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Willoughby DS, Florez C, Davis J, Keratsopoulos N, Bisher M, Parra M, Taylor L. Decreased Neuromuscular Function and Muscle Quality along with Increased Systemic Inflammation and Muscle Proteolysis Occurring in the Presence of Decreased Estradiol and Protein Intake in Early to Intermediate Post-Menopausal Women. Nutrients 2024; 16:197. [PMID: 38257090 PMCID: PMC10819584 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Menopause causes a reduction in estradiol (E2) and may be associated with neuromuscular degeneration. Compared to pre-menopausal (PRE-M) women, this study sought to determine dietary protein intake and whether lower levels of circulating E2 in post-menopausal women (POST-M) were occurring alongside increased levels of biomarkers of axonal and neuromuscular junction degeneration (NMJ), inflammation, muscle protein degradation, and reduced indices of muscle quality and performance. Employing a cross-sectional design, PRE-M (n = 6) and POST-M (n = 6) dietary analysis data were collected and participants then donated a blood and urine sample followed by assessments for body composition, motor unit activation, and muscle performance. Independent group t-tests were performed to determine differences between groups (p ≤ 0.05). In POST-M women, E2, motor unit activity, muscle quality, and muscle performance were significantly less than those for PRE-M women; however, the levels of c-terminal fragment of agrin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and urinary titin were significantly greater (p < 0.05). POST-M women were also shown to be ingesting fewer total calories and less protein than PRE-M (p < 0.05). Reduced E2 and dietary protein intake in POST-M women occurs in conjunction with increased levels of biomarkers of NMJ degradation, inflammation, and muscle proteolysis, which may be associated with reduced motor unit activation and muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryn S. Willoughby
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
| | - Christine Florez
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Jaci Davis
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Nikolas Keratsopoulos
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Morgan Bisher
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Mandy Parra
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA; (C.F.)
| | - Lemuel Taylor
- School of Health Professions, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
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Jiang QH, Li T, Liu Y, Zhou ZY, Yang Y, Wei Y, Yin MZ, Shen J, Yan S. A nano-delivery system expands the insecticidal target of thiamethoxam to include a devastating pest, the fall armyworm. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:803-815. [PMID: 36317674 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nano-delivery systems have been applied to deliver various synthetic/botanical pesticides to increase the efficiency of pesticide use and reduce the volumes of pesticides applied. Previous studies have supported the hypothesis that the nanocarriers can help expand the insecticidal target of pesticides to include non-target pests. However, the potential mechanism underlying this interesting phenomenon remains unclear. Herein, a widely applied star polycation (SPc) nanocarrier was synthesized to construct a thiamethoxam (TMX) nano-delivery system. The SPc-based delivery system could promote the translocation of exogenous substances across the membrane of Sf9 cells, increase the cytotoxicity of TMX against Sf9 cells by nearly 20%, and expand the insecticidal target of TMX to include Spodoptera frugiperda (the fall armyworm), with a 27.5% mortality increase at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Moreover, the RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the SPc could upregulate various transport-related genes, such as Rab, SORT1, CYTH, and PIKfyve, for the enhanced cellular uptake of TMX. Furthermore, enhanced cell death in larvae treated with the TMX-SPc complex was observed through changes in the expression levels of death-related genes, such as Casp7, BIRC5, MSK1, and PGAM5. The SPc-based nano-delivery system improved the cellular uptake of TMX and expanded its insecticidal target by adjusting the expression levels of death-related genes. The current study mainly identified the transport and cell death genes related to nanocarrier-based insecticidal target expansion, which is beneficial for understanding the bioactivity enhancement of the nano-delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Hong Jiang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhou
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Zhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Engin A, Engin AB. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Signaling-Protein Kinases Crosstalk in Cerebral Ischemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:259-283. [PMID: 33539019 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Although stroke is very often the cause of death worldwide, the burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke varies between regions and over time regarding differences in prognosis, prevalence of risk factors, and treatment strategies. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, sequentially lead to the progressive death of neurons. In this process, protein kinases-related checkpoints tightly regulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling pathways. One of the major hallmarks of cerebral ischemia is excitotoxicity, characterized by overactivation of glutamate receptors leading to intracellular Ca2+ overload and ultimately neuronal death. Thus, reduced expression of postsynaptic density-95 protein and increased protein S-nitrosylation in neurons is responsible for neuronal vulnerability in cerebral ischemia. In this chapter death-associated protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced protein kinases, hyperhomocysteinemia-related NMDA receptor overactivation, ephrin-B-dependent amplification of NMDA-evoked neuronal excitotoxicity and lysosomocentric hypothesis have been discussed.Consequently, ample evidences have demonstrated that enhancing extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activity triggers cell death after stroke. In this context, considering the dual roles of NMDA receptors in both promoting neuronal survival and mediating neuronal damage, selective augmentation of NR2A-containing NMDA receptor activation in the presence of NR2B antagonist may constitute a promising therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Zhong Z, Zhou Y, Feng S, Huang Y, Chen X. [Effect of lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA on mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 in spinal cord injury of rats]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 32:941-950. [PMID: 30129321 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201801093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expression changes and the repair effect of mitogen and stress- activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1) on spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (weighing 220-250 g) were used for the study, 70 of them were randomly divided into sham-operation group and SCI group ( n=35), the rats in SCI group were given SCI according to Allen's method, and the sham-operation group only opened the lamina without injuring the spinal cord; spinal cord tissue was collected at 8 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after invasive treatment, each group of 5 rats was used to detect the expression of MSK1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) by Western blot assay. Another 20 SD rats were grouped by the same method as above ( n=10). In these rats, a negative control lentiviral LV3NC dilution was injected at a depth of approximately 0.8 mm at the spinal cord T 10 level. The results of transfection at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after injection were observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope to determine the optimal transfection time of the virus. The other 30 SD rats were randomly divided into group A with only SCI, group B with a negative control lentiviral LV3NC injected after SCI, and