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Burré J, Edwards RH, Halliday G, Lang AE, Lashuel HA, Melki R, Murayama S, Outeiro TF, Papa SM, Stefanis L, Woerman AL, Surmeier DJ, Kalia LV, Takahashi R. Research Priorities on the Role of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38946200 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Various forms of Parkinson's disease, including its common sporadic form, are characterized by prominent α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregation in affected brain regions. However, the role of αSyn in the pathogenesis and evolution of the disease remains unclear, despite vast research efforts of more than a quarter century. A better understanding of the role of αSyn, either primary or secondary, is critical for developing disease-modifying therapies. Previous attempts to hone this research have been challenged by experimental limitations, but recent technological advances may facilitate progress. The Scientific Issues Committee of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) charged a panel of experts in the field to discuss current scientific priorities and identify research strategies with potential for a breakthrough. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert H Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Glenda Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CNRS, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- The Brain Bank for Neurodevelopmental, Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stella M Papa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- First Department of Neurology, Eginitio Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda L Woerman
- Department of Biology, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dalton James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Suvarna V, Deshmukh K, Murahari M. miRNA and antisense oligonucleotide-based α-synuclein targeting as disease-modifying therapeutics in Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1034072. [PMID: 36506536 PMCID: PMC9728483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1034072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is the synaptic protein majorly involved in neuronal dysfunction and death and it is well known for the last two decades as a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Alpha-synuclein is involved in neurodegeneration mediated through various neurotoxic pathways, majorly including autophagy or lysosomal dysregulation, mitochondrial disruption, synaptic dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Moreover, the alpha-synuclein aggregation has been associated with the development of several neurodegenerative conditions such as various forms of Parkinson's disease. The recent discovery in oligonucleotide chemistry has developed potential alpha-synuclein targeting molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review article focuses on recent advances in the applications of oligonucleotides acting via alpha-synuclein targeting mechanisms and their implication in combating Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the article emphasizes the potential of miRNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides and the challenges associated with their use in the therapeutical management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti Suvarna
- Department of Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Kajal Deshmukh
- Department of Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Manikanta Murahari
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India,*Correspondence: Manikanta Murahari,
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Barba L, Paolini Paoletti F, Bellomo G, Gaetani L, Halbgebauer S, Oeckl P, Otto M, Parnetti L. Alpha and Beta Synucleins: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Application as Biomarkers. Mov Disord 2022; 37:669-683. [PMID: 35122299 PMCID: PMC9303453 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synuclein family includes three neuronal proteins, named α‐synuclein, β‐synuclein, and γ‐synuclein, that have peculiar structural features. α‐synuclein is largely known for being a key protein in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, namely, dementia with Lewy bodies and multisystem atrophy. The role of β‐synuclein and γ‐synuclein is less well understood in terms of physiological functions and potential contribution to human diseases. α‐synuclein has been investigated extensively in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood as a potential biomarker for synucleinopathies. Recently, great attention has been also paid to β‐synuclein, whose CSF and blood levels seem to reflect synaptic damage and neurodegeneration independent of the presence of synucleinopathy. In this review, we aim to provide an overview on the pathophysiological roles of the synucleins. Because γ‐synuclein has been poorly investigated in the field of synucleinopathy and its pathophysiological roles are far from being clear, we focus on the interactions between α‐synuclein and β‐synuclein in PD. We also discuss the role of α‐synuclein and β‐synuclein as potential biomarkers to improve the diagnostic characterization of synucleinopathies, thus highlighting their potential application in clinical trials for disease‐modifying therapies. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Barba
- Section of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Department of Neurology University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- Department of Neurology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Federico Paolini Paoletti
- Section of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Giovanni Bellomo
- Section of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | | | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders Ulm (DZNE e. V.) Ulm Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- Department of Neurology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy
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Leggio L, Paternò G, Vivarelli S, Falzone GG, Giachino C, Marchetti B, Iraci N. Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1494-1515. [PMID: 34527424 PMCID: PMC8407885 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population will significantly increase in the next decade and, with it, the proportion of people affected by age-related diseases. Among them, one of the most invalidating is Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by motor- and non-motor dysfunctions which strongly impair the quality of life of affected individuals. PD is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, with consequent dopamine depletion, and the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein aggregates. Although 150 years have passed since PD first description, no effective therapies are currently available, but only palliative treatments. Importantly, PD is often diagnosed when the neuronal loss is elevated, making difficult any therapeutic intervention. In this context, two key challenges remain unanswered: (i) the early diagnosis to avoid the insurgence of irreversible symptoms; and (ii) the reliable monitoring of therapy efficacy. Research strives to identify novel biomarkers for PD diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic follow-up. One of the most promising sources of biomarkers is represented by extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of nanoparticles, released by all cells in the microenvironment. Brain-derived EVs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, protecting their payload from enzymatic degradation, and are easily recovered from biofluids. Interestingly, EV content is strongly influenced by the specific pathophysiological status of the donor cell. In this manuscript, the role of EVs as source of novel PD biomarkers is discussed, providing all recent findings concerning relevant proteins and miRNAs carried by PD patient-derived EVs, from several biological specimens. Moreover, the contribution of mitochondria-derived EVs will be dissected. Finally, the promising possibility to use EVs as source of markers to monitor PD therapy efficacy will be also examined. In the future, larger cohort studies will help to validate these EV-associated candidates, that might be effectively used as non-invasive and robust source of biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Greta Paternò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanna G Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Carmela Giachino
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy.
| | - Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, 95125 Catania, Italy.
