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Carles A, Freyssin A, Perin-Dureau F, Rubinstenn G, Maurice T. Targeting N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3733. [PMID: 38612544 PMCID: PMC11011887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are the main class of ionotropic receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They play a crucial role in the permeability of Ca2+ ions and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Being heteromeric receptors, they are composed of several subunits, including two obligatory GluN1 subunits (eight splice variants) and regulatory GluN2 (GluN2A~D) or GluN3 (GluN3A~B) subunits. Widely distributed in the brain, they regulate other neurotransmission systems and are therefore involved in essential functions such as synaptic transmission, learning and memory, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. The present review will detail the structure, composition, and localization of NMDARs, their role and regulation at the glutamatergic synapse, and their impact on cognitive processes and in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease). The pharmacology of different NMDAR antagonists and their therapeutic potentialities will be presented. In particular, a focus will be given on fluoroethylnormemantine (FENM), an investigational drug with very promising development as a neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer's disease, in complement to its reported efficacy as a tomography radiotracer for NMDARs and an anxiolytic drug in post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carles
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Aline Freyssin
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.F.)
- ReST Therapeutics, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.P.-D.); (G.R.)
| | | | | | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.F.)
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2
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Shejul PP, Doshi GM. Glutamate Receptors and C-ABL Inhibitors: A New Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:22-44. [PMID: 38273763 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249268627231206115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative condition. Over the past few decades, suppression of BCR-Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl), which serves as a marker of -synuclein aggregation and oxidative stress, has shown promise as a potential therapy target in PD. c-Abl inhibition has the potential to provide neuroprotection against PD, as shown by experimental results and the first-in-human trial, which supports the strategy in bigger clinical trials. Furthermore, glutamate receptors have also been proposed as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD since they facilitate and regulate synaptic neurotransmission throughout the basal ganglia motor system. It has been noticed that pharmacological manipulation of the receptors can change normal as well as abnormal neurotransmission in the Parkinsonian brain. The review study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the approach toward the role of c-Abl and glutamate receptors in Parkinson's disease by highlighting the significance and urgent necessity to investigate new pharmacotherapeutic targets. The article covers an extensive insight into the concept of targeting, pathophysiology, and c-Abl interaction with α-synuclein, parkin, and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Furthermore, the concepts of Nmethyl- D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPA) receptor, and glutamate receptors are discussed briefly. Conclusion: This review article focuses on in-depth literature findings supported by an evidence-based discussion on pre-clinical trials and clinical trials related to c-Abl and glutamate receptors that act as potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya P Shejul
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Pittaluga A. Presynaptic release-regulating NMDA receptors in isolated nerve terminals: A narrative review. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1001-1017. [PMID: 33347605 PMCID: PMC9328659 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of presynaptic, release‐regulating NMDA receptors in the CNS has been long matter of discussion. Most of the reviews dedicated to support this conclusion have preferentially focussed on the results from electrophysiological studies, paying little or no attention to the data obtained with purified synaptosomes, even though this experimental approach has been recognized as providing reliable information concerning the presence and the role of presynaptic release‐regulating receptors in the CNS. To fill the gap, this review is dedicated to summarising the results from studies with synaptosomes published during the last 40 years, which support the existence of auto and hetero NMDA receptors controlling the release of transmitters such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, 5‐HT, acetylcholine and peptides, in the CNS of mammals. The review also deals with the results from immunochemical studies in isolated nerve endings that confirm the functional observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacology (DIFAR), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Rs Center, University of Genova, Italy.,San Martino Hospital IRCCS, Genova, Italy
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mGlu2 Receptor Agonism, but Not Positive Allosteric Modulation, Elicits Rapid Tolerance towards Their Primary Efficacy on Sleep Measures in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144017. [PMID: 26658273 PMCID: PMC4684355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists are known to induce both cellular adaptations resulting in tolerance to therapeutic effects and withdrawal symptoms upon treatment discontinuation. Glutamate neurotransmission is an integral part of sleep-wake mechanisms, which processes have translational relevance for central activity and target engagement. Here, we investigated the efficacy and tolerance potential of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) agonist LY354740 versus mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) JNJ-42153605 on sleep-wake organisation in rats. In vitro, the selectivity and potency of JNJ-42153605 were characterized. In vivo, effects on sleep measures