group C with MSK1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) lentivirus injected after SCI, with 10 rats each group. The Basso, Beatlie, Bresnahan (BBB) score of hind limbs was measured at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after treatment; spinal cord tissue collected at the optimal time point for lentivirus transfection was detected the expression changes of MSK1 and PCNA by Western blot and the localization by immunofluorescence staining of MSK1 and PCNA proteins. Results Western blot assay showed that there was no significant changes in the expression of MSK1 and PCNA at each time points in the sham-operation group. In the SCI group, the expression of MSK1 protein was gradually decreased from 8 hours after injury to the lowest level at 3 days after injury, and then gradually increased; the expression change of PCNA protein was opposite to MSK1. The expression of MSK1 in SCI group was significantly lower than that in the sham-operation group at 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after injury ( P<0.05), and the expression of PCNA protein of SCI group was significantly higher than that of the sham-operation group at 8 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after injury ( P<0.05). The fluorescence expression of both the SCI group and the sham-operation group has be found and peaked at 7 days. There was a positive correlation between fluorescence intensity and time in 7 days after transfection. With the prolongation of postoperative time, the BBB scores of groups A, B, and C showed a gradually increasing trend. The BBB score of group C was significantly lower than those of groups A and B at 5, 7, and 14 days after treatment ( P<0.05). After transfection for 7 days, Western blot results showed that the relative expression of MSK1 protein in group C was significantly lower than that in groups A and B ( P<0.05); and the relative expression of PCNA protein was significantly higher than that in groups A and B ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that MSK1 was expressed in the nuclei of the spinal cord and colocalized with green fluorescent protein, neuronal nuclei, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The relative expression area of MSK1 positive cells in group C was significantly higher than that in group B ( P<0.05), and the relative expression areas of PCNA and GFAP positive cells were significantly lower than those in group B ( P<0.05). Conclusion Lentivirus-mediated MSK1 siRNA can effectively silence the expression of MSK1 in rat spinal cord tissue. MSK1 may play a critical role in the repair of SCI in rats by regulating the proliferation of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Zhong
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, 350005, P.R.China
| | - Yinan Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, 350005, P.R.China
| | - Sisi Feng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, 350005, P.R.China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, 350005, P.R.China
| | - Xuanwei Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou Fujian, 350005,
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Gong P, Jiang R, Yao J, Yao Q, Xu X, Chen J, Shen J, Shi W. Novel Insights into MSK1 Phosphorylation by MRKβ in Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:783-795. [PMID: 30744416 PMCID: PMC6686428 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719829073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is regarded as one of the most important pathophysiological changes of intracerebral hemorrhagic (ICH) stroke—a major public health problem that leads to high mortality rates and functional dependency. Mitogen-and stress-activated kinase (MSK) 1 is implicated in various biological functions in different cell types, including proliferation, tumorigenesis and responses to stress. Our previous study showed that MSK1 phosphorylation (p-MSK1) is related to the regulation of LPS-induced astrocytic inflammation, and possibly acts as a negative regulator of inflammation. In this study, we identified a specific interaction between MSK1 and MRKβ (MLK-related kinase)—a member of the MAPK pathway—during neuronal apoptosis. In an ICH rat model, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both MRKβ and phosphorylation of MSK1 (p-MSK1 Ser376) were significantly upregulated in cells surrounding the hematoma. Triple-immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated the co-localization of MRKβ and p-MSK1 in neurons, but not astrocytes. Furthermore, MRKβ was partially transported into the nucleus, and interacted with p-MSK1 in hemin-treated neurons. Immunoprecipitation showed that MRKβ and p-MSK1 exhibited an enhanced interaction during the pathophysiology process. Utilizing small interfering RNAs to knockdown MRKβ or MSK1, we verified that MSK1 Ser376 is a phosphorylation site targeted by MRKβ. We also observed that the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 at Ser276 was mediated by the MRKβ-p-MSK1 complex. Furthermore, it was found that the neuronal apoptosis marker, active caspase-3, was co-localized with MRKβ and p-MSK1. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that knockdown of MRKβ or MSK1 specifically resulted in increased neuronal apoptosis, which suggested that the MRKβ-p-MSK1 complex might exert a neuroprotective function against ICH-induced neuronal apoptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that MRKβ translocated into the nucleus and phosphorylated MSK1 to protect neurons via phosphorylation of p65—a subunit of nuclear factor κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Gong
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rui Jiang
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Junzhong Yao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Surgical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Surgical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
| | - Xide Xu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Surgical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Surgical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Shen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Surgical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Comprehensive Surgical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
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Choi YS, Horning P, Aten S, Karelina K, Alzate-Correa D, Arthur JSC, Hoyt KR, Obrietan K. Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Regulates Status Epilepticus-Evoked Cell Death in the Hippocampus. ASN Neuro 2018; 9:1759091417726607. [PMID: 28870089 PMCID: PMC5588809 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417726607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has been implicated in a wide range of neuronal processes, including development, plasticity, and viability. One of the principal downstream targets of both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/MAPK pathway and the p38 MAPK pathway is Mitogen- and Stress-activated protein Kinase 1 (MSK1). Here, we sought to understand the role that MSK1 plays in neuroprotection against excitotoxic stimulation in the hippocampus. To this end, we utilized immunohistochemical labeling, a MSK1 null mouse line, cell viability assays, and array-based profiling approaches. Initially, we show that MSK1 is broadly expressed within the major neuronal cell layers of the hippocampus and that status epilepticus drives acute induction of MSK1 activation. In response to the status epilepticus paradigm, MSK1 KO mice exhibited a striking increase in vulnerability to pilocarpine-evoked cell death within the CA1 and CA3 cell layers. Further, cultured MSK1 null neurons exhibited a heighted level of N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked excitotoxicity relative to wild-type neurons, as assessed using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Given these findings, we examined the hippocampal transcriptional profile of MSK1 null mice. Affymetrix array profiling revealed that MSK1 deletion led to the significant (>1.25-fold) downregulation of 130 genes and an upregulation of 145 genes. Notably, functional analysis indicated that a subset of these genes contribute to neuroprotective signaling networks. Together, these data provide important new insights into the mechanism by which the MAPK/MSK1 signaling cassette confers neuroprotection against excitotoxic insults. Approaches designed to upregulate or mimic the functional effects of MSK1 may prove beneficial against an array of degenerative processes resulting from excitotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Choi
