a peripheral approach to our stroke understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair,
Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair,
Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Waseem A, Rashid S, Rashid K, Khan MA, Khan R, Haque R, Seth P, Raza SS. Insight into the transcription factors regulating Ischemic Stroke and Glioma in Response to Shared Stimuli. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:102-127. [PMID: 37054904 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally. Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to develop brain cancer, most notably gliomas. In addition, glioma treatments have also been shown to increase the risk of ischemic strokes. Stroke occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population, according to traditional literature. Unbelievably, these events share multiple pathways, but the precise mechanism underlying their co-occurrence remains unknown. Transcription factors (TFs), the main components of gene expression programmes, finally determine the fate of cells and homeostasis. Both ischemic stroke and glioma exhibit aberrant expression of a large number of TFs, which are strongly linked to the pathophysiology and progression of both diseases. The precise genomic binding locations of TFs and how TF binding ultimately relates to transcriptional regulation remain elusive despite a strong interest in understanding how TFs regulate gene expression in both stroke and glioma. As a result, the importance of continuing efforts to understand TF-mediated gene regulation is highlighted in this review, along with some of the primary shared events in stroke and glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Sumaiya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Rashid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City,Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya -824236, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122052, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kanno H, Matsumoto S, Yoshizumi T, Nakahara K, Shinonaga M, Kubo A, Fujii S, Ishizuka Y, Tanaka M, Ichihashi M, Murata H. SOCS7-Derived BC-Box Motif Peptide Mediated Cholinergic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032786. [PMID: 36769102 PMCID: PMC9917589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are a type of pluripotent somatic stem cells that differentiate into various cell types such as osteoblast, chondrocyte, and neuronal cells. ADMSCs as donor cells are used to produce regenerative medicines at hospitals and clinics. However, it has not been reported that ADMSCs were differentiated to a specific type of neuron with a peptide. Here, we report that ADMSCs differentiate to the cholinergic phenotype of neurons by the SOCS7-derived BC-box motif peptide. At operations for patients with neurological disorders, a small amount of subcutaneous fat was obtained. Two weeks later, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) were isolated and cultured for a further 1 to 2 weeks. Flow cytometry analysis for characterization of ADMSCs was performed with CD73, CD90, and CD105 as positive markers, and CD14, CD31, and CD56 as negative markers. The results showed that cultured cells were compatible with ADMSCs. Immunocytochemical studies showed naïve ADMSCs immunopositive for p75NTR, RET, nestin, keratin, neurofilament-M, and smooth muscle actin. ADMSCs were suggested to be pluripotent stem cells. A peptide corresponding to the amino-acid sequence of BC-box motif derived from SOCS7 protein was added to the medium at a concentration of 2 μM. Three days later, immunocytochemistry analysis, Western blot analysis, ubiquitination assay, and electrophysiological analysis with patch cramp were performed. Immunostaining revealed the expression of neurofilament H (NFH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In addition, Western blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of NFH, ChAT, and TH, and the expression of ChAT was more distinct than TH. Immunoprecipitation with JAK2 showed an increase in the expression of ubiquitin. Electrophysiological analysis showed a large holding potential at the recorded cells through path electrodes. The BC-box motif peptide derived from SOCS7 promoted the cholinergic differentiation of ADMSCs. This novel method will contribute to research as well as regenerative medicine for cholinergic neuron diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahi Hospital, Tokyo 121-0078, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5243-5800; Fax: +81-3-5242-5826
| | - Shutaro Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahi Hospital, Tokyo 121-0078, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Marianna Medical University of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Nakahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinonaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahi Hospital, Tokyo 121-0078, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hidetoshi Murata
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Marianna Medical University of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bui TA, Jickling GC, Winship IR. Neutrophil dynamics and inflammaging in acute ischemic stroke: A transcriptomic review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1041333. [PMID: 36620775 PMCID: PMC9813499 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Restoring blood flow through recanalization is currently the only acute treatment for cerebral ischemia. Unfortunately, many patients that achieve a complete recanalization fail to regain functional independence. Recent studies indicate that activation of peripheral immune cells, particularly neutrophils, may contribute to microcirculatory failure and futile recanalization. Stroke primarily affects the elderly population, and mortality after endovascular therapies is associated with advanced age. Previous analyses of differential gene expression across injury status and age identify ischemic stroke as a complex age-related disease. It also suggests robust interactions between stroke injury, aging, and inflammation on a cellular and molecular level. Understanding such interactions is crucial in developing effective protective treatments. The global stroke burden will continue to increase with a rapidly aging human population. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of age-dependent vulnerability are poorly defined. In this review, we will discuss how neutrophil-specific gene expression patterns may contribute to poor treatment responses in stroke patients. We will also discuss age-related transcriptional changes that may contribute to poor clinical outcomes and greater susceptibility to cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Truong An Bui
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen C. Jickling
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ian R. Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Ian R. Winship,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Makowska K, Gonkowski S. Changes in the Enteric Neurons Containing Selected Active Substances in the Porcine Descending Colon after the Administration of Bisphenol A (BPA). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16187. [PMID: 36498260 PMCID: PMC9739061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor widely distributed in the environment due to its common use in the plastics industry. It is known that it has a strong negative effect on human and animal organisms, but a lot of aspects of this impact are still unexplored. This includes the impact of BPA on the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the large intestine. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of various doses of BPA on the neurons located in the descending colon of the domestic pig, which due to similarities in the organization of intestinal innervation to the human gastrointestinal tract is a good animal model to study processes occurring in human ENS. During this study, the double immunofluorescence technique was used. The obtained results have shown that BPA clearly affects the neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons located in the descending colon. The administration of BPA caused an increase in the number of enteric neurons containing substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) with a simultaneously decrease in the number of neurons positive for galanin (GAL) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT used as a marker of cholinergic neurons). Changes were noted in all types of the enteric plexuses, i.e., the myenteric plexus, outer submucous plexus and inner submucous plexus. The intensity of changes depended on the dose of BPA and the type of enteric plexus studied. The results have shown that BPA may affect the descending colon through the changes in neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons located in this segment of the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu X, Zhang X, Chen J, Song D, Zhang C, Chen R, Xu R, Jiang W, Li L. Chrysophanol facilitates long-term neurological recovery through limiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109220. [PMID: 36095949 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in ischemic brain injury and affects brain recovery and neuroplasticity. Chrysophanol (CHR), has attracted attention for its protective effects through immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of CHR for brain recovery and neuroplasticity is not clear. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of CHR in the chronic phase of stroke in mice, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were subjected to treatment with Vehicle or CHR immediately through intraperitoneal injection daily for 14 d after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Neurological deficits were monitored up to 28 days after stroke. Nissl and Golgi stain, neural plasticity, and microglia-associated inflammatory cytokines were detected. Primary cortical neuron and BV2 microglia cell lines were employed to explore the underlying mechanism in vitro. RESULTS Compared with Vehicle group, CHR mitigated the histological damage, facilitated the neural plasticity and improved the neurological function up to 4 weeks after stroke. In vitro, CHR promoted the complexity of neurons and the spine density by modulating microglial polarization and reducing the expression of microglia-associated inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6. In vivo, microglia activation and inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased after dMCAO and downregulated by CHR. Further investigation showed STAT3 is the major downstream effector of IL-6 signaling. CONCLUSIONS CHR ameliorated microenvironment for neural plasticity and exhibited neuroprotection via arresting microglia toward pro-inflammatory phenotype and downregulation of the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially of IL-6. IL-6-STAT3 signaling might be CHR's therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory responses after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Degang Song
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Renhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Transmembrane 29 (Tmem29), a Newly Identified Molecule Showed Downregulation in Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane 29 (Tmem29) gene with unknown function is a gene located on the X chromosome of the mouse genome. The gene showed differential expression in the Vannucci neonatal hypoxic-ischemic mouse brain model. We found the gene expresses with different molecular forms, including a group of long non-coding RNA forming a family of transcripts. It was predominantly expressed in the testes, brain, and kidney of mouse. In vitro identification and functional characterization were carried out in Neuro2a cells. Using fluorescence microscopy, Tmem29 protein was found to be constitutively expressed in mouse cell lines of different origins. Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) induced apoptotic cell death in Neuro2a cells and was confirmed by activations of caspase 3. Tmem29 protein was found to be associated with cell death especially at the time points of caspase 3 activations. A similar response was obtained in glucose deprivation (GD) cultures suggesting Tmem29 response to a common mechanism induced by OGD and GD. Downregulation of Tmem29 was induced by OGD and GD, further validating its response to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) insults. Our findings contributed to further understanding of molecular events after hypoxic-ischemic insults and opens new avenues for developing protective and therapeutic strategies for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or even pathological programmed cell death.
