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Beneke A, Guentsch A, Hillemann A, Zieseniss A, Swain L, Katschinski DM. Loss of PHD3 in myeloid cells dampens the inflammatory response and fibrosis after hind-limb ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2976. [PMID: 28796258 PMCID: PMC5596563 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the inflammatory response after an ischemic insult and thereby influence tissue recovery. For the oxygen sensing prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain enzyme (PHD) 2 a clear impact on the macrophage-mediated arteriogenic response after hind-limb ischemia has been demonstrated previously, which involves fine tuning a M2-like macrophage population. To analyze the role of PHD3 in macrophages, we performed hind-limb ischemia (ligation and excision of the femoral artery) in myeloid-specific PHD3 knockout mice (PHD3−/−) and analyzed the inflammatory cell invasion, reperfusion recovery and fibrosis in the ischemic muscle post-surgery. In contrast to PHD2, reperfusion recovery and angiogenesis was unaltered in PHD3−/− compared to WT mice. Macrophages from PHD3−/− mice showed, however, a dampened inflammatory reaction in the affected skeletal muscle tissues compared to WT controls. This was associated with a decrease in fibrosis and an anti-inflammatory phenotype of the PHD3−/− macrophages, as well as decreased expression of Cyp2s1 and increased PGE2-secretion, which could be mimicked by PHD3−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages in serum starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Beneke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Guentsch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Hillemann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Zieseniss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lija Swain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Neitemeier S, Dolga AM, Honrath B, Karuppagounder SS, Alim I, Ratan RR, Culmsee C. Inhibition of HIF-prolyl-4-hydroxylases prevents mitochondrial impairment and cell death in a model of neuronal oxytosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2214. [PMID: 27148687 PMCID: PMC4917646 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment induced by oxidative stress is a main characteristic of intrinsic cell death pathways in neurons underlying the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, protection of mitochondrial integrity and function is emerging as a promising strategy to prevent neuronal damage. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-4-hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs) by adaptaquin inhibits lipid peroxidation and fully maintains mitochondrial function as indicated by restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, reduced formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserved mitochondrial respiration, thereby protecting neuronal HT-22 cells in a model of glutamate-induced oxytosis. Selective reduction of PHD1 protein using CRISPR/Cas9 technology also reduced both lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial impairment, and attenuated glutamate toxicity in the HT-22 cells. Regulation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) expression levels and related target genes may mediate these beneficial effects. Overall, these results expose HIF-PHDs as promising targets to protect mitochondria and, thereby, neurons from oxidative cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neitemeier
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - A M Dolga
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - B Honrath
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - S S Karuppagounder
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Alim
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R R Ratan
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Culmsee
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
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Chu HX, Jones NM. Changes in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) and Regulatory Prolyl Hydroxylase (PHD) Enzymes Following Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury in the Neonatal Rat. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:515-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Swain L, Wottawa M, Hillemann A, Beneke A, Odagiri H, Terada K, Endo M, Oike Y, Farhat K, Katschinski DM. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 3 (PHD3) is a critical terminator for cell survival of macrophages under stress conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:365-75. [PMID: 24626957 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2hi1013-533r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
On a molecular level, cells sense changes in oxygen availability through the PHDs, which regulate the protein stability of the α-subunit of the transcription factor HIF. Especially, PHD3 has been additionally associated with apoptotic cell death. We hypothesized that PHD3 plays a role in cell-fate decisions in macrophages. Therefore, myeloid-specific PHD3(-/-) mice were created and analyzed. PHD3(-/-) BMDM showed no altered HIF-1α or HIF-2α stabilization or increased HIF target gene expression in normoxia or hypoxia. Macrophage M1 and M2 polarization was unchanged likewise. Compared with macrophages from WT littermates, PHD3(-/-) BMDM exhibited a significant reduction in TUNEL-positive cells after serum withdrawal or treatment with stauro and SNAP. Under the same conditions, PHD3(-/-) BMDM also showed less Annexin V staining, which is representative for membrane disruption, and indicated a reduced early apoptosis. In an unbiased transcriptome screen, we found that Angptl2 expression was reduced in PHD3(-/-) BMDM under stress conditions. Addition of rAngptl2 rescued the antiapoptotic phenotype, demonstrating that it is involved in the PHD3-mediated response toward apoptotic stimuli in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lija Swain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Marieke Wottawa
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Annette Hillemann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Angelika Beneke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Haruki Odagiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kazutoyo Terada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Endo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Katja Farhat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Dörthe M Katschinski
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany; and
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Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-independent expression mechanism and novel function of HIF prolyl hydroxylase-3 in renal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:503-13. [PMID: 24477694 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously found that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase-3 (PHD3) was frequently overexpressed in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), unlike in normal tissues, and therefore, we studied the mechanism and role of PHD3 expression in RCC. METHODS The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-gene-mutant RCC cell lines SMKT-R2 and SMKT-R3 and wild-type VHL cell lines Caki-1 and ACHN were used. Associations of the expression of PHD3 with HIF-α proteins and signal transduction pathways were evaluated under normoxic conditions. The effect of PHD3 on cell proliferation was also examined by small interference RNA and cDNA transfection. Moreover, the prognostic impact of PHD3 expression in clear cell RCC (CCRCC) was evaluated using primary cancer tissues. RESULTS In SMKT-R2 and SMKT-R3, HIF-α proteins were expressed and PHD3 was highly expressed. On the other hand, ACHN had low expression of HIF-α proteins and PHD3. However, Caki-1 had high expression of PHD3 even though there was no distinct expression of HIF-α proteins. PHD3 expression was inhibited by blockade of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), but not by HIF-1α and HIF-2α double knockdown. In addition, PHD3 knockdown resulted in the promotion of cell proliferation in SMKT-R2, SMKT-R3 and Caki-1. On the other hand, forced expression of PHD3 reduced cell proliferation in ACHN. In immunohistochemistry, PHD3 expression was a significant factor for better recurrence-free survival in patients with CCRCC. CONCLUSIONS PHD3 expression can be induced by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway in RCC independently of HIF proteins. Furthermore, PHD3 has an antiproliferative function independent of HIF protein status in RCC, indicating a novel expression mechanism and function of PHD3.