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Horning
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sydney Aten
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - J Simon C Arthur
- 4 College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- 3 Division of Pharmacology, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karl Obrietan
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, 2647 Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Neurons cultured from rodent central nervous system tissues represent important tools in the study of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and neuroregenerative processes, including the survival- and axon growth-promoting properties of neurotrophic factors. This chapter presents a detailed protocol for the preparation of rat and mouse cortical, hippocampal, and striatal neuron cell cultures, using either embryonic or postnatal tissue with enzymatic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Concomitant Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy by Prostate Apoptosis Response-4 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:418-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Spatiotemporal patterns and essential role of MSK1 expression after rat spinal cord injury. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2581-7. [PMID: 24142296 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen and stress activated protein kinase (MSK1) protein was initially identified as a particularly interesting protein of mitogen activated protein kinase. It was reported to enhance Bad's phosphorylation to protect cell death, suggesting that MSK1 represents a new type of anti-cell death gene. Moreover, recent study has shown that MSK1 is involved in negative feedback pathways that are crucial to prevent uncontrolled inflammation. However, its function and expression in the central nervous system lesion are not been understood very well. In this study, we performed an acute spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats and studied the dynamic changes of MSK1 expression in spinal cord. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that MSK1 was present in normal spinal cord. It gradually decreased, reached a peak at 3 days after SCI, and then increased during the following days. Immunofluorescence double labeling revealed that MSK1 was co-expressed with NeuN and GFAP, respectively. Interesting, after injury, MSK1 expression was decreased predominantly in astrocytes, which highly expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker for proliferating cells. In conclusion, this is the first description of MSK1 expression in spinal cord. Our data suggested that MSK1 might play important roles in CNS pathophysiology after SCI.
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Andres-Lacueva C, Shukitt-Hale B, Galli RL, Jauregui O, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Joseph JA. Anthocyanins in aged blueberry-fed rats are found centrally and may enhance memory. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 8:111-20. [PMID: 16053243 DOI: 10.1080/10284150500078117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that fruits and vegetables containing high levels of polyphenolics (flavonoids) display high total antioxidant activity. Our laboratory found that various fruit and vegetable extracts, particularly blueberry (BB), were effective in reversing age-related deficits in neuronal signaling and behavioral parameters following 8 weeks of feeding, possibly due to their polyphenolic content. However, it was unclear if these phytonutrients were able to directly access the brain from dietary BB supplementation (BBS). The present study examined whether different classes of polyphenols could be found in brain areas associated with cognitive performance following BBS. Thus, 19 month old F344 rats were fed a control or 2% BB diet for 8-10 weeks and tested in the Morris water maze (MWM), a measure of spatial learning and memory. LC-MS analyses of anthocyanins in the diet and subsequently in different brain regions of BBS and control rats were carried out. Several anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-beta-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-beta-arabinose, malvidin-3-O-beta-galactoside, malvidin-3-O-beta-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-beta-arabinose, peonidin-3-O-beta-arabinose and delphinidin-3-O-beta-galactoside) were found in the cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus or striatum of the BBS rats, but not the controls. These findings are the first to suggest that polyphenolic compounds are able to cross the blood brain barrier and localize in various brain regions important for learning and memory. Correlational analyses revealed a relationship between MWM performance in BBS rats and the total number of anthocyanin compounds found in the cortex. These findings suggest that these compounds may deliver their antioxidant and signaling modifying capabilities centrally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Nutrition and Food Science Department-CeRTA, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Ning B, Li Z, Zhu N, Hou G, Pang Q. Traumatic brain injury induces a downregulation of MSK1 in rat brain cortex. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:380-6. [PMID: 23065332 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase (MSK) 1 protein was initially identified as a particularly interesting protein of mitogen-activated protein kinase. It was reported to enhance B cell lymphoma 2-associated death protein's phosphorylation to protect cell death, suggesting that MSK1 represents a new type of anti-cell death gene. Moreover, a recent study has shown that MSK1 is involved in negative feedback pathways that are crucial to prevent uncontrolled inflammation. However, its function and expression in the central nervous system lesion are not been understood very well. In this study, we performed a traumatic brain injury (TBI) model in adult rats and investigated the dynamic changes of MSK1 expression in the brain cortex. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that MSK1 was co-expressed with neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Besides, co-localization of MSK1/active caspase 3 and MSK1/proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected in NeuN and GFAP. We also examined the expression profiles of PCNA and active caspase 3 whose changes were correlated with the expression of MSK1. All our findings suggested that MSK1 might be involved in the pathophysiology of brain after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Abstract
Neurons cultured from rodent central nervous system tissues represent an important tool in the study of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and neuroregenerative processes, including the survival- and axon growth-promoting properties of neurotrophic factors. This chapter presents a detailed protocol for the preparation of rat and mouse cortical and hippocampal neuron cell cultures using either embryonic or postnatal tissue with enzymatic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Wang F, Hu S, Liu W, Qiao Z, Gao Y, Bu Z. Deep-sequencing analysis of the mouse transcriptome response to infection with Brucella melitensis strains of differing virulence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28485. [PMID: 22216095 PMCID: PMC3247208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella melitensis is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes brucellosis, a disease that affects sheep, cattle and occasionally humans. B. melitensis strain M5-90, a live attenuated vaccine cultured from B. melitensis strain M28, has been used as an effective tool in the control of brucellosis in goats and sheep in China. However, the molecular changes leading to attenuated virulence and pathogenicity in B. melitensis remain poorly understood. In this study we employed the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to