Collapse
|
11
|
Voelz C, Ebrahimy N, Zhao W, Habib P, Zendedel A, Pufe T, Beyer C, Slowik A. Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Leads to miRNA Alterations in Different Brain Regions, Blood Serum, Liver, and Spleen. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010161. [PMID: 35008586 PMCID: PMC8745086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is characterized by an occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel resulting in neuronal cell death due to nutritional and oxygen deficiency. Additionally, post-ischemic cell death is augmented after reperfusion. These events are paralleled by dysregulated miRNA expression profiles in the peri-infarct area. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism in the peri-infarct region is crucial for developing promising therapeutics. Utilizing a tMCAo (transient Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion) model in rats, we studied the expression levels of the miRNAs (miR) 223-3p, 155-5p, 3473, and 448-5p in the cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus of both the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres. Additionally, the levels in the blood serum, spleen, and liver and the expression of their target genes, namely, Nlrp3, Socs1, Socs3, and Vegfa, were assessed. We observed an increase in all miRNAs on the ipsilateral side of the cerebral cortex in a time-dependent manner and increased miRNAs levels (miR-223-3p, miR-3473, and miR-448-5p) in the contralateral hemisphere after 72 h. Besides the cerebral cortex, the amygdala presented increased expression levels, whereas the thalamus and hippocampus showed no alterations. Different levels of the investigated miRNAs were detected in blood serum, liver, and spleen. The gene targets were altered not only in the peri-infarct area of the cortex but selectively increased in the investigated non-affected brain regions along with the spleen and liver during the reperfusion time up to 72 h. Our results suggest a supra-regional influence of miRNAs following ischemic stroke, which should be studied to further identify whether miRNAs are transported or locally upregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Voelz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Nahal Ebrahimy
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Weiyi Zhao
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- JARA-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-80-89112
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhong Y, Yin B, Ye Y, Dekhel OYAT, Xiong X, Jian Z, Gu L. The bidirectional role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and related mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113690. [PMID: 33798563 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway, a well-conserved and basic intracellular signaling cascade, is mostly inactivated under basal conditions, although it can be phosphorylated under extracellular stimulation; in addition, it can influence the transcription and expression of multiple genes involved in biological processes such as cellular growth, metabolism, differentiation, degradation and angiogenesis. The inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and angiogenesis are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Numerous studies have confirmed that the JAK2/STAT3 axis can be activated rapidly by ischemic stress, which is closely related to the regulation of these important pathological processes. However, different opinions on the specific role of this signaling pathway remain. In this paper, we review and summarize previous studies on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Omar Y A T Dekhel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu T, Yang X, Cai Y, Xie C, Zhang B. Prestroke Statins Improve Prognosis of Atrial Fibrillation-Associated Stroke through Increasing Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 Levels. Eur Neurol 2021; 84:96-102. [PMID: 33684912 DOI: 10.1159/000513767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) has relatively higher mortality and morbidity rates than other types of stroke. Statins are being commonly prescribed to patients with stoke. However, the use of statins in AF-related stroke, especially prestroke, has not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of prestroke statins could improve clinical outcomes in patients with AF-related acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and its mechanism. METHODS This prospective study enrolled 453 AF-associated AIS patients from 4 medical centers and divided them into 2 groups based on the statin use before the stroke episode. All patients received comprehensive clinical examinations including 72-h Holter electrocardiogram monitoring and were followed up for 3 months. Plasma suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were measured by ELISA on admission and days 3 and 7 after enrollment. The endpoints were death, major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3), and composite outcome (death/major disability) at 3 months after the AIS episode. RESULTS Plasma SOCS-3 levels were significantly increased and MMP-9 levels decreased in patients in the prestroke statin group on hospital admission and days 3 and 7 after enrollment (p < 0.001). Furthermore, our data suggested that baseline plasma SOCS-3 levels were associated with increased risk of 3-month mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.012; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006-1.018; p < 0.001) and major disability (adjusted OR, 1.013; 95% CI, 1.007-1.02; p < 0.001). Similarly, baseline plasma MMP-9 levels were also associated with increased risk of 3-month mortality (adjusted OR, 1.037; 95% CI, 1.022-1.053; p < 0.001) and major disability (adjusted OR, 1.038; 95% CI, 1.022-1.55; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the prestroke use of statins improved the clinical outcomes in AIS patients with AF by upregulating the level of SOCS-3 and reducing the plasma MMP-9 level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taoli Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China,
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Yanli Cai