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Place TL, Nauseef JT, Peterson MK, Henry MD, Mezhir JJ, Domann FE. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) expression is downregulated during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83021. [PMID: 24367580 PMCID: PMC3867438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl-4-hydroxylation by the intracellular prolyl-4-hydroxylase enzymes (PHD1-3) serves as a master regulator of environmental oxygen sensing. The activity of these enzymes is tightly tied to tumorigenesis, as they regulate cell metabolism and angiogenesis through their control of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stability. PHD3 specifically, is gaining attention for its broad function and rapidly accumulating array of non-HIF target proteins. Data from several recent studies suggest a role for PHD3 in the regulation of cell morphology and cell migration. In this study, we aimed to investigate this role by closely examining the relationship between PHD3 expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); a transcriptional program that plays a major role in controlling cell morphology and migratory capacity. Using human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cell lines and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, we examined the correlation between several markers of EMT and PHD3 expression. We demonstrated that loss of PHD3 expression in PDA cell lines is highly correlated with a mesenchymal-like morphology and an increase in cell migratory capacity. We also found that induction of EMT in MDCK cells resulted in the specific downregulation of PHD3, whereas the expression of the other HIF-PHD enzymes was not affected. The results of this study clearly support a model by which the basal expression and hypoxic induction of PHD3 is suppressed by the EMT transcriptional program. This may be a novel mechanism by which migratory or metastasizing cells alter signaling through specific pathways that are sensitive to regulation by O2. The identification of downstream pathways that are affected by the suppression of PHD3 expression during EMT may provide important insight into the crosstalk between O2 and the migratory and metastatic potential of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton L. Place
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jones T. Nauseef
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Maina K. Peterson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James J. Mezhir
- Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Place TL, Domann FE. Prolyl-hydroxylase 3: Evolving Roles for an Ancient Signaling Protein. HYPOXIA 2013; 2013:13-17. [PMID: 24672806 PMCID: PMC3963164 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s50091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense oxygen is a highly evolved process that facilitates adaptations to the local oxygen environment and is critical to energy homeostasis. In vertebrates, this process is largely controlled by three intracellular prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHD) 1–3. These related enzymes share the ability to hydroxylate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF), and therefore control the transcription of genes involved in metabolism and vascular recruitment. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that PHD controls much more than HIF signaling, with PHD3 emerging as an exceptionally unique and functionally diverse PHD isoform. In fact, PHD3-mediated hydroxylation has recently been purported to function in such diverse roles as sympathetic neuronal and muscle development, sepsis, glycolytic metabolism, and cell fate. PHD3 expression is also highly distinct from that of the other PHD enzymes, and varies considerably between different cell types and oxygen concentrations. This review will examine the evolution of oxygen sensing by the HIF family of PHD enzymes, with a specific focus on the complex nature of PHD3 expression and function in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton L Place
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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8
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Chronic hypoxia leads to a glycolytic phenotype and suppressed HIF-2 signaling in PC12 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3553-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Richter S, Qin N, Pacak K, Eisenhofer G. Role of hypoxia and HIF2α in development of the sympathoadrenal cell lineage and chromaffin cell tumors with distinct catecholamine phenotypic features. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:285-317. [PMID: 24054150 PMCID: PMC3785008 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia has wide-ranging impact in normal physiology and disease processes. This stimulus evokes changes in gene expression mediated by transcription factors termed hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that affect numerous processes: angiogenesis, cell survival, cellular metabolism, stem cell self-renewal and multipotency, migration, invasiveness, and metastatic progression in tumor cells. Over the past decade, increasing numbers of reports have emerged documenting differential roles of HIF1α and HIF2α in these processes. In cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage, both HIFs differentially mediate influences of hypoxia on catecholamine synthesis and secretion, but HIF2α signaling has particularly prominent functions in regulating developmental processes of growth and differentiation. This chapter discusses the role of HIF2α and HIF1α in the context of the development, phenotypic features, and functions of chromaffin cells. Moreover, current knowledge about tumor formation in cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage, leading to catecholamine-producing pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, is analyzed in the light of the HIF2α signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Richter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Sen Banerjee S, Thirunavukkarasu M, Tipu Rishi M, Sanchez JA, Maulik N, Maulik G. HIF-prolyl hydroxylases and cardiovascular diseases. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:347-58. [PMID: 22424133 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.673088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylases belong to the family of iron- and 2-oxoglutamate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme. Several distinct prolyl hydroxylases have been identified. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase termed prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes play an important role in oxygen regulation in the physiological network. There are three isoforms that have been identified: PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3. Deletion of PHD enzymes result in stabilization of HIFs and offers potential treatment options for many ischemic disorders such as peripheral arterial occlusive disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. All three isoforms are oxygen sensors that regulate the stability of HIFs. The degradation of HIF-1α is regulated by hydroxylation of the 402/504 proline residue by PHDs. Under hypoxic conditions, lack of oxygen causes hydroxylation to cease HIF-1α stabilization and subsequent translocation to the nucleus where it heterodimerizes with the constitutively expressed β subunit. Binding of the HIF-heterodimer to specific DNA sequences, named hypoxia-responsive elements, triggers the transactivation of target genes. PHD regulation of HIF-1α-mediated cardioprotection has resulted in considerable interest in these molecules as potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular and ischemic diseases. In recent years, attention has been directed towards identifying small molecule inhibitors of PHD. It is postulated that such inhibition might lead to a clinically useful strategy for protecting the myocardium against ischemia and reperfusion injury. Recently, it has been reported that the orally absorbed PHD inhibitor GSK360A can modulate HIF-1α signaling and protect the failing heart following myocardial infarction. Furthermore, PHD1 deletion has been found to have beneficial effects through an increase in tolerance to hypoxia of skeletal muscle by reprogramming basal metabolism. In the mouse liver, such deletion has resulted in protection against ischemia and reperfusion. As a result of these preliminary findings, PHDs is attracting increasing interest as potential therapeutic targets in a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Sen Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kaelin WG. Cancer and altered metabolism: potential importance of hypoxia-inducible factor and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 76:335-45. [PMID: 22089927 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) deregulation contributes to the Warburg effect. HIF consists of an unstable α subunit and a stable β subunit. In the presence of oxygen, HIFα becomes prolyl hydroxylated by members of the EglN (also called PHD) family, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Under hypoxic conditions, EglN activity is diminished and HIF levels rise. EglN1 is the primary HIF prolyl hydroxylase with EglN2 and EglN3 playing compensatory roles under certain conditions. EglN2 and EglN3 also appear to play HIF-independent roles in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The EglNs belong to a large family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that includes the TET DNA hydroxymethylases and JmjC-containing histone demethylases. Members of this superfamily can be inhibited by endogenous metabolites, including fumarate and succinate, which accumulate in tumors that have fumarate hydratase (FH) or succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) mutations, respectively, as well as by the 2-hydroxyglutarate detected in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant tumors. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases therefore provide a link between altered metabolism and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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12
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Strickler AG, Jeffery WR. Differentially expressed genes identified by cross-species microarray in the blind cavefish Astyanax. Integr Zool 2011; 4:99-109. [PMID: 21392280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression were examined by microarray analysis during development of the eyed surface dwelling (surface fish) and blind cave-dwelling (cavefish) forms of the teleost Astyanax mexicanus De Filippi, 1853. The cross-species microarray used surface and cavefish RNA hybridized to a DNA chip prepared from a closely related species, the zebrafish Danio rerio Hamilton, 1822. We identified a total of 67 differentially expressed probe sets at three days post-fertilization: six upregulated and 61 downregulated in cavefish relative to surface fish. Many of these genes function either in eye development and/or maintenance, or in programmed cell death. The upregulated probe set showing the highest mean fold change was similar to the human ubiquitin specific protease 53 gene. The downregulated probe sets showing some of the highest fold changes corresponded to genes with roles in eye development, including those encoding gamma crystallins, the guanine nucleotide binding proteins Gnat1 and Gant2, a BarH-like homeodomain transcription factor, and rhodopsin. Downregulation of gamma-crystallin and rhodopsin was confirmed by in situ hybridization and immunostaining with specific antibodies. Additional downregulated genes encode molecules that inhibit or activate programmed cell death. The results suggest that cross-species microarray can be used for identifying differentially expressed genes in cavefish, that many of these genes might be involved in eye degeneration via apoptotic processes, and that more genes are downregulated than upregulated in cavefish, consistent with the predominance of morphological losses over gains during regressive evolution.