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Aspholm EE, Matečko-Burmann I, Burmann BM. Keeping α-Synuclein at Bay: A More Active Role of Molecular Chaperones in Preventing Mitochondrial Interactions and Transition to Pathological States? Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E289. [PMID: 33227899 PMCID: PMC7699229 DOI: 10.3390/life10110289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The property of molecular chaperones to dissolve protein aggregates of Parkinson-related α-synuclein has been known for some time. Recent findings point to an even more active role of molecular chaperones preventing the transformation of α-synuclein into pathological states subsequently leading to the formation of Lewy bodies, intracellular inclusions containing protein aggregates as well as broken organelles found in the brains of Parkinson's patients. In parallel, a short motif around Tyr39 was identified as being crucial for the aggregation of α-synuclein. Interestingly, this region is also one of the main segments in contact with a diverse pool of molecular chaperones. Further, it could be shown that the inhibition of the chaperone:α-synuclein interaction leads to a binding of α-synuclein to mitochondria, which could also be shown to lead to mitochondrial membrane disruption as well as the possible proteolytic processing of α-synuclein by mitochondrial proteases. Here, we will review the current knowledge on the role of molecular chaperones in the regulation of physiological functions as well as the direct consequences of impairing these interactions-i.e., leading to enhanced mitochondrial interaction and consequential mitochondrial breakage, which might mark the initial stages of the structural transition of α-synuclein towards its pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie E. Aspholm
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Irena Matečko-Burmann
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn M. Burmann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
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Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in multiple system atrophy: A cross-sectional Catalan MSA registry study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 65:3-12. [PMID: 31178335 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroinflammation is a potential player in neurodegenerative conditions, particularly the aggressive ones, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA). Previous reports on cytokine levels in MSA using serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been inconsistent, including small samples and a limited number of cytokines, often without comparison to Parkinson's disease (PD), a main MSA differential diagnosis. METHODS Cross-sectional study of CSF levels of 38 cytokines using a multiplex assay in 73 participants: 39 MSA patients (19 with parkinsonian type [MSAp], 20 with cerebellar type [MSAc]; 31 probable, 8 possible), 19 PD patients and 15 neurologically unimpaired controls. None of the participants was under non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at the time of the lumbar puncture. RESULTS There were not significant differences in sex and age among participants. In global non-parametric comparisons FDR-corrected for multiple comparisons, CSF levels of 5 cytokines (FGF-2, IL-10, MCP-3, IL-12p40, MDC) differed among the three groups. In pair-wise FDR-corrected non-parametric comparisons 12 cytokines (FGF-2, eotaxin, fractalkine, IFN-α2, IL-10, MCP-3, IL-12p40, MDC, IL-17, IL-7, MIP-1β, TNF-α) were significantly higher in MSA vs. non-MSA cases (PD + controls pooled together). Of these, MCP-3 and MDC were the most significant ones, also differed in MSA vs. PD, and were significant MSA-predictors in binary logistic regression models and ROC curves adjusted for age. CSF levels of fractalkine and MIP-1α showed a strong and significant positive correlation with UMSARS-2 scores. CONCLUSION Increased CSF levels of cytokines such as MCP-3, MDC, fractalkine and MIP-1α deserve consideration as potential diagnostic or severity biomarkers of MSA.