- Department of Neurology, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Chenchen Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aliena-Valero A, Rius-Pérez S, Baixauli-Martín J, Torregrosa G, Chamorro Á, Pérez S, Salom JB. Uric Acid Neuroprotection Associated to IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Pathway Activation in Rat Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:408-423. [PMID: 32959172 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the promising neuroprotective effects of uric acid (UA) in acute ischemic stroke, the seemingly pleiotropic underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Recent evidence points to transcription factors as UA targets. To gain insight into the UA mechanism of action, we investigated its effects on pertinent biomarkers for the most relevant features of ischemic stroke pathophysiology: (1) oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme mRNAs and MDA), (2) neuroinflammation (cytokine and Socs3 mRNAs, STAT3, NF-κB p65, and reactive microglia), (3) brain swelling (Vegfa, Mmp9, and Timp1 mRNAs), and (4) apoptotic cell death (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and TUNEL-positive cells). Adult male Wistar rats underwent intraluminal filament transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and received UA (16 mg/kg) or vehicle (Locke's buffer) i.v. at 20 min reperfusion. The outcome measures were neurofunctional deficit, infarct, and edema. UA treatment reduced cortical infarct and brain edema, as well as neurofunctional impairment. In brain cortex, increased UA: (1) reduced tMCAO-induced increases in Vegfa and Mmp9/Timp1 ratio expressions; (2) induced Sod2 and Cat expressions and reduced MDA levels; (3) induced Il6 expression, upregulated STAT3 and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, induced Socs3 expression, and inhibited microglia activation; and (4) ameliorated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and induced a reduction in caspase-3 cleavage as well as in TUNEL-positive cell counts. In conclusion, the mechanism for morphological and functional neuroprotection by UA in ischemic stroke is multifaceted, since it is associated to activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, attenuation of edematogenic VEGF-A/MMP-9 signaling, and modulation of relevant mediators of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universitat de València, Torre A, Lab 5.05, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Rius-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Júlia Baixauli-Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universitat de València, Torre A, Lab 5.05, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Chamorro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan B Salom
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universitat de València, Torre A, Lab 5.05, Ave Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Ave Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li YQ, Hui ZR, Tao T, Shao KY, Liu Z, Li M, Gu LL. Protective effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1α gene therapy using recombinant adenovirus in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injuries in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:438-446. [PMID: 32432963 PMCID: PMC7301712 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1762667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Context: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-induced genes can improve blood circulation.Objective: To investigate brain protective effect of recombinant adenovirus-mediated HIF-1α (AdHIF-1α) expression and its mechanism.Materials and methods: Male SD rats were used to establish focal cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury models and randomly divided into normal, sham, CIR, Ad and AdHIF-1α groups. Ad or AdHIF-1α (108 pfu/10 µL) were administered into lateral ventricle of rats in Ad and AdHIF-1α groups. Modified neurological severity score (mNSS), brain water content (BWC) and cerebral infarct volumes (CIVs) were analyzed, and HE staining was performed using the brain tissues. Furthermore, the expression of caspase-3 and HSP90 was analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting.Results: Compared to CIR (mNSS, 8.52 ± 0.52; CIV, 0.22 ± 0.01) and Ad groups (mNSS, 8.83 ± 0.41; CIV, 0.22 ± 0.02), mNSS and CIV were significantly decreased in AdHIF-1α group (mNSS, 6.03 ± 0.61; CIV, 0.11 ± 0.01) at 72 h (p < 0.05). With prolonged reperfusion time (6 h to 72 h), BWC of all rats increased gradually, although the increase was markedly less in AdHIF-1α group (78.15 ± 0.16 to 87.01 ± 0.31) compared to that in CIR (78.77 ± 0.60 to 89.74 ± 0.34) and Ad groups (78.77 ± 0.35 to 89.71 ± 0.27) (p < 0.01). There were significantly greater pathological changes in the neurons in AdHIF-1α group at 72 h following CIR. Furthermore, expression of caspase-3 (p < 0.01) down-regulated and HSP90 up-regulated (p < 0.05) at mRNA and protein levels in AdHIF-1α group.Discussion and conclusions: HIF‑1α gene therapy is neuroprotective towards the CIR rat model. HIF-1α may be a candidate gene for the treatment of ischaemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi Li
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Hui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Kang-Yu Shao
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Aerospace Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Li-Ling Gu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yoshizumi T, Kubo A, Murata H, Shinonaga M, Kanno H. BC-Box Motif in SOCS6 Induces Differentiation of Epidermal Stem Cells into GABAnergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144947. [PMID: 32668737 PMCID: PMC7403999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The BC-box motif in suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 (SOCS6) promotes the neuronal differentiation of somatic stem cells, including epidermal stem cells. SOCS6 protein belongs to the group of SOCS proteins and inhibits cytokine signaling. Here we showed that epidermal stem cells were induced to differentiate into GABAnergic neurons by the intracellular delivery of a peptide composed of the amino-acid sequences encoded by the BC-box motif in SOCS6 protein. The BC-box motif (SLQYLCRFVI) in SOCS6 corresponded to the binding site of elongin BC. GABAnergic differentiation mediated by the BC-box motif in SOCS6 protein was caused by ubiquitination of JAK2 and inhibition of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, GABAnergic neuron-like cells generated from epidermal stem cells were transplanted into the brain of a rodent ischemic model. Then, we demonstrated that these transplanted cells were GAD positive and that the cognitive function of the ischemic model rodents with the transplanted cells was improved. This study could contribute to not only elucidating the mechanism of GABAnergic neuronal differentiation but also to neuronal regenerative medicine utilizing GABAnergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan; (T.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Atsuhiko Kubo
- Nerve Care Clinic, Yokosuka 238-0012, Japan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Murata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Masamichi Shinonaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan; (T.Y.); (M.S.)