were investigated in rats after once daily oral repeated treatment for 7 days, withdrawal and consecutive re-administration of LY354740 (1–10 mg/kg) and JNJ-42153605 (3–30 mg/kg). JNJ-42153605 showed high affinity, potency and selectivity at mGluR2. Binding site analyses and knowledge-based docking confirmed the specificity of JNJ-42153605 at the mGluR2 allosteric binding site. Acute LY354740 and JNJ-42153605 dose-dependently decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and prolonged its onset latency. Sub chronic effects of LY354740 on REM sleep measures disappeared from day 3 onwards, whereas those of JNJ-42153605 were maintained after repeated exposure. LY354740 attenuated REM sleep homeostatic recovery, while this was preserved after JNJ-42153605 administration. JNJ-42153605 enhanced sleep continuity and efficiency, suggesting its potential as an add-on medication for impaired sleep quality during early stages of treatment. Abrupt cessation of JNJ-42153605 did not induce withdrawal phenomena and sleep disturbances, while the initial drug effect was fully reinstated after re-administration. Collectively, long-term treatment with JNJ-42153605 did not induce tolerance phenomena to its primary functional effects on sleep measures, nor adverse effects at withdrawal, while it promoted homeostatic recovery sleep. From the translational perspective, the present rodent findings suggest that mGluR2 positive allosteric modulation has therapeutic potential based on its superior long term efficacy over agonists in psychiatric disorders, particularly of those commonly occurring with REM sleep overdrive.
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The substantia nigra conveys target-dependent excitatory and inhibitory outputs from the basal ganglia to the thalamus. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8032-42. [PMID: 24899724 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0236-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG), which influence cortical activity via the thalamus, play a major role in motor activity, learning and memory, sensory processing, and many aspects of behavior. The substantia nigra (SN) consists of GABAergic neurons of the pars reticulata that inhibit thalamic neurons and provide the primary output of the BG, and dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta that modulate thalamic excitability. Little is known about the functional properties of the SN→thalamus synapses, and anatomical characterization has been controversial. Here we use a combination of anatomical, electrophysiological, genetic, and optogenetic approaches to re-examine these synaptic connections in mice. We find that neurons in the SN inhibit neurons in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus via GABAergic synapses, excite neurons in the thalamic nucleus reticularis, and both excite and inhibit neurons within the posterior nucleus group. Glutamatergic SN neurons express the vesicular glutamate receptor transporter vGluT2 and receive inhibitory synapses from striatal neurons, and many also express tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, in addition to providing inhibitory outputs, which is consistent with the canonical circuit, the SN provides glutamatergic outputs that differentially target thalamic nuclei. This suggests that an increase in the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the SN allows the BG to directly excite neurons in specific thalamic nuclei. Elucidating an excitatory connection between the BG and the thalamus provides new insights into how the BG regulate thalamic activity, and has important implications for understanding BG function in health and disease.
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Cirnaru MD, Marte A, Belluzzi E, Russo I, Gabrielli M, Longo F, Arcuri L, Murru L, Bubacco L, Matteoli M, Fedele E, Sala C, Passafaro M, Morari M, Greggio E, Onofri F, Piccoli G. LRRK2 kinase activity regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release through modulation of LRRK2 macro-molecular complex. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:49. [PMID: 24904275 PMCID: PMC4034499 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 is a complex protein that consists of multiple domains executing several functions, including GTP hydrolysis, kinase activity, and protein binding. Robust evidence suggests that LRRK2 acts at the synaptic site as a molecular hub connecting synaptic vesicles to cytoskeletal elements via a complex panel of protein-protein interactions. Here we investigated the impact of pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity on synaptic function. Acute treatment with LRRK2 inhibitors reduced the frequency of spontaneous currents, the rate of synaptic vesicle trafficking and the release of neurotransmitter from isolated synaptosomes. The investigation of complementary models lacking LRRK2 expression allowed us to exclude potential off-side effects of kinase inhibitors on synaptic functions. Next we studied whether kinase inhibition affects LRRK2 heterologous interactions. We found that the binding among LRRK2, presynaptic proteins and synaptic vesicles is affected by kinase inhibition. Our results suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity influences synaptic vesicle release via modulation of LRRK2 macro-molecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Cirnaru
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University Milan, Italy ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Marte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Gabrielli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute Milan, Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Longo
- Department of Medical Science and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ludovico Arcuri
- Department of Medical Science and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy ; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Pharmacology and Brain Pathology Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute Milan, Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Science and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University Milan, Italy ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute Milan, Italy