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Prigent A, Gonzales J, Durand T, Le Berre-Scoul C, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. Acute inflammation down-regulates alpha-synuclein expression in enteric neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 148:746-760. [PMID: 30589944 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein whose expression is strongly implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not only expressed in the CNS but also in the enteric nervous system (ENS). The growing body of evidence suggesting that gastrointestinal inflammation is involved in the development of PD led us to investigate the effects of inflammation on alpha-synuclein expression in primary culture of rat ENS and in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Using western blot and qPCR, we found that both lipopolysaccharide and a combination of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-β decreased the expression levels of alpha-synuclein in primary culture of rat ENS, an effect that was prevented in the presence of the p38 inhibitors SB203580 and BIRB 796. Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin 1-β had no effect on alpha-synuclein expression in primary culture of rat CNS and in human erythroid leukemia cells. In mice, acute but not chronic dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was associated with a decreased expression of colonic alpha-synuclein. As a whole, our findings indicate that acute inflammatory insults down-regulate alpha-synuclein expression in the ENS via a p38 pathway. They provide new insights into the widely discussed concepts of alpha-synuclein expression and aggregation in the ENS in PD and raise issues about the possible role of gastrointestinal inflammation in the development of PD. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Prigent
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Inserm, U1235, Nantes, France.,University Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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Alpha-synuclein mitochondrial interaction leads to irreversible translocation and complex I impairment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 651:1-12. [PMID: 29702063 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein is involved in both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Although its interaction with mitochondria has been well documented, several aspects remains unknown or under debate such as the specific sub-mitochondrial localization or the dynamics of the interaction. It has been suggested that α-synuclein could only interact with ER-associated mitochondria. The vast use of model systems and experimental conditions makes difficult to compare results and extract definitive conclusions. Here we tackle this by analyzing, in a simplified system, the interaction between purified α-synuclein and isolated rat brain mitochondria. This work shows that wild type α-synuclein interacts with isolated mitochondria and translocates into the mitochondrial matrix. This interaction and the irreversibility of α-synuclein translocation depend on incubation time and α-synuclein concentration. FRET experiments show that α-synuclein localizes close to components of the TOM complex suggesting a passive transport of α-synuclein through the outer membrane. In addition, α-synuclein binding alters mitochondrial function at the level of Complex I leading to a decrease in ATP synthesis and an increase of ROS production.
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Singh A, Sen D. MicroRNAs in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2359-2374. [PMID: 28526930 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease commonly affecting the older population. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of brain leads to impairment of motor activities as well as cognitive defects. There are many underlying causes to this disease, both genetic and epigenetic, which are yet to be fully explored. Non-coding RNAs are significant part of our genome and are involved in various cellular processes. MicroRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs having 20-22 nucleotides, are involved in many underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's. This review focuses on the role played by microRNAs in regulating various genes responsible for the onset and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and various literature evidences pointing at the usefulness of targeting specific microRNAs as a potential alternate therapeutic strategy for successful impairment of the disease progression. This review also discusses about various biofluid-based microRNA markers which may be potentially utilized for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Recasens A, Perier C, Sue CM. Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of α-Synuclein Expression: A Systematic Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:128. [PMID: 27917109 PMCID: PMC5116472 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that increased levels of α-synuclein might contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying α-synuclein expression. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression involved in several diseases such as PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. A systematic literature search was performed here to identify microRNAs that directly or indirectly impact in α-synuclein expression/accumulation and describe its mechanism of action. A total of 27 studies were incorporated in the review article showing evidences that six microRNAs directly bind and regulate α-synuclein expression while several miRNAs impact on α-synuclein expression indirectly by targeting other genes. In turn, α-synuclein overexpression also impacts miRNAs expression, indicating the complex network between miRNAs and α-synuclein. From the current knowledge on the central role of α-synuclein in PD pathogenesis/progression, miRNAs are likely to play a crucial role at different stages of PD and might potentially be considered as new PD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Recasens
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Celine Perier
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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Variation in the miRNA-433 binding site of FGF20 is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in Iranian population. J Neurol Sci 2015; 355:72-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Parkinson's disease as a member of Prion-like disorders. Virus Res 2014; 207:38-46. [PMID: 25456401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of several neurodegenerative diseases associated with a misfolded, aggregated and pathological protein. In Parkinson's disease this protein is alpha-synuclein and its neuronal deposits in the form of Lewy bodies are considered a hallmark of the disease. In this review we describe the clinical and experimental data that have led to think of alpha-synuclein as a prion-like protein and we summarize data from in vitro, cellular and animal models supporting this view.
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Fishbein I, Kuo YM, Giasson BI, Nussbaum RL. Augmentation of phenotype in a transgenic Parkinson mouse heterozygous for a Gaucher mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:3235-47. [PMID: 25351739 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the protein α-synuclein (SNCA) in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is strongly supported by the facts that (i) missense and copy number mutations in the SNCA gene can cause inherited Parkinson's disease; and (ii) Lewy bodies in sporadic Parkinson's disease are largely composed of aggregated SNCA. Unaffected heterozygous carriers of Gaucher disease mutations have an increased risk for Parkinson's disease. As mutations in the GBA gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GBA) are known to interfere with lysosomal protein degradation, GBA heterozygotes may demonstrate reduced lysosomal SNCA degradation, leading to increased steady-state SNCA levels and promoting its aggregation. We have created mouse models to investigate the interaction between GBA mutations and synucleinopathies. We investigated the rate of SNCA degradation in cultured primary cortical neurons from mice expressing wild-type mouse SNCA, wild-type human SNCA, or mutant A53T SNCA, in a background of either wild-type Gba or heterozygosity for the L444P GBA mutation associated with Gaucher disease. We also tested the effect of this Gaucher mutation on motor and enteric nervous system function in these transgenic animals. We found that human SNCA is stable, with a half-life of 61 h, and that the A53T mutation did not significantly affect its half-life. Heterozygosity for a naturally occurring Gaucher mutation, L444P, reduced GBA activity by 40%, reduced SNCA degradation and triggered accumulation of the protein in culture. This mutation also resulted in the exacerbation of motor and gastrointestinal deficits found in the A53T mouse model of Parkinson's disease. This study demonstrates that heterozygosity for a Gaucher disease-associated mutation in Gba interferes with SNCA degradation and contributes to its accumulation, and exacerbates the phenotype in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianai Fishbein