| | - Hiroshi Kanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Japan; (T.Y.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-557-81-9171; Fax: +81-557-83-6632
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vasudeva K, Munshi A. miRNA dysregulation in ischaemic stroke: Focus on diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic and protective biomarkers. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3610-3627. [PMID: 32022336 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in both developing and developed countries. Biomarkers for stroke and its outcome can greatly facilitate early detection and management of the disease. miRNAs have been explored for their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and brain injury in ischaemic stroke. A substantial body of evidence suggests that miRNAs play key roles in numerous cellular changes following ischaemic stroke including mitochondrial dysfunction, energy failure, cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, activation of glial cells, increased intracellular calcium levels inflammatory responses and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, targeting specific miRNAs, therapeutic modulation of brain injury and apoptosis can also be achieved. Therefore, the current review has been compiled within an aim to give an overview of the developments exploiting miRNAs at different stages of stroke as prognostic, diagnostic, protective and therapeutic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Vasudeva
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Kim T, Chelluboina B, Kim JY, Vemuganti R. Transient Focal Ischemia Significantly Alters the m 6A Epitranscriptomic Tagging of RNAs in the Brain. Stroke 2019; 50:2912-2921. [PMID: 31436138 PMCID: PMC6759411 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Adenosine in many types of RNAs can be converted to m6A (N6-methyladenosine) which is a highly dynamic epitranscriptomic modification that regulates RNA metabolism and function. Of all organs, the brain shows the highest abundance of m6A methylation of RNAs. As recent studies showed that m6A modification promotes cell survival after adverse conditions, we currently evaluated the effect of stroke on cerebral m6A methylation in mRNAs and lncRNAs. Methods- Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the peri-infarct cortex, m6A levels were measured by dot blot analysis, and transcriptome-wide m6A changes were profiled using immunoprecipitated methylated RNAs with microarrays (44 122 mRNAs and 12 496 lncRNAs). Gene ontology analysis was conducted to understand the functional implications of m6A changes after stroke. Expression of m6A writers, readers, and erasers was also estimated in the ischemic brain. Results- Global m6A levels increased significantly at 12 hours and 24 hours of reperfusion compared with sham. While 139 transcripts (122 mRNAs and 17 lncRNAs) were hypermethylated, 8 transcripts (5 mRNAs and 3 lncRNAs) were hypomethylated (>5-fold compared with sham) in the ischemic brain at 12 hours reperfusion. Inflammation, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation are the major biological processes modulated by the poststroke differentially m6A methylated mRNAs. The m6A writers were unaltered, but the m6A eraser (fat mass and obesity-associated protein) decreased significantly after stroke compared with sham. Conclusions- This is the first study to show that stroke alters the cerebral m6A epitranscriptome, which might have functional implications in poststroke pathophysiology. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joo Yong Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou B, Liu HY, Zhu BL. Protective Role of SOCS3 Modified Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Hypoxia-Induced Injury of PC12 Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:400-410. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
20
|
Zhang H, Zhang Q, Liao Z. Microarray Data Analysis of Molecular Mechanism Associated with Stroke Progression. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:424-433. [PMID: 30610589 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of stroke and provide a new target in the clinical management. The miRNA dataset GSE97532 (3 blood samples from middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 3 from sham operation) and mRNA dataset GSE97533 (3 blood samples from MCAO and 3 from sham operation) were obtained from GEO database. Differentially expressed mRNA (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMIRs) were screened out between MCAO and sham operation groups. Then, DEMIR-DEG interactions were explored and visualized using Cytoscape software. Moreover, the enrichment analysis was performed on these DEMIRs and DEGs. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Finally, the DEG-target transcription factors (TFs) were investigated using the WebGestal software. The current bioinformatics analysis revealed 38 DEMIRs and 546 DEGs between MCAO and sham operation groups. The DEMIR-DEG analysis revealed 370 relations, such as miR-107-5p-Furin. The top 10 up- and downregulated DEMIRs were mainly enriched in pathways like cAMP signaling pathway. The PPI network analysis revealed 2 modules. The target DEGs of the 10 up- and downregulated DEMIRs in 2 modules were mainly assembled in functions like ATP binding and pathway including ABC transporters. Furthermore, the DEG-TF network analysis identified 5 outstanding TFs including androgen receptor (AR). miR107-5p might take part in the progression of stroke via inhibiting the expression of Furin. TFs like AR might be used as a novel gene therapy target for stroke. Furthermore, cAMP signaling pathway and ATP binding function might be a novel breakthrough for stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, No. 50 Shifan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, 250031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second People's Hospital of Jinan, No. 148 Jingyi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zuning Liao
- Department of Neurology, Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, No. 50 Shifan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, 250031, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Szymanska K, Gonkowski S. Bisphenol A—Induced changes in the enteric nervous system of the porcine duodenum. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Yamamoto Y, Hosoda K, Imahori T, Tanaka J, Matsuo K, Nakai T, Irino Y, Shinohara M, Sato N, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nagashima H, Kohta M, Kohmura E. Pentose phosphate pathway activation via HSP27 phosphorylation by ATM kinase: A putative endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Brain Res 2018; 1687:82-94. [PMID: 29510140 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanism underlying ischemic stroke remains poorly understood. We previously reported glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is activated via heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) phosphorylation at serine 85 (S85) by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase during cerebral ischemia. This mechanism seems to be endogenous antioxidative system. To determine whether this system also works during reperfusion, we performed comparative metabolic analysis of reperfusion effect on metabolism in rat cortex using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Metabolic profiling using gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry analysis showed changes in metabolic state that depended on reperfusion time. Enrichment analysis showed PPP was significantly upregulated during ischemia-reperfusion. Significant increases in fructose 6-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate after reperfusion also suggested enhancement of PPP. In relation to PPP, ischemia-reperfusion induced an increase of up to 69-fold in HSP27 transcripts after 24-h reperfusion. Immunoblotting showed gradual increase in HSP27 protein and marked increase in HSP27 phosphorylation (S85) that were time-dependent (4.5-fold after 24-h reperfusion). G6PD activity was significantly elevated after 1-h MCAO (20%), reduced after 1-h reperfusion, increased gradually thereafter and significantly elevated after 24-h reperfusion. The NADPH/NAD+ ratio displayed similar increasing pattern. Intracerebroventricular injection of ATM kinase inhibitor (KU-55933) significantly reduced HSP27 phosphorylation and G6PD activity, significantly increased protein carbonyl, and resulted in increase in infarct size (100%) 24-h after reperfusion following 90-min MCAO. Consequently, G6PD activation via HSP27 phosphorylation by ATM kinase may be part of endogenous antioxidant defense neuroprotection mechanism that is activated during ischemia-reperfusion. These findings have important implications for treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kohkichi Hosoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, 5-7-1, Kojidai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2273, Japan.