perform genome-wide digital gene expression (DGE) analysis of mouse peritoneal macrophage responses to B. melitensis infection. Many parallel changes in gene expression profiles were observed in M28- and M5-90-infected macrophages, suggesting that they employ similar survival strategies, notably the induction of anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic factors. Moreover, 1019 differentially expressed macrophage transcripts were identified 4 h after infection with the different B. melitensis strains, and these differential transcripts notably identified genes involved in the lysosome and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Further analysis employed gene ontology (GO) analysis: high-enrichment GOs identified endocytosis, inflammatory, apoptosis, and transport pathways. Path-Net and Signal-Net analysis highlighted the MAPK pathway as the key regulatory pathway. Moreover, the key differentially expressed genes of the significant pathways were apoptosis-related. These findings demonstrate previously unrecognized changes in gene transcription that are associated with B. melitensis infection of macrophages, and the central signaling pathways identified here merit further investigation. Our data provide new insights into the molecular attenuation mechanism of strain M5-90 and will facilitate the generation of new attenuated vaccine strains with enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zujian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhe Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology and Zoonosis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Maddahi A, Kruse LS, Chen QW, Edvinsson L. The role of tumor necrosis factor-α and TNF-α receptors in cerebral arteries following cerebral ischemia in rat. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:107. [PMID: 21871121 PMCID: PMC3177895 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is rapidly upregulated in the brain after injury. TNF-α acts by binding to its receptors, TNF-R1 (p55) and TNF-R2 (p75), on the cell surface. The aim of this study was first to investigate if there is altered expression of TNF-α and TNF-α receptors in cerebral artery walls following global or focal ischemia, and after organ culture. Secondly, we asked if the expression was regulated via activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Methods The hypothesis was tested in vivo after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and in vitro by organ culture of isolated cerebral arteries. The localization and amount of TNF-α, TNF-α receptor 1 and 2 proteins were analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blot after 24 and 48 h of organ culture and at 48 h following SAH or MCAO. In addition, cerebral arteries were incubated for 24 or 48 h in the absence or presence of a B-Raf inhibitor (SB386023-b), a MEK- inhibitor (U0126) or an NF-κB inhibitor (IMD-0354), and protein expression evaluated. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed enhanced expression of TNF-α, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 in the walls of cerebral arteries at 48 h after MCAO and SAH compared with control. Co-localization studies showed that TNF-α, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 were primarily localized to the cell membrane and the cytoplasm of the smooth muscle cells (SMC). There was, in addition, some expression of TNF-R2 in the endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that these proteins were upregulated after 24 and 48 h in culture, and this upregulation reached an apparent maximum at 48 h of organ culture. Treatment with U0126 significantly reduced the enhanced SMC expression of TNF-α, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 immunoreactivities after 24 and 48 h of organ culture. The Raf and NF-κB inhibitors significantly reduced organ culture induced TNF-α expression while they had minor effects on the TNF-α receptors. Conclusion The present study shows that cerebral ischemia and organ culture induce expression of TNF-α and its receptors in the walls of cerebral arteries and that upregulation is transcriptionally regulated via the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Maddahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Ahnstedt H, Säveland H, Nilsson O, Edvinsson L. Human cerebrovascular contractile receptors are upregulated via a B-Raf/MEK/ERK-sensitive signaling pathway. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:5. [PMID: 21223556 PMCID: PMC3023719 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia results in a rapid increase in contractile cerebrovascular receptors, such as the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1B (5-HT1B), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1), and endothelin type B (ETB) receptors, in the vessel walls within the ischemic region, which further impairs local blood flow and aggravates tissue damage. This receptor upregulation occurs via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We therefore hypothesized an important role for B-Raf, the first signaling molecule in the pathway. To test our hypothesis, human cerebral arteries were incubated at 37°C for 48 h in the absence or presence of a B-Raf inhibitor: SB-386023 or SB-590885. Contractile properties were evaluated in a myograph and protein expression of the individual receptors and activated phosphorylated B-Raf (p-B-Raf) was evaluated immunohistochemically. Results 5-HT1B, AT1, and ETB receptor-mediated contractions were significantly reduced by application of SB-590885, and to a smaller extent by SB-386023. A marked reduction in AT1 receptor immunoreactivity was observed after treatment with SB-590885. Treatment with SB-590885 and SB-386023 diminished the culture-induced increase of p-B-Raf immunoreactivity. Conclusions B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of vascular contractile receptors observed after organ culture. Therefore, specific targeting of B-Raf might be a novel approach to reduce tissue damage after cerebral ischemia by preventing the previously observed upregulation of contractile receptors in smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
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16
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Vermeulen L, Vanden Berghe W, Beck IME, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G. The versatile role of MSKs in transcriptional regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:311-8. [PMID: 19464896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) targets, MSKs (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases) comprise a particularly interesting protein family. Because MSKs can be activated by both extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPKs, they are activated by many physiological and pathological stimuli. About ten years after their original discovery, they have been recognized as versatile kinases regulating gene transcription at multiple levels. MSKs directly target transcription factors, such as cAMP-response-element-binding protein and nuclear factor-kappaB, thereby enhancing their transcriptional activity. They also induce histone phosphorylation, which is accompanied by chromatin relaxation and facilitated binding of additional regulatory proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge on MSK activation and its molecular targets, focusing on recent insights into the role of MSKs at multiple levels of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression & Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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17
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Abstract
Mitochondria undergo continuous fission and fusion events in physiological situations. Fragmentation of mitochondria during cell death has been shown to play a key role in cell death progression, including release of the mitochondrial apoptotic proteins. Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria, such as cristae remodeling, is also involved in cell death initiation. Here, we emphasize the important role of mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery in neuronal cell death. Unlike many other cell types such as immortalized cell lines, neurons are distinct morphologically and functionally. We will discuss how this uniqueness presents special challenges in the cellular response to neurotoxic stresses, and how this affects the mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of cell death in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C C Cheung