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) gene polymorphism and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1889-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tarazi FI, Sahli ZT, Wolny M, Mousa SA. Emerging therapies for Parkinson's disease: from bench to bedside. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:123-33. [PMID: 24854598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with age and is projected to increase in parallel to the rising average age of the population. The disease can have significant health-related, social, and financial implications not only for the patient and the caregiver, but for the health care system as well. While the neuropathology of this neurodegenerative disorder is fairly well understood, its etiology remains a mystery, making it difficult to target therapy. The currently available drugs for treatment provide only symptomatic relief and do not control or prevent disease progression, and as a result patient compliance and satisfaction are low. Several emerging pharmacotherapies for PD are in different stages of clinical development. These therapies include adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, glutamate receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic agents, and antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10, N-acetyl cysteine, and edaravone. Other emerging non-pharmacotherapies include viral vector gene therapy, microRNAs, transglutaminases, RTP801, stem cells and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In addition, surgical procedures including deep brain stimulation, pallidotomy, thalamotomy and gamma knife surgery have emerged as alternative interventions for advanced PD patients who have completely utilized standard treatments and still suffer from persistent motor fluctuations. While several of these therapies hold much promise in delaying the onset of the disease and slowing its progression, more pharmacotherapies and surgical interventions need to be investigated in different stages of PD. It is hoped that these emerging therapies and surgical procedures will strengthen our clinical armamentarium for improved treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Tarazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Z T Sahli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; School of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Wolny
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute at Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - S A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute at Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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16
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Janeczek P, MacKay RK, Lea RA, Dodd PR, Lewohl JM. Reduced expression of α-synuclein in alcoholic brain: influence of SNCA-Rep1 genotype. Addict Biol 2014; 19:509-15. [PMID: 22974310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol abuse due to its role in dopaminergic neurotransmission. In these studies, genetic variability in the α-synuclein gene influences its expression which may contribute to susceptibility to chronic alcohol abuse. Real-time PCR was used to quantify α-synuclein mRNA expression in autopsy samples of human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Because of the association between length of the α-synuclein-repeat 1 microsatellite marker and expression levels of the gene, this marker was genotyped in a Caucasian sample of 126 controls and 117 alcoholics using capillary gel electrophoresis. The allele and genotype frequencies of α-synuclein-repeat 1 marker differed significantly between alcoholics and controls. Alcoholics had greater frequencies of the shortest allele found (267 bp). The shortest allele of the α-synuclein-repeat 1 marker was associated with decreased expression of α-synuclein in prefrontal cortex. Individuals with at least one copy of the 267 bp allele were more likely to exhibit an alcohol abuse phenotype. These results suggest that individuals with the 267 bp allele may be at increased risk of developing alcoholism and that genetic variation at the α-synuclein-repeat 1 locus may influence α-synuclein expression in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Janeczek
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Australia
| | - Rachel K. MacKay
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Australia
| | - Rodney A. Lea
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Australia
| | - Peter R. Dodd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; University of Queensland; Australia
| | - Joanne M. Lewohl
- Griffith Health Institute, School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Australia
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Abstract
Human genetics has indicated a causal role for the protein α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and the aggregation of synuclein in essentially all patients with PD suggests a central role for this protein in the sporadic disorder. Indeed, the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein now defines multiple forms of neural degeneration. Like many of the proteins that accumulate in other neurodegenerative disorders, however, the normal function of synuclein remains poorly understood. In this article, we review the role of synuclein at the nerve terminal and in membrane remodeling. We also consider the prion-like propagation of misfolded synuclein as a mechanism for the spread of degeneration through the neuraxis.
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18
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Abstract
Increased α-synuclein levels and mutations in mitochondria-associated proteins both cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and synuclein and mitochondria also play central, but poorly understood, roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. A fraction of synuclein interacts with mitochondria, and synuclein can produce mitochondrial fragmentation and impair mitochondrial complex I activity. However, the consequences of these mitochondrial changes for bioenergetic and other mitochondrial functions remain poorly defined, as does the role of synuclein-mitochondria interactions in the normal and pathologic effects of synuclein. Understanding the functional consequences of synuclein's interactions with mitochondria is likely to provide important insights into disease pathophysiology, and may also reveal therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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19
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is a presynaptic neuronal protein that is linked genetically and neuropathologically to Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Synuclein may contribute to PD pathogenesis in a number of ways, but it is generally thought that its aberrant soluble oligomeric conformations, termed protofibrils, are the toxic species that mediate disruption of cellular homeostasis and neuronal death, through effects on various intracellular targets, including synaptic function. Furthermore, secreted α-synuclein may exert deleterious effects on neighboring cells, including seeding of aggregation, thus possibly contributing to disease propagation. Although the extent to which α-synuclein is involved in all cases of PD is not clear, targeting the toxic functions conferred by this protein when it is dysregulated may lead to novel therapeutic strategies not only in PD, but also in other neurodegenerative conditions, termed synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Stefanis
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, and Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens 11527, Greece.