| | - Taichiro Imahori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Systematic Analysis of RNA Regulatory Network in Rat Brain after Ischemic Stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29516010 PMCID: PMC5817225 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8354350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although extensive studies have identified large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ischemic stroke, the RNA regulation network response to focal ischemia remains poorly understood. In this study, we simultaneously interrogate the expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs changes during focal ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. A set of 1924 novel lncRNAs were identified and may involve brain injury and DNA repair as revealed by coexpression network analysis. Furthermore, many short interspersed elements (SINE) mediated lncRNA:mRNA duplexes were identified, implying that lncRNAs mediate Staufen1-mediated mRNA decay (SMD) which may play a role during focal ischemia. Moreover, based on the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis, a stroke regulatory ceRNA network which reveals functional lncRNA:miRNA:mRNA interactions was revealed in ischemic stroke. In brief, this work reports a large number of novel lncRNAs responding to focal ischemia and constructs a systematic RNA regulation network which highlighted the role of ncRNAs in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cianciulli A, Calvello R, Porro C, Trotta T, Panaro MA. Understanding the role of SOCS signaling in neurodegenerative diseases: Current and emerging concepts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
25
|
Šípková J, Kramáriková I, Hynie S, Klenerová V. The galanin and galanin receptor subtypes, its regulatory role in the biological and pathological functions. Physiol Res 2017; 66:729-740. [PMID: 28730831 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitalented neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago but initially no biologic activity was found. Further research studies discovered the presence of galanin in the brain and some peripheral tissues, and galanin was identified as a modulator of neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. Over the last decade there were performed very intensive studies of the neuronal actions and also of nonneuronal actions of galanin. Other galanin family peptides have been described, namely galanin, galanin-like peptide, galanin-message associated peptide and alarin. The effect of these peptides is mediated through three galanin receptors subtypes, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 belonging to G protein coupled receptors, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (GalR1, GalR3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GalR2). This also explains why one specific molecule of galanin can be responsible for different roles in different tissues. The present review summarizes the information currently available on the relationship between the galaninergic system and known pathological states. The research of novel galanin receptor specific agonists and antagonists is also very promising for its future role in pharmacological treatment. The galaninergic system is important target for current and future biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Šípková
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Imahori T, Hosoda K, Nakai T, Yamamoto Y, Irino Y, Shinohara M, Sato N, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nagashima H, Kohta M, Kohmura E. Combined metabolic and transcriptional profiling identifies pentose phosphate pathway activation by HSP27 phosphorylation during cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2017; 349:1-16. [PMID: 28257891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic pathophysiology underlying ischemic stroke remains poorly understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we performed a comparative metabolic and transcriptional analysis of the effects of cerebral ischemia on the metabolism of the cerebral cortex using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Metabolic profiling by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry analysis showed clear separation between the ischemia and control group. The decreases of fructose 6-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate suggested enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during cerebral ischemia (120-min MCAO) without reperfusion. Transcriptional profiling by microarray hybridization indicated that the Toll-like receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were upregulated during cerebral ischemia without reperfusion. In relation to the PPP, upregulation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) was observed in the MAPK signaling pathway and was confirmed through real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunoblotting showed a slight increase in HSP27 protein expression and a marked increase in HSP27 phosphorylation at serine 85 after 60-min and 120-min MCAO without reperfusion. Corresponding upregulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and an increase in the NADPH/NAD+ ratio were also observed after 120-min MCAO. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitor (KU-55933) significantly reduced HSP27 phosphorylation and G6PD upregulation after MCAO, but that of protein kinase D inhibitor (CID755673) did not affect HSP27 phosphorylation. Consequently, G6PD activation via ischemia-induced HSP27 phosphorylation by ATM kinase may be part of an endogenous antioxidant defense neuroprotection mechanism during the earliest stages of ischemia. These findings have important therapeutic implications for the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Imahori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kohkichi Hosoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Nakai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Irino
- Division of Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shinohara
- The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Division of Epidemiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Y, Mei Z, Liu S, Wang T, Li H, Li XX, Han S, Yang Y, Li J, Xu ZQD. Galanin Protects from Caspase-8/12-initiated Neuronal Apoptosis in the Ischemic Mouse Brain via GalR1. Aging Dis 2017; 8:85-100. [PMID: 28203483 PMCID: PMC5287390 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) plays key role in many pathophysiological processes, but its role in ischemic stroke remains unclear. Here, the models of 1 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/1-7 d reperfusion (R)-induced ischemic stroke and in vitro cell ischemia of 1 h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/24 h reoxygenation in primary cultured cortical neurons were used to explore GAL’s effects and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed significant increases of GAL protein levels in the peri-infarct region (P) and infarct core (I) within 48 h R of MCAO mice (p<0.001). The RT-qPCR results also demonstrated significant increases of GAL mRNA during 24-48 h R (p<0.001), and GAL receptors GalR1-2 (but not 3) mRNA levels in the P region at 24 h R of MCAO mice (p<0.001). Furthermore, the significant decrease of infarct volume (p<0.05) and improved neurological outcome (p<0.001-0.05) were observed in MCAO mice following 1 h pre- or 6 h post-treatment of GAL during 1-7 d reperfusion. GalR1 was confirmed as the receptor responsible for GAL-induced neuroprotection by using GalR2/3 agonist AR-M1896 and Lentivirus-based RNAi knockdown of GalR1. GAL treatment inhibited Caspase-3 activation through the upstream initiators Capsases-8/-12 (not Caspase-9) in both P region and OGD-treated cortical neurons. Meanwhile, GAL’s neuroprotective effect was not observed in cortical neurons from conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) γ knockout mice. These results suggested that exogenous GAL protects the brain from ischemic injury by inhibiting Capsase-8/12-initiated apoptosis, possibly mediated by GalR1 via the cPKCγ signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuiqiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Song J, Kim OY. Galanin's implications for post-stroke improvement. Anat Cell Biol 2016; 49:223-230. [PMID: 28127496 PMCID: PMC5266107 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke leads to a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as ischemic infarct, cerebral inflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive decline, and depression. Many endeavors have been tried to find the therapeutic solutions to attenuate severe neuropathogenesis after stroke. Several studies have reported that a decrease in the neuropeptide regulator ‘galanin’ is associated with neuronal loss, learning and memory dysfunctions, and depression following a stroke. The present review summarized recent evidences on the function and the therapeutic potential of galanin in post-ischemic stroke to provide a further understanding of galanin's role. Hence, we suggest that galanin needs to be considered as a therapeutic factor in the alleviation of post-stroke pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.; Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Brain Busan 21, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Miao Z, He Y, Xin N, Sun M, Chen L, Lin L, Li J, Kong J, Jin P, Xu X. Altering 5-hydroxymethylcytosine modification impacts ischemic brain injury. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5855-66. [PMID: 26231219 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications such as cytosine methylation and histone modification are linked to the pathology of ischemic brain injury. Recent research has implicated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a DNA base derived from 5-methylcytosine (5mC) via oxidation by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes, in DNA methylation-related plasticity. Here we show that 5hmC abundance was increased after ischemic injury, and Tet2 was responsible for this increase; furthermore, inhibiting Tet2 expression abolished the increase of 5hmC caused by ischemic injury. The decrease in 5hmC modifications from inhibiting Tet2 activity was accompanied by increased infarct volume after ischemic injury. Genome-wide profiling of 5hmC revealed differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) associated with ischemic injury, and DhMRs were enriched among the genes involved in cell junction, neuronal morphogenesis and neurodevelopment. In particular, we found that 5hmC modifications at the promoter region of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increased, which was accompanied by increased BDNF mRNA, whereas the inhibition of Tet2 reduced BDNF mRNA and protein expression. Finally, we show that the abundance of 5hmC in blood samples from patients with acute ischemic stroke was also significantly increased. Together, these data suggest that 5hmC modification could serve as both a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215004, P.R. China, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yuquan He