- University of Ottawa, Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Kaiser M, Wiggin GR, Lightfoot K, Arthur JSC, Macdonald A. MSK regulate TCR-induced CREB phosphorylation but not immediate early gene transcription. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2583-95. [PMID: 17668895 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the T cell receptor activates the ERK1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. We demonstrate that TCR stimulation also activates the mitogen- and stress-activated kinases (MSK) downstream of ERK1/2 and p38 in both a T cell line and primary peripheral T cells. MSK1/2-knockout mice were found to have normal numbers of T cells in the thymus, and development of these cells appeared unaffected. Using naive T cells and T lymphoblasts from MSK1/2-knockout mice, it was found that MSK was the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB in response to TCR stimulation. Phosphorylation of CREB by MSK has been linked to the transcription of nur77, nor1 and c-fos downstream of MAPK signalling in various cell types. In T cells, the TCR-dependent transcription of these genes was found to require a MAPK-dependent but MSK-independent signalling pathway. Nevertheless, the number of T cells present in the spleens of MSK1/2-knockout mice and the IL-2-induced proliferation of these cells was reduced compared to wild-type mice. This correlated to a reduction in the TCR-induced up-regulation of the IL-2 receptor CD25 and a requirement for MSK in IL-2-induced CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Kaiser
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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19
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Ishii T, Sootome H, Toyoda H, Suda M, Noumi T, Yamashita K. Dual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for detection of endogenous kinase activities of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1/2. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2007; 5:523-33. [PMID: 17767420 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2007.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinase signaling cascades related to mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 and -2 (MSK1 and MSK2, respectively) are attractive targets for pharmaceutical intervention, especially for neural injury. Therefore, we have developed a high throughput and cost-effective detection platform for measuring selective activity of MSK1/MSK2 in cells. Through the serial monitoring of both the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (stress-activated protein kinase 2B)-MSK1/MSK2- cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1) pathway and the p38-mammalian heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathway in HeLa cells treated with anisomycin, two selective MSK1 inhibitors showed inhibition of CREB (Ser-133) and ATF1 (Ser-63) phosphorylation and no interference with Hsp-27 phosphorylation (Ser-82). On the other hand, the p38 inhibitor SB-220025 showed equipotent inhibition of CREB/ATF1 and Hsp27 phosphorylation. This study demonstrated that the specific inhibition of a target kinase could be subsequently monitored by a secondary assay that measures the intervention arising from the modulation of off-target kinases. Our established system is applicable to inhibitor screening and drug discovery related to MSK1/MSK2.
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20
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Clark CJ, McDade DM, O'Shaughnessy CT, Morris BJ. Contrasting roles of neuronal Msk1 and Rsk2 in Bad phosphorylation and feedback regulation of Erk signalling. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1024-34. [PMID: 17663748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylates and activates downstream kinases including ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (Rsk2/RPS6KA3) and mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (Msk1, RPS6KA5). Rsk2 plays an important role in neuronal plasticity, as patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome, where Rsk2 is dysfunctional, have impaired cognitive function. However, the relative role of neuronal Rsk2 and Msk1 in activating proteins downstream of Erk is unclear. In PC12 cells and in cortical neurones, the calcium ionophore A23187-induced phosphorylation of Erk, Msk1, Rsk2 and also the Bcl-2-associated death protein (Bad), which protects against neurotoxicity. Specific knockdown of Msk1 with small interfering RNA reduced the ability of A23187 to induce Bad phosphorylation in both PC12 cells and cortical neurones. Conversely, specific knockdown of Rsk2 potentiated Bad phosphorylation following A23187 treatment, and also elevated Erk phosphorylation in both cell types. This indicates that Msk1 rather than Rsk2 mediates neuronal Bad phosphorylation following Ca(2+) influx and implicates Rsk2 in a negative-feedback regulation of Erk activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Clark
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Mccoy C, Macdonald A, Morrice N, Campbell D, Deak M, Toth R, Mcilrath J, Arthur J. Identification of novel phosphorylation sites in MSK1 by precursor ion scanning MS. Biochem J 2007; 402:491-501. [PMID: 17117922 PMCID: PMC1863562 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MSK1 (mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1) is a dual kinase domain protein that acts downstream of the ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways in cells. MSK1, and its related isoform MSK2, phosphorylate the transcription factors CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) and ATF1 (activating transcription factor 1), and the chromatin proteins histone H3 and HMGN1 (high-mobility-group nucleosomal-binding protein 1) in response to either mitogenic stimulation or cellular stress. MSK1 activity is tightly regulated in cells, and activation requires the phosphorylation of MSK1 by either ERK1/2 or p38a. This results in activation of the C-terminal kinase domain, which then phosphorylates further sites in MSK1, leading to the activation of the N-terminal kinase domain and phosphorylation of substrates. Here, we use precursor ion scanning MS to identify five previously unknown sites in MSK1: Thr630, Ser647, Ser657, Ser695 and Thr700. One of these sites, Thr700, was found to be a third site in MSK1 phosphorylated by the upstream kinases ERK1/2 and p38a. Mutation of Thr700 resulted in an increased basal activity of MSK1, but this could be further increased by stimulation with PMA or UV-C radiation. Surprisingly, however, mutation of Thr700 resulted in a dramatic loss of Thr581 phosphorylation, a site essential for activity. Mutation of Thr700 and Thr581 to an alanine residue resulted in an inactive kinase, while mutation of both sites to an aspartic acid residue resulted in a kinase with a significant basal activity that could not be further stimulated. Together these results are consistent with a mechanism by which Thr700 phosphorylation relieves the inhibition of MSK1 by a C-terminal autoinhibitory helix and helps induce a conformational shift that protects Thr581 from dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Mccoy
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Nick A. Morrice
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - David G. Campbell
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Maria Deak
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Joanne Mcilrath
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - J. Simon C. Arthur
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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22