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Olivares D, Deshpande VK, Shi Y, Lahiri DK, Greig NH, Rogers JT, Huang X. N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and memantine treatment for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9:746-58. [PMID: 21875407 PMCID: PMC5002349 DOI: 10.2174/156720512801322564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Memantine, a partial antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), approved for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment within the U.S. and Europe under brand name Namenda (Forest), Axura and Akatinol (Merz), and Ebixa and Abixa (Lundbeck), may have potential in alleviating additional neurological conditions, such as vascular dementia (VD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In various animal models, memantine has been reported to be a neuroprotective agent that positively impacts both neurodegenerative and vascular processes. While excessive levels of glutamate result in neurotoxicity, in part through the over-activation of NMDARs, memantine-as a partial NMDAR antagonist, blocks the NMDA glutamate receptors to normalize the glutamatergic system and ameliorate cognitive and memory deficits. The key to memantine's therapeutic action lies in its uncompetitive binding to the NMDAR through which low affinity and rapid off-rate kinetics of memantine at the level of the NMDAR-channel preserves the physiological function of the receptor, underpinning memantine's tolerability and low adverse event profile. As the biochemical pathways evoked by NMDAR antagonism also play a role in PD and since no other drug is sufficiently effective to substitute for the first-line treatment of L-dopa despite its side effects, memantine may be useful in PD treatment with possibly fewer side effects. In spite of the relative modest nature of its adverse effects, memantine has been shown to provide only a moderate decrease in clinical deterioration in AD and VD, and hence efforts are being undertaken in the design of new and more potent memantine-based drugs to hopefully provide greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olivares
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, C/Professor Martin Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Varun K. Deshpande
- Conjugate and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying Shi
- Conjugate and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 791 Union Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jack T. Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Conjugate and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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8
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor–Dopamine Interactions in the Basal Ganglia Motor Circuit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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10
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Johnson KA, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. Glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2009; 8:475-91. [PMID: 19702565 DOI: 10.2174/187152709789824606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms including tremor and bradykinesia. The primary pathophysiology underlying PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. Loss of these neurons causes pathological changes in neurotransmission in the basal ganglia motor circuit. The ability of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors to modulate neurotransmission throughout the basal ganglia suggests that these receptors may be targets for reversing the effects of altered neurotransmission in PD. Studies in animal models suggest that modulating the activity of these receptors may alleviate the primary motor symptoms of PD as well as side effects induced by dopamine replacement therapy. Moreover, glutamate receptor ligands may slow disease progression by delaying progressive dopamine neuron degeneration. Antagonists of NMDA receptors have shown promise in reversing motor symptoms, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and neurodegeneration in preclinical PD models. The effects of drugs targeting AMPA receptors are more complex; while antagonists of these receptors exhibit utility in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, AMPA receptor potentiators show promise for neuroprotection. Pharmacological modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may hold even more promise for PD treatment due to the ability of mGluRs to fine-tune neurotransmission. Antagonists of mGluR5, as well as activators of group II mGluRs and mGluR4, have shown promise in several animal models of PD. These drugs reverse motor deficits in addition to providing protection against neurodegeneration. Glutamate receptors therefore represent exciting targets for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Glutamate and GABA, the two most abundant neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, can act on metabotropic receptors that are structurally quite dissimilar from those targeted by most other neurotransmitters/modulators. Accordingly, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and GABA(B) receptors (GABA(B)Rs) are classified as members of family 3 (or family C) of G protein-coupled receptors. On the other hand, mGluRs and GABA(B)Rs exhibit pronounced and partly unresolved differences between each other. The most intriguing difference is that mGluRs exist as multiple pharmacologically as well as structurally distinct subtypes, whereas, in the case of GABA(B)Rs, molecular biologists have so far identified only one structurally distinct heterodimeric complex whose few variants seem unable to explain the pharmacological heterogeneity of GABA(B)Rs observed in many functional studies. Both mGluRs and GABA(B)Rs can be localized on axon terminals of different neuronal systems as presynaptic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors modulating the exocytosis of various transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raiteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