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13
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Human PRP19 interacts with prolyl-hydroxylase PHD3 and inhibits cell death in hypoxia. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2871-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schlisio S. Neuronal apoptosis by prolyl hydroxylation: implication in nervous system tumours and the Warburg conundrum. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4104-12. [PMID: 19691672 PMCID: PMC2847199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen sensing is mediated partly via prolyl hydroxylation. The EglN prolyl hydroxylases are well characterized in regulating the hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF-alpha) hypoxic response, but also are implicated in HIF-independent processes. EglN3 executes apoptosis in neural precursors during development and failure of EglN3 developmental apoptosis can lead to certain forms of sympathetic nervous system tumours. Mutations in metabolic/mitochondrial enzymes (SDH, FH, IDH) impair EglN activity and predisposes to certain cancers. This is because the EglNs not only require molecular oxygen to execute hydroxylation, but also equally require the electron donor alpha-ketoglutarate, a metabolite from the Krebs cycle. Therefore EglN enzymes are considered oxygen, and also, metabolic sensors. alpha-Ketoglutarate is crucial for EglN hydroxylation activity, whereas the metabolites succinate and fumarate are inhibitors of the EglN enzymes. Since EglN activity is dependent upon metabolites that take part in the Krebs cycle, these enzymes are directly tied into the cellular metabolic network. Cancer cells tend to convert most glucose to lactate regardless of whether oxygen is present (aerobic glycolysis), an observation that was first made by Otto Warburg in 1924. Despite the striking difference in ATP production, cancer cells might favour aerobic glycolysis to escape from EglN hydroxylation, resulting in the accumulation of oncogenic HIFalpha and/or resistance to EglN3-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schlisio
- Oxygen Sensing and Cancer Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Karolinska Institute, Nobels vag, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Evans M, Morine K, Kulkarni C, Barton ER. Expression profiling reveals heightened apoptosis and supports fiber size economy in the murine muscles of mastication. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:86-95. [PMID: 18593863 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00232.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinctions between craniofacial and axial muscles exist from the onset of development and throughout adulthood. The masticatory muscles are a specialized group of craniofacial muscles that retain embryonic fiber properties in the adult, suggesting that the developmental origin of these muscles may govern a pattern of expression that differs from limb muscles. To determine the extent of these differences, expression profiling of total RNA isolated from the masseter and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of adult female mice was performed, which identified transcriptional changes in unanticipated functional classes of genes in addition to those attributable to fiber type. In particular, the masseters displayed a reduction of transcripts associated with contractile and cytoskeletal load-sensing and anabolic processes, and heightened expression of genes associated with stress. Associated with these observations was a significantly smaller fiber cross-sectional area in masseters, significantly elevated load-sensing signaling (phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase), and increased apoptotic index in masseters compared with TA muscles. Based on these results, we hypothesize that masticatory muscles may have a fundamentally different strategy for muscle design, compared with axial muscles. Specifically there are small diameter fibers that have an attenuated ability to hypertrophy, but an increased propensity to undergo apoptosis. These results may provide insight into the molecular basis for specific muscle-related pathologies associated with masticatory muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Evans
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Bishop T, Gallagher D, Pascual A, Lygate CA, de Bono JP, Nicholls LG, Ortega-Saenz P, Oster H, Wijeyekoon B, Sutherland AI, Grosfeld A, Aragones J, Schneider M, van Geyte K, Teixeira D, Diez-Juan A, Lopez-Barneo J, Channon KM, Maxwell PH, Pugh CW, Davies AM, Carmeliet P, Ratcliffe PJ. Abnormal sympathoadrenal development and systemic hypotension in PHD3-/- mice. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:3386-400. [PMID: 18332118 PMCID: PMC2423159 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02041-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture studies have implicated the oxygen-sensitive hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis. To better understand this function in vivo, we have created PHD3(-/-) mice and analyzed the neuronal phenotype. Reduced apoptosis in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons cultured from PHD3(-/-) mice is associated with an increase in the number of cells in the SCG, as well as in the adrenal medulla and carotid body. Genetic analysis by intercrossing PHD3(-/-) mice with HIF-1a(+/-) and HIF-2a(+/-) mice demonstrated an interaction with HIF-2alpha but not HIF-1alpha, supporting the nonredundant involvement of a PHD3-HIF-2alpha pathway in the regulation of sympathoadrenal development. Despite the increased number of cells, the sympathoadrenal system appeared hypofunctional in PHD3(-/-) mice, with reduced target tissue innervation, adrenal medullary secretory capacity, sympathoadrenal responses, and systemic blood pressure. These observations suggest that the role of PHD3 in sympathoadrenal development extends beyond simple control of cell survival and organ mass, with functional PHD3 being required for proper anatomical and physiological integrity of the system. Perturbation of this interface between developmental and adaptive signaling by hypoxic, metabolic, or other stresses could have important effects on key sympathoadrenal functions, such as blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Bishop
- The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Headington Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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17