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Chandramohan Y, Droste SK, Reul JMHM. Novelty stress induces phospho-acetylation of histone H3 in rat dentate gyrus granule neurons through coincident signalling via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor: relevance for c-fos induction. J Neurochem 2007; 101:815-28. [PMID: 17250652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an important role in novelty detection, stress-related adaptation and learning and memory. However, it is unknown whether the response to novelty in the hippocampus involves induction of chromatin remodelling events known to be associated with transcriptional regulation. Here, we examined whether exposure to a novel environment, a mild psychological stressor, would affect the number of phospho-acetylated histone H3-positive [P(Ser10)-Ac(Lys14)-H3+] neurons in the rat hippocampus. We show that: (i) the stressful situation induced a marked increase in the number of P(Ser10)-Ac(Lys14)-H3+ neurons, specifically in the dentate gyrus; (ii) the stress-induced rise in P(Ser10)-Ac(Lys14)-H3+ neurons occurred in the dentate gyrus throughout the rostro-caudal axis of the hippocampus, but they were exclusively located in the middle and superficial aspects of the granular cell layer of the upper blade of the dentate gyrus; (iii) antagonism of NMDA or glucocorticoid receptors, but not antagonism of mineralocorticoid receptors or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, attenuated the stress-induced response; (iv) combined blockade of NMDA and glucocorticoid receptors ablated the stress-induced histone modification response; (v) moreover, this combined blockade also abolished the induction of the P(Ser10)-Ac(Lys14)-H3-associated gene product c-fos after stress; (vi) administration of corticosterone to unstressed rats did not affect histone H3 phospho-acetylation. Thus, novelty stress induces chromatin remodelling and c-fos induction in mature dentate neurons through concurrent signalling via the NMDA receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalini Chandramohan
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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23
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Jara JH, Singh BB, Floden AM, Combs CK. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates NMDA receptor activity in mouse cortical neurons resulting in ERK-dependent death. J Neurochem 2007; 100:1407-20. [PMID: 17241124 PMCID: PMC3619402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cytokines are secreted in the brain during pro-inflammatory conditions and likely affect neuron survival. Previously, we demonstrated that glutamate and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) kill neurons via activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and TNFalpha receptors, respectively. This report continues characterizing the signaling cross-talk pathway initiated during this inflammation-related mechanism of death. Stimulation of mouse cortical neuron cultures with TNFalpha results in a transient increase in NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx that is additive with NMDA stimulation and inhibited by pre-treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, or the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate/kainate receptor antagonist, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Pre-treatment with N-type calcium channel antagonist, omega-conotoxin, or the voltage-gated sodium channel antagonist, tetrodotoxin, also prevents the TNFalpha-stimulated calcium influx. Combined TNFalpha and NMDA stimulation results in a transient increase in activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Specific inhibition of ERKs but not JNKs is protective against TNFalpha and NMDA-dependent death. Death is mediated via the low-affinity TNFalpha receptor, TNFRII, as agonist antibodies for TNFRII but not TNFRI stimulate NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx and death. These data demonstrate how microglial pro-inflammatory secretions including TNFalpha can acutely facilitate glutamate-dependent neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier H. Jara
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Brij B. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Angela M. Floden
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Colin K. Combs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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24
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Huang P, Qi Z, Bu X, Zhang N, Han S, Fang L, Li J. Neuron-specific phosphorylation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 involved in cerebral hypoxic preconditioning of mice. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1279-87. [PMID: 17330274 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade pathways in the development of cerebral ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning (I/HPC). However, the role of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), an important downstream kinase of MAPK signaling pathways, in cerebral I/HPC is unclear. By using Western blot and immunostaining methods, we applied our unique "autohypoxia"-induced I/HPC mouse model to investigate the effects of repetitive hypoxic exposure (H0-H6, n=6 for each group) on phosphorylation and protein expression levels of MSK1 in the brain of mice. We found that the levels of phosphorylation on threonine 645 (Thr645) and serine 375 (Ser375) of MSK1, but not the protein expression, increased significantly both in hippocampus and in cortex of mice from H1-H6 groups (P<0.05) over that of the normoxic group (H0, n=6). Similarly, enhanced phosphorylations on Thr645 and Ser375 of MSK1 were also observed by immunostaining in both the cortex and the hippocampus of mice following three series of hypoxic exposures (H3). In addition, we found by using double-immunofluorescence labeling that phosphorylated Thr645-MSK1 colocalized with a neuron-specific protein, neurogranin, in both cortex and hippocampus of I/HPC mice (H3). These results suggest that the increased neuron-specific phosphorylation of MSK1 on Thr645 and Ser375, not protein expression, might be involved in the development of cerebral I/HPC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Institute for Biomedical Science of Pain, Beijing Key Laboratory for Neural Regeneration and Repairing, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Bickler PE, Fahlman CS. The inhaled anesthetic, isoflurane, enhances Ca2+-dependent survival signaling in cortical neurons and modulates MAP kinases, apoptosis proteins and transcription factors during hypoxia. Anesth Analg 2006; 103:419-29, table of contents. [PMID: 16861427 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000223671.49376.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether the protection of hypoxic neurons by the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane is related to the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of MAP kinases and anti-apoptotic co-factors. In cultures of mouse cortical neurons we measured changes in the phosphorylation of Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent MAP kinases, transcription factors, and apoptosis regulators after hypoxia or hypoxia combined with isoflurane (1% in gas phase). In hypoxic neurons, isoflurane reduced cell death and TUNEL staining by >80%. Isoflurane released Ca2+ from intracellular stores, increasing [Ca2+]i in oxygenated neurons by approximately 20%. Neuroprotection was associated with a smaller increase in [Ca2+]i in hypoxic neurons and required IP3 receptors and phospholipase C. In hypoxic neurons, isoflurane increased the phosphorylation of the Ca2+-dependent MAP kinases Pyk2 and p42/44 (ERK). The Ca2+-independent MAP kinase p38 pathway showed increased phosphorylation with isoflurane but not with ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore. JNK was phosphorylated in hypoxic neurons in the presence of isoflurane, as was the transcription factor c-Jun; JNK inhibition with SP600125 prevented both phosphorylation of c-Jun and neuroprotection. Isoflurane decreased phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic cofactors Bad and p90RSK and increased Akt phosphorylation. However, with the exception of c-Jun, transcription factors (Elk-1, GSK-3, Forkhead, p90RSK) decreased or remained unchanged. We conclude that isoflurane's protection of hypoxic cortical neurons involves signaling that includes changes in intracellular Ca2+ regulation, several MAP kinase pathways and modulation of apoptosis regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Bickler
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0542, USA.