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20
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The miRNA pathway in neurological and skeletal muscle disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:1065-77. [PMID: 21751030 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) represents a powerful post-transcriptional gene silencing network which fine-tunes gene expression in all eukaryotic cells. The endogenous triggers of RNAi, microRNAs (miRNAs), are proposed to regulate expression of up to a third of all protein-coding genes, and have been shown to have critical roles in developmental processes including in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle. Further, many have been reported to display differential expression in various disease states. Here we describe present understanding of the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, review current knowledge of miRNA abnormalities in both human neurological and skeletal muscle disease and discuss their potential as novel disease biomarkers. Finally, we highlight the many ways in which the miRNA pathway may be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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21
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Clough RL, Dermentzaki G, Haritou M, Petsakou A, Stefanis L. Regulation of α-synuclein expression in cultured cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2011; 117:275-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Granholm AC, Zaman V, Godbee J, Smith M, Ramadan R, Umphlet C, Randall P, Bhat NR, Rohrer B, Middaugh LD, Boger HA. Prenatal LPS increases inflammation in the substantia nigra of Gdnf heterozygous mice. Brain Pathol 2010; 21:330-48. [PMID: 20969653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal systemic inflammation has been implicated in neurological diseases, but optimal animal models have not been developed. We investigated whether a partial genetic deletion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf(+/-)) increased vulnerability of dopamine (DA) neurons to prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS [0.01 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)] or saline was administered to wild-type (WT) or Gdnf(+/-) pregnant mice on gestational day 9.5. Male offspring were examined at 3 weeks, 3 and 12 months of age. There was a progressive degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) with age in Gdnf(+/-) but not in WT mice, with no observed effects on locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons or DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Inflammatory markers were elevated in SN of LPS treated offspring, with exacerbation in Gdnf(+/-) mice. Intracellular accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) immunoreactivity in DA neurons of SN was observed in all groups of Gdnf(+/-) and in WT mice with prenatal LPS, with altered distribution between pars reticulata (pr) and pars compacta (pc). The findings suggest that prenatal LPS leads to accelerated neuropathology in the SN with age, and that a partial loss of GDNF exacerbates these effects, providing a novel model for age-related neuropathology of the nigrostriatal DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Center on Aging, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Matsumoto L, Takuma H, Tamaoka A, Kurisaki H, Date H, Tsuji S, Iwata A. CpG demethylation enhances alpha-synuclein expression and affects the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15522. [PMID: 21124796 PMCID: PMC2991358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene expression is an important factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Gene multiplication can cause inherited PD, and promoter polymorphisms that increase SNCA expression are associated with sporadic PD. CpG methylation in the promoter region may also influence SNCA expression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By using cultured cells, we identified a region of the SNCA CpG island in which the methylation status altered along with increased SNCA expression. Postmortem brain analysis revealed regional non-specific methylation differences in this CpG region in the anterior cingulate and putamen among controls and PD; however, in the substantia nigra of PD, methylation was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This CpG region may function as an intronic regulatory element for SNCA gene. Our findings suggest that a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism controlling SNCA expression influences PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumine Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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de Mena L, Cardo LF, Coto E, Miar A, Díaz M, Corao AI, Alonso B, Ribacoba R, Salvador C, Menéndez M, Morís G, Alvarez V. FGF20 rs12720208 SNP and microRNA-433 variation: no association with Parkinson's disease in Spanish patients. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:22-5. [PMID: 20471450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA variation at the FGF20 gene has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, SNP rs12720208 in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) was linked to PD-risk through a mechanism that would implicate a differential binding to microRNA-433 (miR-433). The reduction of the affinity of miR-433 to the 3' UTR would result in increased FGF20 expression and upregulation of alpha-synuclein, which could in turn promote dopaminergic neurons degeneration. We genotyped the rs12720208 SNP in a total of 512 PD patients and 258 healthy controls from Spain, and searched for miR-433 variants in the patients. We did not find significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between patients and controls. None of the patients had miR-433 variants. In conclusion, our work did not confirm the association between rs12720208 and PD, or an effect of miR-433 variants on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Mena
- Genética Molecular, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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25
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Eacker SM, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Understanding microRNAs in neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:837-41. [PMID: 19904280 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the nervous system has recently expanded to include their roles in neurodegeneration. Investigations have begun to reveal the influence of miRNAs on both neuronal survival and the accumulation of toxic proteins that are associated with neurodegeneration, and are providing clues as to how these toxic proteins can influence miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Eacker