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Ning Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215004, P.R. China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jizhen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215004, P.R. China, Department of Neurology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215021, P.R. China and
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215004, P.R. China, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province 215123, P.R. China,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A microarray study of middle cerebral occlusion rat brain with acupuncture intervention. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:496932. [PMID: 25861363 PMCID: PMC4377484 DOI: 10.1155/2015/496932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis was used to investigate the changes of gene expression of ischemic stroke and acupuncture intervention in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat brain. Results showed that acupuncture intervention had a remarkable improvement in neural deficit score, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral infarction volume of MCAo rats. Microarray analysis showed that a total of 627 different expression genes were regulated in ischemic stroke. 417 genes were upregulated and 210 genes were downregulated. A total of 361 different expression genes were regulated after acupuncture intervention. Three genes were upregulated and 358 genes were downregulated. The expression of novel genes after acupuncture intervention, including Tph1 and Olr883, was further analyzed by Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Upregulation of Tph1 and downregulation of Olr883 indicated that the therapeutic effect of acupuncture for ischemic stroke may be closely related to the suppression of poststroke depression and regulation of olfactory transduction. In conclusion, the present study may enrich our understanding of the multiple pathological process of ischemic brain injury and indicate possible mechanisms of acupuncture on ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang XJ, Jiang DS, Li H. The interferon regulatory factors as novel potential targets in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5457-76. [PMID: 25131895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) consists of nine members (IRF1-IRF9) in mammals. They act as transcription factors for the interferons and thus exert essential regulatory functions in the immune system and in oncogenesis. Recent clinical and experimental studies have identified critically important roles of the IRFs in cardiovascular diseases, arising from their participation in divergent and overlapping molecular programmes beyond the immune response. Here we review the current knowledge of the regulatory effects and mechanisms of IRFs on the immune system. The role of IRFs and their potential molecular mechanisms as novel stress sensors and mediators of cardiovascular diseases are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhai F, Zhang X, Guan Y, Yang X, Li Y, Song G, Guan L. Expression profiles of microRNAs after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:917-23. [PMID: 25722676 PMCID: PMC4341287 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Microarray analysis showed that 24 hours after cerebral ischemia, there were nine up-regulated and 27 down-regulated microRNA genes in cortical tissue. Bioinformatic analysis showed that bcl-2 was the target gene of microRNA-384-5p and microRNA-494, and caspase-3 was the target gene of microRNA-129, microRNA-320 and microRNA-326. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses showed that 24 hours after cerebral ischemia, bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels in brain tissue were significantly decreased, while caspase-3 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. This suggests that following cerebral ischemia, differentially expressed microRNA-384-5p, microRNA-494, microRNA-320, microRNA-129 and microRNA-326 can regulate bcl-2 and caspase-3 expression in brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Zhai
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Gaochen Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lixin Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim JY, Yenari MA, Lee JE. Regulation of inflammatory transcription factors by heat shock protein 70 in primary cultured astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neuroscience 2014; 286:272-80. [PMID: 25485480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important event in ischemic injury. These immune responses begin with the expression of pro-inflammatory genes modulating transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and signal transducers and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1). The 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) can both induce and arrest inflammatory reactions and lead to improved neurological outcome in experimental brain injury and ischemia. Since Hsp70 are induced under heat stress, we investigated the link between Hsp70 neuroprotection and phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB (IκB), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 through co-immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. Transcription factors and pro-inflammatory genes were quantified by immunoblotting, electrophoretic-mobility shift assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. The results showed that heat stress led to Hsp70 overexpression which rendered neuroprotection after ischemia-like injury. Overexpression Hsp70 also interrupts the phosphorylation of IκB, JNK and p38 and blunts DNA binding of their transcription factors (NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT-1), effectively downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in heat-pretreated astrocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that overexpression of Hsp70 may protect against brain ischemia via an anti-inflammatory mechanism by interrupting the phosphorylation of upstream of transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - M A Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - J E Lee
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Plus Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Szczesny E, Basta-Kaim A, Slusarczyk J, Trojan E, Glombik K, Regulska M, Leskiewicz M, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Lason W. The impact of prenatal stress on insulin-like growth factor-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brains of adult male rats: the possible role of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:37-46. [PMID: 25151093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress, inflammation and the reduced expression of neurotrophic factors are risk factors for depression. The objective of this study was to determine if prenatal stress affects IGF-1 - cytokine interactions by influencing suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in the brains of adult rats, in basal conditions and after acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. We demonstrated that prenatal stress leads to depression-like behavior, decreased IGF-1, increased IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ release and disturbed SOCS-1, SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of adult offspring. Furthermore, prenatal stress enhances the brain response to LPS-evoked inflammatory challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczesny
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Slusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Glombik
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Leskiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Boguslawa Budziszewska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wladyslaw Lason
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nasreen N, Gonzalves L, Peruvemba S, Mohammed KA. Fluticasone furoate is more effective than mometasone furoate in restoring tobacco smoke inhibited SOCS-3 expression in airway epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:153-60. [PMID: 24434372 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluticasone furoate (FF) and mometasone furoate (MF) are potent glucocorticoids recommended for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory diseases. However, whether these drugs render any anti-inflammatory effects in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is unclear. Emerging data on suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) activation in the lungs during inflammation suggests that SOCS3 can be potential targets for regulating pulmonary inflammatory responses in COPD. In this study, we compared the effect of FF with MF on SOCS-3 expression in tobacco smoke (TS) exposed BAEpCs in vitro and in a mouse model of COPD in vivo. BAEpCs were exposed to TS or room air and later were treated with either FF (1nmol-100nmol) or MF (10-500nmol) inhibitors in the presence and absence of Jak1 and Stat-3 inhibitors. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to TS for 6 months, and treated with either FF, MF for 2 and 4 weeks. FF induced 7 fold increases in SOCS-3 expression in BAEpCs whereas MF induced a three fold increase when compared to control. Jak1 and Stat-3 inhibitors significantly inhibited the FF and MF induced SOCS-3 expression in BAEpCs. In addition, FF and MF restored TS inhibited SOCS-3 expression in the airway epithelium of COPD mice. FF and MF treatments significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration in airways and inhibited lung inflammation. Our study elucidates a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of FF in COPD. The superior efficacy of FF may be in part due to the increased expression of SOCS-3 in BAEpCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najmunnisa Nasreen