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Fantin M, Marti M, Auberson YP, Morari M. NR2A and NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors differentially regulate striatal output pathways. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2200-11. [PMID: 17986236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triple probe microdialysis was employed to investigate whether striatal NR2A and NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors regulate the activity of striato-pallidal and striato-nigral projection neurons. Probes were implanted in the striatum, ipsilateral globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata. Intrastriatal perfusion with the NR2A subunit selective antagonist (R)-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethylamino]-(2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-5-yl)-methyl]-phosphonic acid (NVP-AAM077) reduced pallidal GABA and increased nigral glutamate (GLU) release whereas perfusion with the NR2B subunit selective antagonist (R-(R*,S*)-alpha-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-beta-methyl-4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperidinepropanol (Ro 25-6981) reduced nigral GABA and elevated striatal and pallidal GLU release. To confirm that changes in GABA levels were because of blockade of (GLUergic-driven) tonic activity of striatofugal neurons, tetrodotoxin was perfused in the striatum. Tetrodotoxin reduced both pallidal and nigral GABA release without changing GLU levels. To investigate whether striatal NR2A and NR2B subunits were also involved in phasic activation of striatofugal neurons, NVP-AAM077 and Ro 25-6981 were challenged against a NMDA concentration able to evoke GABA release in the three areas. Both antagonists prevented the NMDA-induced striatal GABA release. NVP-AAM077 also prevented the NMDA-induced surge in GABA release in the globus pallidus, whereas Ro 25-6981 attenuated it in the substantia nigra. We conclude that striatal NMDA receptors containing NR2A and NR2B subunits preferentially regulate the striato-pallidal and striato-nigral projection neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fantin
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, and Istituto Nazionale di Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Mela F, Marti M, Dekundy A, Danysz W, Morari M, Cenci MA. Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 attenuates l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and its molecular and neurochemical correlates in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2007; 101:483-97. [PMID: 17359492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) modulates dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission at central synapses. In this study, we addressed the role of mGluR5 in l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, a movement disorder that is due to abnormal activation of both dopamine and glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia. A selective and potent mGluR5 antagonist, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl] pyridine, was tested for its ability to modulate molecular, behavioural and neurochemical correlates of dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats treated with l-DOPA. The compound significantly attenuated the induction of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) by chronic l-DOPA treatment at doses that did not interfere with the rat physiological motor activities. These effects were paralleled by an attenuation of molecular changes that are strongly associated with the dyskinesiogenic action of l-DOPA (i.e. up-regulation of prodynorphin mRNA in striatal neurons). Using in vivo microdialysis, we found a temporal correlation between the expression of l-DOPA-induced AIMs and an increased GABA outflow within the substantia nigra pars reticulata. When co-administered with l-DOPA, 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl] pyridine greatly attenuated both the increase in nigral GABA levels and the expression of AIMs. These data demonstrate that mGluR5 antagonism produces strong anti-dyskinetic effects in an animal model of Parkinson's disease through central inhibition of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Mela
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Mela F, Marti M, Fiorentini C, Missale C, Morari M. Group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors negatively modulate NMDA transmission at striatal cholinergic terminals: Role of P/Q-type high voltage activated Ca++ channels and endogenous dopamine. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 31:284-92. [PMID: 16249096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic nerve terminals express functional group-II metabotropic (mGlu) and NMDA glutamate receptors. To investigate whether these receptors interact to regulate ACh release, LY354740 (a group-II mGlu receptor agonist) and NMDA were co-applied in striatal synaptosomes and slices. LY354740 prevented the NMDA-evoked [3H]-choline release from synaptosomes and ACh release from slices. In synaptosomes, this modulation was prevented by omega-agatoxin IVA, suggesting that it was mediated by P/Q-type high voltage activated Ca++ channels. In slices, LY341495 (a group-II mGlu receptor antagonist) enhanced the NMDA-induced ACh release, suggesting that group-II mGlu receptor activation by endogenous glutamate inhibits NMDA transmission. Co-immunoprecipitation studies excluded direct group-II mGlu-NMDA receptor interactions. Finally, group-II mGlu negative modulation of NMDA transmission was abolished in dopamine-depleted synaptosomes and slices, suggesting that it relied on endogenous dopamine. We conclude that group-II mGlu receptors attenuate NMDA inputs at striatal cholinergic terminals via Ca++ channel modulation and dopamine-sensitive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Mela
- Section of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Conn PJ, Battaglia G, Marino MJ, Nicoletti F. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia motor circuit. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:787-98. [PMID: 16276355 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of the circuitry of the basal ganglia and our ability to predict the behavioural effects of specific cellular changes in this circuit on voluntary movement. These advances, combined with a new understanding of the rich distribution and diverse physiological roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia, indicate that these receptors might have a key role in motor control and raise the exciting possibility that they might provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jeffrey Conn
- Program in Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 23rd Avenue South at Pierce, 417-D Preson Research Building, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, USA.