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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26
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Optical reporters for the conformation of alpha-synuclein reveal a specific interaction with mitochondria. J Neurosci 2009; 28:12305-17. [PMID: 19020024 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3088-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of abnormally folded proteins is a defining feature of neurodegenerative disease, but it has not previously been possible to assess the conformation of these proteins in a physiologically relevant context, before they form morphologically recognizable aggregates. We now describe FRET-based reporters for the conformation of alpha-synuclein, a protein central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Characterization in vitro shows that alpha-synuclein adopts a relatively "closed" conformation in solution that converts to "open" on membrane binding. In living cells, the closed conformation predominates. In neurons, however, cell bodies contain a much larger proportion of the open conformation than synaptic boutons. To account for these differences, we also used the reporters to characterize the interaction with native membranes. We find that the conformation of alpha-synuclein responds selectively to mitochondria, indicating a direct link between alpha-synuclein and an organelle strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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27
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Chen YC, Cheng CH, Chen GD, Hung CC, Yang CH, Hwang SPL, Kawakami K, Wu BK, Huang CJ. Recapitulation of zebrafishsncgaexpression pattern and labeling the habenular complex in transgenic zebrafish using green fluorescent protein reporter gene. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:746-54. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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28
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Vogiatzi T, Xilouri M, Vekrellis K, Stefanis L. Wild type alpha-synuclein is degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23542-56. [PMID: 18566453 PMCID: PMC2527094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801992200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (ASYN) is crucial in Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis. Increased levels of wild type (WT) ASYN expression are sufficient to cause PD in humans. The manner of post-transcriptional regulation of ASYN levels is controversial. Previously, we had shown that WT ASYN can be degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in isolated liver lysosomes. Whether this occurs in a cellular and, in particular, in a neuronal cell context is unclear. Using a mutant ASYN form that lacks the CMA recognition motif and RNA interference against the rate-limiting step in the CMA pathway, Lamp2a, we show here that CMA is indeed involved in WT ASYN degradation in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells, and in primary cortical and midbrain neurons. However, the extent of involvement varies between cell types, potentially because of differences in compensatory mechanisms. CMA inhibition leads to an accumulation of soluble high molecular weight and detergent-insoluble species of ASYN, suggesting that CMA dysfunction may play a role in the generation of such aberrant species in PD. ASYN and Lamp2a are developmentally regulated in parallel in cortical neuron cultures and in vivo in the central nervous system, and they physically interact as indicated by co-immunoprecipitation. In contrast to previous reports, inhibition of macroautophagy, but not the proteasome, also leads to WT ASYN accumulation, suggesting that this lysosomal pathway is also involved in normal ASYN turnover. These results indicate that CMA and macroautophagy are important pathways for WT ASYN degradation in neurons and underline the importance of CMA as degradation machinery in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Vogiatzi
- Division of Basic Neurosciences,
Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4,
11527 Athens and Second Department of Neurology,
Attikon Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 124 62, Athens,
Greece
| | - Maria Xilouri
- Division of Basic Neurosciences,
Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4,
11527 Athens and Second Department of Neurology,
Attikon Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 124 62, Athens,
Greece
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences,
Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4,
11527 Athens and Second Department of Neurology,
Attikon Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 124 62, Athens,
Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences,
Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Efesiou 4,
11527 Athens and Second Department of Neurology,
Attikon Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, 124 62, Athens,
Greece
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29
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Wang G, van der Walt JM, Mayhew G, Li YJ, Züchner S, Scott WK, Martin ER, Vance JM. Variation in the miRNA-433 binding site of FGF20 confers risk for Parkinson disease by overexpression of alpha-synuclein. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:283-9. [PMID: 18252210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by environmental and genetic factors. We have previously shown linkage of PD to chromosome 8p. Subsequently, fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) at 8p21.3-22 was identified as a risk factor in several association studies. To identify the risk-conferring polymorphism in FGF20, we performed genetic and functional analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the gene. In a sample of 729 nuclear families with 1089 affected and 1165 unaffected individuals, the strongest evidence of association came from rs12720208 in the 3' untranslated region of FGF20. We show in several functional assays that the risk allele for rs12720208 disrupts a binding site for microRNA-433, increasing translation of FGF20 in vitro and in vivo. In a cell-based system and in PD brains, this increase in translation of FGF20 is correlated with increased alpha-synuclein expression, which has previously been shown to cause PD through both overexpression and point mutations. We suggest a novel mechanism of action for PD risk in which the modulation of the susceptibility gene's translation by common variations interfere with the regulation mechanisms of microRNA. We propose this is likely to be a common mechanism of genetic modulation of individual susceptibility to complex disease.