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Rantanen K, Pursiheimo J, Högel H, Himanen V, Metzen E, Jaakkola PM. Prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 activates oxygen-dependent protein aggregation. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:2231-40. [PMID: 18337469 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-11-1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs/EGLNs) are central regulators of the molecular responses to oxygen availability. One isoform, PHD3, is expressed in response to hypoxia and causes apoptosis in oxygenated conditions in neural cells. Here we show that PHD3 forms subcellular aggregates in an oxygen-dependent manner. The aggregation of PHD3 was seen under normoxia and was strongly reduced under hypoxia or by the inactivation of the PHD3 hydroxylase activity. The PHD3 aggregates were dependent on microtubular integrity and contained components of the 26S proteasome, chaperones, and ubiquitin, thus demonstrating features that are characteristic for aggresome-like structures. Forced expression of the active PHD3 induced the aggregation of proteasomal components and activated apoptosis under normoxia in HeLa cells. The apoptosis was seen in cells prone to PHD3 aggregation and the PHD3 aggregation preceded apoptosis. The data demonstrates the cellular oxygen sensor PHD3 as a regulator of protein aggregation in response to varying oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Rantanen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Abo Akademi University, FIN-29521 Turku, Finland
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18
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Schlisio S, Kenchappa RS, Vredeveld LCW, George RE, Stewart R, Greulich H, Shahriari K, Nguyen NV, Pigny P, Dahia PL, Pomeroy SL, Maris JM, Look AT, Meyerson M, Peeper DS, Carter BD, Kaelin WG. The kinesin KIF1Bbeta acts downstream from EglN3 to induce apoptosis and is a potential 1p36 tumor suppressor. Genes Dev 2008; 22:884-93. [PMID: 18334619 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1648608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
VHL, NF-1, c-Ret, and Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunits B and D act on a developmental apoptotic pathway that is activated when nerve growth factor (NGF) becomes limiting for neuronal progenitor cells and requires the EglN3 prolyl hydroxylase as a downstream effector. Germline mutations of these genes cause familial pheochromocytoma and other neural crest-derived tumors. Using an unbiased shRNA screen we found that the kinesin KIF1Bbeta acts downstream from EglN3 and is both necessary and sufficient for neuronal apoptosis when NGF becomes limiting. KIF1Bbeta maps to chromosome 1p36.2, which is frequently deleted in neural crest-derived tumors including neuroblastomas. We identified inherited loss-of-function KIF1Bbeta missense mutations in neuroblastomas and pheochromocytomas and an acquired loss-of-function mutation in a medulloblastoma, arguing that KIF1Bbeta is a pathogenic target of these deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schlisio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Abstract
Low cellular oxygenation (hypoxia) represents a significant threat to the viability of affected tissues. Multicellular organisms have evolved a highly conserved signalling pathway that directs many of the changes in gene expression that underpin physiological oxygen homoeostasis. Oxygen-sensing enzymes in this pathway control the activity of the HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) transcription factor by the direct incorporation of molecular oxygen into the post-translational hydroxylation of specific residues. This represents the canonical hypoxia signalling pathway which regulates a plethora of genes involved in adaptation to hypoxia. The HIF hydroxylases have been identified in other biological contexts, consistent with the possibility that they have other substrates. Furthermore, several intracellular proteins have been demonstrated, directly or indirectly, to be hydroxylated, although the protein hydroxylases responsible have yet to be identified. This chapter will summarize what is currently known about the canonical HIF hydroxylase signalling pathway and will speculate on the existence of other oxygen-sensing enzymes and the role they may play in signalling hypoxia through other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew L Coleman
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
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20
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Lomb DJ, Straub JA, Freeman RS. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors delay neuronal cell death caused by trophic factor deprivation. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1897-906. [PMID: 17760870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) serves a critical survival-promoting function for developing sympathetic neurons. Following removal of NGF, sympathetic neurons undergo apoptosis characterized by the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), up-regulation of BH3-only proteins including BcL-2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM)(EL), release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and activation of caspases. Here we show that two small-molecule prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors frequently used to activate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) - ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) - can inhibit apoptosis caused by trophic factor deprivation. Both DHB and DMOG blocked the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria after NGF withdrawal, whereas only DHB blocked c-Jun up-regulation and phosphorylation. DHB, but not DMOG, also attenuated the induction of BIM(EL) in NGF-deprived neurons, suggesting a possible mechanism whereby DHB could inhibit cytochrome c release. DMOG, on the other hand, was substantially more effective at stabilizing HIF-2alpha and inducing expression of the HIF target gene hexokinase 2 than was DHB. Thus, while HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors can delay cell death in NGF-deprived neurons, they do so through distinct mechanisms that, at least in the case of DHB, are partly independent of HIF stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lomb
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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21