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States; NF/SGVHS, Malcom Randal VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lixandra Gonzalves
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States
| | - Sriram Peruvemba
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States; NF/SGVHS, Malcom Randal VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kamal A Mohammed
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States; NF/SGVHS, Malcom Randal VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Van Elzen R, Moens L, Dewilde S. Expression profiling of the cerebral ischemic and hypoxic response. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:263-82. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Vemuganti R. All's well that transcribes well: non-coding RNAs and post-stroke brain damage. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:438-49. [PMID: 23954844 PMCID: PMC3805745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian genome is replete with various classes of non-coding (nc) RNA genes. Many of them actively transcribe, and their relevance to CNS diseases is just beginning to be understood. CNS is one of the organs in the body that shows very high ncRNAs activity. Recent studies demonstrated that cerebral ischemia rapidly changes the expression profiles of different classes of ncRNAs: including microRNA, long noncoding RNA and piwi-interacting RNA. Several studies further showed that post-ischemic neuronal death and/or plasticity/regeneration can be altered by modulating specific microRNAs. These studies are of interest for therapeutic development as they may contribute to identifying new ncRNA targets that can be modulated to prevent secondary brain damage after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu M, Song W, Li P, Huang Y, Gong X, Zhou G, Jia X, Zheng L, Fan Y. Galanin protects against nerve injury after shear stress in primary cultured rat cortical neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63473. [PMID: 23691051 PMCID: PMC3653936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR) are found to be up-regulated in brains suffering from nerve injury, but the specific role played by galanin remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective role of galanin after shear stress induced nerve injury in the primary cultured cortical neurons of rats. Our results demonstrated that no significant changes in cell death and viability were found after galanin treatment when subjected to a shear stress of 5 dyn/cm(2) for 12 h, after increasing magnitude of shear stress to 10 dyn/cm(2) for 12 h, cell death was significantly increased, while galanin can inhibit the nerve injury induced by shear stress with 10 dyn/cm(2) for 12 h. Moreover, Gal2-11 (an agonist of GalR2/3) could also effectively inhibit shear stress-induced nerve injury of primary cultured cortical neurons in rats. Although GalR2 is involved in the galanin protection mechanism, there was no GalR3 expression in this system. Moreover, galanin increased the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), which can effectively inhibit the physiological effects of shear stress. Galanin was also found to inhibit the activation of p53 and Bax, and further reversed the down regulation of Bcl-2 induced by shear stress. Our results strongly demonstrated that galanin plays a neuroprotective role in injured cortical neurons of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meili Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps and without polyps is associated with increased expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:772-80. [PMID: 23375208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) or without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is associated with expression of various cytokines. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) regulate cytokine activity in a variety of cells, modulating inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVE We analyzed the expression and distribution pattern of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in CRSwNP and CRSsNP, and their cytokine-driven expression regulation in sinus mucosa. In addition, the expression levels of various cytokines were evaluated in CRSwNP and CRSsNP. METHODS The expression levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in CRSwNP and CRSsNP and in control samples were assessed by using real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Nasal epithelial cell culture was used to elucidate the effect of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 on SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in sinus mucosa. The expression levels of these cytokines were also evaluated in normal and inflammatory sinus mucosa by using real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The expression levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were increased in CRS, irrespective of the presence of nasal polyp, and they were distributed in superficial epithelium, submucosal glands, and vascular endothelium in sinus mucosa. SOCS1 was induced by IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, while SOCS3 expression was upregulated by IL-6, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. IL-4 and IL-13 levels were increased in CRSwNP, while IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels were increased in CRSsNP. CONCLUSION SOCS1 and SOCS3 are increased in CRS, irrespective of nasal polyp presence. This may be a response to elevated levels of various cytokines increasingly expressed in inflammatory sinus mucosa.
Collapse
|
42
|
Swardfager W, Winer DA, Herrmann N, Winer S, Lanctôt KL. Interleukin-17 in post-stroke neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:436-47. [PMID: 23370232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of physical disability with neurodegenerative sequelae such as dementia and depression causing significant excess morbidity. Stroke severity can be exacerbated by apoptotic cell death in ischemic tissue, of which inflammatory activity is a key determinant. Studies have identified harmful and beneficial sets of T lymphocytes that infiltrate the brain post-stroke and their activation signals, suggesting that they might be targeted for therapeutic benefit. Animal models and human studies implicate interleukin(IL)-17 and its congeners (e.g. IL-23, IL-21) as mediators of tissue damage in the delayed phase of the inflammatory cascade and the involvement of T lymphocytes in propagating IL-17 release. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of IL-17 secreting cells, including sets of CD4(+) αβ and CD4(-) γδ T lymphocytes, as potentially important mediators of brain pathology post-stroke. Interactions between the IL-17 axis and innate pathways, positive feedback mechanisms that prolong or amplify IL-17, and IL-17 regulatory pathways may offer intervention targets to enhance recovery, prevent long-term decline, and improve quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Swardfager
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Piao CS, Stoica BA, Wu J, Sabirzhanov B, Zhao Z, Cabatbat R, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Late exercise reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:252-63. [PMID: 23313314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed secondary biochemical and cellular changes after traumatic brain injury continue for months to years, and are associated with chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Physical activity can reduce inflammation and facilitate recovery after brain injury. Here, we investigated the time-dependent effects, and underlying mechanisms of post-traumatic exercise initiation on outcome after moderate traumatic brain injury using a well-characterized mouse controlled cortical impact model. Late exercise initiation beginning at 5weeks after trauma, but not early initiation of exercise at 1week, significantly reduced working and retention memory impairment at 3months, and decreased lesion volume compared to non-exercise injury controls. Cognitive recovery was associated with attenuation of classical inflammatory pathways, activation of alternative inflammatory responses and enhancement of neurogenesis. In contrast, early initiation of exercise failed to alter behavioral recovery or lesion size, while increasing the neurotoxic pro-inflammatory responses. These data underscore the critical importance of timing of exercise initiation after trauma and its relation to neuroinflammation, and challenge the widely held view that effective neuroprotection requires early intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shu Piao
- Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
δ-opioid receptor activation and microRNA expression of the rat cortex in hypoxia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51524. [PMID: 23272113 PMCID: PMC3521741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged hypoxic/ischemic stress may cause cortical injury and clinically manifest as a neurological disability. Activation of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) may induce cortical protection against hypoxic/ischemic insults. However, the mechanisms underlying DOR protection are not clearly understood. We have recently found that DOR activation modulates the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the kidney exposed to hypoxia, suggesting that DOR protection may involve a miRNA mechanism. To determine if the miRNAs expressed in the cortex mediated DOR neuroprotection, we examined 19 miRNAs that were previously identified as hypoxia- and DOR-regulated miRNAs in the kidney, in the rat cortex treated with UFP-512, a potent and specific DOR agonist under hypoxic condition. Of the 19 miRNAs tested, 17 were significantly altered by hypoxia and/or DOR activation with the direction and amplitude varying depending on hypoxic duration and times of DOR treatment. Expression of several miRNAs such as miR-29b, -101b, -298, 324-3p, -347 and 466b was significantly depressed after 24 hours of hypoxia. Similar changes were seen in normoxic condition 24 hours after DOR activation with one-time treatment of UFP-512. In contrast, some miRNAs were more tolerant to hypoxic stress and showed significant reduction only with 5-day (e.g., miR-31 and -186) or 10-day (e.g., miR-29a, let-7f and -511) exposures. In addition, these miRNAs had differential responses to DOR activation. Other miRNAs like miRs-363* and -370 responded only to the combined exposure to hypoxia and DOR treatment, with a notable reduction of >70% in the 5-day group. These data suggest that cortical miRNAs are highly yet differentially sensitive to hypoxia. DOR activation can modify, enhance or resolve the changes in miRNAs that target HIF, ion transport, axonal guidance, free radical signaling, apoptosis and many other functions.