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30
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Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein that has been linked to both normal synaptic function and neurodegeneration--in particular, Parkinson's disease (PD). Uncovering mechanisms that control alpha-synuclein transcription is therefore critical for PD pathogenesis and synaptic function. We previously reported that in PC12 cells and primary neurons, alpha-synuclein is transcriptionally up-regulated after application of growth factors. In the current work we have characterized the pathway involved in this regulation in PC12 cells. The MAP/ERK pathway, and in particular Ras, is both sufficient and necessary for the NGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) -mediated response. Significantly, response elements for this pathway, including a putative occult promoter, lie within intron 1, a hitherto unappreciated regulatory region of the gene that may be utilized in this or other settings. The PI3 kinase pathway is also involved in alpha-synuclein regulation, but response elements for this pathway appear to lie primarily outside of intron 1. These findings indicate that NGF- and bFGF-mediated signal transduction via the MAP/ERK and PI3 kinase pathways, and in part via regulatory regions within intron 1, may be involved in alpha-synuclein transcriptional regulation. Targeting of these pathways may serve to modulate alpha-synuclein so that it achieves desirable levels within neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee Clough
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Foundation for Biomedical Research of the Academy of Athens (IIBEAA), 11527 Athens, Greece
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31
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Rideout HJ, Lang-Rollin ICJ, Savalle M, Stefanis L. Dopaminergic neurons in rat ventral midbrain cultures undergo selective apoptosis and form inclusions, but do not up-regulate iHSP70, following proteasomal inhibition. J Neurochem 2005; 93:1304-13. [PMID: 15934949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, either at the level of the proteasome itself, or at the level of ubiquitination, may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other related neurodegenerative disorders. We have employed a cellular model of this dysfunction in which lactacystin or epoxomicin, selective pharmacological inhibitors of the proteasome, are applied to primary cultures of embryonic rat ventral midbrain. Proteasomal inhibition with either agent led to apoptotic death specifically within phenotypically defined tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons, with little or no apoptotic death induced in GABAergic neurons. Inhibition of the proteasome also led to the formation of ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein-positive cytoplasmic inclusions in TH-positive and TH-negative neurons. Inclusions were observed in viable as well as apoptotic neurons, and required new or ongoing transcription. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling was often present within the inclusions. Such mislocalization may lead to dysfunction of dopamine biosynthesis. Interestingly, dopaminergic neurons, unlike other neurons within these cultures or cultured cortical neurons, failed to induce the chaperone Hsp70 in response to proteasomal inhibition. This failure may explain in part the increased sensitivity of these neurons to proteasomal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy J Rideout
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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32
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Miller RM, Chen LL, Kiser GL, Giesler TL, Kaysser-Kranich TM, Palaniappan C, Federoff HJ. Temporal evolution of mouse striatal gene expression following MPTP injury. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:765-75. [PMID: 15708451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The gradual loss of striatal dopamine and dopaminergic neurons residing in the substantia nigra (SN) causes parkinsonism characterized by slow, halting movements, rigidity, and resting tremor when neuronal loss exceeds a threshold of approximately 80%. It is estimated that there is extensive compensation for several years prior to symptom onset, during which vulnerable neurons asynchronously die. Recent evidence would argue that much of the compensatory response of the nigrostriatal system is multimodal including both pre-synaptic and striatal mechanisms. Although parkinsonism may have multiple causes, the classic syndrome, Parkinson's disease (PD), is frequently modeled in small animals by repeated administration of the selective neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Because the MPTP model of PD recapitulates many of the known behavioral and pathological features of human PD, we asked whether the striatal cells of mice treated with MPTP in a semi-chronic paradigm enact a transcriptional program that would help elucidate the response to dopamine denervation. Our findings reveal a time-dependent dysregulation in the striatum of a set of genes whose products may impact both the viability and ability to communicate of dopamine neurons in the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Miller
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Hofer A, Berg D, Asmus F, Niwar M, Ransmayr G, Riemenschneider M, Bonelli SB, Steffelbauer M, Ceballos-Baumann A, Haussermann P, Behnke S, Krüger R, Prestel J, Sharma M, Zimprich A, Riess O, Gasser T. The role of alpha-synuclein gene multiplications in early-onset Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2004; 112:1249-54. [PMID: 15622440 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-004-0263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene was found to cause autosomal dominant Lewy body disease in two distinct families. METHOD We searched for alterations of alpha-synuclein gene dosage and analysed the entire coding region for point mutations in 54 dementia with Lewy body disease (DLB) and in 103 young onset Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from Central Europe. RESULTS We could not detect any quantitative alterations in the gene dosage of alpha-synuclein. Mutational screening of the entire coding region of alpha-synuclein revealed only one silent mutation V3V (adenine9guanine) in one case. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this phenomenon appears not to be a major cause in the pathogenesis of sporadic DLB and young onset PD in this European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hofer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Stefanis L, Wang Q, Oo T, Lang-Rollin I, Burke RE, Dauer WT. Lack of alpha-synuclein does not alter apoptosis of neonatal catecholaminergic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:1969-72. [PMID: 15380020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein of uncertain function linked to Parkinson's disease. Numerous studies have proposed an antiapoptotic function for alpha-synuclein, based on overexpression experiments in cell lines. To explore whether alpha-synuclein has such a physiological function, we assessed the response of wild type or alpha-synuclein null neonatal mouse sympathetic neurons to nerve growth factor deprivation, a well-characterized stimulus of neuronal apoptosis. There was no difference in the rate of neuronal loss, neuronal apoptosis, or c-jun phosphorylation. Furthermore, the absence of alpha-synuclein did not alter the magnitude of naturally occurring cell death in vivo in substantia nigra pars compacta. Therefore, alpha-synuclein is unlikely to play a significant role in apoptotic signalling in catecholaminergic neurons of the neonatal nervous system.