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Fu J, Menzies K, Freeman RS, Taubman MB. EGLN3 Prolyl Hydroxylase Regulates Skeletal Muscle Differentiation and Myogenin Protein Stability. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12410-8. [PMID: 17344222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EGLN3, a member of the EGLN family of prolyl hydroxylases, has been shown to catalyze hydroxylation of the alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha, which targets hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha for ubiquitination by a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor. We now report that EGLN3 levels increase during C2C12 skeletal myoblast differentiation. EGLN3 small interference RNAs and EGLN3 antisense oligonucleotides blocked C2C12 differentiation and decreased levels of myogenin, a member of the MyoD family of myogenic regulatory factors, which plays a critical role in myogenic differentiation. We also report that EGLN3 interacts with and stabilizes myogenin protein, whereas VHL associates with and destabilizes myogenin via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The effect of VHL on myogenin stability and ubiquitination can be reversed, at least in part, by overexpression of EGLN3, suggesting that its binding to myogenin may prevent VHL-mediated degradation. These data demonstrate a novel role for EGLN3 in regulating skeletal muscle differentiation and gene expression. In addition, this report provides evidence for a novel pathway that regulates myogenin expression and skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Univeristy of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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22
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Terkhorn SP, Bohensky J, Shapiro IM, Koyama E, Srinivas V. Expression of HIF prolyl hydroxylase isozymes in growth plate chondrocytes: relationship between maturation and apoptotic sensitivity. J Cell Physiol 2007; 210:257-65. [PMID: 17044072 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The overall goal of the current study was to examine the functional activity of the prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) in maturing chondrocytes. Herein, we show for the first time that the PHDs are expressed in the maturing zone of the growth plate, and by a chondrocytic cell line. We determined if this protein and its substrate, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, modulated the induction of apoptosis. Using a chondrocyte cell line that matured in culture, we inhibited HIF-1alpha expression using siRNA technology and pharmacologically blocked PHD activity. We noted that PHD suppression sensitized the cells to an apoptotic challenge with H(2)O(2). We next examined the interplay between the PHDs and HIF-1alpha by suppressing HIF-1alpha and blocking PHD activity. We noted reduced killing when the mature HIF-silenced cells were challenged with H(2)O(2). In contrast, there was limited change in the viability of immature cells. Based on these differences in chondrocyte susceptibility, it is concluded that HIF-1alpha sensitizes maturing cells to H(2)O(2)-mediated killing. We next determined if this change in the viability of the PHD-inhibited cells was linked to changes in activation of caspase-3. It was noted that there was a minimal change in enzyme activity of the PHD-inhibited HIF-1alpha suppressed cells. Finally, we found that as the chondrocytes mature, the activities of catalase and SOD were significantly reduced and that there was a decrease in the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl(XL). This loss of protective activity together with the changes mediated by HIF would be expected to generate conditions that would favor the induction of chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Terkhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815;
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24
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Abstract
Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor has been linked to a variety of tumors, including clear cell renal carcinoma, retinal and cerebellar hemangioblastoma, and pheochromocytoma. The best documented function of VHL protein (pVHL) relates to its ability to target the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) for polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. This chapter focuses on studies published over the past 2 years related to pVHL. These studies include those describing genetically engineered mice that were used to interrogate the relationship between pVHL and HIF in vivo and cell culture studies that underscore the importance of pVHL in epithelial differentiation and maintenance of the primary cilium. In addition, recent work suggests that pVHL regulates neuronal apoptosis in an HIF-independent manner, and this activity is linked to the risk of developing pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Hopfer U, Hopfer H, Jablonski K, Stahl RAK, Wolf G. The Novel WD-repeat Protein Morg1 Acts as a Molecular Scaffold for Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase 3 (PHD3). J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8645-55. [PMID: 16407229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513751200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a transcriptional complex composed of an oxygen-sensitive alpha- and a beta-subunit, plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to low oxygen availability. Under normoxia, the alpha-subunit of HIF-1 is hydroxylated by a family of prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) and consequently targeted for proteasomal degradation. Three different PHDs have been identified, but the difference among their in vivo roles remain unclear. PHD3 is strikingly expressed by hypoxia, displays high substrate specificity, and has been identified in other signaling pathways. PHD3 may therefore hydroxylate divergent substrates and/or connect divergent cellular responses with HIF. We identified a novel WD-repeat protein, recently designated Morg1 (MAPK organizer 1), by screening a cDNA library with yeast two-hybrid assays. The interaction between PHD3 and Morg1 was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. We found seven WD-repeat domains by cloning the full-length cDNA of Morg1. By confocal microscopy both proteins co-localize within the cytoplasm and the nucleus and display a similar tissue expression pattern in Northern blots. Binding occurs at a conserved region predicted to the top surface of one propeller blade. Finally, HIF-mediated reporter gene activity is decreased by Morg1 and reduced to basal levels when Morg1 is co-expressed with PHD3. Suppression of Morg1 or PHD3 by stealth RNA leads to a marked increase of HIF-1 activity. These results indicate that Morg1 specifically interacts with PHD3 most likely by acting as a molecular scaffold. This interaction may provide a molecular framework between HIF regulation and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hopfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg.