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26
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Bamford MJ, Bailey N, Davies S, Dean DK, Francis L, Panchal TA, Parr CA, Sehmi S, Steadman JG, Takle AK, Townsend JT, Wilson DM. (1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-ylamine derivatives: further optimisation as highly potent and selective MSK-1-inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3407-11. [PMID: 15955699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The novel imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine 1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl template affords an excellent start point for identification of inhibitors of a number of protein kinases. Here we report on its optimisation for mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK-1) inhibitory activity, and selectivity over other kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bamford
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Neurology & GI Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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27
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Bamford MJ, Alberti MJ, Bailey N, Davies S, Dean DK, Gaiba A, Garland S, Harling JD, Jung DK, Panchal TA, Parr CA, Steadman JG, Takle AK, Townsend JT, Wilson DM, Witherington J. (1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-ylamine derivatives: a novel class of potent MSK-1-inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3402-6. [PMID: 15950465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines bearing a 1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-ylamine functionality has been developed. These are potent inhibitors of mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bamford
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Neurology and GI Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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28
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Szatmari E, Habas A, Yang P, Zheng JJ, Hagg T, Hetman M. A positive feedback loop between glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and protein phosphatase 1 after stimulation of NR2B NMDA receptors in forebrain neurons. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37526-35. [PMID: 16155008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502699200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for neuronal plasticity and survival, whereas their excessive activation produces excitotoxicity and may accelerate neurodegeneration. Here, we report that stimulation of NMDARs in cultured rat hippocampal or cortical neurons and in the adult mouse brain in vivo disinhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) by protein phosphatase 1(PP1)-mediated dephosphorylation of GSK3beta at the serine 9 residue. NMDA-triggered GSK3beta activation was mediated by NMDAR that contained the NR2B subunit. Interestingly, GSK3beta inhibition reduced inhibitory phosphorylation of the PP1 inhibitor 2 (I2) and attenuated serine 9 dephosphorylation by PP1. These data suggest existence of a feedback loop between GSK3beta and PP1 that results in amplification of PP1 activation by GSK3beta. In addition, GSK3beta inhibition decreased PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) at the serine 133 residue in NMDA-stimulated neurons. Conversely, overexpression of GSK3beta abolished non-NR2B-mediated activation of CRE-driven transcription. These data suggest that cross-talk between GSK3beta and PP1 contributes to NR2B NMDAR-induced inhibition of CREB signaling by non-NR2B NMDAR. The excessive activation of NR2B-PP1-GSK3beta-PP1 circuitry may contribute to the deficits of CREB-dependent neuronal plasticity in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsebet Szatmari
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Iijima-Ando K, Wu P, Drier EA, Iijima K, Yin JCP. cAMP-response element-binding protein and heat-shock protein 70 additively suppress polyglutamine-mediated toxicity in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10261-6. [PMID: 16009936 PMCID: PMC1177387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503937102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-specific expansion of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats can cause neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease. It is believed that part of the pathological effect of the expanded protein is due to transcriptional dysregulation. Using Drosophila as a model, we show that cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is involved in expanded polyglutamine-induced toxicity. A mutation in the Drosophila homolog of CREB, dCREB2, enhances lethality due to polyglutamine peptides (polyQ), and an additional copy of dCREB2 partially rescues this lethality. Neuronal expression of expanded polyQ attenuates in vivo CRE-mediated transcription of a reporter gene. As reported previously, overexpression of heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) rescues polyglutamine-dependent lethality. However, it does not rescue CREB-mediated transcription. The protective effects of CREB and heat-shock protein 70 against polyQ are additive, suggesting that targeting multiple pathways may be effective for treatment of polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Iijima-Ando
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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30
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Webber KM, Smith MA, Lee HG, Harris PL, Moreira P, Perry G, Zhu X. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1: convergence of the ERK and p38 pathways in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:554-60. [PMID: 15635602 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two of the earliest manifestations of the selective neurodegeneration that occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) involve the oxidative modification of various biomacromolecules and the reexpression of a multitude of cell cycle-related proteins. Taken together with the proximal and ectopic increases in activated components of the ERK and p38 pathways, involved in mitotic and cellular stress signaling, respectively, there is a clear and important role for mitotic and oxidative insults in the pathogenesis of AD. Despite the mounting evidence, however, for the causal role of mitogenic abnormalities and oxidative stress in AD pathogenesis, the effect of the converging relevant pathways due to chronic stimulation in AD remains largely unknown. To delineate further the mechanism by which mitogenic and stress signaling cascades converge, we focused on one of the downstream effectors of activated ERK and p38, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1). Activated MSK1, phosphorylated at residues Ser376 and Thr581, was upregulated in vulnerable neurons in AD when compared to that in age-matched controls, whereas MSK1 phosphorylated at residue Ser360 was not increased in AD. Furthermore, activated MSK1 phosphorylated at Thr581 colocalized strongly with activated p38 but only weakly with activated ERK, whereas MSK1 phosphorylated at Ser376 colocalized strongly with activated ERK but only weakly with activated p38, suggesting potential preferential phosphorylation sites for the two upstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Webber
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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31