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Rideout HJ, Dietrich P, Wang Q, Dauer WT, Stefanis L. α-Synuclein Is Required for the Fibrillar Nature of Ubiquitinated Inclusions Induced by Proteasomal Inhibition in Primary Neurons. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46915-20. [PMID: 15322100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405146200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomal dysfunction may underlie certain neuro-degenerative conditions such as Parkinson disease. We have shown that pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome in cultured neuronal cells leads to apoptotic death and formation of cytoplasmic ubiquitinated inclusions. These inclusions stain for alpha-synuclein and assume a fibrillar structure, as assessed by thioflavine S staining, and therefore resemble Lewy bodies. alpha-Synuclein is thought to be a central component of Lewy bodies. Whether alpha-synuclein is required for inclusion formation or apoptotic death has not been formally assessed. The present study examines whether alpha-synuclein deficiency in neurons alters their sensitivity to proteasomal inhibition-induced apoptosis or inclusion formation. Cortical neurons derived from alpha-synuclein-null mice showed a similar sensitivity to death induced by the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin compared with neurons derived from wild-type mice. Furthermore, the absence of alpha-synuclein did not influence the percentage of lactacystin-treated neurons harboring cytoplasmic ubiquitinated inclusions or alter the solubility of such inclusions. In contrast, however, ubiquitinated inclusions in alpha-synuclein-deficient neurons lacked amyloid-like fibrillization, as determined by thioflavine S staining. This indicates that although alpha-synuclein deficiency does not affect the formation of ubiquitinated inclusions, it does significantly alter their structure. The lack of effect on survival in alpha-synuclein knock-out cultures further suggests that the fibrillar nature of the inclusions does not contribute to neuronal degeneration in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy J Rideout
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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van der Walt JM, Noureddine MA, Kittappa R, Hauser MA, Scott WK, McKay R, Zhang F, Stajich JM, Fujiwara K, Scott BL, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM, Martin ER. Fibroblast growth factor 20 polymorphisms and haplotypes strongly influence risk of Parkinson disease. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1121-7. [PMID: 15122513 PMCID: PMC1182076 DOI: 10.1086/421052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic process responsible for the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) is poorly understood. Current research supports the involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF20) in the survival of dopaminergic cells. FGF20 is a neurotrophic factor that is preferentially expressed within the substantia nigra of rat brain. The human homologue has been mapped to 8p21.3-8p22, which is within an area of PD linkage revealed through our published genomic screen. To test whether FGF20 influences risk of PD, we genotyped five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying within the FGF20 gene, in a large family study. We analyzed our sample (644 families) through use of the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT), the genotype PDT, the multilocus-genotype PDT, and the family-based association test to assess association between risk of PD and alleles, genotypes, multilocus genotypes, and haplotypes. We discovered a highly significant association of PD with one intronic SNP, rs1989754 (P=.0006), and two SNPs, rs1721100 (P=.02) and ss20399075 (P=.0008), located in the 3' regulatory region in our overall sample. Furthermore, we detected a haplotype (A-G-C-C-T) that is positively associated with risk of PD (P=.0003), whereas a second haplotype (A-G-G-G-C) was found to be negatively associated with risk of PD (P=.0009). Our results strongly support FGF20 as a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M. van der Walt
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Maher A. Noureddine
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Raja Kittappa
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - William K. Scott
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Ron McKay
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Jeffrey M. Stajich
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Kenichiro Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Burton L. Scott
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
| | - Eden R. Martin
- Department of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda
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Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has many functions including regulation of kidney morphogenesis and of neuron growth and survival in the enteric, sensory and central nervous systems. Reports of GDNF being used against Parkinson's disease in human patients have sparked intense clinical interest in GDNF signalling. We recently showed that GDNF signalling requires cell surface heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans (Barnett et al., 2002, J. Cell Sci. 115, 4495-4503). Here we use exogenous modified heparins to determine those structural features required to inhibit GDNF signalling in ex vivo assays. 2-O-sulphate groups were found to impart high activity but were not absolute requirements for the inhibition of GDNF signalling. These findings may explain the similarities between the phenotypes of transgenic mice lacking GDNF and those lacking heparan sulphate 2-sulphotransferase, the enzyme responsible for achieving 2-O-sulphation of uronic acids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davies
- Anatomy Building, Edinburgh University College of Medicine, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
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Chiba-Falek O, Nussbaum RL. Regulation of -Synuclein Expression: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 68:409-15. [PMID: 15338643 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2003.68.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Chiba-Falek
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4472, USA
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