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Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors are a class of excitatory amino acid receptors, which have several important functions in the motor circuits of the basal ganglia, and are viewed as important targets for the development of new drugs to prevent or treat Parkinson's disease (PD). NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels composed of multiple subunits, each of which has distinct cellular and regional patterns of expression. They have complex regulatory properties, with both agonist and co-agonist binding sites and regulation by phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions. They are found in all of the structures of the basal ganglia, although the subunit composition in the various structures is different. NMDA receptors present in the striatum are crucial for dopamine-glutamate interactions. The abundance, structure, and function of striatal receptors are altered by the dopamine depletion and further modified by the pharmacological treatments used in PD. In animal models, NMDA receptor antagonists are effective antiparkinsonian agents and can reduce the complications of chronic dopaminergic therapy (wearing off and dyskinesias). Use of these agents in humans has been limited because of the adverse effects associated with nonselective blockade of NMDA receptor function, but the development of more potent and selective pharmaceuticals holds the promise of an important new therapeutic approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Millan MJ, Di Cara B, Hill M, Jackson M, Joyce JN, Brotchie J, McGuire S, Crossman A, Smith L, Jenner P, Gobert A, Peglion JL, Brocco M. S32504, a novel naphtoxazine agonist at dopamine D3/D2 receptors: II. Actions in rodent, primate, and cellular models of antiparkinsonian activity in comparison to ropinirole. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:921-35. [PMID: 14978195 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.062414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
These studies evaluated the potential antiparkinsonian properties of the novel dopamine D(3)/D(2) receptor agonist S32504 [(+)-trans-3,4,4a,5,6, 10b-hexahydro-9-carbamoyl-4-propyl-2H-naphth[1,2-b]-1,4-oxazine] in comparison with those of the clinically employed agonist ropinirole. In rats with a unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the substantia nigra, S32504 (0.0025-0.04 mg/kg, s.c.) more potently elicited contralateral rotation than S32601 [(-)-trans-3,4,4a,5,6, 10b-hexahydro-9-carbamoyl-4-propyl-2H-naphth-[1,2-b]-1,4-oxazine (its less active enantiomer)], ropinirole, and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). Rotation elicited by S32504 was blocked by the D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonists haloperidol and raclopride and by the D(2) antagonist L741,626 [4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ol], but not by the D(3) antagonist S33084 [(3aR,9bS)-N-[4-(8-cyano-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-3H-benzopyrano[3,4-c]pyrrole-2-yl)-butyl]-(4-phenyl)benzamide]. As assessed by dialysis in both lesioned and nonlesioned animals, S32504 (0.04-2.5 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced striatal levels of acetylcholine. This effect was blocked by raclopride, haloperidol, and L741,626 but not S33084. In rats treated with reserpine, hypolocomotion was reversed by S32504 and, less potently, by ropinirole. In "unprimed" marmosets treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, both s.c. (0.01-0.04 mg/kg) and p.o. (0.04-1.25 mg/kg) administration of S32504 dose-dependently and rapidly (within 10 min) increased locomotor activity and reduced disability. Furthermore, S32504 dose-dependently reversed bradykinesia and improved posture in "L-DOPA-primed" animals, whereas eliciting less pronounced dyskinesia than l-DOPA. Finally, in terminally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells presenting a dopaminergic phenotype, S32504, but not S32601, abrogated the neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, an action inhibited by raclopride and S33084 but not L741,626. Ropinirole was weakly neuroprotective in this model. In conclusion, S32504 displays potent and stereospecific activity in rodent, primate, and cellular models of antiparkinsonian properties. Although activation of D(2) receptors is crucial to the motor actions of S32504, engagement of D(3) receptors contributes to its neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, Paris, France.
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