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26
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Yi M, Horton JD, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH, Stephens RM. WholePathwayScope: a comprehensive pathway-based analysis tool for high-throughput data. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:30. [PMID: 16423281 PMCID: PMC1388242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of High Throughput (HTP) Data such as microarray and proteomics data has provided a powerful methodology to study patterns of gene regulation at genome scale. A major unresolved problem in the post-genomic era is to assemble the large amounts of data generated into a meaningful biological context. We have developed a comprehensive software tool, WholePathwayScope (WPS), for deriving biological insights from analysis of HTP data. Result WPS extracts gene lists with shared biological themes through color cue templates. WPS statistically evaluates global functional category enrichment of gene lists and pathway-level pattern enrichment of data. WPS incorporates well-known biological pathways from KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Biocarta, GO (Gene Ontology) terms as well as user-defined pathways or relevant gene clusters or groups, and explores gene-term relationships within the derived gene-term association networks (GTANs). WPS simultaneously compares multiple datasets within biological contexts either as pathways or as association networks. WPS also integrates Genetic Association Database and Partial MedGene Database for disease-association information. We have used this program to analyze and compare microarray and proteomics datasets derived from a variety of biological systems. Application examples demonstrated the capacity of WPS to significantly facilitate the analysis of HTP data for integrative discovery. Conclusion This tool represents a pathway-based platform for discovery integration to maximize analysis power. The tool is freely available at .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, National Cancer Institute-Frederick/SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jay D Horton
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Jonathan C Cohen
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Helen H Hobbs
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Robert M Stephens
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, National Cancer Institute-Frederick/SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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27
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Luyendyk JP, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Nelson DM, Bhaskaran VM, Reilly TP, Car BD, Cantor GH, Maddox JF, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Unique gene expression and hepatocellular injury in the lipopolysaccharide-ranitidine drug idiosyncrasy rat model: comparison with famotidine. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:569-85. [PMID: 16415329 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats cotreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ranitidine (RAN) but not LPS and famotidine (FAM) develop hepatocellular injury in an animal model of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Evaluation of liver gene expression in rats given LPS and/or RAN led to confirmation that the hemostatic system, hypoxia, and neutrophils (PMNs) are critical mediators in LPS/RAN-induced liver injury. We tested the hypothesis that unique gene expression changes distinguish LPS/RAN-treated rats from rats given LPS or RAN alone and from those cotreated with LPS/FAM. Rats were treated with a nonhepatotoxic dose of LPS (44.4 x 10(6) endotoxin units/kg, iv) or its vehicle. Two hours thereafter they were given RAN (30 mg/kg, iv), FAM (either 6 mg/kg, a pharmacologically equi-efficacious dose, or 28.8 mg/kg, an equimolar dose, iv), or vehicle. They were killed 2 or 6 h after drug treatment for evaluation of hepatotoxicity (2 and 6 h) and liver gene expression (2 h only). At a time before the onset of hepatocellular injury, hierarchical clustering distinguished rats treated with LPS/RAN from those given LPS alone. 205 probesets were expressed differentially to a greater or lesser degree only in LPS/RAN-treated rats compared to LPS/FAM or LPS alone, which did not develop liver injury. These included VEGF, EGLN3, MAPKAPK-2, BNIP3, MIP-2, COX-2, EGR-1, PAI-1, IFN-gamma, and IL-6. Expression of these genes was confirmed by real-time PCR. Serum concentrations of MIP-2, PAI-1, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 correlated with their respective gene expression patterns. Overall, the expression of several gene products capable of controlling requisite mediators of injury (i.e., hemostasis, hypoxia, PMNs) in this model were enhanced in livers of LPS/RAN-treated rats. Furthermore, enhanced expression of MAPKAPK-2 in RAN-treated rats and its target genes in LPS/RAN-treated rats suggests that p38/MAPKAPK-2 signaling is a regulation point for enhancement of LPS-induced gene expression by RAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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28
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Nakamura E, Kaelin WG. Recent insights into the molecular pathogenesis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Pathol 2006; 17:97-106. [PMID: 17159241 DOI: 10.1385/ep:17:2:97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare tumors derived from chromaffin cells. These tumors can arise in the context of hereditary cancer syndromes such as von Hippel- Lindau disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and neurofibromatosis 1. Recent studies indicate that germ line mutations of genes encoding specific succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits also predispose individuals to pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. This review focuses on the genetics of these tumors and suggests a possible link between familial pheochromocytomas/paraganglioma genes and control of neuronal apoptosis during embryological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijiro Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
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29
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master transcriptional regulator of hypoxia-inducible genes and consists of a labile alpha subunit (such as HIF1alpha) and a stable beta subunit (such as HIF1beta or ARNT). In the presence of oxygen, HIFalpha family members are hydroxylated on one of two conserved prolyl residues by members of the egg-laying-defective nine (EGLN) family. Prolyl hydroxylation generates a binding site for a ubiquitin ligase complex containing the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, which results in HIFalpha destruction. In addition, the HIFalpha transcriptional activation function is modulated further by asparagine hydroxylation by FIH (factor-inhibiting HIF), which affects recruitment of the coactivators p300 and CBP. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into oxygen sensing by metazoans and are the first examples of protein hydroxylation being used in intracellular signaling. The existence of three human EGLN family members, as well as other putative hydroxylases, raises the possibility that this signal is used in other contexts by other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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30