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Heffron D, Mandell JW. Differential localization of MAPK-activated protein kinases RSK1 and MSK1 in mouse brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 136:134-41. [PMID: 15893597 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RSK1 and MSK1 are closely related members of the MAP kinase-activated kinase family and are direct substrates and effectors of the well-studied mitogen-activated protein kinases. Although extensively characterized at the biochemical level, little is known about the localization of these protein kinases in the brain. We utilized immunohistochemistry to determine the cellular and subcellular localization of RSK1 and MSK1 in the adult mouse brain. RSK1 is expressed at highest levels in cerebellum, especially in granule neurons and within neuropil of the molecular layer. RSK1 is also expressed in microglia throughout the brain. In a focal trauma model, RSK1 immunoreactivity is increased in activated microglia. RSK1 expression is also prominent in many large pyramidal neurons throughout the brain. At the subcellular level, RSK1 is highly concentrated in the golgi apparatus of both neurons and astroglia. In contrast, MSK1 is expressed at highest levels in striatal and olfactory tubercle neurons and to a lesser degree in cerebellar Purkinje cells. MSK1 is also expressed in a subset of astroglia. At the subcellular level, MSK1 is confined to the nucleus of all expressing cell types. The differential cellular and subcellular localizations of RSK1 and MSK1 suggest divergent functional roles in the brain, with RSK1 poised to regulate membrane trafficking or membrane-localized signaling, and MSK1 involved in modification of nuclear histones and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heffron
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Rakhit S, Clark CJ, O'shaughnessy CT, Morris BJ. N-Methyl-D-aspartate and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induce Distinct Profiles of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase, Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Kinase, and Ribosomal S6 Kinase Phosphorylation in Cortical Neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:1158-65. [PMID: 15625280 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is believed to underlie long-term memory formation, and excessive NMDA receptor activation has been linked to several neuropathological conditions. Phosphorylation and activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK) is believed to mediate many of these effects, but the downstream targets of ERK in response to NMDA activation have not been determined. In primary cultures of rat cortical neurons, we found that NMDA was able to elevate phosphorylation of mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) as well as ERK. Likewise, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment increased phosphorylation of MSK1 and ERKs. The NMDA-induced MSK1 phosphorylation was sensitive to the MEK inhibitor 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD98059) and the p38 inhibitor 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580). MSK1 activation by NMDA was transient, although ERK remained phosphorylated within the neuronal cytoplasm for several hours. Although BDNF increased ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylation, NMDA had no discernable effect on the phosphorylation of RSKs. Thus, phosphorylation and activation of MSK1 but not RSK could be an important step in the pathway linking NMDA-induced ERK phosphorylation to the activation of transcription factors required for the formation of long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rakhit
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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33
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Abstract
The transactivation domain of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) consists of two major domains. The glutamine-rich Q2 domain, which interacts with the general transcription factor TAFII130/135, is sufficient for the recruitment of a functional RNA polymerase II complex and allows basal transcriptional activity. The kinase-inducible domain, however, mediates signal-induced activation of CREB-mediated transcription. It is generally believed that recruitment of the coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 after signal-induced phosphorylation of this domain at serine-133 strongly enhances CREB-dependent transcription. Transcriptional activity of CREB can also be potentiated by phosphoserine-133-independent mechanisms, and not all stimuli that provoke phosphorylation of serine-133 stimulate CREB-dependent transcription. This review presents an overview of the diversity of stimuli that induce CREB phosphorylation at Ser-133, focuses on phosphoserine-133-dependent and -independent mechanisms that affect CREB-mediated transcription, and discusses different models that may explain the discrepancy between CREB Ser-133 phosphorylation and activation of CREB-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Johannessen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
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Goodenough S, Conrad S, Skutella T, Behl C. Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β protects against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Brain Res 2004; 1026:116-25. [PMID: 15476703 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases involve oxidative stress and excitotoxic cell death. In an attempt to further elucidate the signal transduction pathways involved in the cell death/cell survival associated with excitotoxicity, we have used an in vivo model of excitotoxicity employing kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we show that extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 2, but not ERK 1, is phosphorylated and thereby activated in the hippocampus and cerebellum of kainic acid-treated mice. Phosphorylation and hence inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), a general survival factor, is often a downstream consequence of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. Indeed, GSK-3beta phosphorylation occurred in response to kainic acid exclusively in the affected hippocampus, but not as a consequence of ERK activation. This may represent a compensatory attempt at self-protection by the cells in this particular brain region. A role for GSK-3beta inhibition in cell survival was further supported by the fact that pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3beta using lithium chloride was protective against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in hippocampal slice cultures. This work supports a role for GSK-3beta in cell death in response to excitotoxins in vivo and further confirms that GSK-3beta plays a role in cell death/cell survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Goodenough
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Davie JR. MSK1 and MSK2 mediate mitogen- and stress-induced phosphorylation of histone H3: a controversy resolved. SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2003; 2003:PE33. [PMID: 12915720 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2003.195.pe33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that mitogen- and stress-activated signal transduction pathways result in the rapid phosphorylation (Ser10 and Ser28) and acetylation of mammalian histone H3 associated with immediate-early genes. However, the prerequisite of H3 phosphorylation for the acetylation event and the identity of the mitogen-activated H3 kinase as RSK2 or MSK1 were controversial. A recent study with mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking MSK1 and/or MSK2 demonstrated that MSK2 and MSK1 were the stimulus-induced H3 kinases and that neither of these enzyme activities was required for acetylation of H3 bound to immediate-early genes to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Davie
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 0V9.
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