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ritz MF, Grond-Ginsbach C, Engelter S, Lyrer P. Gene expression suggests spontaneously hypertensive rats may have altered metabolism and reduced hypoxic tolerance. Curr Neurovasc Res 2012; 9:10-9. [PMID: 22272763 PMCID: PMC3296125 DOI: 10.2174/156720212799297074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is an important cause of stroke, cognitive decline and vascular dementia (VaD). It is associated with diffuse white matter abnormalities and small deep cerebral ischemic infarcts. The molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of SVD are unclear. As hypertension is a major risk factor for developing SVD, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) are considered an appropriate experimental model for SVD. Prior work suggested an imbalance between the number of blood microvessels and astrocytes at the level of the neurovascular unit in 2-month-old SHR, leading to neuronal hypoxia in the brain of 9-month-old animals. To identify genes and pathways involved in the development of SVD, we compared the gene expression profile in the cortex of 2 and 9-month-old of SHR with age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using microarray-based technology. The results revealed significant differences in expression of genes involved in energy and lipid metabolisms, mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress and ischemic responses between both groups. These results strongly suggest that SHR suffer from chronic hypoxia, and therefore are unable to tolerate ischemia-like conditions, and are more vulnerable to high-energy needs than WKY. This molecular analysis gives new insights about pathways accounting for the development of SVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Ritz
- Department of Biomedicine, Brain Tumor Biology Laboratory, Pharmazentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Myocardial necrosis triggers an inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells and matrix debris, while activating reparative pathways necessary for scar formation. A growing body of evidence suggests that accentuation, prolongation, or expansion of the postinfarction inflammatory response results in worse remodeling and dysfunction following myocardial infarction. This review manuscript discusses the cellular effectors and endogenous molecular signals implicated in suppression and containment of the inflammatory response in the infarcted heart. Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, recruitment of inhibitory monocyte subsets and regulatory T cells, macrophage differentiation and pericyte/endothelial interactions may play an active role in restraining postinfarction inflammation. Multiple molecular signals may be involved in suppressing the inflammatory cascade. Negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling, downmodulation of cytokine responses, and termination of chemokine signals may be mediated through the concerted action of multiple suppressive pathways that prevent extension of injury and protect from adverse remodeling. Expression of soluble endogenous antagonists, decoy receptors, and posttranslational processing of bioactive molecules may limit cytokine and chemokine actions. Interleukin-10, members of the transforming growth factor-β family, and proresolving lipid mediators (such as lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins) may suppress proinflammatory signaling. In human patients with myocardial infarction, defective suppression, and impaired resolution of inflammation may be important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of remodeling and in progression to heart failure. Understanding of inhibitory and proresolving signals in the infarcted heart and identification of patients with uncontrolled postinfarction inflammation and defective cardiac repair is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
König R, Stillfried M, Aperdannier P, Clarner T, Beyer C, Kipp M, Mey J. Expression of retinoid X receptor beta is induced in astrocytes during corpus callosum demyelination. J Chem Neuroanat 2012; 43:120-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
48
|
Holm L, Hilke S, Adori C, Theodorsson E, Hökfelt T, Theodorsson A. Changes in galanin and GalR1 gene expression in discrete brain regions after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in female rats. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:19-27. [PMID: 22197078 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Injury to neurons results in up-regulation of galanin in some central and peripheral systems, and it has been suggested that this neuropeptide may play a protective and trophic role, primarily mediated by galanin receptor 2 (GalR2). The objective of the present study was to investigate galanin, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 gene expression in the female rat brain 7 days after a 60-min unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed in punch-biopsies from the locus coeruleus, somatosensory cortex and dorsal hippocampal formation, including sham-operated rats as controls. Galanin gene expression showed a ∼2.5-fold increase and GalR1 a ∼1.5-fold increase in the locus coeruleus of the ischemic hemisphere compared to the control side. Furthermore, the GalR1 mRNA levels decreased by 35% in somatosensory cortex of the ischemic hemisphere. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated a depletion of galanin from cell bodies and dendrites in the locus coeruleus after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The present results suggest that a stroke-induced forebrain lesion up-regulates synthesis of galanin and GalR1 in the locus coeruleus, a noradrenergic cell group projecting to many forebrain areas, including cortex and the hippocampal formation. These results support the notion that galanin may play a role in the response of the central nervous system to injury.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Reperfusion Injury/genetics
- Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Holm
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nasreen N, Khodayari N, Sukka-Ganesh B, Peruvemba S, Mohammed KA. Fluticasone propionate and Salmeterol combination induces SOCS-3 expression in airway epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:217-25. [PMID: 22155101 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluticasone propionate (FP) and Salmeterol (SAL) are commonly used in combination therapy for patients with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical studies show that FP/SAL used in combination therapy was found to inhibit airway inflammation in COPD patients. However, the mechanisms associated with FP/SAL induced anti-inflammatory effects were not clear. We have evaluated the effect of FP/SAL and tobacco smoke (TS) on SOCS-3 and interleukine-6 expression in bronchial airway epithelial cells (BAEpCs). Human BAEpCs were exposed to TS and subsequently treated with FP or SAL alone or in combinations in the presence and absence of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors for either Erk1/Erk2, or p38 or PI3 kinase. In BAEpCs, TS induced IL-6 expression via ERK1/ERK2 MAPK pathway and FP/SAL inhibited TS mediated IL-6 expression. TS down regulated the SOCS-3 expression via activation of Erk1/Erk2, and p38 MAPK signaling. When TS exposed BAEpCs were treated with FP/SAL SOCS-3 expression was restored. FP/SAL combinations induced significantly higher expression of SOCS-3 in BAEpCs when compared to individual drug. Pretreatment with Ly294002 a PI3 MAPK inhibitor significantly attenuated FP/SAL induced SOCS-3 expression in BAEpCs. Furthermore, FP/SAL blunted TS induced phosphorylation of Erk1/Erk2 and p38 MAPK in BAEpCs. Our study suggests that TS inhibits SOCS-3, combination of FP/SAL has a profound synergistic effect on SOCS-3 induction in BAEpCs and it is dependent on PI3 kinase signaling pathway. SOCS-3 may represent a potential biomarker for understanding the efficacy and a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of FP/SAL combination therapy in the treatment of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najmunnisa Nasreen
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nakka VP, Lang BT, Lenschow DJ, Zhang DE, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R. Increased cerebral protein ISGylation after focal ischemia is neuroprotective. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2375-84. [PMID: 21847135 PMCID: PMC3323186 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Addition of a small peptide called ISG15 is known as ISGylation, which is an ubiquitin (ub)-like posttranslational modification. We currently show that focal ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult mice significantly induces cortical protein ISGylation between 6 and 24 hours reperfusion. With two-dimensional western blotting, 45 proteins were observed to be significantly increased in ISGylation (by 1.8- to 9.7-fold) after focal ischemia compared with sham control. Immunochemistry showed that ISGylated proteins are localized in neurons within the ipsilateral striatum and in astroglia within the peri-infarct cortex of ischemic mice. When subjected to transient MCAO, ISG15(-/-) mice showed increased mortality, exacerbated infarction, and worsened neurologic recovery than did wild-type controls. In addition, mice lacking UBE1L (ub-activating enzyme E1-like protein, the first enzyme of the ISGylation cycle) also showed bigger infarcts when subjected to transient MCAO. Regional cerebral blood flow or other physiologic parameters were not significantly different in both knockouts compared with wild-type controls. These studies indicate that increased protein ISGylation might be an endogenous neuroprotective adaptation to minimize poststroke brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata P Nakka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|