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Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Lindau protein, HIF hydroxylation, and oxygen sensing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:627-38. [PMID: 16153592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimeric transcription factor HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), consisting of a labile alpha-subunit and a stable beta-subunit, is a master regulator of genes involved in acute or chronic adaptation to low oxygen. Studies performed over the past 5 years revealed that HIFalpha-subunits are enzymatically hydroxylated in an oxygen-dependent manner. Hydroxylation of either of two conserved prolyl residues targets HIFalpha for destruction by a ubiquitin ligase containing the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein whereas hydroxylation on a C-terminal asparagine affects HIF transactivation function. Pharmacological manipulation of HIF activity might be beneficial in diseases characterized by abnormal tissue oxygenation including myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Lee S, Nakamura E, Yang H, Wei W, Linggi MS, Sajan MP, Farese RV, Freeman RS, Carter BD, Kaelin WG, Schlisio S. Neuronal apoptosis linked to EglN3 prolyl hydroxylase and familial pheochromocytoma genes: developmental culling and cancer. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:155-67. [PMID: 16098468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Germline NF1, c-RET, SDH, and VHL mutations cause familial pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytomas derive from sympathetic neuronal precursor cells. Many of these cells undergo c-Jun-dependent apoptosis during normal development as NGF becomes limiting. NF1 encodes a GAP for the NGF receptor TrkA, and NF1 mutations promote survival after NGF withdrawal. We found that pheochromocytoma-associated c-RET and VHL mutations lead to increased JunB, which blunts neuronal apoptosis after NGF withdrawal. We also found that the prolyl hydroxylase EglN3 acts downstream of c-Jun and is specifically required among the three EglN family members for apoptosis in this setting. Moreover, EglN3 proapoptotic activity requires SDH activity because EglN3 is feedback inhibited by succinate. These studies suggest that failure of developmental apoptosis plays a role in pheochromocytoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Xie L, Johnson RS, Freeman RS. Inhibition of NGF deprivation-induced death by low oxygen involves suppression of BIMEL and activation of HIF-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 168:911-20. [PMID: 15767462 PMCID: PMC2171791 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200407079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in O2 tension can significantly impact cell survival, yet the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. Here, we report that maintaining sympathetic neurons under low O2 inhibits apoptosis caused by NGF deprivation. Low O2 exposure blocked cytochrome c release after NGF withdrawal, in part by suppressing the up-regulation of BIMEL. Forced BIMEL expression removed the block to cytochrome c release but did not prevent protection by low O2. Exposing neurons to low O2 also activated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and expression of a stabilized form of HIF-1α (HIF-1αPP→AG) inhibited cell death in normoxic, NGF-deprived cells. Targeted deletion of HIF-1α partially suppressed the protective effect of low O2, whereas deletion of HIF-1α combined with forced BIMEL expression completely reversed the ability of low O2 to inhibit cell death. These data suggest a new model for how O2 tension can influence apoptotic events that underlie trophic factor deprivation–induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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33
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Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein: roles in cancer and oxygen sensing. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2005; 70:159-66. [PMID: 16869749 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is a common event in hereditary (von Hippel- Lindau disease) and sporadic hemangioblastomas and clear-cell renal carcinomas. Germ-line VHL mutations are also linked to some hereditary pheochromocytoma families. The VHL gene product, pVHL, interacts with a number of cellular proteins and is implicated in the control of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix formation, cell metabolism, and mitogenesis. The best understood function of pVHL relates to its role as the substrate recognition unit of an E3 ligase that targets the heterodimeric transcription factor HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) for destruction in the presence of oxygen. Down-regulation of HIF appears to be both necessary and sufficient for renal tumor suppression by pVHL, and HIF is strongly suspected of contributing to hemangioblastoma development as well. Recent work suggests that pVHL's role in pheochromocytoma is not related to HIF but rather to the ability of pVHL to regulate neuronal apoptosis, which is mediated by c-Jun, when growth factors such as NGF become limiting. Loss of pVHL leads to up-regulation of JunB, which antagonizes c-Jun and blunts apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Kaelin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Freeman RS, Burch RL, Crowder RJ, Lomb DJ, Schoell MC, Straub JA, Xie L. NGF deprivation-induced gene expression: after ten years, where do we stand? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:111-26. [PMID: 14699960 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the survival of developing sympathetic and sensory neurons. In the absence of NGF, these neurons undergo protein synthesis-dependent apoptosis. Ten years have gone by since the first reports of specific genes being upregulated during NGF deprivation-induced cell death. Over the last decade, a few additional genes (DP5, Bim, SM-20) have been added to a list that began with cyclin D1 and c-jun. In this chapter, we discuss the evidence that these genes act as regulators of neuronal cell death. We also suggest a hypothesis for how one gene, SM-20, may function to suppress a self-protection mechanism in NGF-deprived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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